Digestive

What are the functions of the cheeks and lips?

Lips: helps to judge temp and texture.

Sensory receptors here sense food, which triggers swallowing _____________.

Reflexes

___________ from the duodenum stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with a high bicarbonate ion concentration but few digestive enzymes.

Secretin

What does the rate at which the stomach empties depend on?

The fluidity of the chyme and type of food

For the average adult, nutritionists recommend __________ grahams of protein per day per kilogram of body weight. pregnant and nursing women need more.

.8

An estimated intake of __________ grahams of carbohydrate is needed daily to avoid protein breakdown .

125 to 175

How many primary teeth are there?

20

How many secondary teeth are there?

32

Minerals are responsible for ___________% of body weight, and are concentrated in the ________ and _________

4, bones, teeth

The liver also stores glycogen, vitamins _____________, ______________ and ____________ and iron and blood.

A, D, B12

Vitamin _________ (ascorbic acid) is needed for the production of ________, the metabolism of certain _________ _________, and the conversion of folacin into folinic acid.

C, collagen , amino acids

What are the five parts of the stomach?

Cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric regions, pyloric canal.

____________ from the wall of the small intestine stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with abundant digestive enzymes.

Colecystokinin

Small intestine consists of what the parts?

Duodenum, jejunum, eleum

The cells that produce pancreatic juice, called pancreatic ___________ cells, make up the bulk of the pancreas

acinar,

Excessive lipids are stored in _________ tissue.

adipose

The digestive system consists of the __________ canal and several ___________ organs that aid in digestion.

alimentary, accessory

Proteins are polymers of __________ acids with a large varieties of functions with cells and in the body

amino

Certain body cells (neurons) need a continuous supply of glucose to survive; if glucose is scarce, ___________ ___________ may be converted into glucose.

amino acids.

Building blocks of proteins, ___________ acids are absorbed into the villi by active transport and are carried away in the ____________.

amino, blood

The livers role in digestion is to secrete _________.

bile

Secretions from hepatic cells are collected in __________ canals that converge to become hepatic ducts and finally form the ____________ __________ duct.

bile, common hepatic

The pancreatic and _________ ducts join and empty into the small intestine, which is surrounded by the ___________ sphincter

bile, hepatopancreatic

The liver filters the ____________, removing damaged red blood cells and foreign substances, and removes ___________.

blood, toxins

What is the function of the teeth?

break food down, beginning mechanical digestion

__________ and __________ account for 75% by weight of the minerals, and are thus called major minerals.

calcium and phosphorus

The large intestine consists of the ___________( pouch at the beginning of the large intestine), ___________ (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions), the __________, and the _________ canal.

cecum, colon, rectum, anal

_____________ is a complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested, but provides bulk, facilitating the movement of food in the intestine

cellulose

______________ forms the lateral walls of the mouth.

cheeks

_____________ cells secret ____________ (to digest protein) as inactive ________________, which is activated when it comes in contact with _____________ acid.

chief, pepsin, pepsinogen, hydrochloric

Bile does not normally enter the duodenum until ________ stimulates the Gaul bladder to contract.

cholecystokinin

These lipids collect in structures that become encased in proteins (__________)

chylomicrons

Following a meal, mixing actions of the stomach turn the foods into _____________ and pass sit toward the pyloric region using ____________ waves.

chyme, peristaltic

Animal sources of protein contain ________ protein which contain all ________ amino acids

complete, essential

Fatty acid molecules ________ into the cell membranes of the villi

dissolve

The _________ is the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine; the rest is mobile and lies free in the ________ cavity.

duodenum, peritoneal

The large intestine absorbs ___________ and water.

electrolytes

What are the crown and root made of?

enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, nerves, and blood vessels

The _________ of the cells reconstruct the lipids.

endoplasmic reticula

Carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, re organic compounds used as sources of ___________ in the diet.

energy

Lipids are organic substances that provide _________ for cellular processes and to build structures.

energy

The need for carbohydrates varies with a persons ___________ requirements; the minimum requirement is unknown.

energy

Pancreatic juice contains___________ that digests carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.

enzymes

Minerals compromise parts of the structural materials in all body cells where they may also be portions of ___________; they contribute to the __________ pressure of body fluids and play roles in conduction of __________ ____________, _____________ contraction, _____________ of blood, and maintenance of ____________.

enzymes, osmotic, nerve impulses, muscle, coagulation, pH

The lower __________ sphincter helps to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents into the esophagus.

esophageal

__________ nutrients are those that cannot be synthesized by human cells

essential

The pancreas has an ___________ function if producing pancreatic juice that aids digestion.

exocrine

Vitamins are classified as _____________ soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) or __________ soluble (B vitamins and vitamins C)

fat, water

Presence of __________ and proteins in the upper small intestine causes the release of ___________ from the __________ wall, which also decreases gastric mobility.

fats, cholecystokinin, intestinal

Lipids include _______, ________ for cell membranes, and ____________

fats, phospholipids, cholesterol

Bile salts emulsify __________ into smaller droplets and aid in the absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and certain ___________

fats, vitamins

Where are saturated fats found?

foods of animal origin

Unsaturated fats are found?

foods of plant origin

____________ glands within the mucosa of the stomach opens as ___________ pits.

gastric, gastric

Gastric secretions are enhanced by parasympathetic impulses and the hormone ____________, which is released form gastric glands.

gastrine

The monosaccharides that are absorbed in the small intestine are fructose, galactose, and glucose; the liver converts them all into __________

glucose

Excess glucose is stored as __________ in the liver or is converted into ___________ and stores in adipose tissue

glycogen, fat,

Cells that secrete mucous in the small intestine include ________ cells, which are abundant throughout the mucosa, and the mucous secreting glands located in the _________ of the duodenum.

goblet, submucosa

The palate forms the roof of the oral cavity and has an anterior ____________ palate and posterior _____________ palate.

hard, soft

Each lobe is separated into ____________ lobules consisting of ____________ cells radiating from a central vein.

hepatic

Bile is a yellowish green liquid that ___________ cells secrete; it includes water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes

hepatic.

The __________ sphincter remains contracted unless a peristaltic wave approaches it, at which time it relaxes and a squirt of bile enters the duodenum.

hepatopancreatic

Protein digesting enzymes are released in an ____________ form and activated upon reaching the small intestine.

inactive

What are four different kinds of teeth?

incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars.

Plant sources of protein are missing one or more amino acids making them ________ proteins that should be consumed in combinations.

incomplete

The anal canal opens to the outside as the anus; it is guarded by an involuntary __________ ___________ sphincter and a voluntary external ___________ ____________ muscle.

internal anal, anal sphincter

As chyme fills the duodenum, stretching to its wall triggers the ____________ reflex, which inhibits peristalsis and slows the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.

interogastric

Other components of gastric juice include _____________ factor, required for vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine.

intrinsic

__________ cells carry on phagocytosis in the liver.

kupffer

The __________ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening.

lips

The __________ and adipose tissue control triglyceride metabolism that has many steps.

liver

The __________ controls circulating lipids and cholesterol.

liver

the __________ can convert fatty acids form one form to another, but it cannot synthesize the ________ fatty acids that must be obtained form the diet.

liver, essential

The liver is divided into right and left _________, and is enclosed in a fibrous capsule.

lobes

These clusters are carried away in ___________ __________ until they eventually join the bloodstream

lymphatic lacteals

_________ is poor nutrition that results either from a lack of poor nutrients or failure to utilize them; it may result in undernutrition or overnutrition

malnutrition

Two sets of teeth develop in sockets within the alveolar processes of the ____________ and ____________ bones.

maxillary, mandibular

The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal; it functions to receive food and begins ________________ digestion by mastication.

mechanical

The small intestine is suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a double layered fold of peritoneum called __________.

mesentery

The liver is responsible for many ___________ activities such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

metabolic

Protein requirements vary according to body size, ___________ rate, and ____________ requirements

metabolic , nitrogen

Water soluble vitamins, including the B vitamins and vitamin C, are necessary for normal cellular __________ in the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

metabolism

Epithelial cells of the mucosa have embedded digestive enzymes on their tiny hair like _________

micro villi

The stomach is a J-shaped muscular organ that receives and ______________ food with digestive juices and ____________ food to the ______________.

mixes, propels, small intestine

The motor function of the alimentary canal are of the two types --___________movements and _____________ movements.

mixing, propelling

During digestion complex carbohydrates are broken down into _________, which can be absorbed by the body

monosaccharides

Simple sugars called the ________ are absorbed by the villi by active transport or ___________ diffusion and enter ___________ capillaries

monosaccharides, faciliated, blood

The inner layer of the wall of the alimentary canal is the __________ lined with ___________ attached to connective tissue.

mucosa, epithelium

____________ cells produce thick fluid that protects the stomach lining.

mucous

The tongue is the thick, muscular organ covered by ____________ membranes with ______________ within ___________; it is attached to the floor of the mouth by the ____________.

mucous, taste buds, papillae, frenulum

The _____________ layer consists of inner _________ fibers and outer longitudinal fibers that propel food through the canal.

muscular, circular

The pharynx connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus and is divided into a _____________ (top portion), ___________ (middle portion), ______________ (bottom portion).

nasopharynx, oropharynx, largyngopharynx

___________ is the process by which the body takes in and uses nutrient.

nutrition

Where is cholesterol found?

only in foods of animal origin

The intestinal villi also absorb water (by ___________) and electrolytes (by __________ ________)

osmosis, active transport

In the back of the mouth are the _____________ tonsils, which help to protect the body against infection.

palatine

The lengthy small intestine receives secretions from the _________ and ________, completes digestion of the nutrients in _________, absorbs the products of the digestion, and transports the remaining residues to the __________ intestine

pancreas, liver, chyme, large

These pancreatic cells cluster around tiny tubes that merge to form larger ones, and then give rise to the __________ duct.

pancreatic

List the pancreatic enzymes.

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and two nucleases

Distention of the intestinal wall stimulates ___________ reflexes that stimulates secretions from the small intestines.

parasympathetic

_____________ cells secrete hydrochloric acid.

parietal

The ____________ glands, lying in front if the ear are the​ largest of the major salivary glands, they secret a clear, watery fluid rich in amylase.

parotid

What are these three enzymes

peptidases, sucrase, maltase, and lactase, intestinal lipase,

A tooth is suspended in its socket by what ligament?

periodontal

The former occur when smooth muscles contract rhythmically in small sections. The latter includes a wave like motion called ______________, which is caused by contraction behind a mass of food as relaxation allows it to enter the next segment.

peristalsis

In the third stage of swallowing _____________ transports the food in the esophagus to the ________________.

peristalsis, stomach

Another lymphatic tissue mass, _________________ tonsils (adenoids) are located on the posterior wall of the pharynx above the for palate.

pharangeal

Food is mixed with saliva and voluntarily forced into the ______________ with the tongue.

pharynx

Blood from the hepatic ___________ vein carries blood rich in nutrients to the liver.

portal

What are the other major minerals?

potassium , sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium

A _____________ sphincter controls release of food from the stomach into the small intestine.

pyloric

Bile pigments are breakdown products from __________ blood cells.

red

The reddish brown liver, located in the upper _________ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, is the bodies largest internal organ.

right

The salivary glands secret _____________, which moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together and helps cleanse the mouth and teeth and begins _____________ digestion.

saliva, carbohydrate

Only the bile ____________ have a digestive function.

salts

The stomach absorbs only small quantities of water and certain ____________, alcohol, and some lipid-soluble ___________.

salts, drugs

the outer layer, or the _____________, is composed of visceral petroleum that protects underlying tissues and secretes ____________ fluid to keep the canal from sticking to other tissues.

serosa, serous

Salivary glands contain _______________ cells that produce a watery fluid with an em÷ called _______________ and _____________ cells that produce lubricating and binding fluid.

serous, amylase, mucous

Salivary glands receive parasympathetic stimulation that triggers the production of a large volume.of saliva at the _____________ or _______________ of food.

sight, smell

Hepatic __________ separate groups of hepatic cells.

sinusoids

The pancreas is closely associated with the ___________ intestine.

small

Carbohydrates are ingested in a variety of forms.

starch from grains, glycogen from meat, dissaccharide and monosaccharides from fruits and vegetables

The ____________ glands, inferior to the tongue, are the smallest of the major salivary glands and secret a saliva that is thick and stringy.

sublingual

The __________ glands, located on the floor of the mouth, secrete a more viscous fluid.

submandibular

Mucous glands are scattered throughout the _______________ of the esophagus and produce mucus to moisten and lubricate the inner lining of the tube.

submucosa

The next layer of the wall of the alimentary canal is the ___________ which is made up of ____________.

submucosa, loose connective tissue

Gaul bladder is connected to the ___________ duct which joins the hepatic duct; these two ducts merge to form the ____________ ___________ duct leading to the duodenum

systic, common bile

Fibers of the longitudinal muscle are arranged in ___________ __________ that extend the entire length to the colon, creating a series of pouches (_________).

teniae coli, haustra

The lost common dietary lipids are __________

triglycerides

__________ are found in plant and animal based foods.

triglycerides

Digestion breaks down ___________ into fatty acids and ___________

triglycerides and glycerol

The latter and a flap called the _____________ function to close off the nasal cavity during swallowing.

uvula

The inner wAll of the small intestine is liked with finger like intestinal____________ which greatly increased the surface area for ___________ and aid in mixing actions.

villi, absorption

Each ________ contains a core of connective tissue housing blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary called a _________.

villus, lacteal

The large intestine absorbs __________ and ________ and forms and stores ___________.

water, electrolytes, feces