Digestive
What are the functions of the cheeks and lips?
Lips: helps to judge temp and texture.
Sensory receptors here sense food, which triggers swallowing _____________.
Reflexes
___________ from the duodenum stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with a high bicarbonate ion concentration but few digestive enzymes.
Secretin
What does the rate at which the stomach empties depend on?
The fluidity of the chyme and type of food
For the average adult, nutritionists recommend __________ grahams of protein per day per kilogram of body weight. pregnant and nursing women need more.
.8
An estimated intake of __________ grahams of carbohydrate is needed daily to avoid protein breakdown .
125 to 175
How many primary teeth are there?
20
How many secondary teeth are there?
32
Minerals are responsible for ___________% of body weight, and are concentrated in the ________ and _________
4, bones, teeth
The liver also stores glycogen, vitamins _____________, ______________ and ____________ and iron and blood.
A, D, B12
Vitamin _________ (ascorbic acid) is needed for the production of ________, the metabolism of certain _________ _________, and the conversion of folacin into folinic acid.
C, collagen , amino acids
What are the five parts of the stomach?
Cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric regions, pyloric canal.
____________ from the wall of the small intestine stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with abundant digestive enzymes.
Colecystokinin
Small intestine consists of what the parts?
Duodenum, jejunum, eleum
The cells that produce pancreatic juice, called pancreatic ___________ cells, make up the bulk of the pancreas
acinar,
Excessive lipids are stored in _________ tissue.
adipose
The digestive system consists of the __________ canal and several ___________ organs that aid in digestion.
alimentary, accessory
Proteins are polymers of __________ acids with a large varieties of functions with cells and in the body
amino
Certain body cells (neurons) need a continuous supply of glucose to survive; if glucose is scarce, ___________ ___________ may be converted into glucose.
amino acids.
Building blocks of proteins, ___________ acids are absorbed into the villi by active transport and are carried away in the ____________.
amino, blood
The livers role in digestion is to secrete _________.
bile
Secretions from hepatic cells are collected in __________ canals that converge to become hepatic ducts and finally form the ____________ __________ duct.
bile, common hepatic
The pancreatic and _________ ducts join and empty into the small intestine, which is surrounded by the ___________ sphincter
bile, hepatopancreatic
The liver filters the ____________, removing damaged red blood cells and foreign substances, and removes ___________.
blood, toxins
What is the function of the teeth?
break food down, beginning mechanical digestion
__________ and __________ account for 75% by weight of the minerals, and are thus called major minerals.
calcium and phosphorus
The large intestine consists of the ___________( pouch at the beginning of the large intestine), ___________ (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions), the __________, and the _________ canal.
cecum, colon, rectum, anal
_____________ is a complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested, but provides bulk, facilitating the movement of food in the intestine
cellulose
______________ forms the lateral walls of the mouth.
cheeks
_____________ cells secret ____________ (to digest protein) as inactive ________________, which is activated when it comes in contact with _____________ acid.
chief, pepsin, pepsinogen, hydrochloric
Bile does not normally enter the duodenum until ________ stimulates the Gaul bladder to contract.
cholecystokinin
These lipids collect in structures that become encased in proteins (__________)
chylomicrons
Following a meal, mixing actions of the stomach turn the foods into _____________ and pass sit toward the pyloric region using ____________ waves.
chyme, peristaltic
Animal sources of protein contain ________ protein which contain all ________ amino acids
complete, essential
Fatty acid molecules ________ into the cell membranes of the villi
dissolve
The _________ is the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine; the rest is mobile and lies free in the ________ cavity.
duodenum, peritoneal
The large intestine absorbs ___________ and water.
electrolytes
What are the crown and root made of?
enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, nerves, and blood vessels
The _________ of the cells reconstruct the lipids.
endoplasmic reticula
Carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, re organic compounds used as sources of ___________ in the diet.
energy
Lipids are organic substances that provide _________ for cellular processes and to build structures.
energy
The need for carbohydrates varies with a persons ___________ requirements; the minimum requirement is unknown.
energy
Pancreatic juice contains___________ that digests carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.
enzymes
Minerals compromise parts of the structural materials in all body cells where they may also be portions of ___________; they contribute to the __________ pressure of body fluids and play roles in conduction of __________ ____________, _____________ contraction, _____________ of blood, and maintenance of ____________.
enzymes, osmotic, nerve impulses, muscle, coagulation, pH
The lower __________ sphincter helps to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents into the esophagus.
esophageal
__________ nutrients are those that cannot be synthesized by human cells
essential
The pancreas has an ___________ function if producing pancreatic juice that aids digestion.
exocrine
Vitamins are classified as _____________ soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) or __________ soluble (B vitamins and vitamins C)
fat, water
Presence of __________ and proteins in the upper small intestine causes the release of ___________ from the __________ wall, which also decreases gastric mobility.
fats, cholecystokinin, intestinal
Lipids include _______, ________ for cell membranes, and ____________
fats, phospholipids, cholesterol
Bile salts emulsify __________ into smaller droplets and aid in the absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and certain ___________
fats, vitamins
Where are saturated fats found?
foods of animal origin
Unsaturated fats are found?
foods of plant origin
____________ glands within the mucosa of the stomach opens as ___________ pits.
gastric, gastric
Gastric secretions are enhanced by parasympathetic impulses and the hormone ____________, which is released form gastric glands.
gastrine
The monosaccharides that are absorbed in the small intestine are fructose, galactose, and glucose; the liver converts them all into __________
glucose
Excess glucose is stored as __________ in the liver or is converted into ___________ and stores in adipose tissue
glycogen, fat,
Cells that secrete mucous in the small intestine include ________ cells, which are abundant throughout the mucosa, and the mucous secreting glands located in the _________ of the duodenum.
goblet, submucosa
The palate forms the roof of the oral cavity and has an anterior ____________ palate and posterior _____________ palate.
hard, soft
Each lobe is separated into ____________ lobules consisting of ____________ cells radiating from a central vein.
hepatic
Bile is a yellowish green liquid that ___________ cells secrete; it includes water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes
hepatic.
The __________ sphincter remains contracted unless a peristaltic wave approaches it, at which time it relaxes and a squirt of bile enters the duodenum.
hepatopancreatic
Protein digesting enzymes are released in an ____________ form and activated upon reaching the small intestine.
inactive
What are four different kinds of teeth?
incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars.
Plant sources of protein are missing one or more amino acids making them ________ proteins that should be consumed in combinations.
incomplete
The anal canal opens to the outside as the anus; it is guarded by an involuntary __________ ___________ sphincter and a voluntary external ___________ ____________ muscle.
internal anal, anal sphincter
As chyme fills the duodenum, stretching to its wall triggers the ____________ reflex, which inhibits peristalsis and slows the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.
interogastric
Other components of gastric juice include _____________ factor, required for vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine.
intrinsic
__________ cells carry on phagocytosis in the liver.
kupffer
The __________ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening.
lips
The __________ and adipose tissue control triglyceride metabolism that has many steps.
liver
The __________ controls circulating lipids and cholesterol.
liver
the __________ can convert fatty acids form one form to another, but it cannot synthesize the ________ fatty acids that must be obtained form the diet.
liver, essential
The liver is divided into right and left _________, and is enclosed in a fibrous capsule.
lobes
These clusters are carried away in ___________ __________ until they eventually join the bloodstream
lymphatic lacteals
_________ is poor nutrition that results either from a lack of poor nutrients or failure to utilize them; it may result in undernutrition or overnutrition
malnutrition
Two sets of teeth develop in sockets within the alveolar processes of the ____________ and ____________ bones.
maxillary, mandibular
The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal; it functions to receive food and begins ________________ digestion by mastication.
mechanical
The small intestine is suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a double layered fold of peritoneum called __________.
mesentery
The liver is responsible for many ___________ activities such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
metabolic
Protein requirements vary according to body size, ___________ rate, and ____________ requirements
metabolic , nitrogen
Water soluble vitamins, including the B vitamins and vitamin C, are necessary for normal cellular __________ in the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
metabolism
Epithelial cells of the mucosa have embedded digestive enzymes on their tiny hair like _________
micro villi
The stomach is a J-shaped muscular organ that receives and ______________ food with digestive juices and ____________ food to the ______________.
mixes, propels, small intestine
The motor function of the alimentary canal are of the two types --___________movements and _____________ movements.
mixing, propelling
During digestion complex carbohydrates are broken down into _________, which can be absorbed by the body
monosaccharides
Simple sugars called the ________ are absorbed by the villi by active transport or ___________ diffusion and enter ___________ capillaries
monosaccharides, faciliated, blood
The inner layer of the wall of the alimentary canal is the __________ lined with ___________ attached to connective tissue.
mucosa, epithelium
____________ cells produce thick fluid that protects the stomach lining.
mucous
The tongue is the thick, muscular organ covered by ____________ membranes with ______________ within ___________; it is attached to the floor of the mouth by the ____________.
mucous, taste buds, papillae, frenulum
The _____________ layer consists of inner _________ fibers and outer longitudinal fibers that propel food through the canal.
muscular, circular
The pharynx connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus and is divided into a _____________ (top portion), ___________ (middle portion), ______________ (bottom portion).
nasopharynx, oropharynx, largyngopharynx
___________ is the process by which the body takes in and uses nutrient.
nutrition
Where is cholesterol found?
only in foods of animal origin
The intestinal villi also absorb water (by ___________) and electrolytes (by __________ ________)
osmosis, active transport
In the back of the mouth are the _____________ tonsils, which help to protect the body against infection.
palatine
The lengthy small intestine receives secretions from the _________ and ________, completes digestion of the nutrients in _________, absorbs the products of the digestion, and transports the remaining residues to the __________ intestine
pancreas, liver, chyme, large
These pancreatic cells cluster around tiny tubes that merge to form larger ones, and then give rise to the __________ duct.
pancreatic
List the pancreatic enzymes.
pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and two nucleases
Distention of the intestinal wall stimulates ___________ reflexes that stimulates secretions from the small intestines.
parasympathetic
_____________ cells secrete hydrochloric acid.
parietal
The ____________ glands, lying in front if the ear are the largest of the major salivary glands, they secret a clear, watery fluid rich in amylase.
parotid
What are these three enzymes
peptidases, sucrase, maltase, and lactase, intestinal lipase,
A tooth is suspended in its socket by what ligament?
periodontal
The former occur when smooth muscles contract rhythmically in small sections. The latter includes a wave like motion called ______________, which is caused by contraction behind a mass of food as relaxation allows it to enter the next segment.
peristalsis
In the third stage of swallowing _____________ transports the food in the esophagus to the ________________.
peristalsis, stomach
Another lymphatic tissue mass, _________________ tonsils (adenoids) are located on the posterior wall of the pharynx above the for palate.
pharangeal
Food is mixed with saliva and voluntarily forced into the ______________ with the tongue.
pharynx
Blood from the hepatic ___________ vein carries blood rich in nutrients to the liver.
portal
What are the other major minerals?
potassium , sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium
A _____________ sphincter controls release of food from the stomach into the small intestine.
pyloric
Bile pigments are breakdown products from __________ blood cells.
red
The reddish brown liver, located in the upper _________ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, is the bodies largest internal organ.
right
The salivary glands secret _____________, which moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together and helps cleanse the mouth and teeth and begins _____________ digestion.
saliva, carbohydrate
Only the bile ____________ have a digestive function.
salts
The stomach absorbs only small quantities of water and certain ____________, alcohol, and some lipid-soluble ___________.
salts, drugs
the outer layer, or the _____________, is composed of visceral petroleum that protects underlying tissues and secretes ____________ fluid to keep the canal from sticking to other tissues.
serosa, serous
Salivary glands contain _______________ cells that produce a watery fluid with an em÷ called _______________ and _____________ cells that produce lubricating and binding fluid.
serous, amylase, mucous
Salivary glands receive parasympathetic stimulation that triggers the production of a large volume.of saliva at the _____________ or _______________ of food.
sight, smell
Hepatic __________ separate groups of hepatic cells.
sinusoids
The pancreas is closely associated with the ___________ intestine.
small
Carbohydrates are ingested in a variety of forms.
starch from grains, glycogen from meat, dissaccharide and monosaccharides from fruits and vegetables
The ____________ glands, inferior to the tongue, are the smallest of the major salivary glands and secret a saliva that is thick and stringy.
sublingual
The __________ glands, located on the floor of the mouth, secrete a more viscous fluid.
submandibular
Mucous glands are scattered throughout the _______________ of the esophagus and produce mucus to moisten and lubricate the inner lining of the tube.
submucosa
The next layer of the wall of the alimentary canal is the ___________ which is made up of ____________.
submucosa, loose connective tissue
Gaul bladder is connected to the ___________ duct which joins the hepatic duct; these two ducts merge to form the ____________ ___________ duct leading to the duodenum
systic, common bile
Fibers of the longitudinal muscle are arranged in ___________ __________ that extend the entire length to the colon, creating a series of pouches (_________).
teniae coli, haustra
The lost common dietary lipids are __________
triglycerides
__________ are found in plant and animal based foods.
triglycerides
Digestion breaks down ___________ into fatty acids and ___________
triglycerides and glycerol
The latter and a flap called the _____________ function to close off the nasal cavity during swallowing.
uvula
The inner wAll of the small intestine is liked with finger like intestinal____________ which greatly increased the surface area for ___________ and aid in mixing actions.
villi, absorption
Each ________ contains a core of connective tissue housing blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary called a _________.
villus, lacteal
The large intestine absorbs __________ and ________ and forms and stores ___________.
water, electrolytes, feces
