Digestive

The digestive system is a system that connects organs. The organs of this system communicate. There are 2 main components in the digestive system: 1.___ ___-->continuous structure starting in the mouth and ending in the anus. It is a single continuous tube with variable _______. Starts in the ____ at one diameter and ends in at a narrower diameter in the _____. 2.The ____ ___ _____ these are glands in order to produce or secrete ____ or ____ that will help in the functons of the digestive system. (

1. gastrointestinal tract, diamters, esophagus, anus, acessory digestive organs, enzymes, substances

Liver FUNCTIONS -_____: TO STORE AND FILTER ____ -_____: CONCERNED WITH MOST OF THE ______ SYST. OF THE BODY -______: ______ formation AND SECRET. -______

Vascular, blood metabolic, metabolic secretory, bile excretory

The _____group needs to be removed when its not used anymore. The process of removing the amino group is _____. _____removes the _____group and combines to a protein creating _____. The process of deamination produces ______. If we cant convert deamination into ____and this ____into ____. The deamination produces ammonia which turns into urea which is eliminated from the body via ___. If this process fails, you suffer the ____ _____. This is the accumulation of ____in the blood.

amino, deamination, deamination, amino, urea, ammonia, ammonia, ammonia, urea, urine, hepatic coma, ammonia

THE LIVER EXCRETES MANY DRUGS INTO THE ______AS WELL AS THE RESULTING METABOLITES OF MANY BODY'S HORMONES AND SUBSTANCES. IT'S ALSO ONE OF THE MAJOR ROUTES TO EXCRETE _____ INTO THE _____AND TO THE FECES.

bile calcium, bile

In the mouth, we have ____ ____digestion of ________. In the ____, we have ____ _____which is an enzyme that starts the digestion of _____ in the mouth. Its not ____ digestion. Just _____ digestion in the mouth. Breaking the large molecules of ___ or ____. When you swallow, in the ____there is no ____ digestion of any kind. The only thing that occurs in the ____ is ____ to transport what you swallow the ____.

partial chemical, carbohydrates, saliva, salivary amylase, carbs, complete, partial, starch, glycogen, esophagus, chemical, esophagus, persitalsis, stomach

Gastrin: site of production? stimulus for production? target organ? Activity?

stomach mucosa food in stomach (chemical stimulation_ stomach and illeocecal valve causes gastric glands to increase secretory activation, most pronounced effect is on HCl secretion ALSO RELAXES ILEOCECAL VALVE.

The mucusa doesn't have ______. The submucosa is where we start seeing _____, ______and ______. All these are in the submucosa. The first _____appears here. The _____ ____. There are 2 types of nerves in the ANS. There is a ______nerve connection and there is a ______nerve connection. ______means that the entire connection is close. ______connection means that its ______to _______.

vessels, glands, vessels, nerves, plexus, submucosal, plexus local, long, local, long, vagal, vagal

Absorption depends on the area: Stomach-a little _____and some ______ Duodenum-not much _____because the duaodenum is mostly for ______ Jujenum and ileum-most _____occurs here Colon-some ____ and ______absorption

water, alcohol absorption, digestion absorption vitamin K, water

There are 3 pair of salivary glands 1. ____-most important. There is a disease known as ____ which causes severe and painful inflammation of these glands. Aka ____ 2. _____ 3. _______ The ____ ____ transports saliva from the site of production in the gland to the site of secretion. This duct can be occluded by an______ process or by a _____ (most frequent). It causes the ______accumulation and painful distention of the gland. Essentially, the two important things for saliva, the first is ______and the ______digestion of ______

1. parotid, parotiditis, mumps 2. sublingual 3. submandibular salivary duct, inflammatory, stone, retrograde swallowing, partial, carbs

The liver is divided into 4 lobes. 1. 2. 3. 4. The most important is the ___ ___. It is the _____. The liver is a _______organ (it contains a lot of channels). It is made of _____. Each ______in the liver is divided into smaller _____(small lobes). Each lobule consist of a series of _____or _____that all drain into a central structure known as the _____ _____. All the _____ ______join to form the ____ _____. There are 2 ______ _______that drian into the ______. All the blood drained in the liver, is going to the ______ and that is the general circulation.

1. quadrate 2. left 3. caudate 4. right right lobe, largest sinusoidal, lobes, lobe, lobules, luble, channels, sinusoids, central vein, central veins, hepatic vein, hepatic veins, IVC, IVC

Every minute, ____ liter of blood flows from the portal vein into the liver sinusoids and ____ from the arterial system. This means a total of ____ L/min go to the liver. ____ of resting CO goes to the liver. The liver also receives ____ of the total body blood flow. The liver is an ____ organ. The liver normally stores a blood volume of ____ or almost ___ of the bodys total blood volume.

1.1, 350 ml, 1.45 29% 33% expandable 450 ml, 10%

The mucosa is the epithelium of the muscles which is normally ____but in the case of the stomach, there are _____layers. The entire control of the digestive function happens via 2 mechanisms: 1._____-via _____. Part of the ____. It is _____and unconscious. 2.______- _______acting on the GI tract regulating secretion and movement throughout the GI ● _______ and ______control the GI tract. Most of the hormones are ______hormones. ______ hormones act close to the site of production. They are secreting into the blood, circulating the entire body and acting on _____ ______ in the digestive systems.

2, 3 neural, nerves, PNS, involuntary hormonal, hormones Nerve impulses and hormones, local, local, target cells

____ is a fluid that contains water and a little amount of sodium and _____salts. ____ of ____-when fats are converting into an emulsion which is a stable condition that combines water and fat. Without _____, we wont be able to digest _____.

Bile, bile Emulsification, fats emulsification, fat

From the inside to the outside, we have: ______-______ tissue. This is the ______ portion. this tissue is slightly different depending on the portion of the tract. Submucosal- ____ ____-this is _____ muscle that's _____ and disposed in two different patterns-one is ____ smooth muscle fibers and ____ fibers. Every portion of the GI tract has 2 layers of smooth muscle. One ____ and one _____ There is a third layer that's not everywhere called ____. This is just in the ____ chamber. So the gastric chamber has __ layers of muscle and the rest have ___ layers of muscles. These muscles are smooth muscle. Outter most layer of tissue is ___ ___

Epithelium-nucoepithelium, innermost submucosal muscular layer, smooth, involuntary, longtiduinal, circular longtudinal, circular oblique, gastric 3, 2 connective tissues

The _____ isn't so effective. The ____ ____ is very strong and effective. It regulates how much of the highly acidic rich in _____ substances is getting to the ____ _____. We want to keep the amount traveling from _____ to the stomach very small. (google where the pyloric sphincter is). Perfect closure of the 2 spinchters is what allows perfect ____. When the ____ in the stomach happens, you need to give both ends close to prevent reflux up. ___ ____ relaxes and contracts a lot of small amount of _____ into the next step which is the ____ ____. Wen the ____ ____ opens, the content of the stomach (chyme) is moving ____.

LES, pyloric sphincter, pepsin, small intestine, esophagus, churning, contraction pyloric sphincter, chyme, small intestine, pyloric sphincter, forward

90% OF ALL PLASMA PROTEINS ARE FORMED IN THE _____AND IT CAN SYNTHESIZE NON-ESSENTIAL AMINOACIDS BY USING THE _______. THE LIVER ALSO STORES VITAMINS ___, ____, ___, ____, THE ORGAN FORMS A LARGE PROPORTION OF THE BLOOD SUBSTANCES USED IN BLOOD COAGULATION LIKE _____; _____AND COAG. FACTORS ______. Coagulation factor ____ is not produced in the liver.

LIVER, TRANSAMINASES vitamins A, D, B12, iron fibrinogen, prothrombin, cofactors 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 4

water and alcohol are _____ in the stomach but the most important thing in the gastric chamber (stomach) is _____. ____ of ____. ___ OF ____ to coat the stomach and secretion of _____.

absorbed, secretion, secretion, HCL, secretion of Mucous, pepsin

The condtion to maintain the secretion is directly related to the acidity. The stimulation of the gastrin secreting cells is positively happening via: 1.Levels of _____ 2.Substances rich in _____ 3.Partially digested _____ 4. Emotional ____, ____and _____ We need to avoid sympathetic stimulation because symp stimulation causes: 1.Reduction of _____response 2.Reduction in the secretion of ____ 3.Reduction in the ____ 4.Reduction in ____secretion 5.Increases contraction of pyloric sphincter preventing transferring of chyme to the next phase which is the intestinal phase (_____ _____). This is why we should consume our meals in a calm peaceful environment.

acidity caffiene proteins stress, fear, anxiety vagal HCl motility gastrin enteric phase

The fxn of the digestion is ____, ____, ______ of nutrients that are indespinsable for life. We require a lot of nutrients because most of what we get from food is used to obtain ___ and _____. the process insist on the incorporation of whatever we are eating. This process is ____. Then we ____ what we have eaten which means transforming what we have eaten into particles that can be absorbed in the ____to be transported to the sites of ____. Then we have ____. Whatever it not absorbed is excreted as a ____.

acquistion, processing and observing, energy, heat, ingestion, digest, blood, metabolism, absoprtion, waste

DEAMINATION IS ESSENTIAL TO USE ___ ___. THIS PROCESS FORMS LARGE AMTS. OF ____WHICH IS ALSO FORMED BY BACTERIA IN THE ___ ___. THE WAY TO REMOVE IT IS BY ____FORMATION. IF AMMONIA CONCENTATON INCREASES, THIS LEADS TO ___ __ AND ___

amino acids ammonia, GI tract urea hepatic coma, death

______triggers gastrin ______has to do with the secretion of the enzymes. The presence of ______which is coming from the stimulation of the _____glands at the bottom of the ____ _______goes to the blood, circulates the entire body and acts on the other glands in the walls of the ____ _____ triggering the secretion of the _____(mostly) and _____. Gastrin triggers the secretion of ____and ______ In the stomach, we have partial digestion of ______because we have _____. If the pH starts to decrease, the secretion of _____is _____. If the pH starts to increase, gastrin ______. This is because gastrin regulates the secretion _______and this is a _______feedback self regulatory mechanism. The reason for ______is to produce ____to increases acidity. If the pH increases (acidity is decreased) therefor the secretion of gastrin is directly related by the level of ______or ______of the gastric chamber.

caffeine gastrin, gastrin, endocrine, gastric pits, gastric pits, HCL, pepsinogen, HCL, enzymes proteins, HCl gastrin, inhibited, increases, gastrin, HCl, negatve, gastrin, HCl, acidity, pH

AS A RULE, A MEAL RICH IN _______MOVES THROUGH THE DUODENUM RAPIDLY, BUT _____FORM AN OILY LAYER AT THE TOP OF THE CHYME AND ARE DIGESTED MORE SLOWLY BY INTESTINAL ENZYMES. WHEN CHYME ENTERING THE DUODENUM IS HIGH IN ____, FOOD MAY REMAIN IN THE STOMACH FOR AS LONG AS 6 HOURS OR MORE BEFORE GASTRIC EMPTYING IS COMPLETED. ADDITIONALLY, THE PRESENCE OF FATS ELICITS THE RELEASE OF AN INTESTINAL HORMONE CALLED ______, WHICH, LIKE ____ELICITED BY LOW pH, ALSO INHIBITS GASTRIC ____. AFTER ONE EATS AN ORDINARY, BALANCED MEAL, THE VOLUME OF THE STOMACH CONTENTS REMAIN THE SAME DURING THE 1st HOUR. THIS DOES NOT IMPLY THAT GASTRIC EMPTYING IS DELAYED; IN FACT, THE RATE OF EMPTYING IS MAXIMAL SHORTLY AFTER EATING A MEAL. HOWEVER, THE VOLUME OF FOOD BEING EMPTIED IS COUNTERBALANCED BY THE VOLUME OF ______SECRETIONS SPEWED OUT (SECRETED) DURING THAT TIME

carbohydrates, fats, fats, enterogastron, secretin, motility gastric

The _______(_______) phase THE _______(______) PHASE OF GASTRIC SECRETION OCCURS BEFORE FOOD HAS ENTERED THE STOMACH AND IS TRIGGERED BY THE _______, ______, OR _______OF FOOD. DURING THIS PHASE, THE _____GETS THE _______READY FOR ITS UPCOMING DIGESTIVE CHORE. INPUTS FROM ACTIVATED ______RECEPTORS AND TASTE BUDS ARE RELAYED TO THE ______, WHICH IN TURN STIMULATES THE ______NUCLEI OF THE ______ ________, CAUSING MOTOR IMPULSES TO BE TRANSMITTED VIA _____NERVE FIBERS TO THE _______GLANDS. THE ENHANCED SECRETORY ACTIVITY RESULTING FROM THE ________OR ______OF FOOD IS BELIEVED TO REPRESENT A CONDITIONED _______AND OCCURS ONLY WHEN WE LIKE OR WANT THE FOOD. IF WE ARE _____OR HAVE NO _______, THIS PARTICULAR PART OF THE _______IS DAMPENED.

cephalic (reflex), cephalic (reflex), before, sight, aroma, taste, thought brain, stomach olfactory, hypothalmus, vagal, medulla oblongata, vagal, stomach sight, thought, reflex, depressed, apeite, reflex

________starts ________any food gets to the stomach. It is when you think about food or when you smell food or when you see food or when you hear sounds related to eating. It is ________food gets to the GI tract. Impulses are coming from brain to the stomach to increase the secretion and motility a little. The pain of being hungry is a __________of the empty stomach because its in preparation for whats coming. The receptors are going to the ________in the ______ _______and sends motor impulses to the glands in the stomach. These glands start to produce ______and _______and at the same time, there is a secretion of hormones that happen in the endocrine glands of the stomach which increase the ______and _______of gastric juices. The 3 phases of gastric secretion which is a very important component of digestion because it requires ________via _______and _______.

cephalic, before, before, contraction, vagus, medulla oblongotta, HCl, pepsin, motility, secretion segmentation, churning, mixing

In the stomach, there is no _____ ____for the _____. In the stomach there is ____ _____ or ___ ____ for everybody via _____ and _____ ____ ____ for _____. The _______start to get digested in the stomach because of two important things: ____. This ____ attacks the protein causing a denaturing of the proeins. ______ is very acidic. AND ____. This is a proteolytic enzyme that attacks the proteins and breaks them down into small _____. ____ and ____ are very damaging to the surface of the stomach. ____ and ____ well self digest the stomach unless it is protected. _____ protects the gastric chamber. A layer of _____ also protects the surface of the stomach preventing the acid and _____ from acting on the surface of the chamber. ____ is not secreted as ____. It is stored and secreted as _____which is activated into ____ by the ____. These two work together. ***so if you have a problem with acid secretion, you wont be able to activate the _____ and you wont have a very good digestion of _____.

chemical digestion, carbohydrates, physical digestion, mechanical digestion, churning, partial chemical digestion, proteins, proteins, HCL, HCL, HCL, pepsin, polypeptides, Pepsin, HCl, Pepsin, HCl, bicarb, mucus, pepsin Pepsin, pepsin, perpsinogen, pepsin, HCl, pepsinogen, proteins

In the first portion of the small intestine, most of the ____ ____of everything happens. After that, small amounts are being digested and reduced to small small particles which can be absorbed and continue the movement via _____. As they go through the rest of the small intestine, they are being _____. MOST OF THE ABSORPTION HAPPENS IN THE ____ ____. At the end of the GI transit, they enter the ___ ____. The in the large intestine, there is mostly no _____ of anything except ____. Absorption in the large intestine is mostly ____. This will determine, together with the consistency and components of what is coming from the upper GI tract, the consistency of whats going out (from water to very solid). This difference in consistency is determined by the fibers and ____at the end of the process of _____. i

chemical digestion, peristalsis, absorbed, small intestine, large intenstine, absorption, water water, water, digestion

Large intestine ____digestion-some remaining food residues are digested by ____ bacteria. These also produce vitamin ___ and some vitamin ___. Absorption-absorbs most remaining ____, electrolytes (largely ____) and ___ produced by bacteria. ________-propels feces toward rectum by _____, ____churning and mass movements. Defecation-reflex triggered by rectal _____ eliminates feces from the body.

chemical, enteric, K, B water, NaCl, vitamins propulsion, peristalsis, haustral distension

In _____ ____ congenital condition that affects babies that cant produce any of the pancreatic enzymes. They suffer ______ syndrome. This syndrome also happens to ppl suffering from severe ______which causes _____which is a high content of fat in the feces. Why does this happen? In ___we have one point that's hydrophilic and lipophobic and the other part is soluble in ____. This molecule is able to have part in the fat and part in the water. The ______/_____region is able to dissolve in water and the ____/_____ gets into the fat and breaks the big fat bubble into small bubbles which increases the surface of the fat and makes possible the enzyme to act and digest the _____.

cystic fibrosis, malabsorption, pancreotitis, steatoreah, bile, fat, hydrophilic/polar, hydrophobic/non-polar, fat

Enterogastrone site of production? stimulus for production? target organ? Activity?

duodenal fatty foods, hyperosmolar solutions stomach inhibits motility of stomach smooth muscle

Intestinal gastrin site of production? stimulus for production? target organ? Activity?

duodenal mucosa acidic and partially digested foods in duodenum stomach stimulates gastric glands

secretin: site of production? stimulus for production? target organ? Activity?

duodenal mucosa acidic chyme (also partially digested proteins, fats, hypertonic or hypotonic fluids, or irritants in chyme) stomach inhibits gastric gland secretion during gastric phase of secretion. increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarb ions increases bile output

Gastric Inhibitory peptide (GIP) site of production? stimulus for production? target organ? Activity?

duodenal mucosa fatty chyme stomach inhibits gastric gland secretion during gastric phase

cholecystokinin (CCK) site of production? stimulus for production? target organ? Activity?

duodenal mucosa fatty chyme and digested proteins stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, sphincter of oddi -inhibits gastric gland secretion during gasric phase of secretory activity -increases output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice -stimulates organ to contract and expel stored bile -relaxes sphincter of oddi to allow entry of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum

After a while, everything goes to the small intestine. The first part of the SI is the ____. In the ______, the protection against the ___ and ____ is not as good as in the stomach. The si relies in small amounts of this substance to be transferred in order to be able to handle properly. In the small intestine, you have a lot of ___. This ____ is going to neutralize the ____coming from the stomach mixing with the _____ (paste coming from stomach). Once in the small intestine, the nutrients receives ___ ___ and _____. All the nutrients also get chemical digestion. In the _____, we get the digestion enzymes coming from the _____ (enzymes to digest proteins, carbs and fats). ____ is indespinsable in the digestion of food.

duodenum, duodenum, acid, pepsin, bicarb, bicarb, acid, chyme, mechanical digestion, segmentation, duodenum, pancreas, Bile

The intenstinal phase consist on the passage or transferring of the contents in the gastric chamber to the _______. The capacity of the ______is smaller and shorter than the gastric chamber. The gastric chamber can also be ______and the ______cant. The pH tolerance is different is the two as well. The pH tolerance is lower in the ______. The ______has a small capacity for the chyme coming from the stomach. When partially digested food enters the duodenum, ______is secreted. This is produced in the intestine. When the gastric chamber is almost ______, the effectiveness of the ____ _____seems to be maximal. THE ______ ______ WORKS BEST WHEN THE GASTRIC CHAMBER IS PARTIALLY _______. When the gastric chamber is full or fully functional, the ______ ______ is not effective.

duodenum, duodenum, distended, duodenum, duodenum duodenum intestinal (enteric) gastrin, , empty, intestinal gastrin, enteric gastric, emptying, intestinal gastrin

By the process of _______, the fat globule is broken down through the process of ___ ___. ______is the first step in the digestion of _____.

emulsification, bile salts emulsification, fats

So we have ____, ____, ____ tissue and ____. The ____ tissue is part of the interic plexus and fibers which is apart of the _____. So all is involuntary except ____(swallowing), the second half is ____ until we get to _____ which Is voluntary. __ ___-this is in reference into lack of continuity of the ____. ____ulcers arent as bad as ____ulcers. Most of the gastric peptic ulcers are located in the _____. The vast majority of the gastic peptic ulcers in the ____ ____ means ____ There are foldings in the internal wall of the stomach are ____. The presence of the _____ are typical of the _____. In the stomach, we don't need a lot of ______. Most of the absorption happens in the ____ ______. In the stomach we need a lot of _____ and ______.

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular, nervous, ANS deglutition, involentary, defecation peptic ulcer, mucus, duodenal, gastric greater curvature of the stomach lesser curvature, cancer rugae rugae, stomach absorption, small intestine, secretion and protection.

Beginning with the ____, the walls of the GI tract organs have a basic tissue pattern that reflects their common functions. The basic alimentary canal wall structure, has 4 distinct layers, or _____ (_____). 1. 2. 3. 4. Each layer contains a predominant tissue type that has a specfic role to play in the food breakdown process. The esophagus is for _____ The stomach is for _____ and ____ ______ of ______

esophagus tunics, tunica 1. the mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis 4. serosa transport churning, chemical digestion, proteins

The gastric phase happens when _______ (After ___ and ____). Here, almost ___ of all ______happen buring the gasric phase. THe bulk of the whole _____ happens during the gastric phase. ____ receptors in the stomach triggers the _________. All of these activities are _____. When food enters the stomach, we start having most of the _____. _____ of the total volume of fluid secreted during the gasric secretions happens in the ____ phase. The combination of all fluids including _______, _____, ______and _______is known as the gastric juices. These are mostly secreted in the ______phase. What starts the gastric phase is ________ _______. The local reflex is known as _______which is mitigated by the _______ _______. There are 3 plexus in the stomach wall: ________, _______, ______(bulk of ______ ________)

food actually gets to your stomach, mastication, deglutition, 2/3, secretions, secretions stretching, nerve reflexes (both short and long) cholinergic, secretions 2/3 (66%), gastric water, bicarb, HCl, enzymes, gastric stomach distension myenteric, myenteric plexus, submucosal, subserosa, myenteric, smooth muscle

Once we ingest a substance, we need to move it through out digestive tract. The movement of the content of the GI tract is always moving ______. Only ____ direction. Once we start ______(process of swallowing) the first half of it is _____, the second part of ______ (it is a reflex and we cant stop it). It gets in the posterior part of your _____ and enters the _____. This process is one of the movements that we have in the GI tract. This movement is known as _____ (forward movemement). Another movement is _____. This happens throughout the entire length of the GI tract. Everything moves through the GI tract via ____. _____ is possibly because of alternative _____ of the GI tract. The _____ happen BEHIND whatever you are moving forward. _____ squeezes one part of the tube and everything is squeezed forward.

forward, one deglutition, voluntary, involuntary, pharynx, esophagus, propulsion, peristalsis, peristalis, peristalsis, contractions, contractions, peristalsis,

_____ is green and it contains ____ which is actually green. There is 3 types of ateros or yellow color. 1.___ ___-reddish yellow 2._____-yellow yellow 3.____ ___-greenish yellow ____ is continuous produced in the ____and it circulates through ____ ____ and they drain out of the ____ and into the ___ which is where you store the ___. When its necessary, the ____comes out of the ______through a duct called the ___ ____. The _______drains into the duodenum. The digestive enzymes coming from the ______ drains into the duodenum. Google major duodenal papilla and sphincter of oddi.

gallbladder, bile 1. rubinic ateros 2. floubinic 3. verdinic ateros bile, liver, bile canaliculi, liver, gallbladder, bile, bile, gallbladder, cystic duct comon bile duct, pancreas

FACTORS THAT MODULATE AND INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF STOMACH CONTRACTIONS ARE THE SAME FACTORS THAT ENHANCE _____SECRETORY ACTIVITY. _____OF THE STOMACH WALL ACTIVATES STRETCH RECEPTORS AND ______- ______CELLS; THE ULTIMATE RESPONSE IN EACH CASE IS INCREASED GASTRIC MOTILITY. ACTIVATION OF THE STRETCH RECEPTORS TRIGGERS BOTH _____AND ______REFLEXES, THAT, VIA ______RELEASE, INTENSIFY THE STRENGTH OF PERISTALTIC CONTRACTIONS AND ELICIT _____RELEASE. ______ENTERS THE BLOOD AND EVENTUALLY RECIRCULATES TO THE STOMACH, WHERE IT STIMULATES ______ ____ _____. THUS, THE MORE FOOD THERE IS IN THE STOMACH, THE MORE VIGOROUS THE STOMACH MIXING AND EMPTYING MOVEMENTS WILL BE, WITHIN CERTAIN LIMITS.

gastric distenstion, gastrin-secreting local, vagovagal, acetylcholine, gastrin gastrin, gastric smooth muscle

The next phase is the ____ phase. WHEN FOOD REACHES THE STOMACH, _____AND ______MECHANISMS INITIATE THE GASTRIC PHASE, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUt _______OF THE GASTRIC JUICE RELEASED. _______ _______ ACTIVATES ______RECEPTORS AND INITIATES BOTH ______(______) REFLEXES AND THE ________REFLEXES. IN THE LATTER TYPE OF REFLEX(______), IMPULSES ARE TRANSMITTED TO THE ______ALONG VAGAL AFFERENTS AND THEN BACK TO THE _____VIA VAGAL EFFERENTS. BOTH TYPES OF NEURAL ACTIVITY LEAD TO ________ RELEASE, WHICH STIMULATES THE OUTPUT OF MORE ____ _____; HOWEVER, THE HORMONE ______IS PROBABLY MORE IMPORTANT THAN NEURAL INFLUENCES IN STIMULATING THE STOMACH GLANDS DURING THE GASTRIC PHASE.

gastric neural, hormonal, gastric, 2/3rds stomach distention, stretch, local (myenteric), long vagovagal long vagovagal, medulla, stomach, acetlycholine (ACH), gastric juice, gastrin,

Gastrin is secreted by glands in the _____ _____ of the ______ _______. It acts on the _______. It goes in the _____. ________starts before any food gets to the stomach. It is when you _____about food or when you ____food or when you _____food or when you hear sounds related to eating. It is _____food gets to the GI tract. Impulses are coming from ______to the ________to increase the secretion and motility a little. The pain of being hungry is a ________of the empty stomach because its in preparation for whats coming. The receptors are going to the ______in the ______ ______ and sends motor impulses to the glands in the stomach. These glands start to produce ______and _______and at the same time, there is a secretion of hormones that happen in the _________glands of the stomach which increase the motility and secretion of _____ _______. The 3 phases of gastric secretion which is a very important component of ________because it requires _______via _______ and __________.

gastric pits, gastric chamber, stomach, blood cephalic, think, smell, see, before, brain, stomach, contraction, vagus, medulla oblongotta, HCl, pepsin, endocrine, gastric juices digestion, segmentation, churning, mixing

ALTHOUGH THE PRESENCE OF FOOD IN THE SMALL INTESTINE STIMULATES ______GLAND ACTIVITY DURING THE ______PHASE WHEN THE STOMACH IS ALMOST EMPTIED, IT INHIBITS _______SECRETION DURING THE ______PHASE WHEN THE STOMACH CONTAINS FOOD AND ITS SECRETORY ACTIVITY IS BEING REGULATED BY GASTRIC PHASE MECHANISMS. DURING THE GASTRIC PHASE, FACTORS SUCH AS _____OF THE _____, LOW _____, PRESENCE OF PARTIALLY DIGESTED ________, _________OR __________FLUIDS, AND ________IN THE ____________ALL TRIGGER THE ______REFLEX.

gastric, intestinal, gastric, gastric, gastric distention, duodenum, pH, proteins, hypertonic, hypotonic, irritants, small intestine, enterogastric

As long as the gastric chamber is working properly and secreting _______and is mostly filled, the _____ _____ is not necessary. The entire process is to guarantee proper partial digestion of ______. The presence of partially digested proteins into the duodenum is the factor triggering the secretion of _____ ______. The only reason for partially digestive proteins is that the digestion in the stomach isn't enough so we need to maintain the secretion of acid and _______to maintain the secretion of acid and ______toguarantee a better digestion of it.

gastrin, enteric gastrin, proteins enteric gastrin, pepsin, pepsin

IN ADDITION TO RESPONDING DIRECTLY TO CHEMICAL- STIMULI, THE _____-_____CELLS ARE ACTIVATED BY THE ______REFLEXES ALREADY DESCRIBED. EMOTIONAL UPSETS, FEAR, ANXIETY, OR OTHER STATES THAT TRIGGER _____NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY _____GASTRIC SECRETION, BECAUSE (DURING SUCH TIMES) THE ______DIVISION OVERRIDES ______CONTROLS OF DIGESTION.

gastrin-secreting, neural, sympathetic, inhibit, sympathetic, parasympathetic

______is the formation of _______from non carbohydrate precursors. Sucrose which is _____ _____ is a combo of _____and _______. ____ is the way to store sugar as glycogen _____is not good for us. So it is quickly converted into ______. The liver is responsible for _____ ______. This cycle is a process where the lactic acid is converted back into _______.

gluconeogensis, glucose table sugar, glucose, fructose maltose fructose, glucose cori cycle, glucose

How does the liver metabolize carbs? (below) stores _____ converts ____ and ____ into ___ Participates in _____ FOrmation of many important ____ compounds in the carbohydrate metabolism sucrose = lactose = maltose=

glycogen fructose, galactose, glucose gluconeogensis chemical glucose + fructose glucose + galactose glucose + glucose

2 ______ _____ drain into the ______. The 2 _____ ______ are the result of many lobular ______ _______ that receive blood from the ________ Each liver lobule has a _____ _____and around it a lot of channels that are known as the _____. Each ______ is flanked at one side and at the other we have the function cells of the liver which are known as _______. The ________are always in contact with the blood. There is a plate of _______. The blood that is circulating in the liver in the sinusoid is continuously in contact wit the _________.

hepatic veins, IVC, hepatic veins, central veins, sinusoids central vein, sinusoids, sinusoid, hepatocytes, hepatocytes, hepatocytes, hepaatocytes.

The sinusoids are flanked by ___ plates and receive blood from the small arterioles. The sinusoids and the cells around them are always in contact with ____ blood.

hepatic, portal

Mouth and associated organs: MAJOR FUNCTIONS: _______-food is voluntary placed into oral cavity. _______-this is _____ phase of _____ initiated by the tongue. it propels food into the _____ ______ digestion-______ which is chewing by the teeth and mixing movements by the tongue. _____ digestion-this is ____ breakdown of starch which is started by ___ ____ present in saliva produced by ____ ____

ingestion propulsion, voluntary, deglutition, pharynx mechanical, mastication chemical, chemical, salivary amylase, salivary glands

After we get _____ and the _____ and we start the process of _____ and movement, we need to start proper digestion. There is to types of digestion: ___ and ___ 1._____ digestion-consist on the ______/_____which breaks down the large pieces of food into very small pieces. ____digestion of all types of nutrients, happens in the _____. -->After you swallow via _____, we have _____. -->In the ____, we hve ____ digestion via ____. -->N the intestines we have ____ digestion via ____. _____ is part of ____ digestion. It is not _____. 2. Next is _____ digestion which is the result of the action _____ on the specific substrate. There are 3 types of digestive enzymes. 1 for ____, 1 for ____, 1 for ____. Ones for carbs are known as ____ Ones for proteins are known as _____. One for lipids/fats is for _____

ingestion, deglutition, peristalsis, chemical digestion and physical digestion 1. Physical, mastication/chewing, physical, mouth -deglutition, peristalsis -stomach, physical, churning -physical, segmentation, segmentation, physical, propulsion 2. chemical, enzymes, carbs, fats, proteins -amylase -protease -lipase

ALTHOUGH THE PACEMAKERS SET THE MAXIMUM RATE OF CONTRACTION, THEY DO NOT ______THE CONTRACTIONS.

initiate

3. THE _____ PHASE. IS SET INTO MOTION WHEN PARTIALLY DIGESTED FOOD BEGINS TO FILL THE INITIAL PART OF THE _____ _____. THIS FILLING STIMULATES _______ _______ _______ TO RELEASE A HORMONE THAT ENCOURAGES THE GASTRIC GLANDS TO CONTINUE THEIR SECRETORY ACTIVITY. ALTHOUGH THE PRECISE NATURE OF THIS HORMONE IS NOT KNOWN, ITS EFFECTS MIRROR THOSE OF _____, AND IT HAS BEEN NAMED ________. IT SEEMS THAT THE ____PHASE INVOLVES OTHER HORMONES OR REFLEX MECHANISMS OR BOTH, ACTING TO HASTEN DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH BEFORE STOMACH EMPTYING IS COMPLETED.

intestinal small intestine, intestinal mucosal cells gastrin, intestinal (enteric) gastrin intestinal,

When an individual has a tumor in the head of the pancreas: this causes Problem in ____ ____ and problem in ___ ___. _____is retrograde and mixes with the ____. Google hepatopancreatc ampulla and sphincter

intestinal transit, bile secretion, bile, blood

THE _____ ______ CLEAN THE BLOOD WHILE IT PASSES ALONG THE SINUSOIDS IN SUCH EFFICIENT WAY THAT NO MORE THAN ___% OF THE BACTERIA ENTERING THE LIVER THROUGH THE PORTAL SYSTEM WILL EXIT IT TO THE ____ _____.

kupffer cells, one, hepatic veins

REGULATION OF GASTRIC EMPTYING. THE STOMACH USUALLY EMPTIES COMPLETELY WITHIN 4 HOURS AFTER A MEAL. THE MORE ______ITS CONTAINED FOOD, THE _____THE STOMACH EMPTIES. ______PASS THROUGH THE STOMACH VERY QUICKLY; SOLIDS REMAIN UNTIL THEY ARE WELL MIXED WITH GASTRIC JUICE AND CONVERTED TO THE _____STATE. THE RATE OF GASTRIC EMPTYING DEPENDS AS MUCH, AND PERHAPS MORE, ON THE CONTENTS OF THE ______AS ON THE STATE OF FOOD DIGESTION IN THE _____. THE _____AND ______ACT IN TANDEM AND CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A "COUPLED METER" THAT FUNCTIONS AT LESS THAN FULL CAPACITY. AS CHYME ENTERS THE DUODENUM, RECEPTORS IN ITS WALL RESPOND TO _____SIGNALS AND TO _____, INITIATING THE ______REFLEX AND THE HORMONE MECHANISMS DESCRIBED EARLIER. THESE MECHANISMS PREVENT FURTHER DUODENAL FILLING BY INHIBITING _____SECRETORY ACTIVITY AND BY REDUCING THE VIGOR OF PYLORIC CONTRACTIONS.

liquefied, faster, fluids, liquid duodenum, stomach, stomach, duodenum chemical, stretch, enterogastric gastric

FAT METABOLISM-This is done in the ________ -OXIDATION OF _____ _____ TO SUPPLY ENERGY -FORMATION OF MOST ______ -SYNTHESIS OF ______AND ______(±80%OF THE CHOLESTEROL IS CONVERTED INTO ___ _____) -CONVERSION OF _____ AND _____ INTO FAT

liver fatty acids lipoproteins cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts carbs, proteins,

THe largest within the abdominal cavity is the ____ The ___ is the largest organ. THe ___ is located in the right hypochondriac region. Its superior portion is in contact with the inerior portion of the ____ and the ____is located in the ____ region of the organ. The liver contains alot of ____ and ____

liver skin liver diaphragm, gallbladder, inferior iron, vitamin A

The functional unit of the liver is the ___ ___ costructed around a ___ ___ that empties into the ____ ___ which finally empty into the ____ __. Blood goes from the ___ ___ system to the _____

liver lobule, central vein, hepatic veins, IVC hepatic portal, sinusoids

The _____is located in the right hypochondriac region and is completely covered by the rib cage EXCEPT the small portion that is in the _______ _____. The _____cant be palpated. The _____may get distended because there is an _____ process (hepatitis), because of a _____, or because there is ______there. Normally, you should be able to palpate the liver.

liver, epigastric region, liver liver, inflammatory, tumor, blood,

In the _____response (_____), the nerve impulses are going in the same way. The sensory portion to the nuclei and the motor going to the smooth muscle in the wall. The presence of food triggers the secretion of ______. ________is secreted by the action of food and movement of the wall in the stomach. The short and long reflexes are mediated by _____meaning it is a _________activity. _______is a hormone secreted by the same stimuli that causes the neural response. It's a combination of neural stimulation through long and short reflexes and the hormonal (secretion of ______). _______is the most important factor in triggering the secretion of juices.

local, short gastrin, gastrin, ACH, cholinergic gastrin, gastrin, gastrin

The ____ ___ ___ is there to prevent reflux of content of the gastric chamber into the lower portion of the _____. The _____ is not protected so if the content of the gastric chamber is going up, it will cause a lot of damage in the weak non protected delicate ____ of the _____. This is known as ____ ____ ____disease. It causes _____. This is the damage of the mucous layer of the esophagus. The ______ is sending acidic highly acidic substances to the esophagus. The pain and heartburn pain is happening when the ___ ____ ____ is damaged creating ______. This causes the pain and burning sensation.

lower esophageal sphincter (LES), esophagus esophagus, mucous, esophagus, GASTRO ESOPHAGEAL reflux, esophagitis, GERD, gastro esophageal reflux, esophagitis.

THE MUCOSA THE MUCOSA, OR MUCOUS MEMBRANE, IS A MOIST EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE THAT LINES THE _______, OR ______, OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL FROM THE ______TO THE ______. ITS MAJOR FUNCTIONS ARE: --__________ (OF MUCUS, DIGESTIVE ENZYMES, AND HORMONES) --____________ (OF THE END PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION INTO THE BLOOD) --___________ (AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE). THE MUCOSA IN A PARTICULAR REGION OF THE GI TRACT MAY EXPRESS ______ OR _____ ______OF THESE CAPABILITIES.

lumen, cavity, mouth, anus secretion absorption protection one, all three

small intestine and associated accesory organs ____ digestion and _____-_____ by smooth muscle of the small intestine continually mixes contens with digestive juices and moves food along tract and through ____ valve at a slow rate, allowing sufficient time for digestion and absorption. _____ digestion: digestive enzmes conveyed in from _____ and brush border enzymes atached to ___ membranes complete digestion of all classes of foods. Absorption-breakdown products of ___,_____, and ______digestion. vitamins, electrolytes and water are absorbed by active and passive mechanism

mechanical, propulsion, segmentation, ileocecal chemical, pancreas carbs, protein, fat, nucleic acid

Vomit happens as a defense when things that shouldn't be there are. There is a reflex that goes from the walls of the stomach to the center in the _____ _____ that triggers a sudden motor response that will fully open the _____and trigger a strong contraction of the smooth muscle of the wall. Pregnancy because of _____can cause vomiting as well. _____is triggered beyond the pyloric sphincter is impossible to get back. _____is important as a defensive protective mechanism.

medulla oblongotta, LES gonadotropins diarrhea, diarrhea

THE MUSCULARIS LAYER THIS ______ AND ______FOOD STUFFS ALONG THE DIGESTIVE TRACT. IT USUALLY HAS AN INNER _____LAYER AND AN ______ ________ LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. HOWEVER, AT SEVERAL POINTS ALONG THE GI TRACT, THE ______MUSCLE LAYER BECOMES THICKENED TO FORM _______THAT ACT AS VALVES TO PREVENT BACKFLOW AND CONTROL FOOD PASSAGE FROM ONE ORGAN TO THE NEXT. THE ______ _______, ANOTHER AUTONOMIC NERVE PLEXUS, IS FOUND BETWEEN THE TWO SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYERS AND PROVIDES THE MAJOR NERVE SUPPLY TO THE GI TRACT WALL AND CONTROLS GI MOTILITY. IN GENERAL, ACTIVITY OF _____ ______ _______GI MOTILITY AND SECRETORY ACTIVITY, WHEREAS _____ _____ ______GI MOTILITY, THEREBY DEPRESSING DIGESTION.

mixes, propels, inner circular, outer longtidunal, circular, spinchters myenteric plexus, motility parasympathetic fibers, enhances, sympathetic fibers, inhibit

The first chamber that chemical digestion happens is the _____. Partial digestion of ______happens in the _____but the real digestion of ____by the combined action of _____and _____. _____act to increase the secretion of mucous to prevent damage, secretion of _____and secretion of ______. This combination together with water and bicarb constitutes ____ _____. This juice is controlled by the _____. Each day ___ to ____ liters OF _____ _______. The gastric secretions are involved in the ______digestion and _____. The _____of the stomach is regulated by the secretion that happens in the stomach. The ____ ______ plexus are known as _____nerve plexus. _____ ______ plexus is the _____-_____. The vagus nerve is very important that 80—85 of all __________fibers are in the ______nerve.

mouth carbs, mouth, proteins, HCl, pepsin hormones, HCl, pepsin, gastric juices, vagus 2-3, gastric juices chemical, motility, churning, short nerve, enteric, long nerve, vagal-vagal, parasympathetic, vagus

The first chamber that chemical digestion happens is the _____ Partial digestion of ____ happens in the mouth but the real difestion of _____ by the combined action of ____ and ____ _______act to increase the secretion of mucous to prevent damage, secretion of _____and secretion of _____. This combination together with ______and _____constitutes gastric juices. This juice is controlled by the ______. Each day______ liters OF GASTRIC JUICES. The gastric secretions are involved in the _____ _____and ______. The ______of the stomach is regulated by the secretion that happens in the stomach. The short nerve plexus are known as _____ _____ ______. Long nerve plexus is the _________. The _______nerve is very important that 80—85 of all __________fibers are in the vagus nerve. _______is secreted by glands in the gastric pits of the gastric chamber. It acts on the _______. It goes in the ________.

mouth carbs, proteins, HCl and pepsin Hormones, HCl, pepsin, water, bicarb, vagus 2-3 chemical digestion, motility, churning, enteric nerve plexus, vagal-vagal vagus, parasympathetic, vagus Gastrin, stomach, blood

____ _____ is a very thin layer of smooth muscle associated to the ______portion. _______-this is the outside layer. Connective tissue whats the difference between chief vs parietal cells **In the small intestine, we have the two layers of muscles: ___ and ____ We need a lot of _____ surfaces and ____. _____contain vessels. Whatever we absorb in the absorptive portion of the GI is going to the ___ ____ that is leaving the GI tract. At the center of the _____there is the ____(green) because of the lymph contains a lot of ____so its green.

muscularis mucosae, epithelial serosa Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and chief cells secrete digestive enzymes such as pepsin. longitudinal and circular absorptive, microvilli, microvilli, venous blood, microvilli, lacteal, fat

The ______ _______ is the muscle of the mucus. It is a very thin layer that helps to contract some _______. Beneath this is the ______ ______-here we have most of the vessels and the first plexus which is the ______flexure. It is between the first layer of muscle and the _______surface portion. Then we have the muscular layer (_______and ________). Innervating this muscularis externa is the ____ ______ (aka ________plexus). Finally we have the ____ _____ _____. All 3 layers have the 3 plexus

muscularis mucosae, muscles sub mucosa, submucosal, epithelial longitudinal, circular, muscular plexus, myenteric subserous nerve plexus

STIMULATION OF SECRETION. _______ CONTROL IS PROVIDED BY THE _____ AND _______ NERVE REFLEXES. WHEN THE ______NERVES ACTIVELY STIMULATE THE STOMACH, SECRETORY ACTIVITY OF VIRTUALLY ALL OF ITS GLANDS INCREASES DRAMATICALLY. ______ CONTROL OF GASTRIC SECRETION IS LARGELY THE PROVINCE OF ______, WHICH STIMULATES THE SECRETION OF BOTH ENZYMES AND _____. THE STIMULATION OF _______ SECRETION IS RELATED TO THREE DISTINCT PHASES OF GASTRIC SECRETORY ACTIVITY: THE _____, ______, AND _________PHASES.

nervous, long, short, vagus, hormonal, gastrin, HCL gastric, cephalic, gastric, intestinal

REGULATION OF GASTRIC SECRETION GASTRIC SECRETION IS CONTROLLED BY BOTH _____ AND ______MECHANISMS AND UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS, THE _____ ________ POURS OUT AS MUCH AS 2 - 3 L OF GASTRIC JUICE EACH DAY. GASTRIC SECRETIONS ARE INVOLVED NOT ONLY IN _______ DIGESTION, BUT ALSO IN THE REGULATION OF _______ ________.

neural, hormonal, gasric mucosa chemical, stomach contractions

The cephalic phase is most _____. When does it happen? Is it ever inhibited? The cephalic phase is happening in the ______. It only happens when we are _____

neural, it happens before anything enters the stomach yes-if we have no appetite or excited or depressed, the cephalic relfex is inhibited stomach, hungry

The digestive tract starts in the ___ ___. Some of the ___ ___are glands located in the area of the head (______ ____) that produce ____ (water, salt, antibacterial substances). the _____ (this is the most important metabolic organ). The only function of the _______ is to store bile.

oral cavity accersory glands, salivary glands, saliva, liver, gallbladder

The direction of the blood circulating in the sinusoids is from the _____ to ______ vein. In the ____ ______, we have two vascular structures, we have an arterial structure which is a branch of the ____ _____ and then a branch of the _____ _____ _____. _____, produced by the hepatocytes, circulates from the _____ to _____ _____ by the way of _____ ______ (it travels opposite way than the blood travels). The blood coming from the digestive system is filtered by the _____. Eveyrthing that shouldn't go to the general circulation is eliminated here. This guarantees that everything is processed by the ______ preventing toxic things from get into the ________.

peripheral, central, portal triad, hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein Bile, central, portal triad, bile canaliculi liver, liver, blood

The muscularis portion is the portion responsible for propulsion and _____and _______digestion. You get the oblique in the stomach portion (so you have circular, longtidinal and oblique).

peristalisis, mechanical

Outside of each sinusoids is a structure known as the ___ ___(it has one ____, one _____and one ____ ______). The liver is divided into ____, each ______is divided into different ______, each _____consist on a _____ _____surround by _____that drain into the ______ _____. All _____ ______ converge to form 2 ____ _____ which get blood out of the liver. The sinusoids receive blood from the ____ ____. This blood is mixed because It contains _____ and ______blood. All ______ blood from the digestive organs go to the ______ first. It is filtered by the ________. _____ produced in the liver is going to the ____ ______ or duodenum and then out in feces in _____.

portal triad, vein, artery, bile channel. lobes, lobe, lobules, lobule, central vein, sinusoids, central vein, central veins, hepatic veins portal triad, arterial, venous venous, liver, hepatocytes bile, gallbladder, fat

First important function of insulin is to______ the ____of _____. Second main function of insulin is to _____the ____of ____from the liver The liver is continuously metabolizing _______.

prevent/inhibit, secretion, glucagon prevent, secretion, glucose carbs

Pharynx and esophagus MAJOR FUNCTIONS: ______-_____ waves move food bolus to the ____ this accomplishes the _____ phase of deglutition. Stomach MAJOR FUNCTIONS: _____ DIGESTION AND ____-THESE PERISTALTIC WAVES MIX FOOD WITH ____ JUICE AND PROPEL IT INTO THE _____. ____ digestioin-digestion of ____ begins via _____. _____-the stomach absrbs a few ___ soluble substances like aspirin, alcohol and some drugs.

propulsion, peristalic, stomach, involuntary mechanical, propulsion, gastric, duaodenum chemical, proteins, pepsin absorption, fat

THE BODY CAN STILL SURVIVE WITHOUT THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE LIVER TO THE MET. OF FATS AND CARB., BUT CAN'T SURVIVE WITHOUT ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE MET. OF _____ -DEAMINATION OF _______ -FORMATION OF _____ (________REMOVAL FROM THE BODY FLUIDS) -FORMATION OF ____ ___ which are ___ ___ -INTERCONVERSIONS AMONG THE DIFFERENT ______ ____AND OTHER COMPOUNDS.

proteins amino acids urea, ammonia plasma proteins, coagulation factors Amino cids

CHEMICAL STIMULI PROVIDED BY FOODS, ESPECIALLY PARTIALLY DIGESTED _____AND _______(PRESENT IN COLAS, COFFEE, AND TEA) DIRECTLY ACTIVATE _____-______CELLS. ____, IN TURN, STIMULATES THE GASTRIC GLANDS TO SPEW OUT EVEN MORE GASTRIC JUICE. ALTHOUGH ______STIMULATES THE RELEASE OF BOTH _____AND _____, ITS MOST PRONOUNCED EFFECTS ARE ON THE _____- ______ _____CELLS. ______SECRETION IS INHIBITED BY HIGH ______, AND WHEN THE pH OF THE GASTRIC CONTENTS DROPS BELOW ____, ITS SECRETION IS DAMPED.

proteins, caffiene, gastric-secreting, gastrin, gastrin, enzymes, HCl, HCl-secreting paretal gastrin, acidity, 2

The liver is essential in the metabolism of _____ converting AA into _____. Deamination and transmination. There are ___AA. Of these, __are normal and __are indespinsable. We have to get these ___from the diet. We can convert one AA into another using ______. ______allowed by movement of the AA to convert one AA to another. _____is the removal of the amino group from the AA's.

proteins, proteins 21, 12, 8, 8 transaminase, transamination deamination

AS A GENERAL RULE, WHEN PROTEIN FOODS ARE IN THE STOMACH, THE pH OF THE GASTRIC CONTENTS _____BECAUSE PROTEINS ACT AS ______TO TIE UP ______. THE RISE IN pH REMOVES THE INHIBITION OF ______AND STIMULATES RELEASE OF ______, WHICH IN TURN PROVIDES THE ______CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR PROTEIN DIGESTION. THE MORE PROTEIN IN A MEAL, THE GREATER THE AMOUNT OF ______AND _____RELEASED. AS PROTEINS ARE DIGESTED, THE GASTRIC CONTENTS BECOME MORE _____, WHICH AGAIN INHIBITS THE _____(GASTRIN-SECRETING) CELLS. THIS _____FEEDBACK MECHANISM HELPS MAINTAIN AN OPTIMAL pH (_____ to ___)FOR THE FUNCTIONING OF THE GASTRIC ENZYMES. Cells producing gastrin are _________cells. They response to the levels of _____.

rises, buffers, H+ gastrin, HCl, acidic, gastrin, HCl, acidic, enteroendocrine, negative, 2 to 3 enteroendocrine, acidity

In order to ____ in the stomach, we need a lot of ____ in the stomach. So instead of having microvilli, we have ___ ____. The entire wall of the stomach is lined with ___ ___ that have ____ and when necessary they are going to secrete substances. There are 3 types of glands in the gastric pits: 1.________-close to the neck of the stomach and secrete muscous cells. 2. _______-produce ______ which is converted to ____ by ____ 3. ____-secrete _____ **know the anatomy of the stoma

secrete, glands, gastric pits, gastric pits, glands 1. gastric mucous neck cells 2. zymogenic (chief cells), pepsinogen, pepsin, HCL 3. parietal, HCl

_____is movement but it Is not to get the content forward, it is to keep it _____ and allow it to ____ with the juices and the enzymes. _____ happens mostly after the ____. In ______, the contraction of certain areas of muscles happens in front and behind of whatever you are workin on preventing the content from moving _____ and helps in the _____. This type of ______ movement is very strong. It is very intense. It is called ______. There is another movement called ____ or ____. It is the ____ thing that we do to nutrients. It's a purely ____ activity where we break down nutrients into very small pieces. Its hard to swallow unless we complete _____. ______ is the first step in the GI tract

segmentation, stationary, mix, segmentation, stomach, segmentation, forward, mixing, segmentation, churning. mastication, chewing, first, physical, mastication, mastication/chewing

The _____ is the protective outmost layer of most of the ____ canal wall and the visceral peritoneum. The _____ ____ is a third autonic plexus associated with the ______.

serosa, alimentary subserous plexus, serosa

Histamine: site of production? stimulus for production? target organ? Activity?

stomach mucosa food in stomach stomach causes contraction of stomach muscle

Serotonin: site of production? stimulus for production? target organ? Activity?

stomach mucosa food in stomach stomach causes contraction of stomach muscle

Somatostatin: site of production? stimulus for production? target organ? Activity?

stomach mucosa food in stomach stomach, panreas, small intestine activates parietal cells to release HCl, inhibits gastric secretion of all products, inhibits gastric motility and empting. inhibits secretion. inhibits GI blood flow, inhibits intestinal absorption

Beneath the mucosa is the ______. This is a layer of ___ ____ ____. The submucosa contains ____ ___, ___ vessels, ___ endings and _____ glands. The submucosa has a luxuriant ___ ___ which supplies surrounding tissues and carries away absorbed _____ The submucosa's nerve supply is called the ____ ___ and is part of the _____ nerve supply of the GI tract wall and is a part of the ______.

submucosa, areolar connective tissue blood vessels, lymph, nerve, epithelial vascular network, nutrients submucosal plexus, intrinsic, ANS

ALTHOUGH THE INTENSITY OF STOMACH PERISTALTIC WAVES CAN BE ENHANCED A GOOD DEAL, THE RATE OF THESE CONTRACTIONS IS ALWAYS AROUND _______CONTRACTIONS PER MINUTE. IT APPEARS THAT THE STOMACH'S CONTRACTILE RHYTHM IS SET BY THE SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY OF _____ ____ LOCATED WITHIN THE LONGITUDINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER IN THE STOMACH'S _______CURVATURE. THE _____ ____ DEPOLARIZE AND REPOLARIZE SPONTANEOUSLY THREE ______, ESTABLISHING THE SO-CALLED _________ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE STOMACH. These _____ respond to different stimuli

three pacemaker cells, greater pacemaker cells, three times per minute, slow-wave. pacemaker cells

In the liver, we convert FA and glycerol into ______ We cant transport fat in the blood. We have to combine it with proteins to create ______. There are 3 types of lipoproteins: 1.____-______. This is the best of the 3. in the molecure, there is a higher proportion of proteins and a lower portion of fat. _____wont stick to the walls of the vessels creating issues. We want to promote _____. 2._____-____ ___ ____ 3.____-______---these are the worst. It is almost just circulating fat. Most lipoproteins are produced in the ____. Most of the cholesterol in the body is used to produce ____ _____and to produce steroids which are the main ingredient is _____ _____.

triglycerides lipoproteins 1. HDL-high density lipoproteins, HDL, HDL 2. LDL-low density lipoproteins 3. VLDL-very low density lipoproteins liver, bile salts, sexual hormones

THE ENTEROGASTRIC REFLEX IS ACTUALLY A TRIO OF REFLEXES THAT: --INHIBITS THE ______NUCLEI IN THE MEDULLA -- INHIBITS _____REFLEXES --ACTIVATES _____FIBERS THAT CAUSE THE ____ _____TO TIGHTEN AND PREVENT FURTHER FOOD ENTRY INTO THE SMALL INTESTINE. AS A RESULT, _____SECRETORY ACTIVITY DECLINES. IN ADDITION, THE FACTORS JUST NAMED TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF SEVERAL INTESTINAL HORMONES, INCLUDING _____, _____, AND _______. ALL OF THESE HORMONES INHIBIT GASTRIC SECRETION DURING THE GASTRIC PHASE, WHEN THE STOMACH IS ACTIVELY SECRETING ______. The entire purpose of the ______reflex is to reduce the amount of chyme traveling to the gastric chamber. if the gastric activity is not what its suppose to be, the secretion of ______happens.

vagal nuclei local sympathetic, pyloric sphincter, gastric secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhbitory peptide (GIP), gastrin enterogastric enterogastrin

On each ____, we have one _____for the absorption of lymph, one ______capillary to bring the ____blood and one _____capillary. There is also ______glands in the small intestine that will secrete local hormones acting there but going to the blood. **all the ____blood returning from the digestive organs is going to the ____first. No blood from the digestive organs is entering the ____circulation. All of the blood gong through the _____portion gets together and through the ___ _____system, enters the liver to be filtered cleaned processed and used for ________ purposes.

villi, lacteal, lymph, arterial, venous endocrine, venous, liver, general, venous, hepatic portal, metabolic