digestive system Part 2
Arrange the following in proper sequence as they occur first in the body. (1) Digestion (2) Elimination (3) Ingestion (4) Absorption
3,1,4,2 ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination
The hepatic lobule is a ________ -sided structure with a/an ________ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule. 5; arterial 6; portal 6; arterial 5; portal 6; venous
6; portal
A. Movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood B. Chewing of food C. Muscular contractions that propel food D. Removal of undigested wastes from body E. Breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes Absorption
A. absorption of movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood
Functions of the liver include ________. interconversion of nutrients bile production detoxification of harmful chemicals production of many blood proteins All of the choices are correct
ALL are correct
Feces consist of ________. undigestible food sloughed-off epithelial cells water bacteria All of the answers are correct
All of the answers are correct
What is found in an intestinal villus? Peyer patches and a lacteal Blood capillaries and a lacteal Digestive enzymes Brush border
Blood capillaries and a lacteal
Which of the following does NOT illustrate digestion? Fat → fatty acids and glycerol CO2 and H2O → carbohydrates Disaccharides → monosaccharides Polysaccharides → disaccharides Protein → amino acids
CO2 and H2O → carbohydrates
Which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad? Hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein Hepatic duct Central vein
Central vein
Match the function with its appropriate description. A. Movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood B. Chewing of food C. Muscular contractions that propel food D. Removal of undigested wastes from body E. Breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes Elimination
D. Removal of undigested wastes from body
Celiac disease causes degeneration of the villi of the small intestine. What is a likely affect of this degeneration? Decrease in absorption due to reduced surface area Lack of lipid absorption as the villi are important for lipid absorption Increased permeability of the lining of the digestive tract, allowing more material to move into the blood None of the choices are correct.
Decrease in absorption due to reduced surface area
Which of the following is a function of the digestive system? Cellular respiration Regulation of blood pH Elimination of undigested food Integration and coordination of other systems Food selection
Elimination of undigested food
What prevents the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition? Uvula Upper esophageal sphincter Epiglottis Tongue
Epiglottis
Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract? Gallbladder Salivary glands Esophagus Pancreas
Esophagus
Which structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach? Laryngopharynx Larynx Esophagus Epiglottis
Esophagus
Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall? Round ligament Falciform ligament Greater omentum Transverse mesocolon Lesser omentum
Falciform ligament
Where does bile enter the duodenum? Duodenal ampulla Hepatopancreatic ampulla Hepatic duct Cystic duct
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Which of the following is not a substance found in saliva? Amylase Mucin Hydrochloric acid Lysozymes Bicarbonate ion
Hydrochloric acid
David has sustained severe damage to his liver in a car accident. Digestion of which nutrient will be most affected? Carbohydrates Proteins Vitamins Lipids
Lipids
Which of the following occurs in the large intestine? Mastication Neutralization Chemical digestion Mass movements Mixing waves
Mass movements
What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine? Propelling the chyme forward Moving intestinal contents into the colon Stretching the intestinal wall Mixing of intestinal contents
Mixing of intestinal contents
Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with ingested food? Mucosa Submucosa Serosa Muscularis
Mucosa
Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach? Enhanced carbohydrate digestion Activation of salivary amylase Lipid digestion Protein synthesis Proper environment for functioning of pepsin
Proper environment for functioning of pepsin
Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description? Body - portion closest to the esophagus Pyloric opening - opening from the esophagus Cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach Pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach Fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum
Pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach
Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine? Intestinal length Rugae Microvilli Circular folds (plicae circulares) Villi
Rugae
If you take a piece of white bread and chew it slowly for a long period of time, the flavor will become very sweet. This is due to the starch molecules in the bread being digested into smaller sugars that trigger a sweet sensation. Which substance is responsible for this breakdown? Pepsin Salivary amylase Bicarbonate ions Mucus
Salivary amylase
What is the function of the gallbladder? Store bicarbonate Produce bile Add pigment to bile Store and concentrate bile
Store and concentrate bile
Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes? Synthesize bile Produce digestive enzymes Synthesize hormones Produce hydrochloric acid Regulate pH
Synthesize bile
The gallbladder ________. breaks down red blood cells produces bile produces secretin is attached to the pancreas stores bile
The gallbladder stores bile
The ________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing ________. ileum; bilirubin gallbladder; cholesterol duodenum; neutral fats liver; cholesterol pancreas; bile salts
The liver synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing cholesterol
Why doesn't the stomach digest itself? The stomach is protected by HCl. The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren't efficient enough. The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus. The stomach lining is too tough to be digested. The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won't attack it.
The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition (swallowing)? Voluntary, esophageal, pharyngeal Esophageal, pharyngeal, voluntary Pharyngeal, voluntary, esophageal Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
One of the functions of the large intestine is to absorb ingested water. break down hemoglobin. regulate the release of bile. secrete digestive enzymes.
absorb ingested water.
The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is ________. chemical digestion absorption secretion peristalsis
absorption
Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in elimination of undigested food. absorption of food. mastication of food. propulsion of food through the digestive tract. mixing of food.
absorption of food.
Which of the following apply to the small intestine? Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ. Mixing and propulsion of chyme. Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ. Segmentation contractions occur in this organ. All of the choices are correct.
all choices are correct and happen in small intestine
Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion? Nucleic acids Glucose Micelles Amino acids LDL molecules
amino acids
Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include ________. peptidases trypsin and chymotrypsin maltase and lipase amylase, maltase, and sucrase lipase
amylase, maltase, and sucrase
Gallstones may form if the liver is lacerated. the pH of the gallbladder becomes too alkaline. hepatic cells secrete too much HCl. bile is too concentrated.
bile is too concentrated.
The main part of the stomach is called the pylorus. body. cardia. fundus.
body
Contact digestion takes place in/at the ________. brush border of the small intestine intestinal crypts surface of the gastric mucosa cytoplasm in the cells of the small intestine gastric pits
brush border of the small intestine
Gallstones are usually composed of bile pigments. uric acid. calcium salts. cholesterol.
cholesterol
Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called ________. phlegm bile bolusin feces chyme
chyme
Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent chyme from entering the ileum. lymph from entering the jejunum. bile from entering the duodenum. pancreatic juice from entering the duodenum. chyme from entering the large intestine.
chyme from entering the large intestine.
The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct unite to form the pancreatic duct. hepatopancreatic duct. hepatic duct. common bile duct.
common bile duct.
A gallstone has completely blocked flow of bile into the small intestine. Where is the stone most likely lodged? Cystic duct Common bile duct Pancreatic duct Hepatic duct
common bile duct? (not cystic)
The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is: connective tissue and the peritoneum. skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine. in direct contact with the food that is consumed. the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries. composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.
composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.
One of the major functions of the large intestine is to: break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin. regulate the release of bile. produce vitamin C. convert chyme to feces.
convert chyme to feces.
Bile emulsifies fats in the small intestine. digests proteins in the small intestine. is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver. activates trypsin in the small intestine. activates the pancreas.
emulsifies fats in the small intestine
Bile salts function like detergents in that they ________ fat globules. liquefy emulsify coagulate digest
emulsify
Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the small intestine. stomach. heart. esophagus.
esophagus.
Intrinsic factor: stimulates the synthesis of DNA. causes the release of stomach acid. increases gastric motility. protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.
facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.
Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent: food from entering the stomach. stomach acid from being released. food from entering the small intestine. digestive enzymes from being released. the making of chyme.
food from entering the small intestine.
The liver forms glucose from noncarbohydrates. secretes chymotrypsin. stores vitamin C. produces red blood cells.
forms glucose from non carbohydrates
Peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract from the pharynx to the anus. in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. in the stomach and small intestine only. in the small and large intestines only.
from the pharynx to the anus.
Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as ________. esophagitis indigestion gastric ulcer a duodenal ulcer a hiatal hernia
gastric ulcer
The anal canal: begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum. contains tubular glands called crypts. has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle. contains many goblet cells. has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the ________. inferior vena cava celiac trunk hepatic vein hepatic artery hepatic portal vein
hepatic portal vein (brings nutrients, the hepatic artery bring oxygen rich)
The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid. mucus. pepsin. pepsinogen.
hydrochloric acid.
Which portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach? Hepatopancreatic ampulla Common bile duct Jejunum Duodenum Ileum
ileum
Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true? The uvula rises during the esophageal phase. The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx. Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing. Breathing occurs during swallowing. In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.
in the pharyngeal phase food is moved through the pharynx
Emulsification: involves enzymes. increases surface area for lipid digestion. converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets. chemically digests lipids. occurs in the gallbladder.
increases surface area for lipid digestion.
Mastication decreases the surface area of food particles. decreases the efficiency of digestion. is never under voluntary control. increases the surface area of food particles. occurs in both the mouth and stomach.
increases surface area of food particles
The digestive system sends cellular debris to lysosomes. mechanically and chemically assembles food from absorbed nutrients. ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder. absorbs nutrients in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach, and releases nutrients in the intestines.
ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder.
Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of ________. carbohydrates disaccharides lipids proteins All of the choices are correct.
lipids
Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in liquefying and digesting the food. bile production. insulin production. distribution of nutrients throughout the body. vitamin A and D production and storage.
liquefying and digesting the food.
Bile is produced by cells of the ________. pancreas hepatopancreatic ampulla duodenum liver gallbladder
liver
Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called ________. mass movements churning contractions defecation segmental contractions rectal propulsions
mass movements
The mechanical breakup of food particles in the mouth is called absorption. peristalsis. mastication. salivation.
mastication.
The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are ________. moistening and starch digestion peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion swallowing and lipid digestion flushing and protein digestion None of the choices are correct.
moistening and starch digestion
The ________ is the layer of the alimentary canal that absorbs nutrients. muscular layer submucosa serosa mucosa
mucosa
The correct sequence for the layers in the walls of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost is the mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa. serosa, muscular layer, mucosa, submucosa. submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscular layer. mucosa, muscular layer, serosa, submucosa.
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa. peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria. submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis. submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure? Lining - simple columnar epithelium Rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa Muscularis - two layers; both circular Gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa Mucosa - gastric glands
muscularis - two layers; both circular
Which of the following is correctly matched? Serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels Submucosa - lamina propria Muscularis - responsible for peristalsis Serosa - increased surface area Mucosa - controls peristalsis
muscularis is responsible for peristalsis
The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the ________. larynx nasopharynx esophagus laryngopharynx oropharynx
oropharynx (it goes nasopharynx, oral cavity oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus)
Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue? Liver Colon Pancreas Gallbladder Spleen
pancreas
Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function? Chief cells - produce hormones Chief cells - produce mucus Parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid Endocrine cells - produce enzymes Mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor
parietal cells- produce hydrochloric acid
The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the ________ glands. labial parotid submandibular buccal sublingual
parotid
Which of the following enzymes digests protein? Isomaltose Pepsin Bile Lipase Sucrase
pepsin
Which of the following are secreted by the stomach? Pepsinogen and intrinsic factor Bile and lipase Bicarbonate and secretin Amylase and lipase Trypsin and amylase
pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
The enzyme(s) called ________ break(s) down the substrate called ________. nucleases; nucleotides lipases; micelles lactose; lactase lactase; glucose peptidases; proteins
peptidases; proteins
The liver produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats. produces several digestive enzymes. cannot synthesize new molecules. receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein. stores vitamin C.
produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
The liver cannot synthesize new molecules. stores vitamin C. produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats. produces several digestive enzymes. receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein.
produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
The movement of food through the digestive is ________. mastication propulsion mixing segmentation
propulsion
Matthew takes a drug that inhibits the production of HCl in the stomach to ease the symptoms of a gastric ulcer. If he takes it for a long time, digestion of which nutrient would be affected the most? Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Minerals
proteins
What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition? Pharyngeal constriction The tongue Peristalsis Segmentation
prtistalsis
Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be ________. antiperitoneal retroperitoneal mesoperitoneal falciperitoneal hyperperitoneal
retroperitoneal
All of the enzymes that digest protein are secreted in an inactive form. activated by HCl. stimulated by enterokinase. secreted by the pancreas.
secreted in an inactive form.
Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract? Peristalsis Segmental contraction Mass movement Deglutition
segmental contaction
The major mixing movement in the small intestine is accomplished by ring contractions. segmentation. peristalsis. churning.
segmentation.
In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the ________. serosa lamina propria mucosa submucosa
serosa
The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the ________. small intestine esophagus stomach large intestine mouth
small intestine
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the ________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the ________. stomach; large intestine small intestine; small intestine small intestine; large intestine small intestine; liver stomach; small intestine
small intestine; small intestine
The parotid glands are: the smallest salivary glands. in the lower jaw. under the tongue. the largest salivary glands.
the largest salivary glands.
The alimentary canal extends, in its entirety, from the mouth to the anus. the stomach to the small intestine. the liver to the gallbladder. the mouth to the large intestine.
the mouth to the anus.
The greater omentum is composed of the pericardial membrane. the hiatal membrane. the peritoneal membrane. the pleural membrane.
the peritoneal membrane.
Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate? Amylase - starch Pepsin - protein Deoxyribonucleases - DNA Lipase - fat Trypsin - nucleic acids
trypsin- nucleic acids (trypsin enzyme breaks down proteins)
Monosaccharides are emulsified before absorption. are absorbed into lacteals. need vitamin C to be absorbed. use a symport process in their absorption. cannot be absorbed.
use a symport process in their absorption.
