Digestive System Study Guide Ch. 15
Movement of digested food from the intestine into the blood stream
Absorption
Controls the release of feces from the body
Anal
Finger-like extension from the cecum; lymphoid tissue in the wall makes minor contribution to body defense
Appendix
Converts large fat globules into fat droplets; emulsifies fat
Bile
Controls the movement of materials form the esophagus into the stomach
Cardiac
Opens to allow food to enter the stomach; prevents acidic stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus
Cardiac sphincter
Rounded sac that receives material from the ileum; first part of large intestine
Cecum
Break down of carbohydrates into simple sugars (monosaccharides)
Chemical
Break down of fats into glycerol and fatty acids
Chemical
Break down of food molecules into their building blocks
Chemical
Break down of proteins into amino acids
Chemical
Requires enzymes
Chemical
Removal of solid wastes form the body
Defecation
Converts disaccharides into monosaccharides
Dissacharidases (sucrase, maltase lactase)
First part of the small intestine; site of most of the steps in digestion of food
Duodenum
Cartilaginous flap that covers the opening to the windpipe during swallowing
Epiglottis
Closes over the opening to the larynx and helps prevent food from entering trachea
Epiglottis
Conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach
Esophagus
Moves food from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
Stores and modifies bile
Gall bladder
Stores bile in a concentrated form
Gall bladder
Controls the movement of materials form the ileum into the cecum
Ileocecal
Controls the rate at which the liquid waste enters the cecum
Ileocecal valve
Last part of small intestine; site of absorption; connects to the large intestine
Ileum
Intake of food
Ingestion
Second part of small intestine; site of absorption of digested food
Jejunum
Reabsorbs water; forms feces
Large intestine
Removes water and ions from liquid waste concentrating the waste into the semisolid feces
Large intestine
Converts fat droplets into glycerol, fatty acids and glycerides
Lipase
Produces bile; stores glycogen, lipids, and iron reserves; inactivates toxins
Liver
Secretes bile
Liver
Break down of large pieces of food into small pieces
Mechanical
Chewing food
Mechanical
Chewing and mixing of food
Mechanical processing
Converts DNA and RNA in nucleotides
Nucleases
Receives food; site of first step in carbohydrate digestion
Oral Cavity
Receives food; site of bolus formation
Oral cavity
Produces digestive enzymes (lipases, carbohydrates, & proteases) ; islets produce insulin and glucagons
Pancreas
Secretes a liquid that contains digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate
Pancreas
Continues polysaccharide digestion into disaccharides
Pancreatic Amylase
Begins protein digestion
Pepsin
Converts small peptides into amino acids
Peptidases
Involuntary, sequential contractions of the smooth muscle in the wall of the digestive tract that result in the movement of food materials through the tract
Peristalsis
Throat; intersections that leads to esophagus and windpipe
Pharynx
Controls the movement of gastric contents into the duodenum
Pyloric
Controls the rate at which chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
Terminal portion of the colon that stores feces until they are eliminated
Rectum
Begins polysaccharide and starch digestion
Salivary Amylase
Produce saliva; contains salivary amylase that begins carbohydrate digestion
Salivary glands
Secrete saliva, a watery mixture that contains mostly water and an enzyme that begins starch digestion
Salivary glands
Release of water, enzymes, acids, and buffers by cells in the digestive tract wall and by cells in the accessory organs
Secretion
Site of most digestion and absorption of digested food
Small intestine
Mixes food; forms liquid chyme; secretions contain HCL (hydrochloric acid) that disinfects food and enzymes that start protein digestion
Stomach
Receives food from esophagus; stores ingested food; puts food in solutions; site of first step in protein digestion
Stomach
Cut, tear, and grind food
Teeth
Moves food around mouth; aids in swallowing
Tongue
Moves food around the mouth, pushes food (bolus) back into pharynx during swallowing
Tongue
Converts polypeptides into smaller polypeptides
Trysin?Chymotrypisn/Carbosypeptidase
