Digestive System Study Guide Ch. 15

Movement of digested food from the intestine into the blood stream

Absorption

Controls the release of feces from the body

Anal

Finger-like extension from the cecum; lymphoid tissue in the wall makes minor contribution to body defense

Appendix

Converts large fat globules into fat droplets; emulsifies fat

Bile

Controls the movement of materials form the esophagus into the stomach

Cardiac

Opens to allow food to enter the stomach; prevents acidic stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus

Cardiac sphincter

Rounded sac that receives material from the ileum; first part of large intestine

Cecum

Break down of carbohydrates into simple sugars (monosaccharides)

Chemical

Break down of fats into glycerol and fatty acids

Chemical

Break down of food molecules into their building blocks

Chemical

Break down of proteins into amino acids

Chemical

Requires enzymes

Chemical

Removal of solid wastes form the body

Defecation

Converts disaccharides into monosaccharides

Dissacharidases (sucrase, maltase lactase)

First part of the small intestine; site of most of the steps in digestion of food

Duodenum

Cartilaginous flap that covers the opening to the windpipe during swallowing

Epiglottis

Closes over the opening to the larynx and helps prevent food from entering trachea

Epiglottis

Conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach

Esophagus

Moves food from the pharynx to the stomach

Esophagus

Stores and modifies bile

Gall bladder

Stores bile in a concentrated form

Gall bladder

Controls the movement of materials form the ileum into the cecum

Ileocecal

Controls the rate at which the liquid waste enters the cecum

Ileocecal valve

Last part of small intestine; site of absorption; connects to the large intestine

Ileum

Intake of food

Ingestion

Second part of small intestine; site of absorption of digested food

Jejunum

Reabsorbs water; forms feces

Large intestine

Removes water and ions from liquid waste concentrating the waste into the semisolid feces

Large intestine

Converts fat droplets into glycerol, fatty acids and glycerides

Lipase

Produces bile; stores glycogen, lipids, and iron reserves; inactivates toxins

Liver

Secretes bile

Liver

Break down of large pieces of food into small pieces

Mechanical

Chewing food

Mechanical

Chewing and mixing of food

Mechanical processing

Converts DNA and RNA in nucleotides

Nucleases

Receives food; site of first step in carbohydrate digestion

Oral Cavity

Receives food; site of bolus formation

Oral cavity

Produces digestive enzymes (lipases, carbohydrates, & proteases) ; islets produce insulin and glucagons

Pancreas

Secretes a liquid that contains digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

Pancreas

Continues polysaccharide digestion into disaccharides

Pancreatic Amylase

Begins protein digestion

Pepsin

Converts small peptides into amino acids

Peptidases

Involuntary, sequential contractions of the smooth muscle in the wall of the digestive tract that result in the movement of food materials through the tract

Peristalsis

Throat; intersections that leads to esophagus and windpipe

Pharynx

Controls the movement of gastric contents into the duodenum

Pyloric

Controls the rate at which chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum

Pyloric sphincter

Terminal portion of the colon that stores feces until they are eliminated

Rectum

Begins polysaccharide and starch digestion

Salivary Amylase

Produce saliva; contains salivary amylase that begins carbohydrate digestion

Salivary glands

Secrete saliva, a watery mixture that contains mostly water and an enzyme that begins starch digestion

Salivary glands

Release of water, enzymes, acids, and buffers by cells in the digestive tract wall and by cells in the accessory organs

Secretion

Site of most digestion and absorption of digested food

Small intestine

Mixes food; forms liquid chyme; secretions contain HCL (hydrochloric acid) that disinfects food and enzymes that start protein digestion

Stomach

Receives food from esophagus; stores ingested food; puts food in solutions; site of first step in protein digestion

Stomach

Cut, tear, and grind food

Teeth

Moves food around mouth; aids in swallowing

Tongue

Moves food around the mouth, pushes food (bolus) back into pharynx during swallowing

Tongue

Converts polypeptides into smaller polypeptides

Trysin?Chymotrypisn/Carbosypeptidase