Digital camera and terms
Fill flash
A flash technique used to brighten deep shadow areas, typically outdoors on sunny days. Some digital cameras include a fill flash mode that forces the flash to fire, even in bright light.
Focal length and DOF
*longer focal length=narrower angle of view= shorter depth of field *shorter focal length= wider angle of view= longer depth of field
lens aberations
*loss of contrast *chromatic (colored edges) *blurring *distortion *vignetting *barrel distortion (horizon line curved)
Million
There are one _________ pixels in one megapixel
File Size
Total # of pixels in a bitmap image (Image size X resolution)
Gradient
Under what tool in Photoshop can you find the paint bucket?
4 ways to control exposure
1) aperture 2) shutter speed 3) ISO and 4) Light intensity
Shutter Speed sequence:
1/500, 1/250, 1/125, 1/60, 1/30, 1/15, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15
MAX Aperture info
1: 2.8-5.3. *5.3 is max aperture (speed) bigger opening=faster, more expensive better in lowlight situations
Aperture sequence:
2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22
Color Channels
Each color Red, Green, and Blue develop their own image when the camera takes a picture. These are called color channels.
Megapixel
Equal to one million pixels.
Middle
The three main elements of a photo are the foreground, ______ ground, and the background.
Eyedropper
The tool used to sample a color in photoshop
Pixel
Photoshop is a ______-based program
Pixel
Picture Element: smallest element of a digital photograph.
Cropping
Removing parts of an image
Burst Mode
Series of pictures in quick succession. Also called continuous mode or drive mode
640x480
Standard screen display is ___x___ pixels
Tagged Image
TIFF stand for _______ ______ file format
Image resolution
The number of pixels in a digital photo is commonly referred to as its resolution.
Red-eye
The red glow from a subject's eyes caused by light from a flash reflecting off the blood vessels behind the retina in the eye. The effect is most common when light levels are low, outdoors at dusk or dawn, or indoor in a dimly-lit room. Most cameras have a redeye reduction flash setting.
Autofocus
ability of a lens to focus automatically on an object within its focusing sensors
f/stop
an adjustment which changes the diameter of the lens (controlling the amount of light that reaches the focal plane) by adjusting the iris of the lens.
Aperture and DOF:
bigger ap=bigger circles of confusion=narrower DOF *upclose shots smaller ap=smaller circles of confusion=wider DOF *further, long shots all in focus
dynamic range
contrast of scene to be photographed
latitude
contrast range your capture device can reasonably record ( wide vs short)
Film sensor
crops a rectangle out of the image the lens projects
Focal lengths
generally become name of lens, *Short focal lengths= WIDE angle of view *Long focal lengths= NARROW angle of view
Thirds
The way to position your subject in a picture is called the Rule of _______.
Distance from subject and DOF
*further=more DOF *closer=shorter DOF
Focal length affects
*long focal length- flattens features *short focal length- rounds features
Working up an Idea:
*Visual ideas come from working/playing not thinking *pay attn to your photos, may be visual elements unnoticed *amplify and or clarify these elements
Aperture & Depth of field
*anything with an opening can create image (no lens needed) -smaller hole, smaller overlapping circles, sharper image ***but nothing FOCUSED-->need lens (cast image on single sharp plane)
Hot shoe
A clip on the top of the camera that attaches a flash unit and provides an electrical link to synchronize the flash with the camera shutter
Shutter priority
A function of a semi-automatic camera that permits the photographer to preset the shutter and leaves the camera to automatically determine the correct aperture
White balance
A function on the camera to compensate for different colors of light being emitted by different light sources.
Histogram
A graphic representation of the range of tones from dark to light in a photo. Some digital cameras include a histogram feature that enables a precise check on the exposure of the photo.
Panning
A photography technique in which the camera follows a moving subject. Done correctly, the subject is sharp and clear, while the background is blurred, giving a sense of motion to the photo
ISO speed
A rating of a camera sensor's sensitivity to light. Digital cameras often include an option for adjusting the ISO setting; they will adjust it automatically depending on the lighting conditions, adjusting it upwards as the available light dims. Generally, as ISO speed climbs, image quality drops. Use a higher setting manually in dim light when you aren't using flash.
Thumbnail
A small version of a photo. Image browsers commonly display thumbnails of photos several or even dozens at a time. In Windows XP's My Pictures, you can view thumbnails of photos in both the Thumbnails and Filmstrip view modes.
Aperture
A small, circular opening inside the lens that can change in diameter to control the amount of light reaching the camera's sensor as a picture is taken. The aperture diameter is expressed in f-stops; the lower the number, the larger the aperture. For instance, the aperture opening when set to f/2.8 is larger than at f/8. The aperture and shutter speed together control the total amount of light reaching the sensor. A larger aperture passes more light through to the sensor. Many cameras have an aperture priority mode that allows you to adjust the aperture to your own liking. See also shutter speed.
JPEG
A standard for compressing image data developed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group. It's a compression method that is used within a file format, such as the EXIF-JPEG format common to digital cameras. Some quality is lost in achieving JPEG's high compression rates. Usually, if a high-quality, low-compression JPEG setting is chosen on a digital camera, the loss of quality is not detectable to the eye.
External flash
A supplementary flash unit that connects to the camera with a cable or hot shoe, or is triggered by the light from the camera's internal flash. Many fun and creative effects can be created with external flash.
GIF
Compressed image format used most commonly on the web
Cropping
Cutting off unnecessary parts of an image to make the subject more appealing
Contrast
Difference between the darkest and lightest areas in a photo. The greater the difference, the higher the contrast
Viewing
The four categories in Photoshop's toolbox are Type & Pen, Painting, Selection, and ________.
Liquid Crystal
LCD stands for _______ _______ Display.
What creates a range of sharpness?
LENS (sharp image) + APERTURE (blurry image) = image with RANGE OF SHARPNESS
Back-lighting
Light directed at the subject from behind the subject. This often causes the subject to be underexposed unless spot metering or exposure compensation is used.
LCD
Liquid Crystal Display: a low-power monitor used on the rear of a digital camera to display settings or the photos themselves or use to compose photos in shooting modes.
Specialty lenses
Macro- can produce life-size image onto film/sensor Fisheye- 180 degree angle of view Telephoto- focal length longer than the actual lens
Buffer
Memory in the camera that stores digital photos before they are written to the memory card.
Ambient light
The natural light in a scene.
Highlights
The brightest parts of a photo.
Shutter speed
The camera's shutter speed is a measurement of how long its shutter remains open as the picture is taken. The slower the shutter speed, the longer the exposure time. When the shutter speed is set to 1/125 or simply 125, this means that the shutter will be open for exactly 1/125th of one second. The shutter speed and aperture together control the total amount of light reaching the sensor. Some digital cameras have a shutter priority mode that allows you to set the shutter speed to your liking. See also aperture.
Sharpness
The clarity of detail in a photo.
Lag
The delay between shots on a digital camera is called ___ time.
Shutter
The device in the camera that opens and closes to let light from the scene strike the image sensor and expose the image.
RGB
What is the acronym for the colors on a computer screen?
CMYK
What is the acronym for the colors used in print?
Equivalent Exposures:
When different combinations of shutter speeds and apertures allow the same amount of light into camera. *NOTE: Combo will not always be the same, the desired formula changes with the availability of light in each shot.
Cross
_____-platform means usable on both Mac and PC.
Aperture priority
a function of a semi-automatic camera that permits the photographer to preset the aperture and leaves the camera to automatically determine that correct shutter speed
Zoom lens
a lens in which focal length is variable. Elements inside a zoom lens shift their positions, enabling the lens to change its focal length - in effect, providing one lens that has many focal lengths
Macro mode
a lens mode that allows you to get very close to objects so they appear greatly enlarged in the picture. Most cameras have a setting for macro photography with an icon of a flower to designate it.
Automatic exposure
a mode of camera operation in which the camera automatically adjusts the aperture, shutter speed, or both for proper exposure
focal length info
ex. 5.8-20.7mm (zoom lens)
Exposure compensation
deliberately changing the exposure settings recommended by the camera in order to obtain proper exposure. This is usually done in steps of 1/3 to 1/2 of an f stop.
BITMAP/ Raster Image
digital image divided into a grid of dots (pixels)
Histogram
displays the brightness values of all pixels in an image (o- 255) (black to white) ((256 values)) *underexposed= Clipping in the shadows *overexposed= Clipping in the highlights
Landscape mode
holding the camera in its normal orientation to hake a horizontally oriented photograph
zone system
language for descrying various tonal qualities in a given scene and a print *helps to previsualize final photographs *O-X (black to white) each zone 2x as bright (or half as bright) as neighbor
JPG
most common camera image format
Depth of Field
range of distance in a scene that appears to be in focus and will be reproduced as being acceptably sharp in an image. Depth of field is controlled by the lens aperture, and extends for a distance in front and behind the point on which the lens is focused
Exposure/focus lock
the ability to point at one part of the scene and hold the shutter button half-way down to lock in exposure and focus settings then point the camera elsewhere to compose the scene.
Exposure
the amount of light captured by the camera. Most consumer-level digital cameras feature auto exposure, sometimes known as programmed auto exposure, in which the camera reads the amount of light in the scene and then sets the exposure automatically for you.
Focal length is...
the distance from the center of a lens to the film/sensor plane.
Depth of field is:
the range of acceptable sharpeness *3 factors 1)aperture size 2) dist from crate plane of focus (subject) 3) focal length of lens
BMP
the standard Windows graphics file
Angle of View
this cropped rec forms an angle of view, that is controlled by the FOCAL LENGTH
Image RESOLUTION
total # of pixels in one inch line of BITMAP *print= 300 dpi *monitor= 72 dpi
Portrait mode
turning the camera sideways to take a vertically oriented photograph.
flash fill
when the dynamic range (contrast) of scene exceeds latitude (contrast your camera can actually capture) *-"fills" shadows w/ light to reduce contrast to latitude your camera can actually handle
