Diplomatic History Review

Cuban Missile Crisis

JFK and Advisors - Cold War October 16-28, 1962 - USSR installed missiles in Cuba, which were discovered during a US flyover. Kennedy and Krushchev tied to reach in agreement in which the missiles would be removed from Cuba but Castro refused, claiming that they were essential in ensuring the survival of his regime. - This heightened tensions between the USSR and the USA and put the world at the brink of nuclear war. Negotiations were difficult to make and it entirely tarnished US-Cuba relations due to blockades and embargos.

Jupiter Missiles

JFK and Krushvek - US gave NATO ally Turkey defensive weapons that were seen as a threat to USSR due to proximity. So, during the missile crisis they secretly got rid of them in exchange for Cuban missiles being taken out. - Indicated a relazing in US stance agasint USSR and ignored massie retailation. First real time US compromised to USSR, but foreign policy in the future stayed the same since it was did in secret.

EXCOMM

JFK, Robert Kennedy, LBJ, Rusk, McNamara, etc. - Cuban Missile Crisis - Executive Committee of the National Security Council was a body of government officials that advised President Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 - EXCOMM is significant becaue negotiations between the members with various views decided the fate of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the decided upon the blockade and more diplomatic route versus any kind of military action

Massive Retaliation

John Foster Dulles, Eisenhower's Sec. of State - 50s, Cold War - Military and nuclear strategy in which a state commits to retailiate against the agressor at a much higher degree. Was abandonded during Cuban Missile Crisis in favor of a more flexible approach. - Lead to doctrine of MAD that helped direct war between US and USSR out of fear. It did strain relations and could have increased the arms build-up and would lead to US increasing efforts in fear of communism in places like Korea and Vietnam.

MAD

John Foster Dulles, Eisenhower's Sec. of State - 50s, Cold War - The ability of both the United States and the Soviet Union to inflict damage so severe on the other that neither is willing to initiate a nuclear attack. - The US and Soviet Union went back and forth over a decade, each advancing their nuclear capability, before Nixon stopped pursuing nuclear superiority and resigned the US to military parity with the USSR. Still, he continued implementing new missile capabilities throughout his administration continuing the military escalation.

Gulf of Tonkin/ USS Madox Incident

Johnson - 1964 - Incident in Gulf of Tonkin, where USS Maddox claimed to have been shot at by the North Vitenemesse. Was later discovered to have been fabricated in order to escalate the war. - lead to joint resolution in Congress called the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which escalated the war in Vitenam. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

"Raggedy Ass Little Fourth Rate Country"

Johnson - Vietnam War - Term LBJ used to describe Vietnam in an effort to convince experts that if war in Vietnam was escalated, it would be quick and the country and communism would fall quickly. - Perpuated narrative that Vietnam was a battle within the greater Cold War, and not a Civil War. This fundamental understanding helped perpuate the war since US did not understand reasoning for war was more than just a Cold War mindset.

" The Wrong War at the wrong place, at the wrong time, with the wrong enemy"

Joint Chiefs under Truman, General Omar Bradley - Korean War - War in Korea was wrong bc right war against USSR should be in their center of power, not peripheray (Korea). The right time would be when US was at a clear military advantage. - Furthered belief among some to focus on Europe and not Asia. Really did not go very far as only really battles did occur in SE- Vietnam and Korea, while no real fighting occurred in Europe. Would later be used for critique of Iraq War.

Shuttle Diplomacy

Kissinger, Nixon, Egpyt, Israel - 70s, Cold War - Occurred over Yom Kippur War and following oil embargo that crippled US economy. Kissinger used diplomacy to negoitation with Egpy, Israel, and other Arab states for a Israeli withdrawal from Sinai and a UN buffer zone. Used US aid as a leverage for both Egypt and Israel.

SDI- aka Star Wars

Reagan, Kruchevek - Cold War, 80s - Program created in an attmept to create a high-level anti-ballistic missile system to deter USSR nukes. Reagan's way to avoid Mutaully Assured Destruction as he did not like it. Was his attempt to disable MAD - Seen as a potential to shift balance of power in favor of US and Soveits saw it as a means to enable US to launch a pre-emptive war against them. Critized heavily for unrelaistic description and high costs.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Iran's first Supreme leader and the leader of the Iranian Revolution in 1979 - Leader of the Iranian Revolution that kicked out the Western-backed Shah. Lead to the Iranina Hostage situation where the American embassy in Iran was overthrown and Americans were taken hostage. - His actions lead to the US cutting off diplomatic ties with Iran and prefer Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War of the 80s. It soured relations with the West to this day and has made Iran an enemy of the West as it stands in opposition to the West.

Camp David Accords

Israel (Begin) and Egypt (Sadat) and US (Carter) - 1978 - Peace deal btw Israel and Ggypt outlining goals. Also otling plans for further peace in the Middle East. Porvided Israeli withdrawal from Sinnai in exchange for diplomatic recogniztion for Israel. - Showed effects of detente in the Middle East. Also provided means to cold peace in Isreal and showed effect of Cold War in ME.

Suez Crisis

Israel, Egpyt, France, Britain - 1956- Cold War- Eisenhower - An invasion of Egypt by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser from power. After the fighting had started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. - This greatly strengenthened Nasser and diminshed GB, highlighting its smaller role in the international order. Also showed US's need for Egypt as a friendly nation as it was getitng closer to the USSR.

Kellog-Briand Pact

France and US, Prez Coolidge - 1928 - Treaty that essentially outlawed war, but essentially failed. - It was later used as a legal basis for prosecuting Axis Powers after WWII. It was not very effective since there wasn't much to lose if a state violated it. Saw as lose for peace thinkers as soon as WWII broke out.

Roosevelt Corrollary

1904, came after Venezulan Crisis / Extension of Monroe Doctrine that proclaimed US would be the international policeman of South America. Claimed United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. / Projected US hegemony to the whole world. Served as later jsutification for US intervention in South America, like Cuba, Haiti, etc.

Senator Fulbright

1940-1970 - Helped create UN and opposed US involvement in Vietnam War. Also wanted to establish an international exchange program - the Fulbright Program - to promote understanding of different peoples and cultures to prevent another world war. - Through the Fulbright program, Americans were able to engage in exchanges around the world in an attempt to increase mutual understanding between various societies and the US. Program strengthened U.S. national commitment to develop post war leadership and engage constructively with the community of nations (as evidenced by the fact that his program was unanimously agreed to by Congress)

Reagan Doctrine

1981-1989 - US would covertly and overtly encourge and offer aid to ant-communist guerillas and resistance attmepting to overthrow thier communist goverments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. - Change from traidtional containment policy that instead called for overthrowing regimes to end communism, more active. Lead to US involvement in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia and Afghanistan

Containment

: U.S. diplomatic leaders and administrations (Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson) - Cold War - In response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to spread their communist influence, the United States responded by practicing containment and intervening in countries like Cuba, Vietnam, and Korea during the Cold War to prevent the spread and growth of communism. - Containment represented the U.S.'s approach to dealing with the Soviets without fighting with them head on. The goal of containment was to "contain" communism without the breakout of a nuclear war.

Atlantic Charter

Allies, US, GBR - WWII, 1940s - Pivotal policy statement issued in 1941 that defined the Allied goals for the postwar world. The Charter state the ideal goals of the war--no territory aggrandizement, no territory changes, self-determination. - Most of the ideas presented became foundations for the UN and its mission.

Castillo Armas

Armas, Eisenhower - In office 1954-1957 - Guatemalan military officer and politician. After taking power in a coup d'état, he served as the President of Guatemala from 1954 to 1957. A member of the right-wing National Liberation Movement (MLN) party, his authoritarian government was closely allied to the United States

Carter Doctrine

Carter - 1977-1981 - Said that US would military force if necessary to defend its intest in the Persain Gulf Region. - Was in repsonse to USSR invasion of Afganistan in hopes of detering the USSR from gaining influence in the ME as a whole. Made clear to world and USSR how far the US would go to protect its interest in the region- mostly its allies and oil.

Boxer Rebellion

China / 1899-1901, time of imperalism / Violent anti-imperalist uprising against the ontinual foreign manipulation of China. Associated with rise in nationalist. / Almost lead to collapse of Open Door Policy and showed a rise in nationalism in SE that would continue after WWII. Also allowed Russia to take control of Manchuria, an area vital to Russians.

Iron Curtain Speech

Churchill - 1946, very beginning of Cold War - Churchill nicknamed the boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991 this in a speech.The term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and non-Soviet-controlled areas.

Commodore Dewey

Dewey under McKinley /Spanish-American War aka War of 1898 /Ordered by Roosevelt during the War of 1898 to attack the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay and achieved a victory with his attacks /Helped achieve vicotry in War of 1898 and achieve American imperalism. This would further be shown through the American seizure of Puerto Rico as well as Cuba. Without the American assistance for a revolution in Cuba, the orders to seize Manila Bay would not have reached Commodore George Dewey.

Strategic Hamelet

Diem, Vietnam, JFK - early 60s - Diem projected funded by the US that sought to resettle 15 million Vitenemesse in fortified villages across the countryside. Basically a nation-building effort. - Was not really any effective at keeping Vietcong out, so kind of failure. Still US sold it was keeping the communist out and a success. Lead to narrative that US was doing much better than it actual war and helped prolong the war for decades.

Brinkmanship

Dulles under Eisenhower - Cold War/1950s - A term coined by John Foster Duller when he was secretary of state under eisenhower. It refered to the arms race during the cold war durimg which USSR and US would push each other to the brink of war in order to get their demands met,only pushing each other tho because actual war would mean "mutually assured destruction" - Influenced majority of Cold War thinking. Played out in Cuban Missile Crisis when war seemed closest, but lukcily both leaders conceeded as the likelihood of war increased

Allen Dulles

Dulles, CIA head under JFK and Eisenhower - Cold War - As head of the Central Intelligence Agency during the early Cold War, he oversaw the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, Operation Ajax (the overthrow of Iran's elected government), the Lockheed U-2 aircraft program and the Bay of Pigs Invasion. - Encouraged more active in US gaining pro-Western countries by advocating for actively, but secretetly overthrowing unfavorably regimes.

Military Industrial Complex

Eisenhower - Cold War - An informal alliance between a nation's military and the arms industry which supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy. Eisenhower warns US against allowing them to manipulate fears into arms buildup when not nesessary. - Eisenhower's fear of them lead him to rely on the "New Look" strategy of spedning less on traditional military equipment and more on nuclear weapons since it was cheaper.

The New Look

Eisenhower - Cold War - Different nuclear policy under Eisenhower which focued on convnetional means to deliver nukes. Lead to creation of "tactical" nukes to potentially be used on the battle-ground. The strategy had a major fiscal aspect to it, as its creators argued nuclear missiles were more cost effective than conventional weapons. Fiscal conservatism was very important to Eisenhower. He said "if we let defense spending run wild, you get inflation... then controls... then a garrison state... and then we've lost the very values we were trying to defend." Dulles related this strategy to "massive retaliation." - Lead to an increase in nuclear stockpile and arms race with US.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower - Cold War, 1957 - Eisenhower policy on stopping communism from entering Middle East. After Suez Crisis, Eisenhower urged a U.S. role as Middle East policeman because "the Bear is still the central enemy," and he privately viewed Nasser as a Soviet puppet. Congress approved request to stop communism from affecting any Middle Eastern country. - Lead to alliance with Saudi Arabia based on its value as an anticommunist ally and its oil. It revitilzed containment by extending the "Truman Doctrine." The "domino theory" in Asia differed little from Truman's alarmist predictions that if Greece fell, the Middle East would fall and Europe would collapse.

U2 Incident

Eisenhower and Stalin - 1960 - American U2 plan was shot down in Russian airspace. The piolt was taken prisoner and and USSR confronted the US after US denied spying. - Marker emberasisng moment for US and made them hestitate to used U2s during Cuban Missile Crisis.

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower, Dulles - 1950s - John Foster Dulles was President Eisenhower's Secretary of State from 1953-1959. He believed that peace could be maintained if communism was contained. He and Eishenhower instituted the New Look national security policy as the way to prevent the spread of communism further. - His contribution to the Eisenhower Doctrine which established that a country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from US military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state. The threat of armed aggression was really just a way to intimidate the USSR and contained the spread of communism.

Domino Theory

Eisenhower/1950s - Theory that if one country fell to communism, then neighboring countries would also fall to it and it would gradually spread around the world in that manner. - It led to a paranoia of countries becoming communist and extreme US efforts to quell any communist uprisings and aid groups that promised to preserve democracy and capitalism in their country, which led to proxy wars, civil wars, and heightened tensions between the US and USSR. Used to justify Vietnam War.

Treaty of Versailles

Entente and Central Powers , lead by US under Wilson / 1919- end of WWI / Peace treaty to end WWI. Took long time to negoitated, esp. bc of Wilson's ideas of self-determination and League of Nations. Ultimaelty failed bc it excluded Germany and Russia, but levied massive reparations on Germany. / Led to resentment from Germany and Russia. Produced the League of Nations that lacked a clear leader or repracations and was alien bc collective security was not known. Ultimately lead to German expanision.

Manifest Destiny

Everyone, began with Polk /began in 1845, pre-Civil War , revived in 1890s/The supposed inevitability of the continued territorial expansion of the boundaries of the United States, westward to the Pacific and beyond. Before the American Civil War, the idea of Manifest Destiny was used to validate continental acquisitions in Oregon, Texas, New Mexico, and California. /It is significant as it became a renewed force in U.S. foreign policy in the 1890s, when the country went to war with Spain, annexed Hawaii, and laid plans for an isthmian canal across Central America. Lends itself to the notion that there were a continuity of trends in US FP towards a more active role in global affairs

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR - 1930s - Pertaining to Latin America even though US still continued its idea of hegemony over the hemisphere - through economic and political, rather than military action - Non intervention in the affairs of Latin America - and also to have reciprocal trade agreements between the US and Latin America. Helped gain allies once we entered WWII and curb German efforts for trade with the Southern Hemisphere.

ABC Talks

FDR - WWII - Set of secret meeting between the United States and the United Kingdom to discuss the event of a possible entry of the US into WWII. It assumed that the United States would declare war against Japan and Italy if it were to enter the war with Germany. - These talks conflicted with the American philospohy of neutrality that President Roosevelt encouraged at the beginning of the war.

Manhattan Project

FDR - WWII - Top secret nuclear project under FDR as a means to end war. - Gave Truman a leg up in the Postdam Conference with USSR when planning post-world war. Also gave US leverage in general as the only nuclear power for awhile. Lead to foreign policy centered around nuclear power and created an imbalance between those with nukes and those without them.

Tehran Conference

FDR, Churchill, Stalin - 1943- in middle of WIII - Centered around Stalin's call for a 2nd front to the war since the USSR was taking huge casaultiies on the Eastern Front. - This came after Stalin felt mistreated since most casaulties had been occuring from USSR, but reasurred him once plans war made for Normandy, a second front in France. Also gave Iran its independence, setting it up to one day be a pro-Western nation in the ME until its Revolution.

Four Policemen

FDR- US, UK, USSR, China - WWII - FDR idea that the 4 Policemen was the main Allied Powers who each resideded in a different region of the world and make that region their spehere of influence. It was then up to each power to control that sphere. As a preventive measure countries other than the 4 Policeman were supposed to be disarmed. - As an idea on its own kind of failed, but was later cemented as they became permanent members on the UN Security Council, but its powers diminished greatly as nationalist outbreaks occurred in each region. Also when China kind of betrayed the US and went communist and the US no longer wanted it to be a main power. Also conflict between USSR was greater than expected, and neither side really wanted their influence to be great, but tolerated it within each sphere. USSR broke this with Cuba.

Yalta Conference

FDR/Stalin/Churchill- at the Lividia Palace in the USSR - 1945, end of European front - Meet to discuss the post-war world, with each power splitting the spheres between powers. Split world into East-West divides. Stalin agreed to have free elections in Poland, indicating he would let let self-determination be alive in his spheres to appease West. Stalin agreed to go into Japan in needed in exchange for Manchria sphere. Discussed UN as alternate to failed 4 Poilcemen. - Introduce the long-standing idea of the UN and collective security after the war, including the USSR this time. Also determined spheres and known as time West sold out East Europe.

Dien Bien Phu

French military, Vietnamese - 1953-4 - Dien Bien Phu was a decisive battle fought between the French colonists and Viet Minh forces from November 1953-May 1954. The engagement resulted in the loss of a fourteen thousand man French garrison and promoted discussion in America about Vietnamese intervention, possibly even nuclear. Ultimately, the US did not intervene and French Indochina was lost. - Significant to US FP because it led to the ratification of the Geneva Accords in 1954 and ended the French colonial occupation of Vietnam. Also lead to future US involovement in Vitenam.

Jingoism

General US foreign policy people/rise of imperialism/Nationalism in the form of aggressive foreign policy, such as a country's advocacy for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations, in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests, was invoked by the American press in the 1890's specifically in regards to the annexation of Hawaii/Jingoism has repeatedly reappeared in the midst of wartime as a form of intense patriotism that was invoked during wartime. Prompted domestic support for the annexation of Hawaii, was used after the sinking of Luisitania and 9/11 to motivate American FP to act

Long Telegram aka X Article

George Kennan (US Ambassador to Russia)-nicknamed Mr. X - 1946, beginning of Cold War - Called for complete security against the USSR because the USSR and US were so ideologcally different that there was no room for compromise. Wanted to prioritzied USSR as the only true threat to US. Believed it was a psychology battle and US needed to promote their values, and the Marshall Plan was a good means in accomplishing this.- Shaped US foreign policy for decades. Spurred the containment theory that influenced most President's Doctrine's. Focused on protecting closest allies in Europe over other areas. Set up a hardline agaisnst communism and containment was necessary.

U -Boat Warfare

Germany - WWI - The Germans began to practice unrestricted submarine warfare, which led to the infamous sinking of the RMS Lusitania. - The use of U-Boats by the Germans increased anti-German sentiment. The U.S. and the Allied Powers saw them as aggressive. The sinking of the RMS Lusitania in particular, but the use of U-Boats in general, was cited frequently by the U.S. as a justifiable reason for entering/ continuing to fight in the war. The use of U-Boats also reinforced and garnered support for the idea of total victory, as the U.S. presented Germany as evil, and only able to be stopped effectively by total domination/ humiliation.

Zimmerman Telgram

Germany, Mexico, US / World War I / Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico during WWI. Proposded an US invansion in exchange for gaining back old terrority US now owned. Was intercepted by the British who gave it to the US. / Ultimately major means in rallying Americans to join WWI, even for isolationist.

The Lusitania

Germany, US / World War I / In 1915 a German U-boat sunk the Lusitania, an English steamer carrying 1,257 passengers from New York, off the coast of Ireland killing 128 Americans. The ship was carrying contraband (ammunition and weapons) to help aid the allies in Europe. Wilson responded to the incident by sending a note to Berlin insisting that Americans had a right to travel on the high seas and demanding a German disavowal of the inhumane acts of its submarine commanders (apology) / Americans were upset by the deaths of innocent civilians and helped increase support for entering WWI. Also questioned rights of neutrals in wars and the extent of involvement when neutral. 14 points cited freedom of seas as a basic right. This theme of U.S. presidents claiming neutrality when actually being biased towards one side was a repetition of the situation during the War of 1812 and it came up again WWI and WWII. It set precedent for the U.S. to claim neutrality as a way of prolonging its entry into war.

Flexible Response

JFK - Cuban Missile Crisis - Defensive strategy used by JFK that greatly differed frm Eisenhower's belief in massive retailation. Calls for mutual deterrence. - Helped ease tensions and war-calling during Cuban Missile Crisis. Would help usher in new non-war ideas for diplomacy.

Operation Mongoose

JFK & Squad - Cuban Missile Crisis - JFK and adminstation mulitple attempts to overthrow the regime in Cuba. Often this took form in assaination attempts, possible invansions, and cooperation with Cuban exiles in the US. Top secret and through the CIA. - This obvious violation of sovereignty on Cuba may have lead to Cuba's decision to ask for nukes to defend itself and helped the USSR justified its decision to deploy them. This almost lead to war.

Action Intellectuals

JFK - 1960s - New type of Cabinet and Advisors that JFK surrounded himself with that prided themselves in a focus on facts and stats. They were action oriented, cocksure officials who believed as Bundy once put it "The US in the engine of Mankind and the world is the Caboose". An example of a member of kennedy's "action intellectuals" was Robert McNamara, the secretary of defense pulled from Ford Motor Company who was a "whiz kid from harvard business school. Robert F Kennedy, McGeorge Bundy, and Henry L. Stimson. - Helped JFK plan a plan of action during the Cuban Missile Crisis as more rationale and not emotional. Still feel into military-centric beliefs thoguht. Ultimately shaped advisors to be more intellectual and work directly with the President.

"Alliance for Progess"

JFK - Cold War, 60s - Aimed to establish economic relations with US and Lation America- aka the "Third World" that is vulnerable to communism. - Lots of investments retruned back to US and ultimately project failed because left a lot of problems, like birth control unaddressed so there was a huge population boom. Also kind of died after JFK.

Henry Kissinger

Kissinger, Nixon, Ford - 1969-1977 - Was the 56th Secretary of State and served under Presidents Nixon and Ford. Kissinger was a German-born Jew who immigrated to the US in his childhood and later sreved in the US Army before matriculating into Harvard. Kissinger is a massively influential figure in the world of USFP - He is significant because he pioneered the detente with the USSR during the 1970s and played a key role in the deescalation of Vietnam. Valued realpolitik and realism, did not overwhelmingly concern himself with human rights. Specialized in backchannel diplomacy (Nixon's visit to China) and Sino-American negotiations.

William McKinley

Late 19th Century, rise of imperialism/Republican President from 1896-1901 (assassinated) was a fan of protective tariffs, also invoked the Monroe Doctrine with intervention against Spain in Latin America/In 1898, McKinley led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence; the brief and decisive conflict ended with the Treaty of Paris and the U.S. in possession of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam. In general, McKinley's bold foreign policy opened the doors for the United States to play an increasingly active role in world affairs, specifically in Latin America

Henry Cabot Lodge

Lodge, Wilson - 1910s - American Republican Senator who tried to secure approval of the Treaty of Versailles and clear way for American entry into the League of Nations. He strongly disliked President Wilson and backed US intervention in Cuba as a moral responsibility.

Monroe Doctrine

Monroe, US and South America/1823/Further efforts to stop European influence in Western Hemisphere and that said that any intervnetion by Europe into Western Hemisphere was a direct threat to the US and would cause US intervention. / Used as rational for US involvement and meddling in Western hemisohere foe decades, spc. the Venezlenuan Crisis.

Theodore Roosevelt

MMM baby love that big stick diplomacy / Rise of Imperialism, early 1900's / Former Rough Rider, Roosevelt influenced U.S. as Assistant Secretary to the Navy under McKinley and then ascended to the Presidency after McKinley's assassination / Roosevelt influenced U.S. foreign policy even before he became president. As Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley, he lobbied for a stronger Navy. Fearing the danger of Spanish control of Cuba, TR advocated war against Spain -- he even presented a written war plan to McKinley, which McKinley promptly ignored. When the U.S. battleship Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, Roosevelt was eager to place the blame on Spain. In 1904, when the Venezuala defaulted on its European debt, Roosevelt drafted the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine — the U.S. would freely intervene in any nation in the Western Hemisphere guilty of "brutal wrongdoing." Stated: "speak softly and carry a big stick"

Marshall Plan

Marshall, US, Western Europe - Post-WWII - A collective plan to revive postwar Europe through US aid in exchange for favorable trade. - Since the USSR and it's satellite states rejected, it widened the gap btw the two main powers, leading to an escalation of Cold War. Successful in both reinvorgating Western European economies in stopping from communism to spreading through the region. Showed the success of economic diplomacy in containing communism.

Treaty of Paris

McKinley, Cuba, Spain/1898/An agreement with Spain that ended the Spanish-American War and resulted in the relinquishment of essentially all remaining Spanish colonial possessions. Provided for the cession of Puerto Rico, the Phillipines, and Guam to the United States. Additionally, it ensured the freedom of Cuba from Spanish rule, but it did not cede Cuba to the United States./The Treaty of Paris marked the beginning of American colonial possessions. Additionally, it marked the end of the Spanish-American War, which effectively was the demise of the Spanish Empire. The treaty expanded the American sphere of influence in the Pacific region, which would result in the growth of American economic interests in that region in the long run.

The Spanish American War

McKinley, TR, Cuba, Spain, US, John Hay/1898/Secretary of State John Hay called it a "splendid little war." The Spanish-American began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possession led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine-American War. The main issue was Cuban independence. Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule. The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish-American War. First use of large scale wartime propaganda which called for war. The business community was opposed because they feared the monetary repurcussions./The Spanish-American War of 1898 ended Spain's colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere and secured the position of the United States as a Pacific power. U.S. victory in the war produced a peace treaty that compelled the Spanish to relinquish claims on Cuba, and to cede sovereignty over Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States. The United States also annexed the independent state of Hawaii during the conflict. Thus, the war enabled the United States to establish its predominance in the Caribbean region and to pursue its strategic and economic interests in Asia. Also highlighted the power of Yellow Journalism.

Teller Amendment

Mckinley, US, Latin America/late 19th C /Resolution by Congress after McKinley's declaration of war against Spain. To appease anti-imperalist it claimed that the US would not annex Cuba, but would leave rule up to the people. Pretty much said US would withdraw after helping Cuba gain independence, promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war/Re-affirmed US's special relationship with Cuba. Make it so that US would not appear hypo-critical about critizing European imperalism, but allowed US to have a special relationship with Cuba. McKinley used the Teller amendment to make his declaration of war appear selfless and humane to elicit support. Would play role in Cuban Missile Crisis and their revolution bc US saw Cuba as a protectatorate, so a USSR involovment with them was a slap in the face. However, it was technically repealed by the Roosevelt admin as a part of his Good Neighbor policy. In terms of its impact on U.S. foreign policy, the Platt Agreement enforced the American rise to imperialism.

NSC 68

National Security Council, Truman, USSR - 1950 - Top secret policy paper presented by the NSC to Truman, one of the most important statements of American FP that launched the Cold War. Authors argued that the only way to counter Soviet aggression was through build-up on our side. - provided the blueprint for the militarization of the Cold War from 1950 to the collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s. NSC-68 and its subsequent amplifications advocated a large expansion in the military budget of the United States, the development of a hydrogen bomb, and increased military aid to allies of the United States. It made the containment of global Communist expansion a high priority. NSC-68 is significant to USFP because it rejected the alternative policies of friendly détente and rollback against the Soviet Union.

Nixon Doctrine

Nixon - 1969 - 3 positions ;1- US would keep all trade commitments, 2- provide nuclear shield to all of our allies or any national vital to our security. 3- in cases of non-nuclear aggression, U.S. would look to the nation directly threatened to assume primary responsibility for providing manpower for defense. - It put US interest in position as US withdrew from Vietnem. Allowed US to determine loosely which coutnries were deemed vital- like Vitenam.

Vietnamization

Nixon - Vietnam War - Nixon's plan to slowly withdraw from Vietnam by training South Vitnemesse soldiers to replace us. It was a big part of his campaign. - Ultimately failed because it decreased morale of South Vitnemesse armies and militarily failed when the invansion of Laos was crushed. Even expanded the war into neighboring Laos.

SALT I and SALT II

Nixon and Brezhnev - Salt I (1972) Salt II ( 1979) - With SALT I, Nixon sought to limit the nuclear arsenals of both countries, stands for Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. The US and USSR agreed that there would be no further production of strategic ballistic missiles, and that submarines carrying nuclear weapons would only be introduced when existing stock of interncontinental ballistic missiles became absolute. The treaty was signed because if developed, ABMs (anti ballistic missiles) could shoor down incoming nuclear missiles. If one side side achieved it first, it would give them a dangerous edge so both sides limited to two each. Pushed by McNamara - SALT I is significant because it was the first agreement between the US and the USSR that successfully limited the number of nuclear wepaons and showed that the détente created an environment in which the two sides could cooperate. However it did little to address future nuclear proliferation tech such as advanced warheads with Multiple delivery devices and new SLBM Systems such as the new Trident Class of American Submarines. This fialure to de-arm will continue. At the time of SALT II the nuclear arsenals of both country had dramatically increased which showed that Detente hadn't decreased the nuclear arms race (SALT-II was never ratified).

Détente

Nixon and Brezhnev, Kissinger and Dobrynin - 1969 - The Détente was the gradual relaxation of tension between the USSR and the US beginning in 1969 and ending in 1979. During the eleven years of détente, the will for peace was manifesting in the conferences and subsequent legislation of the era (SALT I in 1972). Also in 1975 the Helsinki Accords were signed by 35 nations. The goal was to improve relations between the West and the Communist Bloc. - The détente is significant to US foreign policy because it created meaningful policies and dialogue that eased tensions between the East and West, a warming period of the Cold War. It ended with the Soviet invasion of Afghnistan. These negotiations were counterbalanced with negotiations with the PRC which helped form a Triangular Diplomacy. Detente proved crucial in easing tensions during the Middle East

Triangular Diplomacy

Nixon, China, Soviet Union - 1969 - Diplomacy between the US, USSR, and China; China and the USSR were increasingly combative towards each other. In 1969, Chinese and USSR troops fought each other on the border. Kennedy and Johnson believed that the US should maintain close relations with the government in Taiwan. But by the time Nixon became president, he felt that opening relations with China would be an effective counterweight to the Soviet Union. In many ways, triangular diplomacy was quadrangular due to the Vietnam War - Lead to detente between the three powers before China nor USSR wanted the other to have better relations with the US. Also lead to USSR more willing to negotation on the SALT aggrements. Eventually lead to US recognizing communist China as the official China, not Taiwan.

Paris Peace Accords

Nixon, Kissinger, Vietnam - January 1973 - Agreed to a ceasefire, American troops withdrew from the country, American POWs returned home, North Vietnamese force remained in South Vietnam, North Vietname violated the accords, Nixon wanted to authorize air strikes but was blocked by Congress due Watergate - Significant because it ended direct US military involvement in Vietnam war but also enabled the Fall of Saigon by the NVA and Operation Frequent Wind (evacuation of Americans from the coutnry)

Kitchen Debate

Nixon/Khrushchev - Cold War - A series of a series of impromptu exchanges between then VP Nixon and Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow on July 24, 1959.The exhibition was an entire house was built that the American exhibitors claimed anyone in America could afford meant to represent the fruits of the capitalist American consumer market. - Once it was broadcasted in the US it greatly increased Nixon's popularity, even helping him with later Presidential campaigns.

Ho Chi Minh

North Vietnam - Vitnenemess Nationalist and future leader of Vietcong and NLF, he first asked for independence at the treaty of versailles and then appealed to US, calling on our values of self-determination - Lead to US overwhelmed with Vietnenam and increased our efforts in focusing on communism no matter what.

The Iran Contra Affair

Reagan Administration - 1985-7 - A political scandal in the US that occurred during the second term of the Reagan Administration. Senior administration officials secretly faciilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo. They hope to secure the release of several U.S. hostages in Iran and to fund the the Contras in Nicaragua. The contras was the label given to the various U.S.-backed and funded terrorist rebel groups in opposition to the left-wing, socialist Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua. - The Iran Contra Affair is significant to USFP because it is an example of secrecy and covert affairs in government. Parallels can be drawn between now and the Dulles time period.

Robert Oppenheimer

Oppenheimer - WWII - wartime head of the Los Alamos Laboratory and is among those who are credited with being the "father of the atomic bomb" for their role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II undertaking that developed the first nuclear weapons used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. - Helped end WII thourgh use of atomic bomb. Help cement US superiority as only country with atomic bomb.

Hay - Bunau - Varilla

Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, Secretary of State John Hay under Theodoore / Early 1900's / Established the Panama Canal zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal / idk expanded US influence in Latin America- just look to Pananma significance, same thing

Katyn Massacre

Poland - 1940/WWII - series of mass executions of Polish nationals carried out by the NKVD ("People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", a Soviet secret police organization) - While Poland was under communist-control it greatly soured Soviet-Polish relations.

Ping Pong Diplomacy

President Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, US and China - Detente, early 70s - US Ping Pong team accepted an invitation to visit China and the visit marked the beginning of the sino-soviet thaw and normalization of relations - Showed diplomatic efforts to thaw relations with China on part by Nixon. Step forward in detente and traingular diplomacy.

Cairo conference- Unconditional Surrender

Roosevelt, Churchill and China's Kaishek attended- Soviet refused to attend bc of China's presence (Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact) - 1943- WWII - Discussed Allied position on Japan and other parts of Asia after WWII. Signed Cairo Declaration stating intention to continue to deploy military force until Japan's unconditional surrendeR. Contained three Clauses: Japan stripped of islands seized/occupied in WWI, Japan returns all territories stolen from China, and Korea shall become free and independent - Mde Japan's surrender have to be unconditional, which contributed heavily to the decision to use nukes because Japan not willing to totally surrender unless completely broken.

Platt Amendment

Roosevelt, US, Cuba/1901/A constitutional amendment established after the Spanish-American War which made Cuba a "self-governing colony" or a protectorate to the United States. /It solidified US influence over Cuba and Latin America, in general, by barring Cuba from conducting in any foreign diplomacy or trade on its own. Later justified US intervention in the country and allowed US base of Guatenmo Bay.

Bolshevik Revolution (Russian Revolution)

Russia - During the 1920s - Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin led his leftist revolutionaries in a revolt against the ineffective Russian Provisional Government - American leaders opposed the sudden overthrow of the peace treaties just as they opposed socialist revolution at home or anywhere else. Taken in its widest context, the policy of peaceful change was part of America's effort throughout the twentieth century to combat revolutionary upheaval with moderate reform. Pacifying and re-building Germany was integral to containing the Bolshevik revolution. Bolshevik Russia presented both a symbolic and a substantive threat to the peaceful change alternative. Most American leaders viewed the Soviet Union as revolution incarnate, despite Moscow's caution and conservatism.

Operaton Rolling Thunder

Secretary McNamara, LBJ - 1965 - Operation Rolling Thunder was a massive bombing campaign launched in 1965 in response to a Vietcong attack on a US air base. The campaign was put into effect because Johnson wanted to disrupt the flow of goods and men between North and South Vietnam and weaken the Vietcong's ability to wage war against the South. - Operation Rolling Thunder is significant to USFP because it led to the end of McNamara's term as the Secretary of War and was one of the first large scale actions of escalation in Vietnam after the Gulf of Tonkin incident.

Open Door Policy

Secretary of State John Hay, McKinley, china / 1899 and 1900 / Statement of principles initiationed by the United Statesfor the protection of equal priviledges among countries traditing with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. In 1899 Open Door notes provided that 1) each great power should maintain free access to a treaty port or to any other vested interest within its sphere, 2) only the Chinese government should collect taxes on trade, and 3) no great power having a sphere should be granted exemptions from paying harbour or railroad dues / The Open Door policy was received with almost universal approvoal in the United States, and for more than 40 years it was a cornerstone of American foreign policy in East Asia. US saw itself as proteting China since they did not consider themsleves imperalist. Mostly successful and set up US-China beneficial relatioship that only ended with the communist take-over.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Secretary of State John M. Clayton, Sir Henry Linton Bulwer under President Taylor /1850/ The treaty provided that the US and GB should jointly control and protect the canal that they expected soon to be built across the Isthmus of Panama. The treaty's introductory article pledged a neutralized Central America, which neither signatory would "occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume, or exercise any dominion.." /Significant because the interpretation of the clause (listed in my definition) became the subject of a bitter dispute between the two countries because it required Britain to give up certain colonial/protectorate interests in Latin America, but GB argued that the treaty recognized the status quo. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was superseded in 1901 with the conclusion of the second Hay-Pauncefote Treaty by which Britain agreed that the U.S. should construct and control the canal

"To-day the United States is practically sovereign on this continent"

Secretary of State Richard Olney under Grover Cleveland/1895/The Olney Proclamation was a statement by United States Secretary State Richard Olney in 1895 that "the United States is practically sovereign on this continent, and its fiat is law which it confines its interposition."/Olney's statement reinforced the original purpose of the Monroe Doctrine, that the U.S. had the right to intervene in its own hemisphere and foreshadowed the events of the Spanish-American War three years later

Henry Stimson

Stimson, Hoover, Roosevelt, Truman - Great Depression and WWII - Henry Stimson was the Secretary of State under President Hoover from 1929-1933 and from 1940-1945 under Presidents Roosevelt and Truman. In addition, he held a multitude of high-ranking government offices, including Secretary of War and Governor of the Philippines. - Stimson is significant to USFP for his contributions to the Manhattan Project, the London Naval Conference, and the Stimson Doctrine which stipulated that the United States would recognize no diminution of US treaty rights brought about by aggression, specifically the Japanese territories in China.

Interim Committee

Stimson, Truman, Oppenheimer, other nuclear scientists - End of WWII - The Interim Committee was a secret high-level group created in May 1945 by United States Secretary of War, Stimson, at the urgering of the leadders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy. The committee was comprised of high level politicians, scientists, and industrialists whos main goal was to advise on a nuclear attack of Japan. - The Interim Committee is significant to USFP because they advised Truman to use the atomic bombs against Japan in a specific way, promptly ending the Pacific theatre of WWII, destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killed thousands, injured thousands

Big Four

US/ GB/ France/ Italy - WWI - Major parties in the Treaty of Versailles: Wilson (US), PM George (Great Britain), Premier Clemenceau (France), PM Orlando (Italy) - Exclusion of Russia and Germany lead to hostilities that contributed to facism in Germany and Russia's decision to align with Germany in WWII.

Berline Crisis/Berlin Wall

The Soviet Union, The United States, and East & West Germany - Cold War, JFK - Began as an attempt by the East German Government to stem the flow of East German refugees into West Germany. Under the threat of starting a war, the United States allowed for its construction with President Kennedy stating "A wall is a hell of a lot better than a war." Its construction was gradual and continued on during the duration of the Cold War, as an attempt to stem the escape attempts of the East Germans. - The Wall was a literal symbol of the staunch divide between East and West. The destruction of the Wall also led to the downfall of the Soviet Union, with its member states clamoring for independence. Finally, it also allowed for the uniting of East and West Germany.

Treaty at Portsmouth

Theodore Roosevelt / early 1900s / Formally ended Russo-Japanesse War, mediated by Teddy and led to his Noble Peace Award. The negotiations took place in August in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and were brokered in part by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. The final agreement was signed in September of 1905, and it affirmed the Japanese presence in south Manchuria and Korea and ceded the southern half of the island of Sakhalin to Japan. / Failed to stop Japanesse imperalsim by acknowledging their presecense in South Manchuria and Korea. By failing to curb Japanesse ambitions, it culminated in WWII.

5 : 5 : 3 : 1.67 : 1.67 (Washington Naval Disarmament Conference)

US/ UK/France/ Italy/ Japan - after WWI - Symbolic disarmament after WWI. This ratio was introduced at the Washington Naval Treaty in 1921 as a reduction in naval tonnage of Capital Ships between the United States, Britain, France, Italy and Japan respectively. - FAILED. Germany and Japan still had major re-armament which lead to WWII. Another treaty that had no real consequences. Helped lead to treaties in the future that had actual bite to them in order to make them successful. - The ratio was US: Britain: Japan - 5:5:3, leading the Japanese to feel that the British and US were intentionally disadvantaging them

Gunboat Diplomacy (Great White Fleet)

Theodore Roosevelt/Late 19th Century (rise of imperialism)/"Speak softly, and carry a big stick" - belief in parading US military might to bolster American prestige abroad. Roosevelt used the Great White Fleet to peacefully travel the globe and demonstrate American military prowess. /It can be viewed as the beginning of the American hubris that would in part define US foreign policies throughout the 20th century. This attitude of flaunting American strength would be a defining characteristic of our actions as we developed into a superpower through the World Wars. Helped US gain experience conducting operation far from American shores

Truman Doctrine

Truman - beginning of Cold War, as Greece looked vulnerable to communism - US commitment to defend Europe, spefically Greece and Turkey. US pledged 400 billion in aid to the 2 countries and pledged to defend other nations threatened by communism. Key to containment, later seen in Marshall Plan. - President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away from its usual stance of withdrawal from regional conflicts not directly involving the United States, to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts.

European Cooperation Act

Truman and Sec. of State Marshall - post WWII and beginning of Cold War - Commonly known as Marshall Plan, urpose was twofold: to help restore the devastated economies of postwar Europe and, in so doing, reduce the threat of Communist takeover in those vulnerable countries. $13 billion was spent under this arrangement to keep Communism at bay in Europe. - Prevented communism from spreading to Western Europe. Showed econonmic commitment from the spread of communism

Dollar Diplomacy

US (Taft), Latin America and East Asia / early 1900s, time of imperialism / Diplomatic program to use economic power to gain influence in Latin America and East Asia through US loans . / Lead to an increase in using financiers and business leaders to promote foreign policy and using diplomacy to promote American commerce and investment abroad. Also lead to American increased American influence in both regions and more active roles in them.

Dawes Plan

US - 1924, post- WWI - Plan for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations from Germany. It had short term economic benefits for German economy, but made German economy dependent on foreign markets. Led to problems causing the Great Depression - Lead to Germany's economy being destroyed and ripedned them for a radical leader like Hitler. This economic disaster also lead to an increase in ant-semisitism and eventually the Holocasut since Germans blamed Jews for their economic problems. Also lead to conditions for WWII, since none of the economies in Europe really ever recovered.

Pottsdam Conference

US/ USSR/GB - End of WWII - Conference to discuss how to treat Axis powers after the war and Truman insisted that German economic recovery was essential and insisted that reparations were bad, agasint the USSR's wishes. Basis oF Marshall Plan discussed and tensions btw USSR and US apparent. Lastly, Potsdam Decleration which called for Japan's unconditional surrender. - Later used for justification of dropping the atomic bomb: Japan would not unconditionally surrender. Also begininning of discussions of spheres of influence and East-West tension.

Berlin Airlift

US and USSR - 1948-1949, under Truman - Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city. - First time US and USSR avoided a war during Cold War. Lead to creation of NATO to ensure safety of Europe, esp. West Germany. Berlin and West Germany would continue to be a point of conflict as the West prospered. However, there was a limit to how far Truman could extend it. He could not stop China from falling to communism; the nation was too large and the monetary costs would have been too high. The doctrine in general was a vague commitment. It did not restrict or commit US actions. Following the doctrine, every president after Truman had similar doctrines focusing on containing communism for determined areas. These policies set the US foreign policy to center around the Cold War.Set US up as world power. Set up us vs. them tone for Cold War and foreign policy, 1st time monetary funds to combat communism were given.

Neutrality Acts

US, FDR - 1935 - At the onset of WWII in keeping up with isolationist sentiment, FDR enacted an arms embargo on belligerent nations, with no discretion between aggressor and victim.Expanded to ban loans to belligerent nations, belligerents must carry American exports on their own ships, cash and carry and forbade American travel on belligerent vessel. - Kept up the isolationalist mentality of US foreign policy, while helping the Allies. Involved the US in a war claimed to be neutral in, which eventually lead to Pearl Harbor and US entering the war.

Quarantine Speech

US, FDR - WWII, 1937 - Speech alling for an international "quarantine" against the "epidemic of world lawlessness" by aggressive nations as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time. - The speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by non-interventionists and foes to intervene. No countries were directly mentioned in the speech, although it was interpreted as referring to Japan, Italy, and Germany. Roosevelt suggested the use of economic pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than outright aggression. Would allow FDR to indriectly support Allies, but forced him to remain neutral longer than he wanted to due to public opinion.

Baruch Plan

US, Great Britain and Canada - 1944 - Proposed by the US to create an organization to manage, distirbute, and protect nuclear energy (both its physical and intellectual form). Supposed to be plan for international atomic diplomacy and research cooporation, but failed when only UK and Canada adopted it. - Failure to contain arms in immediate post-world war. Lead to the quick re-armament and proliferation and weapons of the world powers.

38th Parallel

US, Korea - Korean War - Different nuclear polic under Eisenhower which focued on convnetional means to deliver nukes. Lead to creation of "tactical" nukes to potentially be used on the battle-ground. - Showed collective security engaged since it triggered a US/UN reaction. Armistice signed on July 27, 1953, where the conferees drew a new boundary line close to the 38th parallel.

Korean War

US, Korea, China - 1950-1953- Truman started - Was intiated by North Korea claiming the SK's wanted to be a part of NK. Prompted the UN to intervene with mostly US forces. Ended with an armistice keeping the orginal seperation at the 38th Parallel. - The US threatened atomic use after China intervened to help NK and it was perceiced this was a major factor in ending the war. Because of this belief American diplomacy in the future would use the atomic threat when necessary.

Panama Canal

US, Panama, Colombia / early 1900s, US imperalist period, Theodore Presidency / Small amount of Americans and Panamians plotted a revolution in Colombia after they broke their treaty that allowed US to build a canal in Panama. Oriniginally a French plan, Teddy took it over to increase American influence in the region and world. / Taking this canal signified a more active role the US would take in foreign policy and an increase in American influence in Latin America. Example of Rosseveltian diplomacy of "big stick" policy and the Roosevelt Corollary was made salient by the U.S. intervening on behalf of the Latin American nations in order to enforce territorial claims.

De Lôme Letter

US, Spain, McKinley/2/1/1898/Spanish Ambassador to the US writes a letter to Spanish official criticizing McKinley as weak, and his actions in Cuba/The note and the press coverage it received caused a true international scandal. The US public was outraged which increased domestic pressure for US involvement in Cuba, fueling anti-Spain, pro-war sentiments

USS Maine

US, Spain/2/1/1898- McKinley /A US naval ship that was bombed off the coast of Cuba. The Spanish were blamed for the attack and it launched the US into war against them. Seen as an excuse to declare war by some critics. /The attack led to a war that caused the Spanish Empire to lose a lot of territory - Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines. It also established the US as a greater influencer in the Western Hemisphere, leading to documents such as the Roosevelt Corollary.

Olney's 21 Inch Gun

US, Venezula, Great Britain / 1895, time of imperalism- under Cleveland / Venezula- Great Britain border dispute lead Venezula to call on US to intervene due to the Monroe Doctrine. In response Olney introduced the "21-inch gun" pointed at GB saying what they did in Africa could not happen in Latin America. Threatened global peace, but eventually GB stepped down knowing they needed US alliance for future esp. with German aggression increasing. / One of the first times Monroe Doctrine played out and succeeded. US proved their hegemony over Latin America.

NATO

US, West Europe, Canada - beginning of Cold War, after Berlin airlift - US lead military alliance during Cold War to counterbalance the USSR and its satalletitie states. Article 5 significant beacuse calls for collective action. Oringinally based on belief to keep "the Soviets out, US in, and Germany down" according to Truman. - Helped promote Western Europe since they could focus on eceonomic issues and not military re-armament after the war. Also detered Soviet influce in Europe, but fueled arms race. Application of containtment policy. USSR responded with Warsaw Pact which continued us v. them belief and alienated satalletie states.

Lend-Lease Acts (H.R. 1776)

US. FDR - WWII - It was a scheme to sell, lend, or lease war materiel to any country the president deems vital to the defense of the United States. "Lending a fire hose to a neighbor to put out a fire. Once the fire is out, he gives it back. FDR, "United States to become the great arsenal of democracy" - FDR touted lend-lease aid as a way to avoid war and to operate within the bounds of the Neutrality Act.

Bay of Pigs

USA (Kennedy), Cuba (Castro) , USSR (Khruschev) - Kennedy, Cold War - US government was increasingly aware of Castro's revolution and the violations of human rights that were going on in Cuba, and JFK won election on anti-communist ant-Cuban crediatials. So, USA planned a secret operation between the CIA and a group made up by Cuban exiles. Failed when USA underestimated Cuba's capacity to resist and only used half of the forces the CIA recommended to be necessary and JFK decided against providing further air cover to make U.S. invasion less evident to the rest of the world. - Castro became skeptical of US, and moved closer to the USSR militarily in order to have leverage against this possibility. The failed attempt at the invasion made the Castro regime look incredibly strong to Cubans who might have been on the fence up to that point — It backed up the ideological preponderance of the regime with a sense of logistical capability, and make Cuba an even more substantive threat to regional hegemony for the US Kennedy because incredibly wary of the CIA and of the military complex within the administration, which conceivably played a part in his rejection of outright military action in subsequent conflict with Cuba (i.e. Missile Crisis). Lead to tensions that lead to Cuban Missile Crisis.

Warsaw Pact

USSR - Cold War - In response to NATO, USSR's 8 satalletite states signed a mutual defense treaty with USSR. - Became a powerful tool for the USSR to hold its influnce over its satalletite states and gain the power of a large military force. Also deterred US ability to penatrate USSR sphere of influence.

Tet Offensive

Vietcong insurgents, NVA, Americans, ARVN - 1968 (Vietnamese lunar new year), LBJ, right before his re-election - The Tet Offensive was a large-scale attack launched by the North Vietnamese on January 31, 1968. The attack hit all the major points of American and South Vietnamese strength simultaneously. The goal of the TO was to cause the South Vietnamese to rise up in revolt and weaken the American public's war resolve. Although large scale revolt never precipitated, the TO significantly shocked America and weakened its resolve. -The Tet Offensive is significant to US FP because it marked the beginning of the United States' long withdrawal from Vietnam. The American public was shocked by the offense and the surprise attack rebuffed assurances from military leaders that the war was on the verge of ending. More and more people began to turn against the war, with Walter Cronkite declaring the Vietnam war a stalemate

Fourteen Points

Wilson / 1918, WWI / The Fourteen Points were a proposal for peace in Europe delivered in a speech to Congress by President Wilson on January 8, 1918. The peace proposal, based on Wilson's concept of peace without victory, called for the victorious Allies to set unselfish peace terms, including freedom of the seas, the restoration of territories conquered during the war, the right to national self-determination in such contentious regions as the Balkans, and the creation of the League of Nations./ Attempted to avoid future wars throguh self-detemination and collective secuirty. Ultimately failed, but the League of Nations it created left a framework for the future UN. Also US choice not to ratiy them lead to a return to isolatism and its hesitation to entre WWII. The significance of this speech was this was the first time the United States was making demands in foreign affairs. Not only were they dictating what was happening in other countries, but also how countries interact with each other. An example of this is the last point that called for the creation of a general assembly of nations, this was something never thought of before. It eventually lead to the League of Nations then the United Nations, which has had a huge global impact.

League of Nations

Wilson / WWI / 14th point in his 14th points, his idea of collective security. / Left framework for UN. Ultimately failed since their were no punishments for acting aggresively, also US failure to buy into it because it seemed to infringe in US sovereignty.

Article X (League of Nations

Wilson / WWI / Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations is the section calling for assistance to be given to a member that experiences external aggression. Was signed by the Allied Forces following WWI / Supposed to set a precedent for engagement with wars that may or may not directly involve countries that would be obliged to join the conflict.

Proclamation of Neutrality

Woodrow Wilson / WWI / In this statement, Wilson declared that the United States would not enter WWI and would remain "impartial in thought and in action". In 1917, following German attacks, President Wilson and the United States decided to enter the war on the side of the Allies. / Major attempt of American foreign policymakers to not engage with a foreign war that, at the time, did not directly implicate the United States. This policy would be mirrored by President Roosevelt before the beginning of WWII and it had a similar outcome.

Wilsonianism

Woodrow Wilson / WWI / Wilsonianism features an idealistic influence on American foreign policy in an attempt to "make the world safe for democracy." Common principles include: emphasis on self-determination of peoples, advocacy of the spread of democracy, advocating for the spread of capitalism, opposition to isolationism, and in favor of intervention / Wilsonianism contributed to his 14 Points and the formation of the League of Nations. Also set the US up to be a non colonial entity in the Middle East. Wilsonianism shaped the liberal approach to foreign policy. Wilson's desire to establish an organization that would provide for global collectuive security which resulted in the idea of the League of Nations, and later the UN. You could argue that Bush exhibited Wilsonian foreign policy in regards to our involvement in Iraq and attempt to spread democracy and American intervention

Sedition Acts

Woodrow Wilson / World War I /This law forbade language that was against the United States government and its interests, specifically the war effort. As a result, those who spoke out against the military's involvement in WWI were imprisoned for up to 20 years. However, the law only applied during times that the United States was in a state of declared war. The law was repealed in 1920, after the end of WWI. / Allowed for Presidents to act unilaterally without really concering public opinion. Was once powerful, but Wilson still had to garner support to enter WWI since there were elections for both him and his Party in the future,.

Gar Alperovitz

post- WWII - He is the author of the critically acclaimed book "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of the American Myth". He argues that the United States did not have to drop the bomb on Japan citing that Japanese standing in the war meant momentary capitulation. - Lead to rise in liberal ciritique of US foregin policy and the role in morality in foreign policy. Also brought up conversations on the morality of nuclear weapons.