Diverse Learners 2 Final

The inability to repress thoughts or actions that might be socially inappropriate: _______

Disinhibition

The child who pays attention to everything is _____

Distractible

Who are Sam's supports?

-His friends support him the whole time in different ways, but mostly by being there -Rita supports him with legal matters -Annie supports Sam by helping him raise Lucy and also in court, but supporting Sam's ability to parent -Lucy was an emotional support -In the end, the foster family supports him

What is the difference between conversational English (BICS) and academic/classroom English (CALP)? How long does each typically take to develop?

*BICS* is social conversational language used for oral communication. BICS takes 2-3 years to develop *CALP* is the context-reduced language of the academic classroom. CALP takes 5-7 years to develop

Know the definitions of both stigma and stereotype

*Stigma*- a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person. Ex. the stigma of a disability *Stereotype* - a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing

IFSP- who does it cover, what is included, what is the service delivery? How often is it reviewed?

*Who*- for infants and toddlers before their third birthday who have disabilities or are at great risk for disabilities *What is included* - current functioning levels (physical, cognitive, language and speech, psychosocial development and self-help skills), family strengths and needs, expected outcomes (timeline), services necessary & schedule of delivery, projected dates for service initiation, service coordinator, biannual review and transition services for 3-5 year old children *What is the service delivery* - services are delivered at the child's home or daycare setting, focus on the family *How often is it reviewed* - reviewed every six months to check progress made and need for modification

IEP- who does it cover, what is included in the IEP, what is the service delivery? How often is it reviewed and re-evaluated?

*Who*- students ages 3-21 *What is included*- what constitutes an appropriate education for the student, the extent to which the student participates in the general education curriculum, the accommodations the student receives for both instruction and testing, and the array of multidisciplinary services from the related service providers *What is the service delivery*- services are delivered in school *How often is it reviewed and re-evaluated*- IEP is reviewed annually, every 3 years there is an eligibility conference/reevalution

Be able to name at least 3 accommodations you could make for ELL students in your classroom.

-*Cooperative learning*- structured, guided small-group work -*Peer tutoring*- Peer Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS): combine cooperative learning and peer tutoring with instruction -*Technology*- tool to enrich curriculum and instructional accommodations, computerized language translators (though many students from diverse backgrounds may not have access to computers or the internet- digital divide).

What legislation has been important to students who are culturally and linguistically diverse?

-*Diana v. State Board of Education 1970* - found that using IQ tests to identify Hispanic students as having mental retardation was discriminatory -*Larry P v. Riles 1971* - brought to the attention of the courts and school the overrepresentation of African American children in classes for students with intellectual disabilities and possible discrimination through biased testing -*Lau v. Nichols 1974* - decided that schools must offer services to help students overcome language barriers *as a result of Lau v. Nichols, the IDEA '04 required schools to help students whose home language is not English access the curriculum and participate in instruction at school

What are the 3 primary characteristics of ADHD?

-*Impulsivity* - difficulty inhibiting responses (Ready, fire, aim!) manifested by: inability to pinpoint relevant information, often blurt out answers, butt into conversations, and risk taking -*Hyperactivity* - excessive activity. Manifested by: motion disorders, these behaviors are subjective ranging from "energetic" to "squirmy" -*Inattentive* - difficulty initiating and sustaining attention, characterized by: difficulty persisting in tasks, especially if they are uninteresting, tedious, sedentary, or demanding, glossing over details, tune you out, timing issues, following directions, difficulty changing tasks, and organization

What are the diagnostic criteria to be diagnosed with Selective Mutism?

-A child meets the criteria for Selective Mutism if the following are true: 1. The child does not speak in 'select' places such as school or other social events. 2. But, he or she can speak normally in at least one environment; usually this is in the home environment but a small percentage of children with SM are mute at home. 3. The child's inability to speak interferes with his or her ability to function in educational and/or social settings. 4. The mutism has persisted for at least one month (not limited to the 1st month of school). 5. The mutism is not caused by a communication disorder (such as stuttering) and does not occur as part of other mental disorders (such as autism). 6. The failure to speak is not due to a lack of knowledge of, or comfort with, the spoken language required in the social situation

How does Sam learn new parenting skills, specifically what does he learn, how does he learn them and from whom?

-Annie shows Sam how to keep track of when he needs to feed Lucy, every two hours, by keeping track of the show on Nickelodeon. Annie scaffolds it for him -He learns how to ask for help when he needs it, like when he could no longer bring Lucy to work and asked Annie to babysit for him

Who are the members of the IEP team?

-At least one general education teacher -At least one special education teacher -A school district representative who is knowledgeable about available service-delivery options and programs as well as the general education curriculum and related-service availability -An evaluation specialist who can interpret the instructional implications of assessments -Other specialists who can give important information (related service providers, transportation specialists, physicians, advocates, lawyers) -Parents, guardians, surrogate parents -The student, when appropriate **A team member can be excused from the meeting if that member's area is not being discussed or if there is agreement that written input is acceptable.**

What is the best way to learn new vocabulary?

-Children learn most words from reading a wide range of materials -Include both definitional and contextual information -Have children actively process the information -Provide multiple exposures

How can I make ELL students really feel a part of my classroom?

-Demonstrate sensitivity to the student's background -Have high expectations for his/her success -Respect values and attitudes that may differ from your own -Support inclusion -Provide accommodations -Individualize instruction -Document results

How does Sam provide a behavioral model and set limits for Lucy?

-He lets Lucy complete her own school projects, unlike the other parents -When he is arrested, he tells Lucy to listen to Annie and tells her to brush her teeth -When Lucy says she is stupid and can't read the word "different", he tells her that she is not stupid and needs to read the word. He says that he wants her to read the word, even if he cannot, because it makes him happy. He is supportive of her growth and education, but asserts that he is her father and she needs to listen to him -He has a strong moral compass and encourages her to always tell the truth

How does Sam meet the needs in nurturing, protecting, and caring for Lucy?

-He wakes up in the middle of the night to change her diaper -Buys her the supplies she needs (diapers, school shoes) -He receives help from his neighbor -He goes to parent teacher conferences -He reads books to her -He helps her prepare her school projects -He talks to her and encourages her -He asks for help when he needs it

How would you, as Sam's teacher, help him understand the meaning of the questions he is being asked?

-Help Sam understand the true meaning of questions- how to determine if it is a metaphorical question or a literal question -Help Sam understand that not everyone is thinking the same way he is, so when he references the Beatles and it makes complete sense to him, it might not to the other person -Help Sam understand certain important questions he will likely be asked in different situations, like when he is in court or at the court ordered psychiatrist and they ask him about waiving his rights -Work on life skills so life related questions

2. Referral

-If pre-referral interventions are unsuccessful, the student moves on to this step. A written request for an evaluation that is given to a school district when a child is suspected of having a disability and might need special education services -Referral for special education services: child find and at risk -Referral can begin earlier for children with severe disabilities -Referral can occur at any time during the school years

7. Evaluation and Reviews

-In NJ, IEP is reviewed annually. Every three years- eligibility conference/reevaluation -The purpose of the review meetings is to ensure that the student is meeting their goals and making educational progress -All students must participate in annual state-or district-wide testing or alternative assessments

What are Sam's parenting needs?

-In the beginning, he needs help learning how to take care of an infant -He also has a difficult time paying for the things that Lucy needs (financial needs) -He needed to learn how to change his routine- like iHop or movie nights, he eventually gets better at this -He needed validation, like making sure he chose the right name

6. Implementation of the IEP

-Once the IEP is developed, the student's services and individualized program begin

What support/advice does Sam give to Rita?

-Sam tells Rita that her son Willie does want to play with her, he just thinks that she does not want to play with him. He also advises Rita to get a divorce. -He tells her to get a divorce because she needs to respect herself more

5. Development of the IEP

-Team begins to work to outline the individualized education needed by the student. The team must determined the appropriate education, services and placement of the students -Team must identify resources needed by the student to access the general curriculum, determine appropriate goals and turn this into an educational program -Goals must reflect having greater success with the general education curriculum or preparing for independence and community presence later in life -Written plan that describes in detail a student's special education program (ages 3-21)

What was the foster family's growth process in understanding the relationship between Lucy and Sam?

-The foster mother initially thought that she would provide Lucy with the love she never had, but she realizes that she had a lot of love from and for Sam.

3. Identification

-The purpose of this step is to determine if a child has a disability, whether special education is required and what types of services are necessary -evaluations are done to access if: the child has a disability, special education is required, and services are needed/what types? -Information comes from many sources such as formal assessments/tests- if the result is that the student does not have a disability, the IEP process is discontinued

4. Eligibility

-The student has a disability- but do they qualify for special education services? -Under NJ regulation, these three questions must be answered: 1) if he has one or more of the 13 disabilities 2) the disability adversely affects the student's educational performance 3) the student is in need of special education and related services -What components of special education and related services are needed?

What are the differences between an IEP and an IFSP? Be able to name at least 3.

1) An IFSP is for children from birth to their 3rd birthday, an IEP is for students ages 3-21 2) An IFSP is reviewed every 6 months, while an IEP is reviewed annually 3) An IEP focuses on just the student's needs, while an IFSP focuses on the family as well 4) An IEP's services are typically delivered in school, while an IFSP's services can be delivered in the home environment, including day care 5) For an IFSP, the state designates the lead agency, while for an IEP the state education agency is in charge

What are the 13 disability categories in NJ?

1) Autism 2) Hearing impairments/deafness 3) Multiple disabilities 4) Speech or language impairments 5) Other health impairments 6) Visual impairments 7) Deaf-blindness 8) Emotional disturbance 9) Mental retardation 10) Orthopedic impairment 11) Specific learning disability 12) Traumatic brain injury 13) Developmental delay

Top teacher pleasing behaviors include:

1) Be punctual 2) Eye contact 3) Participate in class 4) Use the teacher's name 5) Submit work on time 6) Use required format 7) Avoid crossing out 8) Request an explanation 9) Thank the teacher

The seven positive traits students are looking for in their peers are:

1) Smiling and laughing 2) Greet others 3) Extend invitations to other to join in 4) Converse 5) Share 6) Give compliments 7) Good appearance

What are the seven senses?

1) touch/tactile 2) sight/vision 3) hearing/auditory 4) smell/olfactory 5) taste/gustatory 6) vestibular sense- the sense of *movement*. Automatic coordination of movement of the eyes, head and body. Deals with movement, pull of gravity, and where one's head it. 7) sense of proprioception- the sense of *body position*. The ability to determine where our body is in space. Proprioceptors detect our movement in and around joints, ligaments, tendons and muscles. Typically, body position is automatically adjusted to prevent falling; also allows manipulation of buttons, spoons, combs, pencils etc. when functioning properly.

What is selective mutism?

A complex *childhood anxiety disorder* characterized by a child's *inability* to speak in select social settings, such as school. These children understand language and are able to talk normally in settings where they are comfortable, secure and relaxed

Due process

A legal process to resolve a disagreement between a parent and school district, decided by an Administrative Law Judge.

Child find

A requirement of IDEA '04 to help refer and identify children and youth with disabilities

Why is a task analysis important?

A task analysis is important for teaching a student with a disability how to do a vital task. Something that may seem simple like brushing your teeth, may not be as obvious to the student so it is important to break the step down into it's simplest components.

Mediation

A way to discuss and resolve disagreements between a parent and the school district with the help of a trained impartial 3rd person.

In which instances should Sam have had an advocate?

After the court case to help him represent himself and find a lawyer and during the court hearings and court mandated psychiatry to help him advocate for himself. In the school when the teacher is talking to him about Lucy's situation, he could have used an advocate. And when he is arrested, but clearly didn't understand the situation.

Characteristics of ADHD must be exhibited by what age to qualify for special education?

Age 12

Are ELL students exempt from standardized testing?

All students must participate in statewide and district assessments. However, some students who have lived in the United States for less than one year may participate in alternative assessments.

What does it mean to have an intellectual impairment? What impact does it have on one's ability to function academically, socially, etc.?

An intellectual impairment means that a student performs significantly below average. Has a below average IQ. In terms of *academics*, the student struggles to learn, they may understand it one day, but not get it the next. *Socially*, the student usually has poor social skills and a lack of social competence (the ability to understand and respond appropriately in social situations). They tend to be very gullible and do not understand complex relationship dynamics. Persons with intellectual impairments also struggle with *conceptual skills* such as money, time and numbers, as well as practical skills like eating, dressing and toileting.

What is ADHD?

Attention Defecit/Hyperactivity Disorder A pattern of frequent and severe inattention and/or impulsivity

The child with no ______ pay attention to nothing

Attention span

Aside from medication, what other treatments can be used for students with ADHD?

Biofeedback training- which is a way to help students focus better without medicine. It trains the children's brains to increase the strength of beta waves and decreasing the strength of theta waves. Treatments such as a change in diet or increase in exercise can also be used to help students with ADHD.

What is comorbidity and why is this important to understand, especially as related to ADHD?

Comorbidity is the co-existence of 2 or more disabilities. This is especially important to understand as related to ADHD because the IEP is based on which disability impacts their performance. By being aware that a student may also have a learning disability or a sensory integration disorder, you can adapt the strategies you use to teach the student.

Adolescents fear this most:

Embarrassment

What does ELL stand for?

English Language Learners

True/False: Social skills autopsies are reserved for mistakes that are made

False

What is the difference between an IEP and 504 plan? Why would one qualify for a 504 and not an IEP?

For a 504, the category of "who is protected" is much broader. A student is eligible for a 504 so long as he or she meets the definition of qualified handicapped person i.e., has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity, has a record of or it regarded as handicapped by others. Parents are also protected under section 504. Someone would qualify for a 504 and not an IEP so long as they meet the definition of qualified handicapped person, but they are not required to need special education in order to be protected.

The culture that makes a school different from every other school is referred to as the ______

Hidden curriculum

Acting without considering the consequence: _____

Impulsivity- ready, FIRE, aim!

What strengths are usually associated with a child with ADHD?

Intuitiveness, emotional awareness, and creativity

Why do some students with ADHD have a 504 plan while others have an IEP?

It depends if they have comorbidity (another disorder in addition to ADHD) and which disability impacts their academic performance. They receive either their IEP or 504 based on which disability impacts their performance. Also, every student with ADHD does not necessarily need special education services (one of the requirements for an IEP), but they need accommodations.

Be able to explain why it is important that teachers address stigmas and stereotypes in their classroom.

It is vital that teachers address these in their classrooms because in order to have a comfortable environment for all students, every student needs to be able to feel respected. If a student feels like they are discriminated against, they will be uncomfortable in their classroom setting and their learning could be impeded upon.

How do students learn social skills?

Mot students pick up social skills by paying attention to social cues. Students with disabilities need to be taught social skills

Are all ELL students special education students?

No

Should you force a child with selective mutism to speak?

No

Can a child with a disability be suspended according to PRISE? If so, for how long? Are there exceptions?

No, the child's individual circumstances must be looked at before the child can be suspended. A child with a disability can be removed for up to 10 days for any violation of school rules if a nondisabled child would be subjected to removal for the same offense. If weapons or drugs are involved, the school district may place your child in an interim alternative education setting for up to 45 days. If the school wants to remove the child for more than 10 days, a manifestation determination must occur.

Are selective mutism and shyness the same? Why or why not?

No. *Shyness* has a slow warm up period, the child can respond with a nod or small smile and they have the same demeanor everywhere- quiet and reserved *Selective mutism* has a much longer warm-up time than expected, the child cannot respond at all and may appear frozen, and they have a dual personality- restrained at school, but talkative at home

According to IDEA '04, under what category is ADHD placed?

Other Health Impairments

What is PRISE? What is included in PRISE?

PRISE is Parents Rights in Special Education The PRISE includes information to help parents of children with a disability stay up to date with their rights in their child's education and IEP process. It includes information about the steps of the IEP process, when they should be receiving notification, transfer of rights, the procedure for placing your child in a non-public (private) school and due process hearings.

Stay put

Prohibits students with disabilities from being expelled because of behavior associated with their disabilities.

1. Pre-referral

Purpose- to document/explain the students' difficulties/challenges, test classroom accommodations/modifications, access instructional interventions, and monitor student progress. *used to screen students before more formal identification procedures are implemented*, also to avoid unnecessary assessment and placement in Special Education . Interventions are conducted IN the general education class and progress is measured. If the Pre-referral interventions are not successful, move to referral

Be able to explain the ABC of Intervention for a student with Selective Mutism?

Reduce *Anxiety* - remove the pressure to speak, create a sense of acceptance and safety, and create a supportive environment *Build* Self-Esteem - focus on the child's strengths, encourage involvement in classroom activities, specifically nonverbal ones, and provide opportunities for the child to help in the classroom/school Increase *Confidence in Communication* - continually assess the child's level of comfort, initially encourage the child to nod or respond nonverbally, stand near the child when asking a question, and assign a buddy to the child

What are some ways students with selective mutism can communicate without speaking?

Responding, pointing, nodding, writing, using sign language etc.

What is Sam's diagnosis?

Sam's diagnosis is a cognitive disability with Autistic tendencies, functioning about age 7

What accommodations and modifications are most useful for a student with ADHD?

Seat the student in a less distractive location, give them place markers when they are reading, schedule more demanding subjects earlier in the day (2nd best option is after gym), allow the student to have extended time on an activity, set occasions for supervised social interactions with peers, and teach self-management tactics.

Why are social skills so important?

Social skills are how you act with anyone on a daily basis and while academics are important, social skills have more of a bearing on a person's every day life. Social skills like how to end a conversation, obey laws, and take responsibility are expected of everyone in society, but are more difficult for individuals with intellectual disabilities to learn. A deficit in social skills can negatively influence a person's self-concept, their ability to make friends, their interaction with others, and even the way they approach schoolwork. Social skills are also vital to employment and independent living.

Be able to discuss why some parents may be opposed to medication.

Some parents may be opposed to medication because of the side effects. For some families, they believe that the benefits of the medicine are less than side effects such as nausea or even a change in the student's personality (flat personality, lack of a spark).

What is the difference between an intellectual disability and a learning disability?

Someone who has an intellectual disability has a below average IQ. Someone who has a learning disability has an average or above average IQ, so we do not expect them to struggle.

Understand that stigma is inextricably tied to social context.

Stigmas are correlated to social context because what one culture believes to be a disgraceful thing, other cultures accept as normal.

What is code switching?

Student use their home language and English within the same communication

What should a teacher do if he believes a child has ADHD but it has not yet been diagnosed?

Talk to his family and have the child tested for ADHD. Then, if the child has ADHD, he or she can go through the process to receive a 504

How can we as teachers assist students who struggle with social skills?

Teachers can help teach students social skills by making it a part of the curriculum, through lessons and task analyses. Teachers can model, coach, provide specific feedback, and have the student practice a missing social skill.

What causes ADHD?

The exact causes are not known, but researchers believe the condition arises from many different sources that could include some sort of brain injury (from either trauma or infection), genetic contributions, and risk factors such as the prenatal use of alcohol or tobacco. Most researchers now believe the condition is due to inherent differences in the brain's functioning.

What is sensory disintegration?

The inability to properly process information received through the senses.

What is a social skills autopsy?

The practice of examination and inspection of social error to discover the cause of the error, the damage done and to prevent it from occurring again.

Name some people within a school who can help the LD student to understand the hidden curriculum.

The special education teacher, peers, student groups (like class council), and support staff

What is task analysis?

The step-by-step break down of a task that needs to be accomplished *Forward chaining*- start with the first step and end with the last step *Backward chaining* - start with the last step and end with the first step

What happens when the child turns 18?

The transfer of rights occurs because the child has reached the age of majority

In what ways can biases occur in the identification and assessment process?

There is an *overrepresentation* in disability categories, but an *underrepresentation* in gifted education. There is also a lack of understanding of the difference between a Language disorder or a language difference (to be a language disorder/impairment, the impairment needs to occur in both English and the child's dominant language)

What groups of students struggle the most with social skills?

Those with intellectual disabilities

What is the role of the teacher when it comes to having a student with ADHD?

To help make accommodations for the student so that they can learn better. Also, recognize the student's strengths and how you can use those to help the student succeed. Teachers can also use different strategies to help the student like incorporating multi-sensory integration, feeding the brain (food and water=good!), giving them textured objects under their desk so that they can listen better, avoid seating the student in high traffic areas and clear clutter

What is transition? Why is it important? When must it be addressed in an IEP in NJ and IFSP?

Transition is the plan for what a student will do when they reach the age of majority, if the parent will have custody of the student when they reach 18 or if the rights will change to the child. It is important because if the student will be responsible for him or herself, the IEP will need to reflect the skills for independence they will need and the student's education will need to focus on helping the student with these skills (writing checks, making medical decisions etc.) In NJ, transition services are needed at age 14 in the IEP and ages 3-5 in an IFSP.

True/False most students with LD say whatever they are thinking

True

Why is Rick Lavoie's advice to look at the situation from the student's eyes so powerful?

We punish students for things we think they did wrong, but in their eyes, they may not have been trying to do a wrong. For example, when Rick Lavoie's son licked off the signatures on the baseball- he thought he was doing a good thing by making the baseball clean so that they could play with it.

Provide at least one instance in the movie where Sam is asked a question and it is clear from his response he doesn't understand what is being asked

When Lucy's teacher tells Sam that they are concerned that his intellectual capacity is at the level of a 7-year-old and they are worried what will happen when Lucy turns eight. He is asked if he understands what he is being told about Lucy. Even though he says yes, he responds by saying that John wanted to try new things and that it was not Yoko's fault, you can hear it on the White album. His answer showed that he did not understand the dire question he was being asked. He has a very concrete and basic understanding.

Why is it a problem to be over or under sensitive to environmental stimuli?

When the process of sensory integration is disordered, *problems in learning, development, or behavior* may occur. For example, a student may have difficulty focusing in class if the sound of the clock ticking is extremely loud to them or if they have an under sensitive sense of balance and that causes them to fall out of their seat.

Why is it so important that we teach students how to ask questions?

When you start a social interaction, a majority of it starts with questions until you know enough to just talk. Also, questions are used to get information and ask for help.

Be able to identify at least 2 intellectual disabilities

Williams Syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, Down Syndrome, and PKU- Phenylketonuria.

How do I know if a student has a disability or is just struggling with learning the new language?

You need to identify if the impairment occurs in both English and the child's dominant language. Code switching is good sign of mastery of dual language proficiency.