Domain I: Creating Works of Art- Orange Cards

The painting, Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue (19271), is by Dutch artist Piet Mondrian. It is a product of the de Stijl art movement, which began in Holland. He eliminated any representational of forms in his artwork and pared it down to a few elements. The main elements of art used in this painting are color, line, and shape. Mondrian used planes of pure color in this painting, separated by thick black lines. Here you see the primary colors - red, yellow, and blue - along with black and white. He used black lines to create geometric shapes throughout the canvas. The geometric shapes and the parallel and perpendicular lines give the work a solid and stable feel. Mondrian placed the planes of color in an asymmetrical way and balanced them with panes of white.

*Identify the elements of art shown in this two-dimensional artwork.

This painting is called The Starry Night (1889) by Vincent van Gogh. The artist used several principles of design, including contrast, emphasis, balance, and movement. There is contrast in the values used throughout the painting - the darker blues and grays and the lighter whites and yellows. There is also a contrast with warm (yellow) and cool (blue) colors, in which the warm colors advance and the cool colors recede in the artwork. The bright yellow mood in the top right shows emphasis, being the largest portion of this light value and the brightest color in the painting. The large dark shape on the left of the painting is visually balanced by the smaller, bright moon and glow on the right. Van Gogh's brushstrokes look like wind blowing through the sky, and they provide movement in the painting, which leads the viewer's eyes around the artwork.

*Identify the principles of design shown in the two-dimensional artwork.

This sculpture by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen is called Screwarch (1978-1984). It appears to be an oversized screw, blending to create an arch. The main principle of design evident in the Sculpture are balance, pattern, contrast, and movement. The sculpture is asymmetrically balanced, being much visually heavier at the thicker end on the left. The threads of the screw show a repeating spiraling pattern, which follows the arch to the pointed end on the right. The larger, bulkier end of the screw is smooth and sharply contrasts with the rest of the screw, which tapers slowly to a point and has a spiraling pattern and texture. The sculpture shows a movement with its arched form, leading the viewer's eye from the heavier end of the screw to the tapered point on the other end.

*Identify the principles of design used in this three-dimensional artwork.

*Describe the tools brayer, burnisher, plate, and gouge used in printmaking.

A brayer is a hand tool used for printmaking to smooth out the ink and then roll it onto the printmaking surface for a relief print. It has a handle and a smooth rubber roller. A burnisher is a smooth metal tool that is used to smooth the surface of a metal intaglio printing plate. Lines are etched into the plate to hold ink, and the burnisher can polish the metal surface to reduce its ability to hold ink. The term burnisher could also refer to a flat disk used to press paper onto a surface to create a print. A plate is a copper or zinc sheet of metal used for intaglio printmaking. When using a plate, the lines are cut or etched into the surface, and these lines hold the ink, which is the opposite of a relief print in which the race parts hold the ink. A gouge is used in relief printmaking to cut away the part that will not hold ink. Gouges come in different sizes and shapes, including U-shaped and V-shaped, and they are used on services such as linoleum or wood.

**Describe common fibers in materials used to create fiber art.

A fiber is a threat like peace or material created forthright like pieces. This includes material such as fabric, yarn, embroidery thread. Fibers can be made in of natural materials, such as cotton, wool from sheep, or silk from silk I still warm., But they can also be made from synthetic material such as acrylic used to make yarn. Joran can be bought premade, or I can be spun by the artist. To spin yarn, the artist starts with roving, which is war that way has been run through a mill to brush the fibers in the same direction but hasn't been spun into yard yet. Yarn can be made with many materials, in many sicknesses and colors. Well we can also be used for Friday felting, which is a process involving hot water in shrinking of wall piece down into a smaller, dad 's or peace. When using fabric, the artist can use a sewing machine or by hand, but the artist need to understand the properties of interest to you and how best to join them.

Describe how printers are used in digital art.

A final product can be printed on papers of various thickness, color, and surfaces.

*Explain the concept of a happening.

A happening is a performance or event created in the context of fine art. Happenings include audience participation as a main component, and although some parts are planned by the artist, there is often also room for improvisation as well. Every time a happening was performed, it would be difficult due to the unplanned and improvise parts. This is in stark contrast to static, unchanging works of art, which provided the same experience to each viewer. Happenings exist as a fleeting moment, something that cannot be preserved and shown in a museum. A major difference between happenings and other types of art is that each happening is unique. They could be elaborate and large or intimate and small depending on the artist's intentions. Allan Kaprow first used the term "happening" in 1957 to describe art events that he experienced at a picnic on George Segal's farm. Kaprow's 1959 work was titled 18 Happenings in 6 Parts. A happening could include any combination of elements of dance, music, performance, poetry, and theater, as well as art creation.

*Describe the impact of the invention of acrylic paint.

Acrylic paint has only been in use since the 1940s, and it has provided an alternative to using oil paints. Acrylic paint has a much quicker drying time and oils, and the finished surface has a greater degree of flexibility, allowing it to be painted on more surfaces and fewer considerations then oils. Acrylics do not require the use of solvents for thinning or cleaning up the paint. They are water-soluble and clean up with water. As a water-based media, more media can be layered on top of acrylics than on oils, making it more versatile for college art. Acrylics can be used on more surfaces and supports, including cardboard and paper, that are not suitable for oil paints because oil paints will break certain supports down. With a 15-20 minute drying time for each layer, acrylic layers can be completed more quickly than can those of an oil painting. Acrylic paints were first developed for practical applications such as house painting, but when Andy Warhol began using acrylics in his paintings, including 'Campbell's Soup Cans', they gained more recognition as an artistic medium. Other notable artists who used acrylics are Robert Motherwell, Mark Rothko, and Roy Lichtenstein.

*Describe the impact of the invention of the camera.

After the invention of the camera in the early 1800s, people began using photographic techniques to attempt to capture reality in a more reliable way then they could by hand. People created millions of daguerreotypes to record images of their families, aware of their own mortality. Photographs were used to capture the atrocities of war, mundane life, and each other. Images of average people could be created as easily as images of important politicians. Action photos as well as post scenes were created. Images captured in a photograph were more objective than those created by artists, taking out much of the imagination and artistic license, and giving a more reliable representation of the subject. By the mid-19th century, photography was becoming accepted as a powerful tool for communication. When the first mass-produced camera was created in 1901, photography became accessible to more people. With advances in equipment, photographers no longer needed to carry plates and chemicals to process their images.

Describe palettes.

All paints will benefit from the use of this tool. These can be a basic piece of wood or Masonite, or it can be a more involved structure with divots for each color. This tool is used to organize and mix colors for a painting. The selection of colors and organization is up to the individual artist.

*Describe the use of jewelry making as both an art and a craft.

Although art and craft are both thought of as ways to express creativity, the distinction lies in the purpose of the work produced. Crafts are created with an aesthetic and a functional purpose, whereas art is generally decorative but not functional. Based on this, jewelry's functional and decorative nature can be seen as both an art and a craft. Jewelry makers throughout time have used various techniques to create intricate and beautiful works that show superb craftsmanship as well as artistic inspiration. Jewelry making has followed artistic trends throughout major art areas, and the pieces have been used to adorn important leaders, politicians, and the common citizen. Jewelry making requires skill and understanding of the materials, but so does working with oil paints or sculpture materials. The line between art and craft has often been blurred, with artists creating decorative pieces with materials usually used for functional crafts.

*List and describe supplies common to digital photography and film photography.

Although film cameras are still in limited use, digital photography has surpassed them as the medium of choice. Digital cameras range greatly from inexpensive cameras for casual use to high-priced cameras for professionals. Fewer dedicated low-end digital cameras are used now because the ability to take photographs is included in most smartphones. The resolution of a digital camera is determined by its image sensor. A camera with a 1,000×1,000 pixel image sensor will take up to one-megapixel photos. A digital camera can shoot up to 120 megapixels, whereas a smartphone will now shoot up to 12 megapixels. A digital camera can be compact and portable, or I can be large with removable lenses. A digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera contains a mirror at a 45 degree-angle to convey the image to the sensor. The DSLR camera will have a higher possible resolution than a compact camera, and it will usually have the option of multiple lenses with different purposes. This image is of a DSLR camera.

**Describe the historical use of apprenticeship in Painting

An apprentice with someone who learn to be an artist by working under a master artist. In the middle era, a painter was thought of as a tradesman, and their client would dedicate what they would create. The master page or what do use helpers, or apprentices, to complete the work. The apprenticeship system began in the medieval era, and it continued through the renaissance, when a painter was considered an artist. An apprentice would begin with minimal tasks menial tasks such as cleaning paint brushes and grinding pigment for the master orders. A student would practice drawing by copying works, and then here she could move on to painting. The apprentice would paint background and we're trying to work in the style of the master artist. The master artist my only pay the figures or faces in an artwork, or the apprentice would complete the entire work in the master style. The master signature on a workday not indicate that they completed a certain amount of the work, but rather that it was up to their standards. After a certain amount of years as an apprentice, and apprentice could reach journeyman status and open their own shop.

*Describe Christo and Jeanne-Claude's site-specific artwork.

Christo and Jeanne-Claude are artists known for some of the largest and most ambitious site-specific artwork created. Whereas landscape art uses natural materials to create artwork, Christo and Jeanne-Claude used manufactured materials to contract with the environment in which they create the artwork. Part of their process included negotiating with and gaining permits from the owners of the land or structure they wished to use. Each artwork created was large scale and required a lot of time and work to construct. They have insisted that the artwork was created for aesthetic value alone, and not for any deeper meanings. Some well-known artworks include wrapping the Pont-Neuf, the oldest bridge in France, in a sand-colored fabric, and surrounding several Miami islands in a bright pink fabric, The Umbrellas involved placing more than 1,000 umbrellas in Japan and the United States at the same time. In their project The Gates, installed in Central Park in New York City in 2005, visitors could walk through and around these 7,503 fabric gates throughout the park, which change the look in the familiar landscape.

*Explain Cindy Sherman's role in changing the perception of photography.

Cindy Sherman is a photographer whose work has been an inspiration for contemporary portrait photographers. She began her photography work in the 1970s. In her first self-portrait series, Untitled Film Stills, she plays the role of "Everywoman," dressing up and characterizing herself in many different clichéd feminine roles including housewife and pinup girl. Sherman changed the perception of portrait photography to a depersonalized method of criticizing social issues. She used an anti-narrative approach to photography, discarding notions of documentary realism and creating works that left unresolved ideas and emotions. Sherman used her photography to examine assumptions and stereotypes, and her work is often associated with feminism. Her work has highlighted the objectification of women, as well as obsessions with youth and beauty. She explored identity and representation in new ways and opened the door for creative and conceptual photographic portraiture. In the 1980s, her work helped to drive photography into acceptance as high art.

*Compare different types of clays used for art.

Clays can be classified as high fire and low fire. The three most commonly used types of clays are earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Earthenware was the earliest clay used, and it is fired to a temperature of less than 1,200°C. Terra-cotta is a type of earthenware that is reddish-brown in color. Earthenware is brown, orange, or red in its raw and fired state. Earthenware is more porous than stoneware or porcelain, and it is less durable. Stoneware is a mid-to high-fire clay that ranges from light grey to brown when fired. Stoneware is non-porous, and it differs from porcelain in that it is more opaque. Portland has a rich history in China, and items made with porcelain are often called China or find China in some English-speaking countries. Porcelain is a high fire clay that is made with Kaolin, which makes the finished product pure white. Porcelain is fired to 1,800°C, and when it is fired, it is hard, non-porous, and translucent.

*Describe the printmaking techniques of collagraphy and frottage.

Collagraphy is a printmaking technique in which materials of various textures are attached to a surface. The materials should all be of roughly the same height. Ink is then rolled onto the textured surfaces, and a print is produced on paper by pressing the paper by hand or with a printing press. Different textures and inking methods can produce different results for this technique. Frottage is a printmaking technique in which the artist gets an impression of the surface of a material. For example, you could place various leaves on a surface, lay paper on top of them, and then carefully rub the side of a crayon onto the paper. The resulting image will show the textures and shapes of the leaves underneath. During the surrealist movement, Max Ernst would take rubbings from various surfaces and use these as a basis for his artworks.

*List and describe common file formats for digital art.

Common image file formats include JPG, GIF, TIFF, and PNG. JPG is the most commonly used image format, and it stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. JPG images are highly compressed; this has the benefit of a small file, but the compression is lossy, meaning it sacrifices quality for a smaller size. A GIF file uses lossless compression, but it is limited in its display of colors. It is better for graphics than photographs. A TIFF file is lossless and is considered the best quality format for graphics work. It can be saved in red, green, blue (RGB) or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). A PNG file will be smaller than a TIFF but larger than a JPG, and it is also lossless. It is the newest of these formats. A GIF or PNG file will support transparency or animation. Videos are saved as Audio Video Interleave (AVI), Flash Video Format (FLV), Windows Media Video (WMV), Apple QuickTime Movie (MOV), or Moving Pictures Expert Group 4 (MP4) formats. AVI is one of the oldest video formats. FLV files are created with Adobe Flash. WMV was originally intended for streaming content online. MP4 is a newer format becoming popular for sharing videos online.

*Describe how the principles of design guide the composition of an artwork.

Composition of how an artwork is organized, and the principles of design help an artist decide how to arrange the elements of art in their artwork. An artist can use the principles of design to decide what will stand out in their artwork and where they will lead the viewer's eyes. An artist could focus on the use of color as an element in their artwork but then use a pattern to repeat the colors in a certain order or use emphasis to draw attention to a certain color in a certain part of the artwork. They could create unity in the work by repeating a certain color throughout. An artist could focus on certain shapes in their artwork, but then they could use contrast to buy putting different shapes next to each other. They could use the shapes to create a rhythm by repeating them without a specific order. The artist could even focus on using lines in the artwork, but then they could use movement to guide the viewer's eyes around the artwork with the lines.

*Explain the advantages and disadvantages of digital art as a medium.

Digital art can be saved in an image or video format, and it can be shared and reproduced multiple times. A digital image can be printed, and this artwork can be shared with multiple people or shown in multiple locations. Many traditional art methods produce only one artwork, and if this artwork is damaged, there is not another copy saved elsewhere. Digital art can be created quickly, and it can be edited, erased, and changed until the artist is satisfied. As technology evolves, new techniques and possibilities emerge. Because digital art can be reproduced and shared endlessly, it is not held in as high regard as other art forms. Digital art is thought to require less skill than other art forms, and because anyone can create digital art, it is thought of as a lesser art form. It does not require the knowledge of traditional art media or practice involved with drawing, painting, sculpture, and other media.

*List and describe ways to elicit creativity through drawing.

Drawing and sketching are commonly used to elicit creativity and refine ideas. A sketchpad and pencil or pen are easily portable and can be used to quickly jot down ideas or capture a form or seem to be added to a later artwork. Drawing can be completed quickly and started and stopped easily, unlike paintings, which require preparation, more materials, and drying time. An artist can gather ideas in a sketchbook and then look back at them later to think further and get more ideas from them. An artist can also combine their ideas and sketches into a bigger artwork. They can experiment with different pencils, line widths, and techniques to find the ones that are work best for them or what will work best for a particular artwork. An artist can observe the world around them and draw what they see and then add those common items into imaginary scenes or draw from the imagination altogether to create new, inventive scenes. Throughout sketching and experimentation, an artist can prepare their ideas and techniques for a well planned final artwork that will showcase their creativity.

*Explain the history and characteristics of drawing as a medium.

Drawing is a medium that was first used on cave walls in as early as 10,000 BC, and then by the Egyptian starting in 3000 BC. In the middle ages, drawings were mostly used to prepare for paintings. In the Renaissance era, drawings became a more widely used art form. This is partly due to the availability of paper and the fact that drawing became the foundation for other art forms. Art students during the renaissance were first taught to draw before painting and sculpting. Drawing was used to study and record nature anatomy. The artists used pen and ink, as well as black and red charcoal. In the baroque period, Drawings were more free-flowing and less exact than those in the renaissance era. In the 1600s, Rembrandt used Pen lines to create expressive drawings. In the 1800s, pencils were first manufactured, and they became a widely used drawing tool.

**Explain the use of drawings for sketching and for finishing works.

Drawing was originally used to express ideas and scenes in K paintings. It's always the materials became more refined, drawings was primarily used as a preliminary step before starting a painting. In the middle ages, drawings were mainly created and on animal skins, wood, wax, or slate cup. Artist would keep records of their sketches to use for artwork instead of working from live models. So artist in the middle ages would complete finish drawings as illustrations for many scripts. During the renaissance, when paper became more readily available, artist will learn to draw before painting or sculpting. Drawing was still considered more of a preliminary step before using other ideas. When large scale paintings were created, such as in the Sistine chapel, many proprietary drawings were created to use for the final paintings. In the 1500s in northern Europe, artist being creating drawings as finished works rather than as per priority proprietary materials. Albrecht Dürer and Heinz Hall been the younger creative detail drawings that could standalone as art works. In the 1600s, Rembrandt created expensive drawings and Dutch artist took their sketchbooks into the field to capture seems to peek for later. Artist continue to create sketches prior to our finished art works, but drawings became an excepted medium from up for a final artwork.

*Explain the painting techniques of dry brush and sgraffito.

Dry brush is a technique used with water-based and oil-based paints. For acrylic and watercolor painting, the brush is loaded with paint after the water is squeezed or blotted out of it. With oil painting, the brush is loaded with paint after the oil or medium is squeezed or bloated from the brush. Dry brushing creates a scratchy looking texture on the surface, and the brushstrokes will be evident. This can be used to add texture to the paintings, including far or grass, or it can be used for emphasis in contrast to a smoother area. Sgraffito is a technique of scratching through a layer of paint to reveal the layer or surface underneath. Sgraffito can be accomplished with a palette knife, the handle end of a paintbrush, or even a stick. This can also be done with only one layer of paint, with the artist scratching through the wet paint and revealing the canvas underneath.

*Describe the significance of photography used to document events.

Early photographers attempting to record the events of war, but limitations of the process prevented them from recording movement and action. Instead, they photographed the still aspects, and they even re-created scenes to attempt to convey their impressions of the battles. During the Civil War, photographers of staged scenes of battles to heighten the emotional effect of their images. They would even move and rearrange dead bodies. These images were used to convey atrocities of war to the public. During the Great Depression, the Farm Service Agency sent photographers out to document American life, especially rural America. These photographers, including Dorthea Lange, captured images of life during the difficult times. These images serve as a reminder of this era, as well as documentation of how Americans persisted through their difficulties. One of the best-known images from this time is Migrant Mother, by Dorothea Lange. She skillfully captured the worry and fear on the face of a mother dealing with raising children during a time of extreme poverty.

*Describe the concept of Earth art.

Earth art, or Earthworks, is a genre of art that seeks to use materials taken directly from nature. This is a sub-genre of environmental art, but it focuses on the use of local and natural materials to create sculptural forms. Artists would use water, stones, gravel, soil, and sticks, paying homage to the specific site by using local materials. Earth art shares some characteristics with minimalism, using a simplicity of form to express ideas. Earth art highlights the beauty and aesthetics of the natural world while rejecting the traditions of art creation and exhibition. Earth art can be categorized as invasive or non-invasive, with invasive Earth art making significant alterations to the environment. Noninvasive Earth art is thought of as being more respectful to the environment, preserving the integrity of the landscape. Because Earth art is site-specific, it is not accessible to the average viewer, cannot be displayed as is in a museum, and cannot be bought or sold.

*Explain the history and characteristics of electronica art as a medium.

Electronica art is an art form that uses electronic media, including digital art, video art, and interactive art. Digital art is created using a computer, and it started when artists began to experiment with computers in the 1960s. As computers have become more affordable, digital art has grown as a medium. Photoshop was first developed in 1987 at Industrial Light and Magic, a visual effects company, and it was later sold to Adobe. Many versions and related programs have followed, including a touchscreen version for tablets. Nam June Paik is regarded as a pioneer in video art, which emerged as a medium in the late 1960s as video cameras became available to consumers. As time has passed, prices have dropped, and video cameras have become increasingly portable and more versatile. Interactive art involves the viewer participating with the artwork. This could include the viewer walking into or onto the artwork, or even becoming part of the artwork. These work generally includes some computer or motion sensor components. The earliest examples of interactive art date back to the 1920s.

*Explain the process of enameling.

Enameling involves fusing powdered glass to a surface by heating it to between 750 C and 850 C. When fired, the glass powder melts and turns into a smooth, shiny coating. Enameling is often seen on metal jewelry, but it can also be used on glass in ceramics. It can be applied to gold, copper, silver, and aluminum. Commercially, it is often applied to stainless steel. After it is fired, it is durable and resistant to scratching. The finely ground glass used for enameling is called frit, and various materials are added for coloring. Different colors of enamels can be mixed to create new colors, and enamel can be transparent, translucent, or opaque. Enameling was used in ancient Egypt for the creation of jewelry, as well as in ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and China. In ancient Rome, enamel was also used on glass. This image is an example of enamel applied to a copper alloy disk, from between 1290 in 1310. It is a radial pattern with a rose window design.

*Explain materials used environmental art.

Environmental art can incorporate materials from the natural environment, or it can introduce new and surprising materials into the natural environment. Some environmental art will include leaves, branches, rocks, moss, logs, vines, and other materials found in the local environment, changing the environment and emphasizing the local materials. Other environmental art will include non-natural materials such as Nylon fabric, spray paint, or metal. This example by Robert Smithson, Broken Circle and Spiral Hill, was created in 1971 in the Netherlands. Smithson listed his materials as green water, white and yellow sand flats. Smithson used the local materials to create something different and recognizable as something not created by nature, but rather created with nature. Smithson had begun the "land art" movement, desiring to create art out in the open and not inside a studio. The lifespan of this type of artwork is finite, meant to be eventually reclaimed by nature.

*Describe the motivation behind creating environmental art.

Environmental art, or land art, sprung partly from artists' desire to work outside of the studio and create artworks that could not be contained in a gallery or exhibit. Depending on the artist, it can be created to raise awareness of environmental issues such as erosion or conservation. It can explore humans' relationship with nature or the human-built world with the natural environment. It can capture how we are polluting the environment or how man is affecting the natural world. It can even highlight the artist's love of nature and the beauty of our world. Environmental art is created as site-specific artwork that will eventually be reclaimed by its surrounding environment, so it's existence is usually short-lived. Photography is an important component of these works, capturing the scene for those who can't view it in person before it is gone.

*Describe the following elements of art: form, line, space, and value.

Four of the seven elements of art are form, line, space, and value. Form is used in three-dimensional art such as sculpture, and it describes the shape of the artwork. A line is used to define a shape, and it is the path between two points. A line can be straight, curved, broken, implied, or freeform. Lines can be used to create movement or to leave the viewer's eye around the artwork. Space can refer to the foreground, middle ground, and background of an artwork. It can also refer to the positive and negative space created by the artist. Positive space is the subject of the artwork, and negative space is the area that surrounds it. An artist can create the illusion of three-dimensional space within an artwork. Value is the lightness and darkness of a color. An artist can use value to provide visual interest in an artwork, to create a mood, or to draw the viewer's eye to a certain focal point. Contrast is the difference in value or the difference in the lightness and darkness.

**Describe gesture drawing in perspective drawing.

Gesture drawing is a technique used to quickly capture the action and form of a model or subject. It gesture drawing can be complete in as little as 30 to 60 seconds. The artist uses loose lines to simplify and capture the essence of the subject. These drawings are generally generally done to study and capture different poses of the human figure. Guess your drawings can help an artist choose a pose to use for a more detailed study of the figure. Perspective drawing as a drawing technique that shows spiritual relationships and the illusion of space on a flat surface. An artist temperature at three-dimensional seen on a two dimensional drawing. One point perspective shows the objects in objects in the scene receding to one point of the horizon, as shown in the image. Two point perspective has the scene receding into two points of the horizon. These points a long the horizon were the objects disappear to in the distance are called vanishing points.

*Describe the history and use of gouache as an art medium.

Gouache is an opaque medium with characteristics similar to watercolor. It is traditionally created with gum Arabic as the binder, but it also has a filler added to make the paint opaque. Like watercolor, dried gouache can be re-wet and reworked. It dries to a matte finish, and it is usually used on watercolor paper or illustration board. With a smooth hot press surface, and artist can create great detail with gouache. Gouache is commonly used for graphic arts including illustrations, comics, and posters. It has also been used in animation. The term gouache was first used in France in the 18th century to refer to opaque watercolor, but the medium and techniques were used prior to this - as early as the ninth century in Persia. Gouache is now manufactured as watercolor type and a newer acrylic type. The acrylic gouache is water-resistant once it's dry, and it cannot be re-wet. It differs from acrylic paint in that it dries to a matte finish and can be worked with for slightly longer.

*Describe the clay techniques of hand building and wheel throwing.

Hand building is working with Clay without a pottery wheel. Three methods are slab building, pinch pot, and the coil method. For slab building, Clay is rolled into sheets and cut into shapes. The shapes are cut out and then joined together. The artist would score the edges with a sharp clay tool and then add some slip (liquid clay) to join the edges securely. A pinch pot is created by rolling a ball of clay and then inserting a thumb into the ball. The artist presses the sides out evenly with the thumb on the inside of the pot and the fingers on the outside, until the side and bottom are consistent width and are smooth. For the coil method, the artist first makes a shallow pinch pot as the base. He or she then rolls long coils of Clay and builds up the body of the bowl or pot in a spiral, scoring and adding slip as the object is built. Wheel throwing consists of using a potter's wheel to throw clay objects. The artist will first get any air bubbles out of the clay by wedging (kneading) the item on a surface, and then he or she uses a slip to create the object as the Clay spent on the wheel.

**Explain the techniques of hatching at crosshatching.

How do you is a technique that uses closely place parallel lines to create shaving and tones. Crosshatching is when hatching is used perpendicular to itself, creating heavier shades and tones. In this example of Albert shaders, the Pentant 1510, he was touching have a Lee throughout the drawing. Notice how the lines are closely together to make darker values in hell the lines follow the contour of the objects. On flat walls they are straight, and on the curtains, they follow the curves. Using the lines to emphasize the forms in the artwork helps to create a sense of volume for the viewer. Drawer uses crosshatching in the heavier shaded areas for of the drawing. In the dark areas, the hatched patterns of cross cross each other to create crosshatching. Again, the lines are closer together where the values are the darkest. Although this example is a wood cut, this technique is our techniques are also deuce in the printmaking techniques of engraving and edging, as well as drawing.

**Describe the difference between base relief and hard to leave.

In terms of sculpture, it really is a sculpture in which the sculpture elements are attached to a solid background. For the sculpture to appear a reason from the background, the background elements are cut away, leaving the subject ways. A bass relief is also called a lower leaf. The final sculpture has a shallow depth and is not risen far from the background. Coins are also examples of this. In this type of relief sculpture, elements are often distorted by being flattened. A heart relieve is also called a high relief; this is when more than half of the sculpture from the project ejecting from the background. Heads and limbs might be completely detached from the background in this form of relief. Money into Greek relief sculpture to use this technique. This image is an example of a high, or hot relief sculpture. Although the figures are still attached to the background, they are most mostly projecting from it, only being attacked by their backs.

*Describe the fiber techniques of knitting, weaving, and crocheting.

Knitting consists of creating a series of interlocking loops using straight knitting needles that are pointed at one end. The knitter begins by casting on, or creating the first stitches of the needle. A variety of stitches are used; the main stitches are called knit and purl. The basic knitted pattern is called a stocking or stockinette pattern, and the right side looks like a pattern of V shapes. For weaving, two sets of threads are interlocked in a perpendicular pattern. This can be done by hand or by machine. The lengthwise thread are called the warp and are held stationary on a loom while the other thread (weft) is passed back-and-forth between them. Crocheting involves using a stick with a hook at the end, called a crochet hook, and creating stitches to interlock the yarn into a fabric or patent pattern. With crochet, each stitch is finished before starting the next, whereas in knitting, many stitches are kept open at the same time.

*Describe the lost-wax casting technique.

Lost-wax casting is a technique in which a metal copy of a sculpture is produced from an original sculpture. This technique was used as early as 3,700 B.C. To produce a sculpture with this method, a mold is first made of a clay sculpture. The inside of this mold is brushed with wax until the wax is the thickest of the intended metal sculpture. The mold is removed, and the shell of wax is filled with a heat-resistant material. Then a heat-resistant plaster covers the wax, and the assemblage is turned over and placed in an oven. The wax drains away through vents placed in the shell; after the plaster mold has been filled with sand, bronze is poured into the void left by the wax. After the whole assemblage has cooled off, the plaster and center are both removed, and the artist can apply any finishing touches to the bronze sculpture.

*Distinguish between the uses of the elements of art and principles of design in two and three-dimensional artwork.

Many of the elements of art and principles of design can be found in two and three-dimensional artwork. Texture can be real on a three-dimensional work, whereas it will be implied on a two-dimensional work. A marble statue might be smooth, whereas a steel sculpture could have a rough texture. Space in a two-dimensional work will be created by how the artist uses the elements and principles to arrange the artwork and even to create a foreground, middle ground, and background. Space in a sculpture or three-dimensional work is how the artist uses the space in three dimensions. In three dimensional artwork, form has width, depth, and height. The form can be viewed either from all sides, which would make the sculpture in-the-round, or it can be viewed from one side, which is a relief work (belt from a solid background). From describes the shape of the artwork.

*Describe the printmaking technique of mezzotint and aquatint.

Mezzotint is a printmaking technique in which the artist works from dark to light. The artist would work on a copper or steel plate and roughen parts of the plate for shading, while smoothing out other parts for the lighter areas. This would increase and reduce the areas' ability to hold ink. The technique was developed in the 17th century, and it could be used to create gradations in the printed work, rather than everything being black and white. Aquatint is another way to create tonal effects in a print. Fine particles of acid-resistant powdered rosin are melted onto a metal plate, which is then dipped into acid. The acid eats away at the metal around the particles, creating an even, granular pattern that with inked and printed will give an effect similar to a watercolor wash. The darkness of these tones can be controlled by lengthening or shortening the time that the plate is exposed to the acid.

**Explain the history characteristics of a oil painting as a medium.

Oil painting was developed in as a fine art painting medium in the 15th century in northern Europe, any Sean van Dijk is created with being the first to use oil paint on wood on wood panels. Towards the end of the 15th entry, artist begin painting on canvases instead of wood panels. The popularity of painting on canvases grew because it was cheaper, easier to transport, and easier to create large art works. The canvas was coded with a layer of animal glue and then a layer of lead white people prior to painting. Oil paint is made from a pigment so spend it in a drawing. The best your painters apprentices were in charge of mixing and preparing the oil paints. In the late 18 century, oil paint started to be manufactured so they could be purchased. The pigment in paint used today are more light fast and durable than the oil pay to use in the past. Many times colors have faded or accidents due to exposure to light an air, and older pants do not look as they were intended. One example is that goes sunflowers 1880s, in which he used a chrome yellow pigment that has turned brown overtime.

*Describe the qualities and uses a pencil and charcoal for drawing.

Pencils are made from graphite encased in wood. They are available in a range of harnesses, from 10H to 10B. A 10H pencil has the hardest lead, and it will stay the sharpest and leave the lightest mark on the paper. A 10B pencil has the softest lead, and it will wear down quickly, leaving the darkest mark on the paper. In the middle are F and HB, which are a medium hardness in darkness. Charcoal is a lightweight carbon that can be found in stick form or pencil form. Compressed charcoal is a hard charcoal stick, whereas vine charcoal is a thin, delicate stick. Charcoal also comes in different harnesses, although it is usually just in the B (soft) range. A higher number before the B indicates a softer charcoal. Charcoal and pencil can be used for sketching and drawing, but pencil will generally give the opportunity for greater detail, since there are harder graphite available. Charcoal is often used for large-gesture drawings and putting ideas onto canvas prior to painting.

*Describe the history or performance art as a medium.

Performance art began in the early 20th century with the futurists, Russian constructivist, and Dada art movements. Performance art is a scripted or unscripted performance that is presented live in the context of fine arts. The performance is usually conceptual and not just for entertainment. The artist seeks to break away from the traditions of art and can even include audience participation if desired. Performance art involves four components: the performer, time, space, and a relationship with the audience. It can be experienced live or through media, with no specific venue or length of time required. The artist might stick to a script or improvise as the performance goes on. Unlike the performing arts, performance art does not create a fictitious drama with a linear script. Performance art is often satirical or will make the viewer think about art in unconventional ways.

*Explain materials used in performance art.

Performance art involves the presence of the artist as the performer, the involvement of the audience, time, and a space for the performance. It includes the actions of the performer or performers as the artwork. The actual work requires live performance, but the artwork can reach a wider audience afterward by documentation through photography and videotaping. The documentation can affect how the viewer understands the work, and it can be different than experiencing the work firsthand. In Marina Abramovic's work The Artist Is Present (2010), she sat silently at a wooden table, and people took turns sitting across from her, slightly engaging her gaze. Abramovic was experimenting with people's perception of expected time of a performance, stretching it out to eight hours a day for three months. She sought to push limits of the time of a performance piece, while engaging thousands of participates.

*Explain the painting techniques of plein air and àlla Prima.

Plein air is a painting technique that entails painting outdoors. This technique increased in popularity in the 1840s when paint became available in tubes, which is more convenient for travel. The box easel, or field easel, was developed around this time; it is a box that the artist can use to carry their painting materials, and it opens up into an easel. Claude Monet often painted en plein air (French for "outdoors"), using the natural light to capture scenes at specific times of the day. This can be done with any painting medium, including watercolors that can be found in small, portable boxes for this purpose. Àlla prima is a painting technique that entails painting wet oil paint onto wet oil layers that have not been allowed to dry. This can also be called direct painting or wet-on-wet. An àlla prima painting can be completed in one sitting, unlike an oil painting with multiple layers of glazing, which requires time to dry between layers. Àlla prima can create a spontaneous and fresh look in the artwork.

*Summarize the use and significance of ceramics in China.

Pottery was first made in China during the Paleolithic era, and it became the most well-known form of art in China. Porcelain, a type of ceramic, is so associated with China that porcelain wears are dubbed "China" or "fine China" in other countries. Porcelain originated in China, and although Proto- porcelain was made as early as 1,600 B.C., it developed into high-fire porcelain in the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.- A.D. 220). Later during the Ming Dynasty, they began exporting porcelain wares to Europe. During the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368-1644), cobalt under glazing was perfected, leading to the production of the iconic blue and white vases from that period. The blue underglaze is painted onto the porcelain, and then a clear glaze is applied, and the piece is fired. Contemporary artist Ai Weiwei blends modern ideas with historical Chinese materials. One of his performance art pieces involved dropping a Han dynasty urn. Another work involves creating 100 million porcelain sunflower seeds.

*List and describe common tools and supplies used to creating jewelry.

Precious metals used for creating jewelry include gold and silver. They are both available in varying purities. 24 karat gold is 24 out of 24 parts gold, and it is also known as pure gold. Fine silver is 99.9% pure silver, whereas sterling silver is at least 92.5% pure silver. Other metals used include brass, which is an alley of 70% copper and 30% zinc; copper, a bright reddish-orange element; and pewter, a silver-gray alloy of tin, antimony, and copper. A soldering iron can be used for joining metal parts together. A jewelry artist will use a variety of pliers, saws, and cutters for working with metal, as well as a polisher to finish the piece. A mandrel is used to size and shape a ring; it is a tapered piece of metal that the ring fits onto. Clamps hold the piece steady for the artist to work on it. A loupe is is a magnifier used to see the piece in detail. Calipers are used to measure the gauge (thickness) of materials.

*Explain the impact of the discovery of perspective in art.

Prior to the Renaissance, artists were aware of the varying sizes of elements related to being close or far away, but Renaissance artist Filippo Brunelleschi is credited with discovering geometric perspective in 1413. After this discovery, artists began to use vanishing points and horizon lines to compose their artwork. Decades after Brunelleschi's discovery, Leon Battista Alberti wrote a description of how to properly use perspective. This image, 'The Last Supper' by Leonardo da Vinci, shows the use of one-point perspective. This work was completed in 1495-1498. The lines in this painting converge to one vanishing point in the center of the painting. This serves to draw the focus of the central figure in the painting. Da Vinci's use of perspective masterfully showcases the relatively new technique, gives an architecturally correct feel to the room, and serves as a method of compositional emphasis in the artwork. Due to the discovery of perspective, artists were subsequently able to portray architecture and other scenes with greater accuracy.

*Explain the history and characteristics of jewelry as a medium.

Prior to the discovery of precious metals, in prehistoric times humans used bone, shells, antlers, feathers, and pebbles to decorate their bodies. One of the oldest examples of traditional jewelry was discovered in a tomb in Sumer from 2,600 BC. The findings included gold pins, amulets, earrings, and a headdress. Evidence was found of Sumerians using techniques such as welding, enameling, stonecutting, and filigree. The tomb of Tutankhamun in Egypt showed mastery of gold and jewelry techniques by the ancient Egyptians. Bracelets, amulets, pendants, earrings, and a large quantity of jewels were found in the tomb, showing a high degree of craftsmanship. Motifs used include the scarab, lotus flower, Horus, eye, serpent, and sphinx, among others. During the Bronze Age, the Minoans in Greece were stamping and cutting gold sheets into beads to form necklaces and decorate clothing. Jewelry making flourished during the Hellenistic period in Greece, and it was used to even greater extent in ancient Rome. The gold ring became common in ancient Rome, and not just for nobleman. Rings and broaches became widely used in medieval Europe. With a rebirth of classism, jewelry making reached new heights in the renaissance era.

*Describe how photography has changed with the introduction of digital photography.

Prior to the introduction of digital photography, the photographic process was slower and much more expensive. The number of shots was limited to the number of available on each roll of film. Film had to be handled carefully and correctly, and then it was taken to a photo developing center, or it could be developed at home in a darkroom using special equipment. Until the pictures were developed, the photographer did not know how their pictures turned out. If the original prints and film are lost, the image can be lost forever. With digital photography, the number of images is only limited by the storage space on the camera and the size of the digital image. Photographers can immediately review the images, delete unwanted images, and take more photographs until they are satisfied that they have a good shot. Digital photographers can be more easily edited and manipulated on a computer then photos developed in a darkroom. Digital photographs can be stored indefinitely on a digital device and printed inexpensively with online services or on a home printer.

*Describe the printmaking technique of relief printing and screen printing.

Relief printing is any method in which a raised surface is used to produce the image. Relief printing is commonly done with linoleum and wood, in which the parts that is not wanted to be printed or cut away by the artist with gouges. Letterpress is also an example of relief printing, in which the raised letters are printed onto paper. Ink is applied to the raised surface with a roller, and then paper is pressed onto the surface by hand or with a printing press, to transfer the image out of paper. For screen printing, also called silk screening (as shown in the image), ink is pressed through a fine screen to produce the print. An image is created onto the screen through many different methods, including stencils or photo emulsion, and the parts of the screen that are left open are where the ink will go through to the surface. Ink is pushed through the screen evenly by a squeegee onto paper, cardboard, fabric, or any number of materials. Andy Warhol is famous for using the screen printing technique to produce multiple prints of the same image.

*Compare and contrast sculptures from ancient Greece and ancient Rome.

Sculpture in ancient Greece often depicted battles, mythology, and their rulers. Whereas earlier sculptures were made from limestone or bronze, the later larger sculptural work were made from marble or bronze. The classical period of Greek sculpture showed great skill in depicting human anatomy and natural poses. Sculptures were life-size and realistic. Most bronze Greek sculptures have only survived as Roman copies. The Greeks use the lost-wax technique to create their metal sculptures. Sculptures in ancient Rome focused more on portrait and less on the idealized human body. The sculptured figures were more rigid and less natural than the Greek sculptures. Their sculptures reflected the current styles and hairdos, and they could even be dated by historians based on these fashions. Romans sought to immortalize and capture a likeness of a person, whereas Greeks sought to idealize them. There are many original Roman sculptures, but there are also many Roman copies of Greek sculptures.

*Explain the history and characteristics of sculpture a medium.

Sculptures have been created throughout history from many media, and only the most durable have survived. They can be small figures, large freestanding works, or reliefs attached to walls. The first known prehistoric sculptures are from the Stone Age, approximately 230,000 BC, and they were made from basalt in quartz. Figures called Venuses (shaped as obese women, possibly related to fertility) have been found from the Stone Age and were made for materials such as bone and various stones. Mesolithic sculpture, from 10,000- 4,000 BC, included freestanding sculptures and bas-relief works. In the Neolithic period (4,000- 2,000 BC), bronze statuettes were created. Classical Greek sculpture is some of the most well-known, dating from 500 to 323 BC, and these superbly crafted figures would only be surpassed by later Renaissance artists. The Renaissance (A.D. 1,400-1,600) was a "rebirth" of classical ideals, and the sculptors created figures with great realism. Michelangelo (Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni) is considered as the greatest Renaissance sculpture. Traditional materials were used throughout history, including stone, wood, bone, and metal.

*Describe the acceptance of photography as an art form.

Since the invention of the camera, photographers have struggled with acceptance in the art world. They questioned the role that photography would play in art and whether they should be confined to the aesthetics of other art forms or explore ideas and characteristics of the new medium. Photography has taken many forms, including photojournalism, but it has historically mostly been accepted as a craft. In the early and mid-1900s, Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, and Ansel Adams were critical to advancing photography from a craft to the acceptance as a fine art. In Adam's case, his beautiful photographs of nature scenes were used not only as artistic expression, but also to promote the conservation of nature. His work The Tetons and Snake River is an example of this. It wasn't until after the 1950s that it was thought acceptable and unpretentious to frame a photograph for a show or exhibition. Until the 1970s, the main genres of fine arts photography were portraits, landscapes, and nudes.

*Describe the characteristics of site-specific art and installation art.

Site-specific art is created to be displayed or erected in a certain location, and it loses meaning if it is removed from that location. The term was first used in the mid-1970s. Site-specific art includes sculptures, land art, or even a dance or performance created for and performed in a specific location. Christo and Jeanne-Claude are known for their large-scale, site-specific artworks including wrapped bridges and surrounded islands. Installation art is a large-scale construction created with mixed media, for a specific location and length of time. An installation can take up an entire room and is sometimes referred to as an environment. The viewer can walk through the room to experience the art. An installation can also be smaller and be intended for the viewer to walk around. Installation art has been a major art form since the 1960s.

*Describe the techniques of soldiering and filigree.

Soldering can be done as a clean ceramic tile or fire brick. The metal to be soldered should be clean and free of oil or grease. Flux is mixed with water and dabbed on the parts where the metal will be Joined. The flux is a chemical used to promote soldering. Tiny pieces of solder are placed onto the fluxed seems of the metal with tweezers. A flame is applied, and the piece is heated evenly until the solder melts and the pieces join. Filigree is a technique or a forming metal threads to resemble a lace pattern. Making a filigree piece involves careful and skillful bending of wire. A filigreed metal piece can be simple or complex, consisting of many pieces carefully formed and combined. Before working with the wire and wrapping it, it should first be annealed. Annealing is a process of heating the metal, then cooling it slowly, so it is easier to work with for a specific technique. This silver ring contains a filigree pattern.

*Compare and contrast additive and subtractive sculpture techniques.

Subtractive sculpture is the oldest form of sculpting. This consists of removing material from a large piece, such as marble, wood, or another material. Michelangelo was a master of this subtractive technique, also known as carving. Michelangelo would begin with a large block of marble, and then he would carve and chip away until he was satisfied with his sculpture. The original piece of material has to be big enough to accommodate the size and shape of the finished work of art. The additive technique consists of adding material to create an artwork. A soft material, such as clay or plaster strips, is built up over an Armature until the final form is achieved. This is also called modeling. With the additive technique, the sculpture can start small and be built larger. Another additive sculpture technique is assembling. This technique became popular in the 1950s and 1960s. The artist creates a three-dimensional collage by gluing, welding, nailing, and otherwise joining objects - usually found objects. The final product is called an assemblage.

**Explain the acceptance of fiber art as a medium.

Textile and fiber work, including sewing, embroidery, knitting, and crocheting, have always been considered women's work and have been evolved for a long time. During the suffering movement suffrage movement of the early 1900s, embroidery embroidery was highlighted as a fiber or medium for feminist protest. During the 1950s, artist began creating hanging a freestanding fiber works, but it was wasn't until Judy Chicago's work that fiber are really begin to be excepted as an artistic medium. Artist took the perception of fiber as women's work and turn their work into fun and liberating works of art. Her more famous, The dinner party, celebrate the accomplishments of 39 important women from history, setting setting a place at the table for each woman. The word, constructed as a large long triangle, incorporates traditional Lido needlework and embroidery embroidery among other materials. More than 400 people, mostly women, I volunteered to assist with aspects of this work, and it is still known as the first made your favorite artwork.

*Explain the aperture and focal length of a camera lens.

The camera's aperture is the opening of the lens, and it is measured in f-stops. Moving from one f-stop to the next doubles or halves the size of the opening. A larger f-stop number means a smaller aperture. Adjusting the aperture will change the depth of field of your photograph, which is how much of the image is in focus. A shallow depth of field is a result of letting more light in or a large aperture (a smaller f-stop). A shallow depth of field means that only a part of the image is in focus and the rest is blurry. A large depth of field results in most of the image being in focus, and this is done with a smaller aperture (large f-stop). The focal length of the camera lens determines the magnification of the image, and it is usually expressed in millimeters. The field of view and focal length are inversely proportional. A 24-34 mm lens will give a wider angle and capture more of a scene from the same distance as a 50 mm lens.

*Describe the relationship of the elements of art and principles of design to the natural environment.

The elements of art and principles of design can all be found in nature, but it is likely that you will find more organic shapes then geometric. The natural environment contains many textures, such as rough bark, smooth pedals, or gritty sand. Many colors and values can be found throughout landscapes, as well as a depth of space and varied forms of plants and, trees, and rocks. Bright flowers contrast against dark leaves, providing a focal point of emphasis against the green. Wind creates movement in the natural world, and the repetition of plants or trees creates them. The edges of objects in nature can create implied lines between each other, and lines can be found in the veins of a leaf. The repetition of greens throughout a spring scene or reds and oranges in a fall scene can create unity throughout the landscape.

*Explain the relationship between the elements of art and the principles of design.

The elements of art are the building blocks of visual art, and the principles of design are ways to organize these elements of art. An artist can use multiple elements and principles in their artwork, or they can focus primarily on certain elements and principles. By using the principles of design to organize the elements of art, the artist can decide what the focal point of the artwork is and where they want to lead viewers' eyes. An artist can use the principles of design to arrange the elements of art in their artwork, and they can use the terminology of these elements and principles to explain their artistic decisions. They can also use them to analyze another artists' artwork. The elements of art and principles of design are both sets of established criteria that are used to objectively judge artwork rather than using personal preferences.

*Describe the characteristics of environmental art.

The environmental art movement began in the 1960s and consisted of sight-pacific sculptures. Environmental art can use part of the environment to create aesthetic artwork, or it can create a statement on environmental, social, or political issues relating to the natural world. It can highlight and celebrate the artist's connection with the natural world, and it can use natural materials within the environment. The movement began in rural areas, but in the 1970s and 1980s, environmental art was also created in public and urban areas. It can be created to blend in with nature or highlight environmental issues, but sometimes environmental art actually damages the environment, like Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty, shown here. The creation of this work permanently damaged the land it was created on, and it has been criticized for such. Another criticism of environmental art is the fact that it either has to be experienced on-site or displayed as a photograph of the art, posing a challenge to gallery exhibitions.

*Describe the early history of the camera.

The first photograph was taken by French inventor Nicephore Niepce in 1827. In 1837, Louis Daguerre developed the first practical process to create photographs, which was called the daguerreotype. Daguerreotypes create an image on a silvered and copper plate, and they require the subject to stay still from 15 to 30 minutes. Henry Fox Talbot next developed the calotype, or talbotype, process. The daguerreotype and the calotype both use two nested boxes at the body of the camera. The calotype used paper coated in silver iodine for the print. Emulsion plates, or wet plates, using the collodion process followed. They needed much less exposure time than previous methods. Bellows were added to the cameras at this time to aid in focusing the image. Ambrotype and tintype were two common emulsion plates. Ambrotype used a glass plate, whereas tintype used tin. In 1888, George Eastman developed a film camera, and the first one was called the "Kodak." This camera did not require solid plates, and the cost was low enough for the average consumer. The first 35 mm camera was available in 1913, but the film was not affordable to average consumers until the 1940s.

*Describe Renaissance sculpture subjects and techniques.

The hallmarks of the early Renaissance were classical composition and realism. Artists portrayed their subjects with a naturalism of their clothing, proportions, and perspective. These Italian artists recalled the classical sculptures of ancient Greece, and their subjects and forms. Throughout the Renaissance, sculptors created religious and secular sculptures. Church interiors, palaces, and private homes were elaborately decorated. The Madonna and Child were a popular subject, as well as scenes from the life of Christ. During the High Renaissance, subjects broadened and diverged more away from religious themes to include mythology and other topics. Lorenzo Ghiberti won a contest to create large bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery, and this is thought of as the beginning of the Renaissance sculpture. Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi, better known as Donatello, is another well-known sculpture of the 15th century, second only to Michelangelo. Both created many large marble and bronze sculptures. Donatella's most well-known work is is his 'David', cast in bronze. Michelangelo is known for many sculptures including the 'Pieta' and 'David', both marble. This image is of Michelangelo's 'David'.

*Describe the parts of a camera.

The main parts of a camera is called the body. The viewfinder is where the photographer looked through the back of the camera to compose the shot. Some digital cameras will have a liquid-crystal display (LCD) screen instead of a viewfinder. The shutter release button activates the shutter, and the amount of time that the shutter is left open is determined by the shutter speed. The lens is on the front of the camera, and it focuses and directs light into the camera. Lenses can either be fixed to the body, or they can be removable. The aperture of the camera controls the amount of light reaching the image sensor. It also determines how much of the image is in focus (depth of field). The aperture is expressed in F-stops. A film advance lever is found on a film camera, and it moves to the film to the next frame. A flash can be built in or added to the camera; it adds light to the subject. A flash can be connected to the top of the camera on a socket called a hot shoe.

*Describe the materials in process of a linocut and a wood cut.

The process of creating a linocut, or linoleum cut, and a woodcut are similar. Both of these are relief printing methods, which involve cutting away pieces of the material to produce the image to be printed. For linocut and woodcut, gouges of various shapes and sizes are used to cut away the material. The cutaway areas will not carry ink, whereas the areas left behind will be inked. When the artist is finished cutting away the material, the surface is inked with a roller, and then it is run through a printing press to print the image onto paper. The image can be reproduced repeatedly. Instead of using the printing press, an artist could use a burnisher to transfer the image to paper. A burnisher, or baren, is a disklike hand tool that is flat on the bottom and a handle. The artist would put the paper on top of the inked surface and then rub the paper evenly with the burnisher to transfer the ink to the paper.

*Explain The rule of thirds used in photography.

The rule of thirds is a compositional technique used for not only photography, but also for other two-dimensional art forms. The rule of thirds involved dividing an image vertically and horizontally into three equal parts. This divides the image into nine equal parts. The subject or focal point of the image should then be placed at one of the intersections of these lines. Doing this creates tension and imbalance in the image, and it creates a more interesting composition than placing the subject or focal point squarely in the center of the photograph. This image illustrates the rule of thirds and the lines associated with it. In this image, the center of the nearest object is placed on the lower right intersection of lines and the tower in the background is aligned along the left vertical line. The horizon also falls along the lower horizontal line, rather than being placed in the center of the image.

*Describe the stages of clay, including greenware, leather hard, and bisqueware.

The stages of clay determine how fragile or workable it is and what can or should be done to it next. Clay that has partially dried but is not completely dry is leather hard. When a piece of leather hard, the artist can carve a piece or add a decorative slip. Handles can be added, and the foot of a pot can be trimmed. Bone dry refers to when the clay is completely dry. The clay will be a lighter color. The piece will be fragile; attaching and carving cannot be done at this stage. Bisque is when the piece has been fired once in a kiln. Bisqueware can be glazed and fired again. At this stage, prior to being glazed, the clay is still porous. Prior to being fired, all unfired clay pieces are referred to as greenware. Slip is a liquid clay mixture that can be used to join clay pieces together. Slip is a mix of clay and water, and it has a runny consistency.

**Explain the history characteristics of fabric Art fiber art as a medium.

The term fiber art was first used by curators after World War II. He described works relating to fabrics, and it includes embroidery, weeding, knitting, crocheting, and sewing. Fiber arts take into consideration the artist skills in labor to create the work, as well as the materials used, and is forced more focuses more on the aesthetics then on the usefulness of the item. In the fifth 1950s, fiber artist began weaving more on functional artworks. Then in the 1960s and 1970s, artist began exploring different techniques including nodding, Quilly, and pleading fibers. The artist movement began using fibers as "hi Art" and Celete celebrating needlework in the 1970s. From the 1980s to the present, fiber artist have created more conceptual art, influenced by postmodernism. They have focused on cultural issues including feminism, gender, politics, and social sciences. Judy Chicago first use the term feminists are in founded the first feminist art program in the United States. Her work the diner party Inc. fiber arts and celebrated the position that need to work and fabric head hat has had in the history of women.

Describe drying oils.

These are associated with linseed and poppy and can be added to oil paints to decrease drying times and thin the consistency. There are many types of media for acrylic paints that will decrease the drying time or change the texture to thicker or thinner.

Describe how video cameras are used for digital art.

These can be used to capture video, which can be edited on a computer to produce the final product.

Describe how digital cameras are used in digital art.

These capture photographs in digital memory.

Describe how Laser and LED printers are used in digital art.

These devices are more expensive and faster but best with solid colors and black text.

Describe how a mouse or stylus are used in digital art.

This can be used to draw and edit images on a computer screen or on a touchscreen of a tablet.

Describe how inkjet printer are used in digital art.

This device blends colors smoothly and is cost effective.

Describe how computers are used in digital art.

This device can be used to generate art, for example, with fractals or algorithms, in which data are put into the device and the device uses data to create an image. The device can also be the tool that the artist uses to create their artwork.

Describe primer.

This is a base for painting, and it is commonly used with oil and acrylic painting. A commonly used tool is called gesso, which is essentially a water-based white paint mixture used to prepare the support.

Describe how tablets are used for digital art.

This is a computer input device that enables a user to hand-draw images, animations and graphics, with a special pen-like stylus, similar to the way a person draws images with a pencil and paper. These devices may also be used to capture data or handwritten signatures. It can also be used to trace an image from a piece of paper which is taped or otherwise secured to the device surface. Capturing data in this way, by tracing or entering the corners of linear poly-lines or shapes, is called digitizing.

Describe how scanners are used in digital art.

This is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting or an object and converts it to a digital image.

Describe how TV screens or projector screens are used in digital art.

This is an electronic display in an art installation. This can display their videos.

Describe Masonite.

This is brand of hardboard that was invented in 1924 and was originally used for many construction applications. It is formed using the Mason method of compressing and blasting wooden chips with steam and then forming them into boards. No glue of other material is added. Only natural ingredients are used which makes it an environmentally friendly product.

*Identify the elements of art most evident in this three-dimensional artwork.

This sculpture is titled 'Embrace IV', by Emelia Glaser. The main elements evident in the sculpture are color, value, shape, line, and texture. The sculpture is mainly one color of red-orange, with a darker value of the color on part of the sculpture and a different color and value for the base. This use of warm color can invoke a feeling of happiness or excitement, and it can draw the viewer closer to the sculpture. This sculpture appears to be a combination of different shapes, and strong lines visually separate the borders of these shapes. The lines have mostly upward movement, giving the sculpture a strong, uplifting feeling. The sculpture appears to have a rough and bumpy texture, which in this case would be real texture because it is a texture that could actually be felt.

Describe contour drawing techniques.

This seeks to define the outline of an object, and it can contain as much or as little detail as the artist desires. This technique uses only lines to delineate the outer edges of the subject; it does not include any shading or other values in the drawing. For this drawing, the artist will study the subject and show the proportions and volume rather than focusing on values or fine details. This type of drawing can capture a subject or scene quickly.

Describe paintbrushes.

This tool is used for oils and acrylics and generally have a longer handle than the tools used for watercolors. The tools used for watercolors have soft natural or synthetic hairs, whereas the tools used for acrylic and oil have stiffer natural or synthetic hairs, including hog bristles. When using watercolors and acrylics that are water soluble these tools can be cleaned with soap and water. When using oil paint these tools need to be cleaned with a paint thinner solvent.

Describe masking fluid.

This tool is used with watercolor, it will cover areas of the paper that are needed to stay white for highlights. After the watercolor painting is finished, the tool can be removed, revealing the white paper.

Describe blind contour drawing techniques.

This type of drawing is used by an artist to *practice sketching and perception.* To create this drawing, the *artist will look directly at the subject and draw an outline without looking back at their paper.* They may *occasionally glance at the paper to reorient their drawing tool,* but generally will *keep their focus on the subject.* Rather than being used to capture a subject or scene, this is typically reserved as a *drawing exercise to help strengthen the artist's hand-eye coordination.*

Explain the history and use of egg tempera as a medium.

This was a *popular* medium *until 1500* when oil painting became widely used instead. This traditional paint is created by *adding pigment to egg yolk,* which is used as a *water-soluble binder.* White wine, vinegar, or water can be added in various proportions to keep the dried paint from cracking. When the *yolk is exposed to air, it begins to dry, so the artist continually adds water* to keep the consistency correct for painting. This paint dries very quickly, so it *is applied in thin, transparent layers* and usually with *short brushstrokes.* The technique of *crosshatching can be used to layer the colors.* Unlike oil paintings, tempera paints have survived over history in much the same condition as they were intended. In the 20th century, some artists began using tempera again, such as Andrew Wyeth, Thomas Hart Benton, and Jacob Lawrence. This medium is *painted onto stiff surfaces such as wood panels or Masonite* because a flexible surface will allow it to crack and flake off the support.

*Describe the following elements of art: texture in shape.

Three of the seven elements of art are color, texture, and shape. Texture is how something feels, or appears to feel, and it can be real or implied. Examples of textures include smooth, rough, or bumpy. A real texture is one you can actually feel, whereas an implied texture of two dimensional yet appears to have texture. Shapes are categorized as geometric or organic. Geometric shapes include name mathematical shapes such as circles, ovals, squares, and triangles. Organic shapes are asymmetrical and are often found in nature.

*Describe the following elements of art: color.

Three of the seven elements of art are color, texture, and shape. Color has three characteristics: hue (such as red, yellow, or green), intensity (how bright or dull the color is), and value (how light or dark the color is). Colors can be divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary on a color wheel, where are the primary colors are red, yellow, and blue, and the secondary colors are the result of two primary colors mixed together (red and yellow make orange, red and blue make violet, and yellow and blue make green). The tertiary colors are those in between the primary and secondary colors, such as blue-green or red-orange. Colors opposite each other on the color wheel are considered complementary. Examples include red and green or blue and orange.

*Explain the history and characteristics of ceramics as a medium.

Throughout history, ceramics have been used for fine arts and for functional pieces. Around 24,000 BC, humans began making small figures out of clay. In 9,000 or 10,000 BC, the first functional pottery and bricks were made. Glazes were discovered in Egypt around 8,000 BC. A potter's wheel was used in Central America around 3,000 BC. In ancient Greece, decorative vases depicted daily life and religion and were later decorated with black figures and red figures. Porcelain was developed in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BC to AD 220). Pottery now can be mass-manufactured, but many fine artworks and functional pieces are still created by hand. Ceramics are items produced from Clay, including fine artwork, sculptures, figurines, and functional items such as tiles, dishes, urns, and vases. The item is formed, and then it is heated to harden it. A glaze can be applied, and then the item is reheated to harden the glaze. An underglaze can be applied first as a painted decoration. They can be handbuilt, pressed into molds, or created using a wheel.

*Describe common techniques used to create digital art.

To create digital art, the artist can use the computer to manipulate found images, images taken with a digital camera, or images scanned with a scanner. The computer can also be used to automatically generate images such as Fractale or algorithm art. Once the artist has images in the computer, they can use editing software such as Photoshop to alter those images. Illustrator is another popular software used to create images, but it is used to create vector-based illustrations and text that can be enlarged or shrunk without losing quality. Photoshop is used to edit photographs and raster (pixel)-based artwork. If a raster-based artwork is enlarged too much, it loses quality and becomes pixelated. To create artwork that includes an electronic display, the artist can use a projector and a screen to project a large video or can include TV or computer screens within their work to show their video art.

*List and describe supplies used for film photography.

To shoot photographs with a film camera, the correct type of film is needed for the photographer's purposes. The most common size is 35 mm and speeds ranging from 100 to 3,200, with consumer film ranging up to 800. The speed of the film is determined by the International Standards Organization (ISO) scale, which dictates how much exposure the film needs to produce an image. Slower film will give better detail and color, but faster film can capture a subject in motion. To develop the film, the camera back is opened, the film is removed in a completely dark room, and it is coiled into a reel as shown in the image. The reel is placed into the container, and a chemical process consisting of developer bath, stop bath, and fixer bath are introduced into the container. The film can then be exposed to light to be washed and dried. After the film is developed, the images are printed onto photo paper in a dark room lit with only a safelight, which will illuminate the room in a red or amber color. An enlarger is used to expose the film to the photo paper.

*List and describe tools used for sculpture.

Tools such as chisels, pitching tools, rasps, mallets, and rifflers are used to sculpt stone. A chisel is a piece of steel that is pointed at one end and flat on the other end. A pitching tool is a wedge-shaped chisel. The chisel or pitching tool can be positioned on the stone and hit on the flat end with a mallet to break away unwanted stone. Rasps are flat steel tools with a rough surface, which can be used to wear away excess stone. A riffler is a smaller rasp used for details. Sandpaper or emery (a type of stone) can be used to polish a stone sculpture. For pottery, an artist uses tools such as cutters and rolling pins for hand building. Ribbon or loop tools are made from a flattened metal ribbon and are attached to a wooden handle. These are used to trim, carve, and hollow out shapes. A wire cutter is used to remove a pot from a potter's wheel. A caliper is an adjustable tool used to measure openings for making lids. For wood sculptures, similar tools are used as those for stone sculptures: chisels, rasps, mallets, and sandpaper. Gouges are useful for digging into the wood, and knives are also used for carving.

*Compare and contrast modern sculpture materials with traditional sculpture materials.

Traditional sculpture materials include stone, wood, clay, and metal. Stone (including marble) sculpture have survived through the years better than other materials due to their durability. Most works created with wood have been lost to decay, insect damage, and fire. Sculptors in ancient Greece and during the Renaissance focused on depicting the human body, and many ancient sculptures depicted religious or political subjects. Modern sculptors have moved away from traditional materials and subjects in focus more on assembling and found objects. Picasso change the direction of sculpture when he began constructing sculptures from different objects, much like a sculptural collage, in the early 20th century. In the 1940s and 1950s, artists began creating abstract and surreal sculptures and experimenting with new materials. This includes Alexander Calder's mobiles and David Smith's stainless steel sculptures. By the 1960s, some artists began creating minimalist works and experimenting with steel environmental installations. Modern artists have also created some sculptures, lights sculptures, street art sculptures, and kinetic sculptures.

*Explain the painting technique of trompe l'oeil.

Trompe l'oeil is a painting technique that means "to deceive the eye" in French. A trompe l'oeil is meant to depict objects in a realistic way to produce the optical illusion that the objects exist in three dimensions. This phrase was first used in the Baroque period, but the actual technique was used earlier in Greek and Roman murals. During the Renaissance, frescoed ceiling paintings were created that used foreshortening and realistic depictions to create the illusion of more space above the viewer. This was called di sotto in su, which means " from below, upward" in Italian. The painting from 1675 by Gysbrechts is an example of trompe l'oeil. The artist depicted objects piled and scattered on a wooden wood surface, and he used realistic colors, proportions, and shadows to achieve a three-dimensional effect. Even the wood surface is carefully and realistically portrayed. This technique requires a great deal of attention to detail as well as a deep understanding of color mixing and oil media by the artist.

**Explain the painting techniques of underpainting and glazing.

Underpainting is a technique used for oil and acrylic painting to create a base for a finish painting. And artist can use the underpainting to lay out the highlights and shadows for their artwork. Underpainting can also be used two layer and build a bridge colors, and it serves as a foundation to establish the tone throughout the artwork. And under painting for oil can be done in acrylic so it will dry quicker quickly or within oil paint. A total underpainting is done with the color with one color of paint, just to establish the outlay layout and tones before beginning the painting. Closing is it technique used with oil paints to layer transparent colors over a dried opaque color. Each layer is allowed to dry before another transparent layer is painted on top. The colors interact and visually blind without being physically blended on the pallet. Glazing can be used to create skin tones and other complex colors that would be difficult to create otherwise. Some colors are naturally more transparent than others, so the artist needs to know the qualities of the paint and where whether the two add a medium to increase the transparency.

**Describe the History process a video art.

Video are began in the 1960s, and artist use mainly analog videotape as their medium into the 1990s. Nam June Pike is known as the pioneer a video are. The first instance of video or is win Pike use a Sony porta pack video recorder in 1965 to tape Paul Paul six per session in New York City, and then he played the tapes in another location. The availability of consumer video equipment such as the Porta pack aloud artist to begin experimenting with this new medium. Artist experimented with the capabilities and limitations of the escape equipment by combining, Larry, and distorting the signals. In the 1980s and 1990s video editing software became more read it readily available in aloud video artist much greater flexibility and control over the work their work. With the advent of digital video technology, equipment has become in creasing Lee compact importable, as well as more easily available. One of pikes most famous works is electric super Highway 1995, which in the includes a 51 channel video installation, along with new lights. The scale and images represented represent the enormity of the United States as seen by the deaf artist who came from Korea at only nine years old.

*Describe the watercolor techniques of wet-on-wet and wash.

Wet-on-wet is a watercolor technique in which the artist paints onto already-wet paper. This will cause the colors to blend and bleed into each other. This technique takes practice because the wetness of the paper, the color already on the paper, the amount of water on the brush, and the color on the brush will all affect the final product. Experience will help the artist know what will happen when they add wet watercolor onto already-wet paper and how the colors will react with each other. A wash is a technique of adding a large area of color to a watercolor painting. A flat wash is a large area of one color, and a graded wash goes from one color gradually to white or another color. It is easiest to control the wash on dry paper instead of already-wet paper. A large, flat watercolor brush is used to apply the mixture of paint and water. As paint is applied to the paper, it will begin drying; therefore, time is a critical factor to consider in order to achieve and even application of color.

Describe steps to critique the success of a drawing.

When talking about a drawing as a finished artwork, you can *describe, analyze, interpret, and judge* it. Begin by describing the *visual facts*- what you see in the drawing. Is it representational? What kinds of *shapes, lines, or textures* do you see? Next, begin *analyzing* the artwork. Recognize the *elements of art* and how they are arranged *(the principles of design).* Do you see shapes arranged in a pattern? Where is the emphasis on the drawing? How are the lines used, and where do they lead your eye? Next, in *interpret the artwork,* or use what you have learned so far to decide what the artist is trying to say. What is the mood of the artwork? What does the subject matter tell you? Why do you think the artist decided to portray it in this way? *After completing these steps*, you can begin to *make your own judgment* of the artwork. Did the artist successfully use the principles of design to organize the elements of art? Does the artist successfully convey the feelings, mood, and ideas they were aiming for? Do you see ways that the artwork can be improved?

*Describe the printmaking techniques of monotype and stamping.

Whereas most printmaking techniques can produce multiple identical or similar prints, a monotype will only produce one print. The artwork is created on a non-absorbent surface with oil or water-based ink, and then it is transferred to paper with a printing press. In the process, most of the ink is transferred to the paper, so there is not enough left on the surface to produce another print. The print can then be embellished with ink, by drawing, or by other painting methods. Stamping is another type of relief printmaking. A stamp can be made from rubber, wax, or other materials, including cardboard or even potatoes. The shape that will produce the image is cut into the material, with the negative space cut away. The shape is pressed into the ink and then pressed onto paper to create the image. A stamped image can be reproduced over and over.

**Compare and contrast oil and water base painting media.

With advanced art advances in acrylic paints, an artist can now get similar finished products to that of oil paint, but there are still differences in the media and processes. Oil paint allows for a much larger working time then acrylics. Oil paint will stay workable on the pallet for 48 hours, where as acrylic paint can dry in less than an hour. They finish oil painting can take six months or more before it is considered dry. The oil paint on the canvas will stay workable to allow for more blending, where as acrylic dries more quickly and does not lend it self to as much bonding. Acrylics turn into a kind of plastic when they dry, so if they dry in the paintbrush, it can be difficult to impossible to clean the paint brush. Watercolors can only can be reallywet and washed out of a paintbrush at any time, and oil paints can be soaked and removed with paint thinners. Acrylic can be used as a base for oil paints, but it cannot be painted on top of oil's. When painting with oils, it is important to remember the rule "fat over lean." This means the artist should build increasingly flexible layers on top of each other. The increased flexibility is accomplished by adding an oil medium to the pain and using less solvent.

*Compare and contrast different painting surfaces.

Wood has been used as a support for oil and acrylic painting for centuries. It is rigid and minimizes any flexing or cracking of the paint. Wood should be primed before painting on it to seal the surface and also to make it smoother. For the smoothest surface, layers of gesso can be applied, let dry, and sanded between applications. Paper is used for watercolor or acrylic, but the oil from oil paint will break paper down, so it is not well suited for oil painting. Canvas has been the most popular surface for oil painting since the 17th century, and it is often used for acrylics, too. Canvas boards are now used, which are made from canvas stretched over rigid cardboard and pre-primed. Paper for watercolors, acrylics, and gouache is usually thick to accommodate the amount of paint and water used. Watercolor paper needs to be stretched so that it does not warp after use. Some watercolor pads come with glue around the edges to prevent this warping; otherwise, it will need to be taped to a surface on four sides, then wet and let dry to prepare the paper.