Dr. Dhar Biochem homework test 2
Arichodonic acid
C20:4 (d5,8,11,14)
Galactosylceramide
Sulfatide, is a phospholipid found in high concentrations in myelin. Sulfatide is a derivative of which phospholipid?
D5 desaturase
To convert eicosatrienoylCoA (d8,11,14) to arachidonoylCoA, which of the following enzymes would you need?
the presence of only D-galactose antigen
Which of the following determines blood type B in the ABO blood typing system?
They both rotate light to the right (i.e. +), but not to the same extent.
Which of the following is true of the alpha and beta anomers of glucose?
They are all in equatorial positions.
Which of the following is true of the spatial distribution of the hydroxyl groups of Beta-D-glucopyranose?
The hydroxyl on C-1 is axial, those on C-2, C-3 and C-4 are equatorial.
Which of the following is true of the spatial distribution of the hydroxyl groups of alpha-D-glucopyranose?
farnesyldisphosphate
Which of the following is used to synthesize the isoprenoid tail of Ubiquinone?
triacylglycerols
Which of the following lipids are considered major energy storing lipids in adipose tissues?
D-glucose
Which sugar is the starting material used by plants to synthesize vitamin C?
glycerophospholipid
glycerol+phosphate+ aminoalcohol
lactose
A beta 1 → 4 glycosidic bond is found in which of the following?
glycoshingolipid
A cerebroside is classified as which of the following?
Glycoshingolipid
A sulfatide is classified as which of the following?
MalonylCoA
AcetylCoA carboxylase converts AcetylCoA to which of the following compounds?
sucrose
An alpha 1 → 2 glycosidic bond is found in which of the following?
8
Including pairs of enantiomers, how many different 2-ketohexoses are there?
Sphingophospholipid
Sphingomyelin is classified as which of the following?
AcetylCoA
Which of the following is not considered a ketone body?
Ceramide-Glc-Gal(NeuAc)-GalNAc(Gal)
Which of the following is the correct way of representing GM1 (monosialoganglioside)? Glc: Glucose and Gal: Galactose; NAc: NAcetyl and NeuAc: Neuraminic acid
maltose
An alpha 1→4 glycosidic bond is found in which of the following?
five
An isoprenoid system contains how many carbon atoms/
Cholesterol
Bile acids are formed from which lipid?
oxidation
Bile salts are _______ products of cholesterol.
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Biosynthesis of Plasmalogen starts with which of the following compounds?
NADPH
Biosynthesis of lipids requires which of the following molecules?
Eicosapentanoic acid
C20:5 (d5,8,11,14,17)
Docasahexaenoic acid
C22:6 (d4,7,10,13,16,19)
PalmitoylCoA
Ceramide is prepared by combining serine with which of the following fatty acids?
4
Cholesterol has a total of how many rings?
cholesterol
Cholic acid is a derivative of which of the following lipids?
maltose
Complete hydrolysis of which of the following disaccharides yields a single monosaccharide?
glucocorticoid
Corticosteroids are classified as which of the following?
Glucosylceramide
Extraneural tissues contains which glycosphingolipid?
Glycolipid
Fatty acid+sphingosine+carbohydrate
Beta Oxidation
Fatty acids undergo metabolism using which of the following processes?
24
Galactosylceramide is a major glycosphingolipid in the brain. It contains a fatty acid called cerebronic acid. How many carbons are present in cerebronic acid?
Glycoshingolipid
Galactosylceramide is classified as which of the following?
Glycoshingolipid
Ganglioside GM1 is classified as which of the following?
N-Acetylgalactosamine
Ganglioside, GM1 contains which one of the following amino acids?
N-AcetylNeuraminic acid
Gangliosides contain which one of the following sialic acids?
amylopectin
Glycogen is structurally similar to which of the following?
acetals
Glycosides are examples of which class of compounds?
100 or 120
How many ATP molecules are formed in the oxidation of the C2 fragments only in the oxidation of a C20 fatty acid?
9
How many NADH + H+ molecules are formed in the beta oxidation of a C20 carboxylic acid?
two
How many acyl groups are present in Phosphatidate?
3
How many chiral carbons are present in the open-chain form of a ketohexose?
3
How many chiral carbons are present in the open-chain form of an aldopentose?
a polymer of both D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
Hyaluronic acid is which of the following?
Cholesterol cannot be converted to Cholesterylesters.
If LCAT is absent in a person, which of the following actions will not be possible in the body?
3
If there are odd number of C atoms in the fatty acids, how many carbons atoms are left behind after the acetylCoA groups are formed?
ProponylCoA
If there are odd number of C atoms in the fatty acids, the group left behind after the AcetylCoAs are formed is which of the following?
for fructose it is beta and for glucose it is alpha
In sucrose, which of the following describes the glycosidic bond between C-1 of glucose and C-2 of fructose?
two
In the biosynthesis of Cholesterol, mevalonate is the rate determining step. Mevalonate contains how many hydroxyl groups?
peroxidase
In the biosynthesis of Lipoxins from Arachidonate, which of the following enzymes will convert the 5,12 or 15 HPETE (hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoate) into 5,12,15 HETE (hydroeicosatetraenoate)?
10
In the biosynthesis of cholesterol, gernayldiphosphate is one of the intermediates. How many carbon atoms are contained in geranyldiphosphate/
three
In the biosynthesis of cholesterol, how many acetylCoA groups do you need?
Two farnesyldiphosphate
In the biosynthesis of cholesterol, squalene is also one of the intermediates. Which of the following is used to synthesize squalene?
Ceramide combining with UDPGlc
In the biosynthesis of ganglioside, GM3, which of the following is the first step?
D-gluconic acid
In the test for blood glucose which of the following is formed?
hypo or hyperlipoproteinemia
Inherited defects in lipoprotein metabolism leads to which of the following?
frustose
Inulin is a polysaccharide of which of the following?
lipoxygenase
Leukotrienes and Lipoxins are formed by which of the following pathways?
Arachidonate
Leukotrienes, LTB4 are considered derivatives of which of the following acids?
arachiodonic acid
Lipoxins are derived from which of the following acids?
eicosapentaenoate
Lipoxins, AX4 are not formed from which of the following acids?
AcylCarnitine
Long chain fatty acids penetrate the inner mitochondrial membranes as which of the following derivatives?
mannosamine
N-Acetylneuraminic acid is the combination of pyruvate and which other molecule?
Low or near absence of HDL
Patients with Tangier's disease have which of the following conditions?
d. 4 & 5
Phosphotidyl bisphosphate contains the phosphate group in which of the following positions?
Glycerophospholipid
Plasmalogen is classified as which of the following?
9
Prostaglandin PGE2 and PGF2alpha differ in the functional group at which carbon number?
C20:5 d5,8,11,14,17
Prostaglandins, PGD3 are considered derivatives of which of the following acids?
true
Sialic acids are constituents of both glycoproteins and ganglioside. Is this statement True or False?
false
Taurine is classified as an alpha amino acid. Is this statement true or false?
PropanoylCoA
The 3 carbon structure left behind in the oxidation of a fatty acid with odd number of C atoms is converted to which of the following groups?
mannosamine
The D-form of which of the following amino sugars is commonly found naturally?
ribosamine
The D-form of which of the following amino sugars is not commonly found naturally?
1° amine
The fatty acid in a sphingophospholipid is attached to which functional group?
Cysteine
The fatty acid synthase system contains two sub units -at one end is ACP and at the other end is ketoacylsynthase. The ketoacylsynthase subunit contains which of the following molecules by which is reacts with AcylCoA?
Pantothenic acid
The fatty acid synthase system contains two sub units -at one end is ACP and the other end is ketoacylsynthase. The acylcarrier protein (ACP) contains which of the following molecules by which is reacts with AcylCoA?
condensation
The formation of a glycoside from a sugar is an which of the following reactions?
triacylglycerol
The main storage form of fatty acids is?
linolenoylCoA
To show the flow chart for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid, you need to start with which of the following AcylCoA's?
basic
Under which of the following conditions can monosaccharides be oxidized to aldonic acids?
enzymatic
Under which of the following conditions can monosaccharides be oxidized to uronic acids?
The open-chain form contains one less stereocenter than does the ring.
What is the relationship between the number of stereocenters in a monosaccharide in its open-chain and ring structures?
reduction at C-1
What reaction occurs when glucose is converted to glucitol?
oxidation at C-1
What reaction occurs when glucose is converted to gluconate?
oxidation at C-6
What reaction occurs when glucose is converted to glucuronic acid?
C-2 and C-5
When a ketohexose such as fructose adopts the furanose structure which atoms are connected by an oxygen atom?
C-1 and C-5
When an aldohexose such as glucose adopts the pyranose structure which atoms are connected by an oxygen atom?
C-1 and C-4
When an aldopentose such as ribose adopts the furanose structure which atoms are connected by an oxygen atom?
C-2
When fructose adopts a furanose structure which carbon is the anomeric carbon?
C-1
When glucose adopts a pyranose structure which carbon is the anomeric carbon?
C-1
When ribose adopts a furanose structure which carbon is the anomeric carbon?
in both the liver and muscles with approximately equal amounts in both
Where is glycogen stored?
C-2
Which carbon is the site of reaction when fructose reacts to form a fructoside?
C-1
Which carbon is the site of reaction when glucose reacts to form a glucoside?
Oxidation to alpha beta unsaturated acylCoA
Which is the second step in beta oxidation of acylCoA?
Cholic acid
Which of the following acids is the parent structure in all bile salts ?
glucouronic acid
Which of the following are components of glycoproteins, gangliosides and glycosaminoglycans?
glucouronic acid& glucosamine
Which of the following are components of glycoproteins, gangliosides and glycosaminoglycans?
Glycocholine
Which of the following bile salts contains an amino acid in the true biochemical sense?
NADH
Which of the following co-factors is not required in the pathway that converts AcetylCoA to Palmitate?
PAF
Which of the following contains a choline in it structure?
plasmalogen
Which of the following contains a ethanolamine in its structure?
PAF
Which of the following contains an acetyl group on C#2 of a glycerol backbone
cellulose
Which of the following contains beta (1→ 4) glycosidic bonds?
the presence of only N-acetyl-D-galactosamine antigen
Which of the following determines blood type A in the ABO blood typing system?
the absence of both N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl-D-galactose antigens
Which of the following determines blood type O in the ABO blood typing system?
Gaucher's diseases
Which of the following diseases is the result of absence of the enzyme beta glucosidase which leads to accumulation of Glucosylceramide?
Tay-Sachs disease
Which of the following diseases is the result of ganglioside accumulation?
Cyclooxygenase
Which of the following enzymes is not part of the lipogenesis of fatty acids?
LCAT
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the biosynthesis of cholesterylesters?
CPT-1
Which of the following enzymes regulate ketogenesis?
CDP ethanolamine
Which of the following enzymes will attach a ethanolamine to the diacylglycerol molecule/
Under basic conditions they are converted to aldoses.
Which of the following explains why ketoses are reducing sugars?
cardiolipin
Which of the following is a glycerol ether phospholipid?
cardiolipin
Which of the following is a major lipid of mitochondrial membranes?
Sphingomyelin
Which of the following is found in the nervous system?
HDL
Which of the following is not associated with atheroscheloris
phospholipid
Which of the following is the main lipid constituent of cell membranes?
cardiolipin
Which of the following is the major lipid of mitochondrial membrane?
ergosterol
Which of the following is the precursor to Vitamin D?
Cholesterol
Which of the following is the precursor to all other steroids in the body?
C18:3 d9,12,15
Which of the following is the short form that represents the structure of alpha-linolenic acid?
C18:3 d6,9,12
Which of the following is the short form that represents the structure of gamma-linolenic acid?
All monosaccharides and some disaccharides are reducing sugars.
Which of the following is true about the reducing properties of sugars?
It exists only as an open-chain structure.
Which of the following is true of glucitol?
LDL
Which of the following lipoproteins delivers cholesterol to the tissues?
HDL
Which of the following lipoproteins remove cholesterol from the tissues and return it to the liver?
Chylomicrons
Which of the following lipoproteins transport lipids resulting from digestion and absorption?
VLDL
Which of the following lipoproteins transport triacylglycerols from the liver?
AcetylCoA
Which of the following molecules is the starting compound for the biosynthesis of lipids?
plasmalogen
Which of the following occurs in the brain and muscle
An amino group replaces a hydroxyl group.
Which of the following occurs when a monosaccharide is converted to an amino sugar?
cyclooxygenase
Which of the following pathways is responsible for prostanoid synthesis?
prostacyclins
Which of the following prostanoids are produced by blood vessel walls?
oxidation of double bonds
Which of the following reactions are responsible for rancidity of fatty acids?
alcohols
Which of the following reacts with sugars to form glycosides?
acids
Which of the following reagents is capable of hydrolyzing glycosides?
Sphingosine+Fatty acid
Which of the following represents the ceramide portion in glycosphingolipid?
AcetoacetylCoA
Which of the following serve as fuel for extrahepatic tissues?
a. Prostaglandins are derived from C22:6 fatty acids. Correct c. Glycolipids can be described as ceramides to which a phosphate and choline are attached. Correct d. Bile salts are the reduction products of Cholesterol.
Which of the following statement is False? (Select all that apply). Select one or more: a. Prostaglandins are derived from C22:6 fatty acids. Correct b. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) gets cleaved in to Diacylglycerol and IP3. c. Glycolipids can be described as ceramides to which a phosphate and choline are attached. Correct d. Bile salts are the reduction products of Cholesterol.
b. Citrate lyase is activated by high levels of citrate and converts citrate in the cytosol in to oxaloacetate and acetylCoA. Correct c. Tissues in which gluconeogenesis occurs contain two isoenzymes of succinate thiokinase, one specific for ADP and another for GDP. Correct d. Glutamate can be converted in to alpha ketoglutarate (alpha KG) and both these molecules are part of the Malate shuttle used to transport reducing equivalents of NADH from the cytosol in to the mitochondria. Correct
Which of the following statements is True? (Select all that apply). Select one or more: a. Decarboxylation of Malate by Malic enzyme converts malate in to oxaloacetate. b. Citrate lyase is activated by high levels of citrate and converts citrate in the cytosol in to oxaloacetate and acetylCoA. Correct c. Tissues in which gluconeogenesis occurs contain two isoenzymes of succinate thiokinase, one specific for ADP and another for GDP. Correct d. Glutamate can be converted in to alpha ketoglutarate (alpha KG) and both these molecules are part of the Malate shuttle used to transport reducing equivalents of NADH from the cytosol in to the mitochondria. Correct
b. Fructose is not a reducing sugar Correct
Which of the following statements is false? Select one: a. Glucouronic acid is the oxidized product of C#6 of glucose b. Fructose is not a reducing sugar Correct c. Gluconate is the oxidized product of C#1 of glucose d. Mannose is the C-2 epimer of glucose.
b. Phosphoenolcarboxykinase converts Pyruvate in to Phosphoenolpyruvate. c. PFK-2 (phosphofructokinase 2) synthesizes Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. Correct
Which of the following statements is false? (Select all that apply). Select one or more: a. Glycerol obtained from the hydrolysis of Triglycerides, enters the citric acid by being converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). b. Phosphoenolcarboxykinase converts Pyruvate in to Phosphoenolpyruvate. c. PFK-2 (phosphofructokinase 2) synthesizes Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. Correct d. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase hydrolyzes Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. Incorrect
b. Protein Phosphatase-1 hydrolyzes the phosphate group from Glycogen phosphorylase as well as Glycogen Synthase. Correct c. Glycogen Phosphorylase (or Phosphorylase) is made active by Phosphorylation. Correct
Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Glycogen synthase is made active by Phosphorylation b. Protein Phosphatase-1 hydrolyzes the phosphate group from Glycogen phosphorylase as well as Glycogen Synthase. Correct c. Glycogen Phosphorylase (or Phosphorylase) is made active by Phosphorylation. Correct d. 5'AMP integrates the regulation of glycogenolysis as well as Glycogenesis.
all of the above
Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Plasmalogens occurs in the heart and the brain. Correct b. In Gluconeogenesis, G-6-P is converted to Glucose using glucose-6-phosphatase. Correct c. Hers Disease is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme Liver Phosphorylase. Correct d. Lactate, glycerol, propionate are substrates for Gluconeogenesis. Correct
a. Glycolysis is regulated by three enzymes catalyzing nonequilibrium reactions: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Correct d. Inhibition of pyruvate metabolism leads to lactic acidosis. Correct
Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply). Select one or more: a. Glycolysis is regulated by three enzymes catalyzing nonequilibrium reactions: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Correct b. The NADH formed in the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate under aerobic conditions is transported by the Malate shuttle and converted in to FADH2 inside the mitochondria. c. PDH kinase is allosterically activated by high levels of Pyruvate. d. Inhibition of pyruvate metabolism leads to lactic acidosis. Correct
a. Reactions of Pentose Phosphate pathway occur in the cytosol. Correct b. Glutathione peroxidase protect erythrocytes against hemolysis by reducing (or converting) H2O2 in to H20. Correct d. The non oxidative phase generates Ribose Correct
Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply). Select one or more: a. Reactions of Pentose Phosphate pathway occur in the cytosol. Correct b. Glutathione peroxidase protect erythrocytes against hemolysis by reducing (or converting) H2O2 in to H20. Correct c. The oxidative phase generates NADH. d. The non oxidative phase generates Ribose Correct
wax
long chain fatty acid + long chain fatty alcohol
Prostanoids
made from arachidonic acid
phospholipids
The main lipid constituents of membranes are which of the following?
Leukotriene
Which of the following contains an oxirane ring in its structure?
lipogenesis
Which of the following term represents the synthesis of fatty acids?
