Dr. Dhar Biochem homework test 2

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Arichodonic acid

C20:4 (d5,8,11,14)

Galactosylceramide

Sulfatide, is a phospholipid found in high concentrations in myelin. Sulfatide is a derivative of which phospholipid?

D5 desaturase

To convert eicosatrienoylCoA (d8,11,14) to arachidonoylCoA, which of the following enzymes would you need?

the presence of only D-galactose antigen

Which of the following determines blood type B in the ABO blood typing system?

They both rotate light to the right (i.e. +), but not to the same extent.

Which of the following is true of the alpha and beta anomers of glucose?

They are all in equatorial positions.

Which of the following is true of the spatial distribution of the hydroxyl groups of Beta-D-glucopyranose?

The hydroxyl on C-1 is axial, those on C-2, C-3 and C-4 are equatorial.

Which of the following is true of the spatial distribution of the hydroxyl groups of alpha-D-glucopyranose?

farnesyldisphosphate

Which of the following is used to synthesize the isoprenoid tail of Ubiquinone?

triacylglycerols

Which of the following lipids are considered major energy storing lipids in adipose tissues?

D-glucose

Which sugar is the starting material used by plants to synthesize vitamin C?

glycerophospholipid

glycerol+phosphate+ aminoalcohol

lactose

A beta 1 → 4 glycosidic bond is found in which of the following?

glycoshingolipid

A cerebroside is classified as which of the following?

Glycoshingolipid

A sulfatide is classified as which of the following?

MalonylCoA

AcetylCoA carboxylase converts AcetylCoA to which of the following compounds?

sucrose

An alpha 1 → 2 glycosidic bond is found in which of the following?

8

Including pairs of enantiomers, how many different 2-ketohexoses are there?

Sphingophospholipid

Sphingomyelin is classified as which of the following?

AcetylCoA

Which of the following is not considered a ketone body?

Ceramide-Glc-Gal(NeuAc)-GalNAc(Gal)

Which of the following is the correct way of representing GM1 (monosialoganglioside)? Glc: Glucose and Gal: Galactose; NAc: NAcetyl and NeuAc: Neuraminic acid

maltose

An alpha 1→4 glycosidic bond is found in which of the following?

five

An isoprenoid system contains how many carbon atoms/

Cholesterol

Bile acids are formed from which lipid?

oxidation

Bile salts are _______ products of cholesterol.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Biosynthesis of Plasmalogen starts with which of the following compounds?

NADPH

Biosynthesis of lipids requires which of the following molecules?

Eicosapentanoic acid

C20:5 (d5,8,11,14,17)

Docasahexaenoic acid

C22:6 (d4,7,10,13,16,19)

PalmitoylCoA

Ceramide is prepared by combining serine with which of the following fatty acids?

4

Cholesterol has a total of how many rings?

cholesterol

Cholic acid is a derivative of which of the following lipids?

maltose

Complete hydrolysis of which of the following disaccharides yields a single monosaccharide?

glucocorticoid

Corticosteroids are classified as which of the following?

Glucosylceramide

Extraneural tissues contains which glycosphingolipid?

Glycolipid

Fatty acid+sphingosine+carbohydrate

Beta Oxidation

Fatty acids undergo metabolism using which of the following processes?

24

Galactosylceramide is a major glycosphingolipid in the brain. It contains a fatty acid called cerebronic acid. How many carbons are present in cerebronic acid?

Glycoshingolipid

Galactosylceramide is classified as which of the following?

Glycoshingolipid

Ganglioside GM1 is classified as which of the following?

N-Acetylgalactosamine

Ganglioside, GM1 contains which one of the following amino acids?

N-AcetylNeuraminic acid

Gangliosides contain which one of the following sialic acids?

amylopectin

Glycogen is structurally similar to which of the following?

acetals

Glycosides are examples of which class of compounds?

100 or 120

How many ATP molecules are formed in the oxidation of the C2 fragments only in the oxidation of a C20 fatty acid?

9

How many NADH + H+ molecules are formed in the beta oxidation of a C20 carboxylic acid?

two

How many acyl groups are present in Phosphatidate?

3

How many chiral carbons are present in the open-chain form of a ketohexose?

3

How many chiral carbons are present in the open-chain form of an aldopentose?

a polymer of both D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

Hyaluronic acid is which of the following?

Cholesterol cannot be converted to Cholesterylesters.

If LCAT is absent in a person, which of the following actions will not be possible in the body?

3

If there are odd number of C atoms in the fatty acids, how many carbons atoms are left behind after the acetylCoA groups are formed?

ProponylCoA

If there are odd number of C atoms in the fatty acids, the group left behind after the AcetylCoAs are formed is which of the following?

for fructose it is beta and for glucose it is alpha

In sucrose, which of the following describes the glycosidic bond between C-1 of glucose and C-2 of fructose?

two

In the biosynthesis of Cholesterol, mevalonate is the rate determining step. Mevalonate contains how many hydroxyl groups?

peroxidase

In the biosynthesis of Lipoxins from Arachidonate, which of the following enzymes will convert the 5,12 or 15 HPETE (hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoate) into 5,12,15 HETE (hydroeicosatetraenoate)?

10

In the biosynthesis of cholesterol, gernayldiphosphate is one of the intermediates. How many carbon atoms are contained in geranyldiphosphate/

three

In the biosynthesis of cholesterol, how many acetylCoA groups do you need?

Two farnesyldiphosphate

In the biosynthesis of cholesterol, squalene is also one of the intermediates. Which of the following is used to synthesize squalene?

Ceramide combining with UDPGlc

In the biosynthesis of ganglioside, GM3, which of the following is the first step?

D-gluconic acid

In the test for blood glucose which of the following is formed?

hypo or hyperlipoproteinemia

Inherited defects in lipoprotein metabolism leads to which of the following?

frustose

Inulin is a polysaccharide of which of the following?

lipoxygenase

Leukotrienes and Lipoxins are formed by which of the following pathways?

Arachidonate

Leukotrienes, LTB4 are considered derivatives of which of the following acids?

arachiodonic acid

Lipoxins are derived from which of the following acids?

eicosapentaenoate

Lipoxins, AX4 are not formed from which of the following acids?

AcylCarnitine

Long chain fatty acids penetrate the inner mitochondrial membranes as which of the following derivatives?

mannosamine

N-Acetylneuraminic acid is the combination of pyruvate and which other molecule?

Low or near absence of HDL

Patients with Tangier's disease have which of the following conditions?

d. 4 & 5

Phosphotidyl bisphosphate contains the phosphate group in which of the following positions?

Glycerophospholipid

Plasmalogen is classified as which of the following?

9

Prostaglandin PGE2 and PGF2alpha differ in the functional group at which carbon number?

C20:5 d5,8,11,14,17

Prostaglandins, PGD3 are considered derivatives of which of the following acids?

true

Sialic acids are constituents of both glycoproteins and ganglioside. Is this statement True or False?

false

Taurine is classified as an alpha amino acid. Is this statement true or false?

PropanoylCoA

The 3 carbon structure left behind in the oxidation of a fatty acid with odd number of C atoms is converted to which of the following groups?

mannosamine

The D-form of which of the following amino sugars is commonly found naturally?

ribosamine

The D-form of which of the following amino sugars is not commonly found naturally?

1° amine

The fatty acid in a sphingophospholipid is attached to which functional group?

Cysteine

The fatty acid synthase system contains two sub units -at one end is ACP and at the other end is ketoacylsynthase. The ketoacylsynthase subunit contains which of the following molecules by which is reacts with AcylCoA?

Pantothenic acid

The fatty acid synthase system contains two sub units -at one end is ACP and the other end is ketoacylsynthase. The acylcarrier protein (ACP) contains which of the following molecules by which is reacts with AcylCoA?

condensation

The formation of a glycoside from a sugar is an which of the following reactions?

triacylglycerol

The main storage form of fatty acids is?

linolenoylCoA

To show the flow chart for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid, you need to start with which of the following AcylCoA's?

basic

Under which of the following conditions can monosaccharides be oxidized to aldonic acids?

enzymatic

Under which of the following conditions can monosaccharides be oxidized to uronic acids?

The open-chain form contains one less stereocenter than does the ring.

What is the relationship between the number of stereocenters in a monosaccharide in its open-chain and ring structures?

reduction at C-1

What reaction occurs when glucose is converted to glucitol?

oxidation at C-1

What reaction occurs when glucose is converted to gluconate?

oxidation at C-6

What reaction occurs when glucose is converted to glucuronic acid?

C-2 and C-5

When a ketohexose such as fructose adopts the furanose structure which atoms are connected by an oxygen atom?

C-1 and C-5

When an aldohexose such as glucose adopts the pyranose structure which atoms are connected by an oxygen atom?

C-1 and C-4

When an aldopentose such as ribose adopts the furanose structure which atoms are connected by an oxygen atom?

C-2

When fructose adopts a furanose structure which carbon is the anomeric carbon?

C-1

When glucose adopts a pyranose structure which carbon is the anomeric carbon?

C-1

When ribose adopts a furanose structure which carbon is the anomeric carbon?

in both the liver and muscles with approximately equal amounts in both

Where is glycogen stored?

C-2

Which carbon is the site of reaction when fructose reacts to form a fructoside?

C-1

Which carbon is the site of reaction when glucose reacts to form a glucoside?

Oxidation to alpha beta unsaturated acylCoA

Which is the second step in beta oxidation of acylCoA?

Cholic acid

Which of the following acids is the parent structure in all bile salts ?

glucouronic acid

Which of the following are components of glycoproteins, gangliosides and glycosaminoglycans?

glucouronic acid& glucosamine

Which of the following are components of glycoproteins, gangliosides and glycosaminoglycans?

Glycocholine

Which of the following bile salts contains an amino acid in the true biochemical sense?

NADH

Which of the following co-factors is not required in the pathway that converts AcetylCoA to Palmitate?

PAF

Which of the following contains a choline in it structure?

plasmalogen

Which of the following contains a ethanolamine in its structure?

PAF

Which of the following contains an acetyl group on C#2 of a glycerol backbone

cellulose

Which of the following contains beta (1→ 4) glycosidic bonds?

the presence of only N-acetyl-D-galactosamine antigen

Which of the following determines blood type A in the ABO blood typing system?

the absence of both N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl-D-galactose antigens

Which of the following determines blood type O in the ABO blood typing system?

Gaucher's diseases

Which of the following diseases is the result of absence of the enzyme beta glucosidase which leads to accumulation of Glucosylceramide?

Tay-Sachs disease

Which of the following diseases is the result of ganglioside accumulation?

Cyclooxygenase

Which of the following enzymes is not part of the lipogenesis of fatty acids?

LCAT

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the biosynthesis of cholesterylesters?

CPT-1

Which of the following enzymes regulate ketogenesis?

CDP ethanolamine

Which of the following enzymes will attach a ethanolamine to the diacylglycerol molecule/

Under basic conditions they are converted to aldoses.

Which of the following explains why ketoses are reducing sugars?

cardiolipin

Which of the following is a glycerol ether phospholipid?

cardiolipin

Which of the following is a major lipid of mitochondrial membranes?

Sphingomyelin

Which of the following is found in the nervous system?

HDL

Which of the following is not associated with atheroscheloris

phospholipid

Which of the following is the main lipid constituent of cell membranes?

cardiolipin

Which of the following is the major lipid of mitochondrial membrane?

ergosterol

Which of the following is the precursor to Vitamin D?

Cholesterol

Which of the following is the precursor to all other steroids in the body?

C18:3 d9,12,15

Which of the following is the short form that represents the structure of alpha-linolenic acid?

C18:3 d6,9,12

Which of the following is the short form that represents the structure of gamma-linolenic acid?

All monosaccharides and some disaccharides are reducing sugars.

Which of the following is true about the reducing properties of sugars?

It exists only as an open-chain structure.

Which of the following is true of glucitol?

LDL

Which of the following lipoproteins delivers cholesterol to the tissues?

HDL

Which of the following lipoproteins remove cholesterol from the tissues and return it to the liver?

Chylomicrons

Which of the following lipoproteins transport lipids resulting from digestion and absorption?

VLDL

Which of the following lipoproteins transport triacylglycerols from the liver?

AcetylCoA

Which of the following molecules is the starting compound for the biosynthesis of lipids?

plasmalogen

Which of the following occurs in the brain and muscle

An amino group replaces a hydroxyl group.

Which of the following occurs when a monosaccharide is converted to an amino sugar?

cyclooxygenase

Which of the following pathways is responsible for prostanoid synthesis?

prostacyclins

Which of the following prostanoids are produced by blood vessel walls?

oxidation of double bonds

Which of the following reactions are responsible for rancidity of fatty acids?

alcohols

Which of the following reacts with sugars to form glycosides?

acids

Which of the following reagents is capable of hydrolyzing glycosides?

Sphingosine+Fatty acid

Which of the following represents the ceramide portion in glycosphingolipid?

AcetoacetylCoA

Which of the following serve as fuel for extrahepatic tissues?

a. Prostaglandins are derived from C22:6 fatty acids. Correct c. Glycolipids can be described as ceramides to which a phosphate and choline are attached. Correct d. Bile salts are the reduction products of Cholesterol.

Which of the following statement is False? (Select all that apply). Select one or more: a. Prostaglandins are derived from C22:6 fatty acids. Correct b. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) gets cleaved in to Diacylglycerol and IP3. c. Glycolipids can be described as ceramides to which a phosphate and choline are attached. Correct d. Bile salts are the reduction products of Cholesterol.

b. Citrate lyase is activated by high levels of citrate and converts citrate in the cytosol in to oxaloacetate and acetylCoA. Correct c. Tissues in which gluconeogenesis occurs contain two isoenzymes of succinate thiokinase, one specific for ADP and another for GDP. Correct d. Glutamate can be converted in to alpha ketoglutarate (alpha KG) and both these molecules are part of the Malate shuttle used to transport reducing equivalents of NADH from the cytosol in to the mitochondria. Correct

Which of the following statements is True? (Select all that apply). Select one or more: a. Decarboxylation of Malate by Malic enzyme converts malate in to oxaloacetate. b. Citrate lyase is activated by high levels of citrate and converts citrate in the cytosol in to oxaloacetate and acetylCoA. Correct c. Tissues in which gluconeogenesis occurs contain two isoenzymes of succinate thiokinase, one specific for ADP and another for GDP. Correct d. Glutamate can be converted in to alpha ketoglutarate (alpha KG) and both these molecules are part of the Malate shuttle used to transport reducing equivalents of NADH from the cytosol in to the mitochondria. Correct

b. Fructose is not a reducing sugar Correct

Which of the following statements is false? Select one: a. Glucouronic acid is the oxidized product of C#6 of glucose b. Fructose is not a reducing sugar Correct c. Gluconate is the oxidized product of C#1 of glucose d. Mannose is the C-2 epimer of glucose.

b. Phosphoenolcarboxykinase converts Pyruvate in to Phosphoenolpyruvate. c. PFK-2 (phosphofructokinase 2) synthesizes Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. Correct

Which of the following statements is false? (Select all that apply). Select one or more: a. Glycerol obtained from the hydrolysis of Triglycerides, enters the citric acid by being converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). b. Phosphoenolcarboxykinase converts Pyruvate in to Phosphoenolpyruvate. c. PFK-2 (phosphofructokinase 2) synthesizes Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. Correct d. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase hydrolyzes Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. Incorrect

b. Protein Phosphatase-1 hydrolyzes the phosphate group from Glycogen phosphorylase as well as Glycogen Synthase. Correct c. Glycogen Phosphorylase (or Phosphorylase) is made active by Phosphorylation. Correct

Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Glycogen synthase is made active by Phosphorylation b. Protein Phosphatase-1 hydrolyzes the phosphate group from Glycogen phosphorylase as well as Glycogen Synthase. Correct c. Glycogen Phosphorylase (or Phosphorylase) is made active by Phosphorylation. Correct d. 5'AMP integrates the regulation of glycogenolysis as well as Glycogenesis.

all of the above

Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Plasmalogens occurs in the heart and the brain. Correct b. In Gluconeogenesis, G-6-P is converted to Glucose using glucose-6-phosphatase. Correct c. Hers Disease is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme Liver Phosphorylase. Correct d. Lactate, glycerol, propionate are substrates for Gluconeogenesis. Correct

a. Glycolysis is regulated by three enzymes catalyzing nonequilibrium reactions: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Correct d. Inhibition of pyruvate metabolism leads to lactic acidosis. Correct

Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply). Select one or more: a. Glycolysis is regulated by three enzymes catalyzing nonequilibrium reactions: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Correct b. The NADH formed in the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate under aerobic conditions is transported by the Malate shuttle and converted in to FADH2 inside the mitochondria. c. PDH kinase is allosterically activated by high levels of Pyruvate. d. Inhibition of pyruvate metabolism leads to lactic acidosis. Correct

a. Reactions of Pentose Phosphate pathway occur in the cytosol. Correct b. Glutathione peroxidase protect erythrocytes against hemolysis by reducing (or converting) H2O2 in to H20. Correct d. The non oxidative phase generates Ribose Correct

Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply). Select one or more: a. Reactions of Pentose Phosphate pathway occur in the cytosol. Correct b. Glutathione peroxidase protect erythrocytes against hemolysis by reducing (or converting) H2O2 in to H20. Correct c. The oxidative phase generates NADH. d. The non oxidative phase generates Ribose Correct

wax

long chain fatty acid + long chain fatty alcohol

Prostanoids

made from arachidonic acid

phospholipids

The main lipid constituents of membranes are which of the following?

Leukotriene

Which of the following contains an oxirane ring in its structure?

lipogenesis

Which of the following term represents the synthesis of fatty acids?


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