Dr. Eade AP2 Lab exam 1
hema
blood
The skull is derived (forms) from:
fibrous membrane
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? __________
12
How many vertebrae comprise the thoracic region of the spine?
12
proper term for a skeletal joint
articular joint
The ribs are considered to be part of the _________ skeleton
axial
blast
embryonic or formative cell
The most posterior suture of the cranium is known as the __________ suture
lamboid
Which cranial nerve is responsible for motor and sensory function of the heart and lungs?
vagus nerve
Which cranial nerve transmits auditory information?
vestibulocochlear
There are ________ enlargements of the spinal cord.
2
How many bones make up the nasal septum?
2 The nasal septum is composed of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer.
The average human body has how many named bones?
206
Identify the typical number of vertebrae that fuse during development to form the coccyx.
3-5 (avg 4)
How many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have?
31 (c8, t12, 5L, 5sac, 1cocc)
How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
5
Name the number of vertebrae that fuse together to form the sacrum.
5
Identify a unique characteristic of a typical cervical vertebra.
Bifid spinous process
Another name for the axis is:
C2
osteoclast
Large multinucleated acidophilic cells responsible for bone resorption, releases organic acids and lysosomal hydrolases, parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases osteoclast activity, calcitonin decreases it
basophilic cytoplasm
Location: Inner layer of periosteum,Endosteum (endosteal cells), Line the Haversian and Volkmann's canals
Identify the location of the occipital bone.
Posterior surface and base of the cranium
Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism in which the long bones stop growing during childhood, resulting in limbs that are disproportionately shorter than the torso. This genetic disorder is characterized by deficiencies in the epiphyseal plate that include a low number of chondrocytes and inability of chondrocytes to enlarge. Which zones do you think would be most affected by this disorder?
Proliferation and Hypertrophic Zones
Which region of the vertebral column is located superior to the thoracic region and which region is inferior to the thoracic region, respectively?
S- cervical I- lumbar
A bit of dust blows into and touches the cornea of the eye. Which of the following is likely to happen?
Stimulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V) will cause blinking. Submit
In a child with rickets, the bones are prone to deformities caused by a lack of calcium, phosphate, or vitamin D. Which treated bone in Activity 2 most closely resembles the bones of a child with rickets? Why?
The bone treated with acid because the acid dissolves the calcium phosphate, making the bones less rigid and prone to deformation.
trochlear nerves
The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve that innervates the superior oblique of the eye.
The sella turcica is best described as:
a depression
Identify the best description of the mandibular condyle.
a projection on the mandible
Identify the best description of the mandibular fossa.
a shallow depression
Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information?
abducens
Identify the large fontanelle wedged between the frontal and parietal bones.
anterior
peri
around or enclosing
Identify the region of the sacrum that articulates with the hip bone.
articular surface
Bones of the skeleton are connected at junctions called ________.
articulations
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
Which vertebra lacks both a body and spinous process?
atlas (C1)
Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no".
atlas-axis
temporal lobe
audition, memory, speech
The __________ skeleton consists of bones that surround the body's center of gravity.
axial
The function of red bone marrow is to produce _______
blood cells
The __________ of a typical vertebra forms the rounded, central portion that faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column.
body
Which part of a vertebra is known as the centrum?
body
somato
body
osteo
bone
cerebr
brain or cerebrum
clast
break or destroy
Chondroblasts are cells that create _______
cartilage
The center of the osteon is called the ________.
central (haversian) canal
The most superior portion of the brain is the __________.
cerebral hemispheres
The seven bones of the neck are called __________ vertebrae.
cervical
Which region of the vertebral column contains the smallest vertebrae?
cervical
Identify the general location of the zygomatic arch.
cheek
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in a region of the ventricles known as the
choroid plexus
Identify the tailbone.
coccyx
Bones are somewhat flexible due to ________.
collagen fibers in the matrix
__________ bone looks smooth and homogeneous.
compact
At the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra the spinal cord terminates in a structure called the ________.
conus medullaris
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra, where it terminates in the __________.
conus medullaris
The joint between the Frontal and Parietal bones is known as the
coronal suture
These fiber tracts carry signals about voluntary movement to the spinal cord.
corticospinal tracts
Eight bones make up the __________ , which encloses and protects the brain.
cranium
The occipital bone forms part of the:
cranium
A(n) ______________ is a narrow, prominent ridge of bone
crest
Identify the recessed area surrounding the crista galli.
cribriform plates
Identify the landmark that projects superiorly into the floor of the skull and serves as a site of attachment for the meninges.
crista galli
Identify the articulation site for the head of a rib.
demi-facet
The shaft of a long bone is known as the __________.
diaphysis
These fiber tracts run between the dorsal horns.
dorsal white columns
The meninges that cover the spinal cord from outermost to innermost are ________.
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Which of the following characteristics do not belong to the lumbar region?
elongated spinous processes
The ______________ is a protective membrane that lines bone canals and trabeculae
endosteum
Longitudinal bone growth occurs at this location in long bones.
epiphyseal plate
Which of the following bones is not a facial bone?
ethmoid
What two bones form the nasal septum?
ethmoid and vomer
Identify the hole that marks the opening of the ear canal on the superficial surface of the skull.
external acoustic meatus
regions of the skull
face and cranium
What 2 nerves travel through the internal acoustic meatus?
facial and vestibulocochlear
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are found in an enlarged area of the dorsal root called the gray commissure.
false
The lumbar vertebrae are part of the appendicular skeleton.
false
The lumbar vertebrae are roughly the same size as vertebrae from the rest of the vertebral column.
false
The brain is a solid organ that lacks cavities.
false The brain is not completely solid; it contains cavities called ventricles.
Part complete The pain in the leg that is referred to as "shin splints" is often caused by microtears in the periosteum and perforating fibers. These tears lead to inflammation of the periosteum. Considering the type of tissue found in the periosteum, which cells do you think would be most involved in the repair process?
fibroblasts
The type of cartilage that has the greatest strength and is found in the knee joint and intervertebral discs is __________.
fibrocartilage
This extension of one of the meninges covering the spinal cord attaches it to the coccyx.
filum terminale
__________ bones are generally thin and have a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone.
flat
Identify the location of the sphenoid bone.
floor of the skull
In the fetal skull, developing bones are connected by fibrous membranes called
fontanelles
A(n) ______________ is a round oval or opening that goes through a bone
foramen
This is a passageway for blood vessels and nerves.
foramen
Name the opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
foramen magnum
The cerebrum develops from the ________ whereas the cerebellum develops from the ________.
forebrain, hindbrain
What part of the nasal cavity is formed by the nasal septum?
forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity
Which of the following bones is unpaired?
frontal
osteoblasts
functions: osteoid formation (secretion of collagen and ground substance) calcification (secretion of alkaline phosphate)
In cross section, the __________ matter of the spinal cord looks like a butterfly or the letter H.
gray
The outer cortex of the brain contains the cell bodies of cerebral neurons and is known as__________.
gray matter
What type of tissue makes up the cerebral cortex?
gray matter The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter. Gray matter is primarily neuron cell bodies.
The ridges of the brain are known as
gyri
cephal
head
What kind of tissue comprises the epiphyseal plate of bones?
hyaline cartilage
What tissue type replaces periosteum on the ends of articulating bones?
hyaline cartilage
The mineral form of calcium that makes up the majority of the weight of bone is called ____________
hydroxyapatite
Cranial Nerve XII exits the cranium through the
hypoglossal canal
Which of the following carries no sensory information?
hypoglossal nerves
Identify the location of the ethmoid bone.
inbetween the orbits
Individual vertebrae articulate with each other forming the vertebral column. Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.
inferior articular processes
Where is the mandibular fossa located?
inferior surface of the zygomatic process
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
Identify the small hole on the maxillary bone located below the orbit.
infraorbital foramen
Which artery is the primary supply for Anterior circulation?
internal carotid
What structure allows fluid to flow from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?
interventricular foramina
Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen?
intervertebral discs
Vertebrae are classified as ______________________ bones, based on their shape
irregular
Vertebrae belong to this category of bones.
irregular
Identify the small facial bones found in the medial wall of the orbit.
lacrimal
Which bone is NOT considered to be part of the cranium?
lacrimal bone
Identify the large suture on the posterior surface of the skull at the border of the occipital bone.
lambed suture
Which of these regions of the vertebral column would be most accessible from a posterior surgical approach?
lamina
The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by what fissure?
lateral
These horns of the spinal cord are present only in the thoracic and lumbar regions.
lateral
Which ventricles are divided by the septum pellucidum?
lateral ventricles The lateral ventricles are cavities within the cerebrum. The right and left lateral ventricles are separated on midline by the septum pellucidum.
Identify the region of the sphenoid bone that contains the optic canal.
lesser wings
broca's area
location: anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area in the frontal lobe of only one hemisphere function: controls the muscles involved in speech production and also plays a role in the planning of non-speech motor functions
olfactory cortex
location: medial surface of the temporal lobe, in the uncus function: receives information from the olfactory (smell) receptors in the superior nasal cavity
primary visual cortex
location: occipital lobe function: receives visual information that originates in the retina of the eye
primary somatosensory cortex
location: postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe function: receives information from the body's sensory receptors in the skin and from proprioceptors in the skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons
The lower jawbone, or __________, articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints in the skull.
mandible
What bone is commonly referred to as the Lower Jaw?
mandible
Identify the region of the mandible that forms part of the temporomandibular joint.
mandibular condyle
Which region of the mandible articulates with the cranium?
mandibular condyle
Which landmark is not visible from an anterior view?
mandibular foramina
Identify the region of the temporal bone that articulates with the lower jaw.
mandibular fossa
Identify the region of the temporal bone that articulates with the mandible.
mandibular fossa
Name the U shaped border found between the mandibular condyle and the coronoid process.
mandibular notch
The region of the mandible that anchors the coronoid process is the:
mandibular ramus
Identify the fontanelle in contact with the temporal and occipital bones.
mastoid
osteocyte
mature bone cell, completely surrounded by bone matrix - maintains the matrix and can build or destroy bone as needed
Which facial bones fuse to form the upper jaw?
maxillary
Which surface of the maxillary bones fuse together?
medial
Which landmark is composed of fused spinous processes?
median sacral crest
The temporal lobe rests in which of the cranial fossa?
middle cranial fossa
Which of theses projections of the ethmoid bone are most visible in the nasal cavity?
middle nasal conchae
Without _____________ material, bones become soft and bendable
mineral
trigeminal nerve ( V )
mixed - major sensory nerve of face; conducts sensory impulses from skin of face and anterior scalp, from mucosae of mouth and nose, and from surface of eyes; mandibular division also contains motor fibers that innervate muscles of mastication and muscles of floor of the mouth
glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX )
mixed - somatic motor fibers serve pharyngeal muscles, and parasympathetic motor fibers serve salivary glands; sensory fibers carry impulses from the pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue (taste buds), and from chemoreceptors and pressure receptors of carotid artery.
facial nerve ( VII )
mixed - supplies somatic motor fibers to muscles of facial expression and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle; parasympathetic motor fibers to lacrimal and salivary glands; carries sensory fibers from taste receptors of the anterior tongue
vestibocochlear nerve ( VIII )
mostly sensory - vestibular branch transmits impulses associated with sense of equilibrium, from vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals; cochlear branch transmit impulses associated with hearing from cochlea. Small motor component adjusts the sensitivity of the sensory receptors.
The primary function of the precentral gyrus is
motor
Ventral roots of spinal nerves are purely or primarily ________.
motor
Which facial bones makeup the central portion of the bridge of the nose?
nasal
Which of the following bones do not contain a sinus?
nasal
Which of the following locations is not formed by part of the maxillae?
nasal septum
Non-communicating hydrocephalus is also known as _______________ hydrocephalus
obstructing
Identify the landmark that is not part of the sphenoid bone.
olfactory foramina
The tiny holes in the cribriform plate are:
olfactory foramina
A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors. This patient may have damage to which of the following?
olfactory nerve (I)
The ___________ nerve is the only cranial nerve that is considered to be in the Central Nervous System
optic nerve
The cell type that is involved in the laying down of bone matrix, monitoring of bone health, and resorption of bone matrix, depending on need, is known as an __________________
osteocyte
A(n) _____________ refers to the Haversian canal and its surrounding concentric lamellae
osteon
The structural unit of compact bone is the __________.
osteon
Which facial bones form the roof of the mouth?
palatine and maxillary
Identify the posterior most region of the hard palate.
palatine bones
Which part of the maxillary bones form the roof of the mouth?
palatine processes
_______________ are tunnels that lay perpendicular to osteons, connecting the center regions of the osteons together
perforating (volkmann's) canal
Identify the part of the ethmoid bone that contributes to the nasal septum.
perpendicular plate
Which part of the ethmoid bone forms part of the nasal septum?
perpendicular plate
frontal lobe
planning, reasoning, speech, movement, emotions, problem solving
The ventral rami of all spinal nerves except T2 through T12 form complex networks of nerves known as __________.
plexus
The vertebral arteries are part of the _________________ circulation
posterior
What artery allows collateral flow between anterior and posterior components of the circle of Willis?
posterior communicating artery
Following injury, the first cells that are recruited to the bone remodeling sites are the ______
pre-osteoclasts
abducens nerve ( VI )
primarily motor - carries somatic nerve fibers to lateral rectus muscle that abducts the eyeball
trochlear nerve ( IV )
primarily motor - provides somatic motor fibers to superior oblique muscle the moves the eyeball
oculomotor nerve ( III )
primarily motor - somatic motor fibers to inferior oblique and superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles, which direct eyeball and to elevator palpebrae muscles of the superior eyelid; parasympathetic fibers to smooth muscle controlling lens shape and pupil size
All the following are functions of the skeleton EXCEPT __________.
production of melanin
optic nerve ( II )
purely sensory - carries afferent impulses associated wit vision
olfactory nerve ( I )
purely sensory - carries afferent impulses for sense of smell
The nasal septum occupies which anatomic plane?
sagittal
Identify the suture found between the 2 parietal bones.
sagittal suture
Identify the region of the sphenoid bone in contact with the pituitary gland.
sella turcica
parietal lobe
sensation, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
Fiber tracts conducting impulses to the brain are called ascending or __________ tracts.
sensory
What functional type of neuron is found in the dorsal root ganglion?
sensory
dorsal cavity
skull and vertebral column protect the CNS
What is another name for the anteriolateral fontanelle?
sphenoid
Which cranial bone spans the width of the cranial floor?
sphenoid
arachn
spider
Name the vertebral projection oriented in a median plane.
spinous processes
Identify the region of the temporal bone found superior to the external acoustic meatus that articulates with the parietal bone.
squamous part
Which of the following bone belongs to the axial skeleton and is a flat bone?
sternum
Which of the following bones belongs to the axial skeleton?
sternum
Identify the landmark on the temporal bone that is a pointy spine.
styloid process
Which lobe of the brain is most responsible for memory formation? _
temporal lobe
Identify the region on the zygomatic bone that forms part of the zygomatic arch.
temporal process
In addition to supporting and protecting the body, the skeleton provides this function as well.
the bones store fat, red marrow, and calcium
A patient has lost the ability to taste food. Which nerve may have been damaged?
the facial nerve
As a cook chops red onions he begins to tear up due to activation of the lacrimal gland. Which of the following nerves provided the stimulus?
the facial nerve
Identify the cranial nerve that passes through the olfactory foramina.
the olfactory nerve
A fontanelle is:
the site for future bone formation
A doctor asks her patient to follow the motion of her finger as she moves it up and down, left and right. Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT being tested?
the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately superior to the lumbar region?
thoracic
What is the function of white matter?
transmits messages White matter is predominately myelinated axons, which transmit information (action potentials).
Identify the articulation site for a tubercle of a rib.
transverse costal facet
Identify a lateral projection of a vertebra.
transverse process
Foramina located in the _____ is a characteristic of cervical vertebrae.
transverse processes
Because the spinal nerves arise from fusion of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord, and contain motor and sensory fibers, all spinal nerves are considered mixed nerves.
true
The ethmoid bone is part of the axial skeleton.
true
The lumbar vertebrae are found in the lower back.
true
The shape of the spinous process can be used to help determine if a vertebra is from the lumbar region.
true
The composition of gray matter includes neuron cell bodies.
true Gray matter consists of neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglial cells.
White matter has a fatty consistency.
true White matter consists mainly of myelinated axons. Myelination is created by the membrane of a neuroglial cell wrapping many times tightly around an axon. Recall the plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer, therefore white matter contains a lot of fat. The high amount of fat gives white matter it's characteristic glossy white appearance.
The sphenoid bone contains a sinus.
true - 2 sphenoidal sinuses
The primary function of cranial nerve II
vision
occipital lobe
vision
What bone forms part of the nasal septum?
vomer
Which bone forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum?
vomer
In adults, ________ marrow fills the central canal of long bones, and ________ marrow is found in the epiphyses of long bones.
yellow, red
Identify the 2 bones that make up the zygomatic arch.
zygomatic and temporal bone
What is the anatomical name for the facial bones known as "cheekbones"?
zygomatic bones
Identify the region of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygomatic arch.
zygomatic process
Identify the region on the temporal bone that forms much of the zygomatic arch.
zygomatic process
How many bones of the skull are considered facial bones? __________
14
Humans are born with _____ fontanelles.
6
How many vertebrae make up the cervical region of the vertebral column?
7
There are ________ pairs of cervical spinal nerves and ________ pairs of lumbar spinal nerves.
8,5
Which of the following thoracic vertebrae is the largest?
T12
What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?
axis
What artery is formed by the joining of the two vertebral arteries?
basilar
primary motor cortex
location: pre central gyrus of the frontal lobe function: conscious control of voluntary movements of skeletal muscle
primary auditory cortex
location: temporal lobe in the gyrus, bordering the lateral sulcus function: receives sound information from the receptors for hearing in the internal ear
The femur is an example of a(n) __________ bone.
long
The brain and spinal cord are covered and protected by three connective tissue layers called __________.
meninges
Nerves and blood vessels pass through the _____ to reach the chin.
mental foramina
Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".
occipital bone - atlas
Identify the area of the occipital bone that articulates with the vertebral column.
occipital condyles
Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.
occipital condyles
Which cranial nerve controls the muscles of the superior eyelid?
oculomotor nerve
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately inferior to the lumbar region?
sacral
Identify the bony posterior wall of the pelvis.
sacrum