Dr. Lovely Exam 2

How do brittle stars typically feed?

they use their podia to transfer food particles to their mouth

How do frogs lose most of their carbon dioxide?

through the skin

Some enteropneusts undergo direct development, while others produce a ciliated larva called a

tornaria

Bird feathers and reptilian scales are

homologous structures

what are the characteristics of anurans?

Adults lack a tail. They are ectothermic. They are specialized for jumping.

how do bird and tetrapod forelimbs relate?

All of the elements of the basic vertebrate tetrapod limb—arm, forearm, wrist, and fingers—are also found in the bird wing.

What statement accurately compares the lungs of amniotes with those of amphibians?

Amniote lungs have much more surface area and are ventilated by a different mechanism.

name three features that facilitate lamprey feeding.

Anticoagulants Sharp teeth Sucker-like mouth

Early diapsids diversified to give rise to five morphologically distinct clades. What clade includes dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodilians, and birds?

Archosaurs

Which mammals exhibit brief gestation and prolonged lactation?

Marsupial

Gliding and flying has evolved independently in several groups of mammals, including which of the following?

Marsupials Rodents Bats

what is stereom in echinoderms?

Meshwork structure of endoskeletal ossicles that usually contains fibers and dermal cells and is unique to echinoderms.

What are some features that are shared by chordate and nonchordate invertebrates

Metamerism Tube-within-a-tube arrangement Cephalization Bilateral symmetry

What drives water through the perforated pharynx in vertebrates?

Muscular contractions

What lungfish normally relies on gill respiration and cannot survive out of water for long periods of time?

Neoceratodus

In most invertebrate phyla, which of the following runs along the back, is ventral to the digestive tract, and is solid? Nerve cord Postanal tail Endostyle Pharynx

Nerve cord

A secretion of what type of cells is responsible for the maturation and shedding of sea star eggs?

Neurosecretory cells

Baboons, mandrills, and colobus monkeys are found in what clade of simians?

Old world monkeys

Members of Class Pterobranchia can be characterized by

One pair of gill slits U-shaped alimentary canal Shield-shaped proboscis

Basket stars and brittle stars belong to the echinoderm class

Ophiuroidea

Amphioxus is a term that is used for

Those now known as Branchiostoma Historical references to lancelets

he amphibian circulatory system is ______.

closed

the thyroid gland of chordates is derived from the

endostyle

Compared to seawater, the osmolarity of hagfish body fluid is

equal

Feathers, claws, horns, scales, and hair are examples of the vertebrate

exoskeleton

Small terminal chambers in frog lungs are called __________________.

faveoli

In humans, the ______ is shifted to directly underneath the braincase as compared to other hominids, allowing for an upright posture.

foramen magnum

what are the three sections of the tripartite brain?

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

anadromous species must return to ______ to spawn.

freshwater streams

in brittle stars, invaginations called bursae function in

gas exchange

Jaws are believed to have arisen from

gill arches

In the pelage of a mammal, course and longer ______ is used for protection against wear and to provide coloration.

guard hair

A paedomorphic organism is one

in which the adult form resembles the juvenile form of an ancestral species.

Early sarcopterygians had

lungs and gills

The bony operculum increases the efficiency of ______ in bony fish because it creates ______ pressure that draws water in and across the gills.

respiration; negative

As a feather develops, the feather bud

rolls into a hollow cylinder.

Some ____ do not metamorphose, and instead stay in the larval form.

salamaders

What glands in mammals are used for marking territorial boundaries, for warning, or for defense?

scent glands

what are the four classes of mammal integumentary glands?

scent glands, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and mammary glands

A gland that is associated with the hair follicle is a(n) ______ gland.

sebaceous

Compared to humans, the surface area available for respiration in frogs lungs is

smaller

What sensory systems are most important in allowing sharks to detect from prey from long distances?

smell and lateral-line system

Define madreporite

spots on a echinoderm that filter water into the water vascular system for locomotion, feeding and respiration.

What is a typical food for a sea cucumber?

suspended food particles

______ glands are absent from non-mammalian vertebrates.

sweat

The main sensory structure for most caecilians is/are the ______. Multiple choice question. cilia

tentacles

In a sea cucumber, what structure serves as a hydrostatic skeleton?

the coelom

In kangaroos, during embryonic diapause the embryo in the uterus stops development in response to ________.

the preceding sibling nursing

Define density independent factors

these forces strike without regard, mostly weather or geology based, natural disasters

Which of these are characteristics of members of phylum Echinodermata? - They possess a calcareous endoskeleton composed of plates or ossicles. - They exhibit pentaradial symmetry. - They exhibit external spines and pedicellariae. - They possess a water-vascular system. - They inhabit both marine and freshwater environments.

- They possess a calcareous endoskeleton composed of plates or ossicles. - They exhibit pentaradial symmetry. - They exhibit external spines and pedicellariae. - They possess a water-vascular system.

apocrine glands

Apocrine glands are larger than eccrine glands and have longer and more convoluted ducts. In contrast to the watery secretions of eccrine glands, apocrine secretions are milky fluids, whitish or yellow in color, that dry on the skin to form a film.

What amniotes can supplement their pulmonary respiration with respiration at their pharynx or cloaca?

Aquatic turtles

The members of what taxon have a flattened body composed of a central disc connected to tapering rays and is covered by a ciliated, often brightly colored epidermis?

Asteroidea

eccrine glands

Eccrine glands secrete a watery fluid that, if evaporated on the skin's surface, draws heat away from the skin and cools it.

Members of what phylum are characterized by having a spiny calcareous endoskeleton, pentaradial symmetry, and a water-vascular system?

Echinodermata

Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies are all members of what phylum?

Echinodermata

List three characteristics of the phylum Hemichodata

They have gill slits. Most are wormlike bottom dwellers. Most are sessile.

How do modern turtles grip their food?

They have tough keratinized plates on their jaws.

What makes New Zealand tuataras particularly vulnerable to introduced non-native animals, such as rats, cats, and dogs?

They have very slow growth and reproductive rates.

Excretion and respiration in sea stars is facilitated by their spacious body _____ which is filled with fluid.

coelom

Unlike other fishes, the upper jaw of a member of the subclass Holocephali is

completely fused to the cranium

Define density dependent factors

conditions that are more likely to occur within a population when it is more crowded

Coprophagy

consumption of feces to extract additional nutrients

What features suggest that hagfishes should be considered to be vertebrates?

cranium and vertebrate homologies

Brittle stars differ from sea stars because during metamorphosis, a brittle star's larva

does not have a temporary attached phase

In crinoids, the larval stage is called a

doliolaria

what are the two types of sweat glands?

eccrine and apocrine

What are features used to distinguish the vertebrate subdivions

embryonic membranes jaws

What feature do bony fish and tetrapods share?

endochondral bone

Many female mammals are only receptive to copulation during a brief period called

estrus

define anapsid

extinct amniotes in which the kull lacks temporal openings

in an acorn worm, the proboscis aids in

feeding and burrowing

Catadromous fish

fish that migrate from freshwater to the ocean to spawn

The life histories of thaliaceans are often adapted to respond most directly to sudden changes in

food supply

The structure in amphioxus that has similar functions as the vertebrate pancreas and liver is the

hepatic cecum

Mammals have ______ teeth, meaning that teeth are differentiated and capable of performing specialized functions.

heterodont

Diapsids first appeared during the Paleozoic and subsequently diversified into five distinct clades. The _____ are an extinct clade represented by aquatic, dolphin-like species.

ichthyosaurs

The young of the earliest mammals probably hatched from eggs in a(n ______ condition.

immature condition, totally dependent on maternal milk, warmth, and protection.

What are the types if mammalian teeth and what is their function?

incisors = used mainly for snipping canines = specialized for piercing premolars and molars = shearing, crushing, or grinding.

______ horns are similar to true horns except the keratinized portion is forked and shed annually.

pronghorn

Terrestrial animals have limbs and skeletal structure that

provide structural support against gravity.

The sixth aortic arch of fish was converted into the ______________ arteries in amphibians

pulmonary

Once in freshwater, how do Pacific salmon find their specific natal stream?

recognition of its odor

What are two tetrapod adaptations to air-breathing?

routing blood to lungs, and increased vascularization of the air-filled cavity.

The vertebrate exoskeleton is derived from the

skin

Caecilians can be characterized by which features?

small eyes, no limbs, long ribs

Female salamanders pick up packets of sperm known as ______ that are deposited by male salamanders on a leaf or stick.

spermatophores

Vibrissae are long, modified hairs in mammals that function in

tactile sensing of their physical environment.

Where is phosphatized mineral tissue evident in members of the class Chondrichthyes?

teeth, scales, and spines

What is altricial birth?

the baby is born blind, naked, and helpless.

All mammal integumentary glands, such as sweat glands, mammary glands, and scent glands, are derivatives of

the epidermis

what are the two clades for living mammals?

the monotremes and the therians

The exit of water from an ascidian body occurs through what structure?

Excurrent siphon

what are the five distinctive characteristics of phylum Chordata?

(1) a dorsal, tubular nerve cord overlying (2) a supportive notochord (3) pharyngeal pouches or slits 4) an endostyle for filter-feeding (5) a postanal tail for propulsion

What are three developmental characteristics of deuterostomes?

- Coelom formation by enterocoely - Formation of the mouth from a second opening (not the blastopore) - Radial regulative cleavage

Select all of the following that are true of the madreporite of sea stars: It functions in reproduction. It is circular in shape. It is located on the oral side of the body. It is found on the body's exterior. It leads to the water vascular system.

- It is circular in shape. - It is found on the body's exterior. - It leads to the water vascular system.

Birds can use the sun by day and the stars by night for orientation. More specifically, how do birds orient themselves by the stars?

Birds can detect and navigate by the North Star axis around which constellations appear to rotate.

The earliest echinoderm fossils found are from the ________ period.

Cambrian

What are Jacobson's organs?

Chemical-sensing pits in a snake's mouth that help to find prey

define bipinnaria

Free-swimming, ciliated, bilateral larva of the asteroid echinoderms; develops into the brachiolaria larva.

How do Old World Monkeys differ from New World Monkeys?

In addition to their geographic separation, Old World monkeys differ from New World monkeys in lacking a grasping tail, while having close-set, downward-facing nostrils, better opposable, grasping thumbs, and only two premolars in each jaw half

Define catch collagen

In echinoderms a mutable collagenous tissue under neuronal control that can be changed from a "liquid" to a "solid" form very quickly.

The exploration of land by aquatic species was aided by the presence of what structures connected to the pharynx?

Internal nares An air-filled cavity

what are two advantages of marsupial mammals over placental mammals?

Investing less energy in young is advantageous in an unpredictable environment. More energy is available to replace lost young.

Why is an endoskeleton advantageous to body size?

It allows large body size.

Filoplume feathers

Short, hair-like feathers with no known function

While they typically have five arms, brittle stars have a distinct morphology that is very different from that of sea stars (Asteroidea). Select all of the following that are characteristic of brittle stars. Multiple select question. Tube feet without suckers Madreporite on aboral surface Ambulacral grooves closed and covered by ossicles Lack of papulae and pedicellariae

Tube feet without suckers Ambulacral grooves closed and covered by ossicles Lack of papulae and pedicellariae

The sea squirts belong to the subphylum

Urochordata

In sea stars, what system has primary functions in locomotion and food gathering, and additional functions in respiration and excretion?

Water Vascular system

How many times did viviparity evolve in the order Squamata?

about 100 separate times

Early jawed fish called _____ had large, anteriorly set eyes and fins with spines and gave rise to the bony fishes.

acanthodians

Monophyly is suggested by the similarities between early bony fishes and their ancestors, the

acanthodians

What lineage of jawed fish became extinct after the " age of fishes" ?

acanthodians and placoderms

what are the three categories of crocdiles?

alligators and caimans, crocodiles, and gharians.

What are the four extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg?

amnion, allantois, chorion, and yolk sac.

The amnion, chorion, allantois, and the yolk sac are the four extraembryonic membranes found in ____ eggs.

amniote

What type of skull has a temporal region with no fenestrae and that is completely roofed by dermal bones?

anapsid

what are the two layers of frog skin?

dermis and epidermis

what time period is considered the "age of fishes"

devonian

What is the most important stimulus that causes internal changes in birds (such as development of gonads), which predispose them to migrate in late winter/early spring?

increasing day length

What is the function of the cephalochordate ileocolic ring?

it concentrates cilia for movement of water

How is the vertebrate pharynx modified from that of earlier chordates to effectively pump water?

it has muscles

How does the tongue of a hagfish aid its feeding ability?

it rasps flesh from prey

he agnatha refer to the ______ vertebrates and are a ______ group.

jawless; paraphyletic

what structures played a major role in vertebrate evolution?

jaws and paired fins

A bird's erythrocytes (red blood cells) are

nucleated and biconvex

Define sebum and give its three functions:

oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands • traps moisture • keeps skin and hair soft, pliant, waterproof • reduces risk of infection

Define synapsid

one hole behind the orbital

Animals with diphyodont dentition replace their teeth

only once

Most brittle stars produce a free-swimming larva called a(n)

ophiopluteus

Early synapsids that resembled lizards and eventually gave rise to the therapsids are called

pelycosaur

The earliest synapsids included diverse herbivorous and carnivorous organisms often collectively called

pelycosaur

what is the ectodermal placodes in vertebrates?

plate-like ectodermal thickenings that appear on either side of the neural tube.

The bones of modern birds are very light yet very strong. These properties are due to the fact that the bones are laced with cavities, which is why they are also called _____ bones.

pneumatized

The barbs of a contour feather run parallel to each other at an angle relative to the shaft. Adjacent barbs interlock together to form the flat surface of the feather, also known as the

vane.

The basic circulatory plan of amphioxus is like that of

vertebrates

Venomous snakes belonging to what family have well developed, movable, tubular fangs at the front of the mouth that are erected only during strikes by a muscle and bone lever system?

viperidae

Modern versions of the FOXP2 gene are required for

Speech

From the following list, choose all that occur during the metamorphosis of a brachiolaria into a young sea star. The dorsal part of the larva becomes the oral surface. The ventral part of the larva becomes its aboral surface. The right side of the larva becomes its aboral surface. The larval mouth and anus disappear, and a new mouth and anus form. The larval mouth becomes the anus, while a new mouth appears on what used to be the larva's left side. The left side of the larva becomes its oral surface.

-The right side of the larva becomes its aboral surface. -The larval mouth and anus disappear, and a new mouth and anus form. -The left side of the larva becomes its oral surface.

Define Diapsid

2 open holes behind the orbital

describe our current understanding of modern human evolution

300,000 to 200,000 years ago, the earth cooled and Homo heidelbergensis was replaced by two hominins. Modern humans retained the gracile characteristics of Homo heidelbergensis.

Frogs that survive freezing can freeze extracellular fluid that comprises

35% of the body water

How many for the five chordate characteristics are present in larval sea squirts?

5

Elasmobranchs usually have ______ pairs of gills slits.

5, rarely 6 or 7.

The earliest simian fossil appeared in Africa about ______ years ago.

55 million

What is an ambulacrum?

A band on the oral side of sea stars that runs from the mouth to the tip of each arm

How do sea stars exchange gases with the outside and excrete their wastes?

Both gases and wastes can leave the body by diffusion through papulae and tube feet.

What is the function of Aristotle's lantern in sea urchins?

Chewing food

The type of placenta seen in marsupials is called a(n) ______ placenta.

Choriovielline

what are three functions of pedicellariae?

Cleaning the body of debris, protecting the papulae, and sometimes aiding in food capture.

What therapsid group survived into the Mesozoic era and was characterized by heterodont teeth, turbinate bones, a secondary palate and the loss of lumbar ribs?

Cynodonts

The frog that incubates its offspring in the male vocal pouch is called

Darwin's frog

what are the defense mechanisms of sea cucumbers

Discharging digestive tract or gonads Expelling the Cuvierian tubules

The subphylum Eleutherozoa contains 4 extant classes of echinoderms. Most scientists agree that two of those classes form a monophyletic clade. Those two classes are

Echinoidea and Holothuroidea

What are three special sense organs in vertebrates

Electroreceptors Eyes with inverted retinas Lateral-line receptors

What characteristics do adult sea squirts and chordates share?

Endostyle and Pharyngeal silts

What does the pharyngeal pouches give rise to in tetrapod vertebrate?

Eustachian tube, middle ear cavity, tonsils, and parathyroid glands.

The chordates were firmly established as deuterostomes based on what evidence?

Genetic similarity ad embryological similarity

Sea cucumbers are unique among echinoderms because they ________.

Have a single gonad

What are three extinct echinoderms clades?

Homalozoa, Helicoplacoidea, and Ctenoimbricata

Humans, chimps, orangutans, and gorillas are all classified as

Hominids

What are two potential advantages of viviparity in squamates?

It provides protection from predation, to which deposited eggs are highly susceptible. It allows mothers to regulate the temperature of the developing embryos (via ectothermy).

What exceptions to the usual amphibian life history plan are exemplified by some species of frogs, salamanders, and caecilians?

Lack of aquatic larval phase Incomplete metamorphosis with continued aquatic life

describe the skull of a modern bird

Light and mostly fused; diapsid features not visible due to high specialization, Relatively large braincase and orbits

What are factors that make lizards good survivors in hot arid environments?

Lipids in their thick skin minimize water loss. Little water is lost in their urine because they primarily excrete uric acid. Some, such as Gila monsters of southwestern United States deserts, store fat in their tails, which they use during drought to provide energy and metabolic water

name the features present in early sarcopterygians.

Lobed fins Gills Heterocercal tail Lungs

What is the function of the postanal tail?

Locomotion

what can occur in paedomorphic salamanders of the genus Ambystoma when ponds evaporate?

Metamorphosis into terrestrial adults. Development of lungs

describe migration patterns in mammals.

Migration in mammals is rare. Mammals generally have a defined home range and don't migrate.

The lampreys of the northern hemisphere belong to the family

Petromyzontida

describe the ecology of snowshoe hares

Populations increase over 10 year cycles then crash following times of superabundance. As the snowshoe hare population increases rapidly, resources such as food decrease and predators such as owls increase.

What is the primary function of preening in birds?

Preening helps adjacent barbs that have become separated to "zip" together again.

what are three traits between birds and all nonavian reptiles?

Presence of a single middle ear bone Nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid Lower jaw made of 5 or 6 bones

What are the three distinct regions that make up the body of a acorn worm?

Proboscis, long trunk, and short collar

What processes can produce paedomorphosis?

Progenesis Neoteny Postdisplacement

what are the organisms that colonized land before amphibians?

Pulmonate snails Tracheate arthropods Vascular plants

What structures connect the tube feet in each arm of the Asteroidea with the central water vascular system?

Radial canals

what are three characteristics of echinoderms that are thought to have limited their diversification

Radial symmetry Dermal endoskeleton Water-vascular system

What is an example of an amniote that can exchange gases in areas other than their lungs?

Sea snakes primarily use their skin to exchange gases.

he clade that contains 96% of living fishes and all tetrapods arose during the ______ period.

Silurian

What primate group consists of the monkeys and apes?

Simians

Sea stars can easily move up vertical surfaces. How do they generate the necessary suction force in their tube feet?

Small muscles lift the middle of the foot's disk-like end, which produces a suction force when the foot is applied to a hard surface.

what are three characteristics of human skeletons as compared to those of other hominids?

Smaller canine teeth Shorter pelvic bones More S-shaped vertebral column

How do barbules help form the vane of a feather?

The barbules of one barb overlap those of an adjacent barb and are held together by tiny hooks.

Why do amphibians require certain humidity levels in their environment?

Their thin skin allows rapid dehydration. Their eggs are vulnerable to dessication.

what is the purpose of Cuvierian tubules?

They can be expelled to entangle a predator, and sometimes contain toxins.

True or false: The molecular mechanisms of embryonic development in sea urchins are better known than those of almost any other model animal.

True

What birds tend to form enormous colonies during their breeding season?

Wetland birds, for example geese

Can birds sense time?

Yes, birds have a highly accurate sense of time.

Do echinoids have tube feet, and if so, where are they located?

Yes, tube feet extend through pores in the five rows of ambulacral plates.

In general, an echinoid test is

a compact skeleton of 10 double rows of plates that bear movable, stiff spines

Haikouella cannot be classified as a vertebrate because it lacks

a cranium

What is the neural crest in vertebrates?

a population of ectodermal cells lying along the length of the embryonic neural tube contributes to the formation of many different structures such as most of the cranium, the pharyngeal skeleton, tooth dentine, some endocrine glands, and other structures

The evolution of the shelled egg allowed reptiles to become fully independent from the aquatic environment because

a shelled egg encloses a small aquatic environment, where development of the embryo can occur.

Amphibian blood is circulated by ________.

a single pressure pump

Define pedicellariae

a small wrench/claw shaped appendage with movable jaws.

the skin of a frog is

attached loosely and only at certain point of the body.

As traditionally defined, reptiles are a paraphyletic group because they don't include all of descendants of their most recent common ancestor. Which group of animals has to be added to the traditional reptile group in order to produce a monophyletic clade?

birds

The skull and pneumatized wing bones of birds are very light, while their leg bones are even heavier than those of mammals. As a result

birds have a low center of gravity which improves their aerodynamic stability.

Antlers found in animals of the family Cervidae are branched and comprised of solid ______ when mature.

bone

Hemichordates share characteristics with

both chordates and echinoderms

what are the four main categories used to organize mammalian feeding strategies?

carnivore, herbivore, omnivore and insectivore.

Are sea stars carnivores or herbivores?

carnivores

In herbivorous mammals such as horses, zebras, elephants and some primates, most fermentation occurs in the colon and a side pocket called the

cecum

Since carnivores have a protein-rich diet, they have a small or absent

cecum

The change from gill-breathing in fish to lung-breathing in amphibians also required a major switch in

circuitry

In terrestrial plethodontids, paedomorphosis in foot form has aided

climbing ability

what are the adaptations to terrestrial life that are present in Ichthyostega?

jointed limbs, stronger vertebrae and associated muscles to support the body in air, new muscles to elevate the head, strengthened shoulder and hip girdles, protective rib cage, and ears modified for detecting airborne sounds.

Mammals had developed all the novel attributes of modern mammals by the ______ period.

late triassic

Eusthenopteron was a(n) ______ of the Devonian period that could push itself through the bottom of mud pools.

lobe finned fish

What two amniotes have synapsid skulls?

mammals and therapsids

The velum of sea daisies is a

membranous structure on the oral surface used for the absorption of nutrients.

The integumentary glands produced by the epidermis are the small ______________ glands and the large __________________ glands that secrete poison.

mucous; granular

In chordates, the endostyle secretes

mucus to trap food particles

Water and nutrient flow through a thaliacean is driven by _________.

muscular contractions

Toothed whales and dolphins produce the sound used for echolocation with their __________.

nasal passage

Two unique structures found in the bird respiratory system, but not the mammalian system, are

parabronchi and air sacs

define pectoralis and supracoracoideus

pectoralis - muscle that lowers wings during flight supracoracoideus - muscle that raises the wing.

Birds spend considerable time ____ their feathers with their beaks, which zips together barbs that might have become separated.

preening

What are the functions of the neural crest and ectodermal placodes?

the neural crest regulates the development of adjacent tissue, such as tooth enamel and pharyngeal muscles (branchiomeres). Ectodermal placodes give rise to the olfactory epithelium, lens of the eye, inner ear epithelium, some ganglia and cranial nerves, lateral-line mechanoreceptors, and electroreceptors.

What characterizes reproduction in monotremes?

they are egg laying mammals

What is the function of the temporal openings found in modern animals with synapsid and diapsid skulls?

they are occupied by large muscles that elevate the lower jaw

Describe the regeneration capabilities of sea stars.

they can regenerate their arms, even if they have lost all of them.

Brachiolaria

this asteroid larva develops from the bipinnarial larva and has three preoral holdfast processes

The function of trace elements such as vanadium and niobium in the ascidian circulatory system is ________.

unknown