Draft
Because students who are culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) often have difficulty meeting national or state learning standards and have lower- than-average academic outcomes, teachers must incorporate culturally responsive teaching by ____________________________.
create an environment that encourages cultural awareness by incorporating cultural traits, past experiences, and perceptions their of students.
The definition of a special education incorporates three concepts for the student to benefit from the educational experience:
customized instructional program; e.g., adaptations of teaching strategies specialized equipment or aids; e.g., large-print books or tablet computers supplementary support services from professionals in other disciplines; e.g., sign language interpreter or psychological counseling
With repeated experiences of failure, students begin to believe that consequences or outcomes are the result of circumstances that are outside of their control.
external locus of control
The interrelated activities that are necessary to fulfill each individual's needs and the family's collective needs
family functions
The belief that a family is an interrelated social system with unique characteristics and needs
family system model
Acknowledges that students engage in inappropriate behavior for multiple reasons. Determines consistent antecedents and consequences associated with the occurrence or nonoccurrence of certain behaviors.
functional behavior method
504 Unlike IDEA, this act employs a functional rather than categorical model for determining a disability. According to this law, individuals are eligible for services if they:
have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; have a record of such an impairment; or are regarded as having such an impairment by others.
A person with ADHD has _________ chance of having a learning or psychiatric disorder.
increased
A child with which disorder is less likely to be identified by a teacher as having an EBD?
anxiety/withdrawl
_____________________are characterized by internalizing disorders and behaviors related to poor self-confidence and self-esteem.
anxiety/withdrawl
Interindividual differences
are differences between pupils. These differences are what distinguish each student from his or her classmates. -norm-referenced assessments are standardized tests and are linked to interindividual differences.
Intraindividual differences
are differences within the child. Instead of looking at how students compare with their peers, teachers focus on the individual's unique pattern of strengths and weaknesses, abilities and limitations. -criterion-referenced assessments are associated with intraindividual differences and can provide data that are useful for instructional planning.
Low-tech assistive technologies
are generally tools or devices that are low in cost, require less training, and are typically not sophisticated (pencil grip)
Scientifically based interventions
are research-based interventions. They are basically a new set of strategies and procedures that teachers are expected to use in their classrooms to improve student progress
High-tech assistive technologies
are sophisticated devices and tools and are commonly associated with computer-based technology. High-tech assistive technology is considered to have a higher cost and require more training (for example, text-to-speech
What is the primary characteristic of a learning disability? That is, what is the essential condition that indicates a learning disability?
A learning disability does not exist without significant impairments in academic achievement
Which option is NOT included in the federal definition of emotional disturbance?
A longer than a temporary response to stressful events. This language is a part of an alternative definition proposed by the Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders (CCBD)
Family functions are the seven interrelated activities listed below, all of which are necessary to fulfill the individual and collective needs of a family:
Affection—emotional commitments and display of affection Self-esteem—personal identity and self-worth, recognition of positive contributions Economics—production and utilization of family income Daily care—day-to-day survival needs (food, shelter, health care) Socialization—developing social skills, establishing interpersonal relationships Recreation—leisure time activities for both family and individuals Education—involvement in educational activities, career choices
Multiple Means of Engagement
Affective System The "Why" of Teaching and Learning
devised an experiment to study children's problems with selective attention and distractibility.
Alfre strauss
Response Accommodation
Allow students to complete, solve, or organize assessments in different ways.
If an adult with LD goes to college, he or she can qualify for reasonable accommodations with proper documentation under which laws ?
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973
1990
Americans with Disabilities Act passed
What are the unintended consequences of disproportionality?
Improved employment opportunities
Down syndrome is not an IDEA disability category, thus, those who have a diagnosis of Down syndrome only receive special education services if their disability affects their educational performance.
TRue
What is teacher bias and how can it affect the disproportionality of culturally and linguistically diverse populations?
Teacher bias occurs when a teacher's subjective opinions affect their decision-making and can ultimately aid in overrepresentation.
1988
Tech Act passed
Defining Intellectual Disability
The AAIDD defines it as follows: "a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills.
Immersion Program
Language and culture are not incorporated. A "sink or swim" philosophy.
Presentation Accommodation
Let students access the assessments in ways other than reading standard print.
As a result of the trend toward smaller, more personalized, and mobile technology, teachers and other education professionals will have to do the following when considering AT: _______________.
Make sure they understand the technology and how to use it. -Evaluate the technology's appropriateness for educational purposes.
Parent/guardian participation in educational decision-making is_______________.
Mandate
Which of the following statements best explains the link between cultural bias and disproportionality in special education programs?
Many students are identified as learning disabled due to subjective interpretations of their behavior
Which of these statements best explains the significance of technology to special education?
Many technological devices have been designed to assist with organizational skills and memory.
Which statement is best supported by current placement statistics for students with learning disabilities?
Most educators believe resource rooms are too restrictive for LD students.
challenge or area of struggle for individuals with learning disabilities.
Motivation social Self-concept behavioral Organizational skills
six essential elements of a response to intervention process.Those components are:
Multi-Tiered System Universal Screening Progress Monitoring Data-Based Decision Making Scientifically Based Interventions Fidelity of Implementation.
three most common organizational structures.
Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary, and Transdisciplinary Team Models
Based on established definitions, which of the following statements best explains the federal interpretation of a learning disability?
Some people lack information processing skills that are conducive to learning.
Which description below best meets the definition of risk factors?
Something that increases susceptibility; particularly with regard to a disease or condition.
Which category of disability has the highest incidence?
Specific learning disabilities
Which of the following is not a component of both an individual family service plan (IFSP) and an individualized education program IEP?
Statement of family resources, priorities, and concerns
Issues With Assistive Technology
Stigmatization and Potential for Abandonment Need for Training Cost
Multiple Means of Expression
Strategic System The "How" of Teaching and Learning
What type of learning environment do most children with ADHD best respond to?
Structured and predictable
Embedded academic skills usable in specific life routines
Student will acquire an academic response as part of a daily life routine (e.g., use money to buy school lunch; use time and word shedule to organizr day
Functional generalized skills usable across life routines
Student will learn some pivotal skills (e.g., useful word and number recognition and counting) and use them in home, school, and community activities.
Adaptations to bypass academic skills
Student will learn to use adaptations that avoid the need for an academic skill (e.g., money envelopes, bus passes).
Transitional Programs
Students are instructed in native language only until they have sufficient English. Goal is to move all students as quickly as possible to all English-only classes. This instructional model is the most common. Bilingual education legislation favors this program.
Which description and strategy is true about students who are CLD?
Students who are CLD are often shy and unsure of how to engage in social interactions, therefore activities that incorporate a lot of collaborative work are crucial to their development.
Which of the following is a common misconception that leads to problems in assessing students from linguistically diverse groups?
Students who become fluent in conversational English have the complex language skills necessary for academic success.
Which statement best describes the significance of placement decisions for learning disabled students?
Students with learning disabilities are less likely to feel stigmatized when they are taught in traditional classrooms.
IDEA 2004 omitted ___________ technologies from the definition of assistive technologies.
Surgically implanted
Cultural competency is essential in the assessment of students with or at risk for EBD.
True
In thinking about implementing universal design in the classroom, teachers must first consider the content standards before pursuing any form of UDL.
True
Individuals with ID struggle to generalize skills to novel contexts and situations. Peers often reject individuals with ID due to their poor interpersonal skills.
True
Medical evaluations, rating scales, and child behavior checklists are used to diagnose ADHD.
True
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is an assessment tool often used to assess individuals with intellectual disabilities.
True
True or false? An example of a socioeconomic basis for disproportionality in special education is that many minority students living in poverty have limited proficiency in English.
True
True or false? Lack of emotional control is one characteristic of students with ADHD.
True
True or false? Most students with learning disabilities have problems with reading.
True
True or false? Norm-referenced assessments are less effective with students who have learning disabilities than with the general education student population.
True
True or false? Since passage of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), parents are required by law to participate in educational decisions affecting their child receiving special education services.
True
True or false? The IQ scores of individuals with intellectual disabilities correlate closely with their language skills.
True
True or false? The process of assessing students with ADHD is multifaceted.
True
True or false? Specific praise is an example of a primary level-intervention.
True, specific praise is an example of primary level-intervention.
Which statement below is TRUE about assessing students from culturally and linguistically diverse groups
Under IDEA, assessments shall be provided and administered in the child's native language or mode of communication.
How can teachers support the accurate identification of EBDs in students who are culturally and linguistically diverse?
Use behavior management strategies
Wisconsin Assistive Technology Initiative (WATI)
Used to identify the types of technology that may benefit students with various disabilities, based on students' abilities and challenges, environments, and tasks for IEP consideration
Which of the following is a mnemonic strategy used to assist students with memory?
Using rhymes or patterns
How common are learning disabilities among students with ADHD?
Very common
Which statement best describes the way the advocacy role of parents and families has evolved within the special education process?
Whereas parents/families were once regarded as part of the child's problem, we now regard their opinions and perspectives as crucial in addressing the challenges associated with a child's exceptionality.
Moderate- or mid-tech assistive technologies
are typically tools or devices that are battery operated; the technology is more sophisticated, may require more training, and has a higher cost than low-tech assistive technology (audio recorder or calculator)
Because it is difficult for Lauren to count money, her teacher helps her use a predetermined amount of money to make purchases (e.g., dollar for a soda).
adaptations to bypass academic skills
The incorporation of task analysis in a general education curriculum helps students with ID primarily b
addressing their specific performance deficiencies
According to the stage model of parental reaction, parents engage in an internal process referred to as bargaining mainly in an attempt to __________.
adjust to new circumstances
Most learning disabilities are identified in_______________.
adolescent males
Child maltreatment has been linked to externalizing disorders which are associated with
aggression
Prevalence refers
to the total number of individuals with a particular disability existing in the population at a given time. Prevalence is expressed as a percentage of the population exhibiting this specific exceptionality.
IEP teams should consider assistive technology ___________ an IEP meeting.
towards the end
A lack of a test assessing what it was designed to assess once the language is translated to the student's native language.
translated test validity
After repeatedly experiencing failure, this type of learning style may develop - over-reliance on support from others from loss of confidence in one's own abilities.
outer-directedness
Over the years, three initiatives have strengthened the assessment process as it relates to students with emotional or behavioral disorders:
person-centered planning, strength-based assessment, and functional behavioral assessment.
List an intervention often used with students with EBD in each of the following areas: physical environment interventions, academic and instructional interventions, behavioral interventions, and other instructional strategies.
physical environment interventions: time management, transition management, proximity and movement management, classroom arrangement. academic and instructional interventions: academic curriculum modifications, mnemonic strategies, self-monitoring strategies, content enhancements. behavioral interventions: behavior modification, cognitive-behavior modification other instructional strategies. social skills training, interpersonal problem-solving, conflict resolution
Losing place in text frequently
reading habit
Speech-language therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy are examples of _________ intervention services that can be provided to students with disabilities under IDEA.
related services
Three essential elements of UDL are often considered when developing curriculum for learners with diverse abilities:
representation, engagement, and expression.
The most feasible way to combat the overrepresentation of certain ethnic groups in special education due to language differences would be to __________.
select instructional models based on the student's level of proficiency in English
attending to important stimuli and ignoring irrelevant stimuli
selective attention
This option involves teaching students with ID how to speak out on issues that are important to them.
self-advocacy
Assessment that fails to consider the cultural and experiential background of culturally and linguistically diverse students. The assessment assumes all students have homogenous life experience.
standardized testing bias
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet Alexander Graham Bell
taught children with hearing impairments to communicate through a system of manual signs and symbols. He established the first institution for individuals with hearing impairments in the United States. Alex also hearing impairment
The IEP is
a written detailed plan developed by a team for each pupil ages 3-21 who receives a special education.
National Assistive Technology Research Institute (NATRI)
Provides IEP team members with an AT planner to promote participation by all members
From 2011 to 2012, ________ out of every ten students who received special education services in the United States had been diagnosed with learning disabilities.
4
IDEA 2004 regulations made a significant change from the 1997 language in regard to use of the "discrepancy model" in identifying a student as having a learning disability. Which of the following statements correctly identifies that change? -"Discrepancy" must be used by school districts for determining the presence of a learning disability. "-Discrepancy" may be among a variety of methods used by school districts for determining the presence of a learning disability. "-Discrepancy" may not be used by school districts for determining the presence of a learning disability.
"Discrepancy" may be among a variety of methods used by school districts for determining the presence of a learning disability.
An assistive technology device refers to
"any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of a child with a disability
Assistive technology services include
"any service that directly assists an individual in the selection, acquisition, or use of an assistive technology device
List and describe two issues that have been raised about using intelligence quotients to assess the abilities of individuals with intellectual disabilities.
(1) There is a potential for cultural bias due to the highly verbal nature and reflection of middle-class Anglo standards reflected in IQ assessments. (2) An IQ test reports a person's performance only at a particular point in time; intelligence is not static but capable of changing, and in some cases, the change can be significant. (3) Over-reliance on IQ scores as an indicator of an individual's abilities may not be accurate as an IQ score is not the sole indicator of an individual's ability.
The American Psychiatric Association's (2013) definition recognizes three subtypes of ADHD based on the individual's unique profile of symptoms:
(1) predominantly inattentive type; (2) predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type; and (3) combined type. The majority of individuals with ADHD exhibit the combined typ
emotional disturbance
(i) The term means a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child's educational performance: (A) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. (B) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. (C) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. (D) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression. (E) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems.
IDEAL In pursuing these four purposes, this legislation incorporates six major components and guarantees that have forever changed the landscape of education across the United States.
-A free appropriate public education (FAPE) -The least restrictive environment (LRE). -An individualized education program (IEP). -Procedural due process. -Nondiscriminatory assessment. -Parental participation
Practices for Creating Strong Professional-Parent Partnerships
-Build trusting relationships with the family -Assist families in gaining access to needed supports. -Engage in family-oriented person-centered planning -Encourage family involvement in the development of the support plan. -Assure technical integrity of implementation.
adaptive behavior i
-Conceptual skills -SOCIAL -practical
ADHD three-pronged strategy.
-Evaluate the child's individual needs and strengths. -Select appropriate instructional practices, -Integrate practices within the IEP if the student is receiving special education, and into the curriculum and instruction that are provided to all the students.
Clinically Derived
-Groups behaviors into diagnostic categories -In the past, has focused primarily on adult disorders
Etiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
-Hereditary Factors -Biological and Neurological Differences Environmental Factors
Cognitive Training
-It seeks to manipulate or modify a student's underlying thought patterns to affect observable changes in performance. -Self instruction Mnemonic Strategies
6 co-teaching models
-One Teach, One Observe -One Teach, One Support -Station Teaching -parallel teaching -Alternative Teaching -team teaching
Special educators consider a number of factors when assessing the family's influence on children with learning disabilities. According to professionals, which of these factors is determined largely by culture?
-The cohesiveness of the family unit -The family's ability to adapt to change -Cultural definitions of deviant behavior
What is included in an IEP
-The present levels of educational performance and how the student's disability affects his or her involvement and progress in the general education curriculum. -order to participate in the general education curriculum as well as to participate in extracurricular and nonacademic activities. -An explanation of the extent to which the student will not participate with non-disabled students in general education classes and in extracurricular and nonacademic activities. -The student's participation in statewide and districtwide assessments and, if the student will not participate in such assessments, include a statement of how the child will be assessed.
factors considered by the IEP team when selecting an instructional approach.
-The student's preferences -The parent's preferences -The student's chronological age or number of years left in school -The student's current and future setting -The student's rate of learning academic skills -The student's other skill needs
common complaint about the fairness of IQ tests for minority students.
-They are likely to be unreliable when translated into other languages. -They fail to consider how life experiences affect understanding of text. -They are biased toward individuals who have had training on test-taking skills. -They place heavy emphasis on verbal skills as a measure of intellectual potential.
Statistically Derived
-Uses techniques to establish "dimensions" behavior -Describes behavior in terms of two definitions: externalizing and internalizing behavior
Several approaches are available for teaching functional academics. Two of the more commonly used strategies are
-functional, generalized skills useful for life routines, -embedded academic skills appropriate to specific life situations.
Four Common Types of Child Maltreatment
-sexual abuse -Physical abuse: -Child neglect: -Emotional abuse
What are the three main options students with intellectual disabilities have after graduating high school? Name and describe each.
1) A sheltered workshop is a vocational option for students with intellectual disabilities. In this arrangement, they receive limited training in job skills and have limited exposure to co-workers without disabilities. These positions can be temporary, but most of them are permanent. 2) Supported employment is another vocational option for students with intellectual disabilities. It is a more recent arrangement that has become the most popular option for students with intellectual disabilities due to the intensive job skills training they receive as well as the use of natural supports. 3) Post-secondary education programs have also become more common in recent years for students with intellectual disabilities. These programs are limited and may not be appropriate for all students with intellectual disabilities.
Metacognition involves five distinct skills:
1.) assess the task 2.) evaluate your strengths and weaknesses 3.) plan an approach 4.) apply strategies and monitor your performance 5.) reflect and adjust if needed
How often must the IFSP be reviewed?
6 onth intervals or as needed
Describe what a culturally responsive classroom looks like and explain why it is important.
A culturally responsive classroom looks to the cultural traits, past experiences, and perspectives of students who are CLD to guide instruction. Emphasis is placed on understanding the characteristics associated with each culture, the values and academic standards, and ensuring stereotyping does not occur. This is important because students who are CLD often struggle academically and tend to be judged by peers and adults. By creating a culturally responsive classroom students who are CLD have a greater chance at having a positive experience in the classroom.
What does it mean to have a discriminatory test instrument? What effect can it have on the representation problem?
A discriminatory test instrument is when the makeup of the assessment puts the student at disadvantage from the start. One way an assessment can be used in a discriminatory way is by presenting the assessment in the student's nonnative language; for example, giving a diagnostic reading assessment in English to a solely Spanish-speaking student. This affects the representation problem by possibly producing a false positive. This particular student may not actually have a learning disability in reading, but rather he or she does not understand English.
Explain the differences between functional and standards-based curriculum for students with intellectual disability and how either might affect the inclusion of this population.
A functional curriculum targets practical, everyday skills, while a standards-based curriculum aligns learning objectives with the general education curriculum in addition to targeting daily living skills essential to successful integration in school, home, and community settings. Some professionals have suggested that a functional curriculum is inconsistent with the special education philosophy of full inclusion, while a standards-based curriculum promotes full inclusion of this population. Either way, it is essential that the student's learner characteristics and unique needs are considered when making decisions about placement.
What could a home and school behavior history tell a professional when making a diagnosis of ADHD?
A home and school behavior history can provide information about a student's medical history, first indications of symptoms, as well as parents' and teachers' observations.
PL 108-446 requires individualized education program (IEP) team members to consider using positive behavioral supports
A systems approach for establishing a continuum of proactive discipline procedures for all students and staff members in all types of school settings.
When would a student's educational programming team utilize a transitional program?
A transitional program would be used in order to give the student time to become confident with speaking, understanding, and writing English. Once the student has a firm foundation in English language skills they would transition into English-only classes.
Which of the following is an example of assistive technology used for the purpose of mobility?
A wheel chair
investigators posit four basic categories for explaining the etiology of learning disabilities:
Acquired trauma Genetic and hereditary influences Biochemical abnormalities Environmental possibilities (Mercer & Pullen, 2009)
Direct Instruction
Academic skills directly taught Teacher-controlled and -directed instruction Carefully sequenced and structured materials Clear student goals Sufficient instructional time Continuous monitoring of student performance Immediate feedback to students Continuous instruction until mastery is achieved
Which condition is recognized as a cause of learning disabilities (LD)?
Accident-related brain injury
Every high school student who is enrolled in a special education program is to have _____ as part of his or her IEP.
An individualized transition plan (ITP)
How does one adapt instruction to meet the unique learning needs of a child with a disability while also addressing rigorous content standards?
Applying the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) should be considered when developing curriculum for learners with various disabilities
Schools reflect the changing cultural and linguistic diversity of the communities they serve. Over the past century, cultural and linguistic diversity continues to evolve. What is one indicator that reflects this ongoing change in cultural and linguistic diversity?
Approximately 20% of the United States population over the age of 5 speaks a language other than English at home.
How does the American Psychiatric Association classify ADHD?
As a neurodevelopmental disorder
In special education, specific tools and devices that can increase, maintain, or improve the student's capabilities are ______________.
Assistive technology
IDEA categorizes what under it?
Autism Deaf-blindness Developmental delay Emotional disturbance Hearing impairments including deafness Intellectual disability Multiple disabilities Orthopedic impairments Other health impairments Specific learning disabilities Speech or language impairments Traumatic brain injury Visual impairments including blindness
Disorders that likely have a genetic influence include the following:
Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia Obsessive-compulsive disorder Tourette syndrome
Gardner
Bodily/kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Logical/mathematical Musical/rhythmic Verbal/linguistic Visual/spatial Naturalist Existentialist
Siblings without disabilities are positively and negatively affected by a sibling with a disability, and vice versa. What is one way this mutual impact can be addressed in a proactive manner?
Both typical siblings and the sibling with a disability should receive developmentally appropriate education about the disability.
An example of an assistive technology in the early 1800s is__________________.
Braille
According to IDEA, which of the following conditions are classified as learning disabilities?
Brain injury Developmental aphasia Dyslexia
Setting Accommodation
Change the location or conditions of the setting in which students complete assessments.
Which would be considered an example of person-first language?
Child with autism.
Which strategies are the most effective first step in preventing misbehavior in classrooms?
Clarify classroom rules.
Physical Environment Strategies and Interventions
Classroom arrangement Time management Transition Management Proximity and Movement Management
If a student is performing a task while whispering instructions, which of the approaches listed below is she employing?
Cognitive training
three broad approaches to teaching academic skills:
Cognitive training Direct instruction Learning strategies
Good communication between home and school is very important when children are taking medication. What are three ways that schools and families can coordinate their support of the student who is taking medication for ADHD?
Collecting information such as feedback regarding the student's behavior, academic performance, and social adjustment, as well as any side effects from the medication and sharing it with the child's physician. (parents and schools/teachers) Communicating regularly via telephone calls, notes, or having teachers complete checklists and rating scales. (parents and schools/teachers) Establishing written policies regarding the administration and storage of any medication given to pupils by school personnel. (schools) Completing a daily medication log that includes, at a minimum, the medication name, dosage, time, and signature of the person administering the drug. (schools) Being careful that to not send a message to the student that medication is a substitute for self-responsibility and self-initiative. (parents and schools/teachers)
What is one way assistive technology can assist in facilitating better engagement in academics for students with EBD?
Computers or tablets and smartphones allow for instant and dynamic engagement through universal design features.
Physical aggression, difficulty controlling anger, open disobedience, and oppositionality are often seen in students who have________________
Conduct Disorder
The six dimensions of behavior identified in Quay and Peterson's problem behavior checklist are the following:
Conduct disorder Social aggression Attention problems/immaturity Anxiety/withdrawal Psychotic behavior Motor tension excess
1997
Consideration for Assistive Technology mandated IDEA
How is cultural pluralism different from the melting pot view of the United States?
Cultural pluralism values different cultural heritages and characteristics as a source of strength, whereas the melting pot view encouraged individuals to abandon those differences by letting them "melt away."
Where are the majority of students with learning disabilities placed?
Regular classroom
For which student described would the secondary level of PBS be appropriate?
Daniel recently lost a parent.
If a child is subject to harsh parenting methods, what is the probable next step on the child's "risk pathway"?
Defiance of adults
Section 504
Defined as a person with a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity, who has a record of such impairment, or who is regarded as having such impairment.
Which example is more in line with current trends in assessment of students with EBDs?
Developing a proactive intervention plan
In 2004, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) mandated several services that need to be provided for students nearing the end of their time in the public education system. What is mandated for transitioning students with disabilities?
Development of an individualized transition plan by age 16
Which instructional approach is scripted, and has fast-paced lessons delivered to small groups of students?
Direct
Which term refers to an inability or incapacity to perform a task or activity in a normal fashion?
Disability
Learning Disability typical profile
Disorders of attention Hyperactivity Information-processing problems Lack of cognitive strategies needed for efficient learning Memory difficulties Oral language difficulties Poor gross and fine motor skills Psychological processing deficits Quantitative disabilities Reading disorders Social/emotional challenges Written language problems (Lerner & Johns, 2009; Mercer & Pullen, 2009)
Which of the following is an example of inattentive type ADHD?
Does not seem to listen when spoken to by teachers or parents
A student is highly intelligent and artistically talented but suffers from dyslexia and dysgraphia. Which of the following conditions would most likely support an LD diagnosis for this student?
Dysfunctional neurological processing
1975
Education for All Handicapped Children Act EHA passed
Juan has a sight word vocabulary of five words. He uses each of these words in a specific way. For example, he finds his name on a set of job cards at his work site. He can select a sweatshirt that has the name of his school to wear on school spirit day.
Embedded academic skills usable in specific life routines
Which exceptionalities most frequently co-occur with ADHD?
Emotional and mental health disorders LD
In what way can the identification and referral process be improved to help reduce the disproportionality?
Ensuring the assessment tools are fair and a true representation of the student's potential
Which of the following options is NOT a dimension that is typically considered in the classification of EBD? Environmental factors Duration of the behavior Frequency and intensity of the behavior The age of the individual
Environmental factors
In what ways does a low SES status, or even poverty, affect the disproportionate representation in special education?
Evidence has shown that minority groups often populate in urban areas, and they tend to be poor. Consequently, these individuals receiving lower quality healthcare, worse nutrition, and more aversive living conditions. This results in an increased number of individuals from minority groups experiencing educational failure and eventually being identified as having learning difficulties.
True or false? Families provided strong leadership in the deinstitutionalization of students with disabilities and in redefining the roles of professionals as auxiliary supports in the educational planning process.
False
True or false? The learning strategies approach differs from other instructional approaches for LD students mainly because it relies on methods of teaching that are effective in traditional classrooms.
False
True or false? The strong focus on multiculturalism and culturally responsive teaching has resulted in major progress in areas such as forming positive relationships with CLD families that have a child with an identified disability.
False
True or false? Traits such as interdependence, self-awareness, and socioeconomic status are characteristics of the American macroculture.
False
True or false? Placing the desks of disruptive students near the teacher's desk or main work area is an example of transition management.
False, this is an example of proximity and movement management.
Partnerships require all parties to work together to build and sustain these relationships. What would be a barrier that must be considered in supporting this process?
Families from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds are often in a lower socioeconomic position.
Which of the following statements best reflects the impact on educational planning that family functions may have?
Families prioritize their functions based on complex factors. This prioritization is dynamic and responsive to various life experiences and situations.
Which of these activities is the best example of functional academics?
Filling out a deposit slip at a bank.
Mrs. Kifer is getting a new kindergarten student from another school. The new student already has an IEP, but Mrs. Kifer wants to ensure she establishes a collaborative working partnership with the new student's parents. How can Mrs. Kifer create this partnership?
First, professionals must view parents as valuable team members and empower them to take an active role in the educational programming process. Professionals must also establish a mutual respect for all team members and ensure that everyone understands that designing and implemented an individualized education plan (IEP) is a shared responsibility. Second, it is important for the professional to take time to understand the influences of both the child's home and school environments.
Both differentiated instruction and culturally responsive teaching rely on __________ as a means to instruct students who are CLD in the most effective way possible.
Flexible
Which language or communication characteristic is NOT relatively common in individuals with emotional or behavioral disorders?
Fluency Fluency disorders are not relatively common in individuals with emotional or behavioral disorders
What is the most recent approach of professionals working with people who have learning disabilities?
Focus on the lifelong nature of learning disabilities
Louis Braille
French educator who was blind himself and who developed a tactile system of reading and writing for people who were blind. His system, based on a cell of six embossed dots, is still used today. This standardized code is known as Standard English Braille.
Alfred Binet
French psychologist who constructed the first standardized developmental assessment scale capable of quantifying intelligence. The original purpose of this test was to identify students who might profit from a special education and not to classify individuals on the basis of ability.
Ms. Sanchez, a middle school special education teacher, is adapting her classroom learning activities for her student Randall, who has serious attention and behavioral problems. She realizes that she must observe Randall to determine what occurs just before and after the problematic behaviors. What is the approach called that Ms. Sanchez has realized she needs to take?
Functional behavioral assessment
Sharon is mastering generalized counting skills. She can count dollars to make a purchase, objects to do simple addition in math class, and ingredients when cooking with her mother. She not only learns sight words related to daily activities, such as following her schedule, but also learns high-frequency words that she uses in reading and other academic subjects.
Functional generalized skills usable across life routines
Francis Galton
Galton was a scientist concerned with individual differences. As a result of studying eminent persons, he believed that genius is solely the result of heredity.
considered to be the first to study children who had serious problems with sustained attention and self-regulation.
George Still
Timing and Scheduling Accommodation
Give students the time and breaks they need to complete assessments.
Samuel Gridley Howe
He founded the first residential facility for individuals who are blind. He gained international fame because of his success in teaching individuals with visual and hearing impairments. He was also instrumental in inaugurating institutional care for children with intellectual disability.
Jacob Rodrigues Pereire
He was a French academic who introduced the idea that persons who were deaf could be taught to communicate.
Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard
He was a French doctor who secured lasting fame because of his systematic efforts to educate an adolescent who was thought to have a severe intellectual disability. He recognized the importance of sensory stimulation.
Edouard Seguin
He was a French physician responsible for developing teaching methods for children with intellectual disability. His training emphasized sensorimotor activities.
Philippe Pinel
He was a reform-minded French physician who was concerned with the humanitarian treatment of individuals with mental illness.
Explain High-incidence disabilities
High-incidence disabilities are those that are more common. For example, [specific] learning disabilities, speech/language impairment, health impairments, mild intellectual disabilities, and emotional disabilities.
2004
IDEA assistive technology to include free cost provision
IDEA & ESEA
IDEA- instruction to students with special needs.look at instruction, look at assessment and then make a decision about how those two things go together to work for the child; and then you do progress monitoring on a regular basis. ESEA-has always been a powerful tool in providing instruction for children, particularly those who are in poverty or free-and-reduced meals and need a little bit extra instruction. measure progress, use research-based strategies to do that and then look at the rate of progress
Lewis Terman
IQ
Learning strategies
In other words, learning strategies are the tools that individuals use to help themselves learn and recall new material. The goal of this approach is to help students become more actively engaged and involved in their own learning.
Which term refers to the number of new instances of a disability occurring within a specific period?
Incidence
Matching Person and Technology (MPT)
Includes the identification and consideration of the student, the environments in which the student functions, and the tasks the student is expected to perform
Student, Environments, Tasks, and Tools (SETT)
Includes the identification and consideration of the student, the environments in which the student functions, and the tasks the student is expected to perform
What does IFSP stand for?
Individualized Family Service Plan
What was PL 94-142 renamed when it became PL 101-476 in 1990?
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Sheltered English
Instruction is in English but the teacher may occasionally use native language to assist a student's understanding. Approach puts no effort into the EL student's maintaining or developing proficiency in his or her native language. English instruction is monitored and modified to encourage comprehension. Student completes English language and subject content matter lessons. Students remain in the general education classroom.
In the definition of learning disability, the notion of discrepancy refers to the comparison of which two factors? (Select all that apply.)
Intellectual ability academic achievement
Zach is a 12-year old with an IQ of 63. He is able to perform most activities of daily living with minimal assistance. However, there are times during which he requires high-intensity supports, such as gathering items to bring home from school. In the table below, indicate the level of intellectual disability Zach has for both types of categorization (i.e., intelligence quotient and support level). Accessible mode
Intelligence quotient-mild support level-intermittent
Jamal is a 17-year old with an IQ of 47. He has been receiving job training to help him with the transition to community living and independence following high school graduation. In the table below, indicate the level of intellectual disability Jamal has for both types of categorization (i.e., intelligence quotient and support level). Accessible mode
Intelligence quotient-moderate support level-limited
Temper tantrums that range from irritating whining to more serious acts of physical aggression are an example of which dimension of behavior?
Intensity
Which example is NOT an appropriate suggestion for the physical environment strategy of classroom arrangement?
Interact briefly and frequently with students. This is an example of proximity and movement management.
How does the RTI model affect how individual school districts diagnose learning disabilities?
It allows them to utilize student input in making eligibility and placement decisions.
How is ADHD recognized, according to the American Psychiatric Association?
It has three subtypes.
Which statement below best explains how metacognition affects reading ability?
It impairs the ability to pinpoint main ideas.
Which statement below best describes the term "Response to Intervention ( RTI)"?
It is a strategy for making eligibility decisions on the basis of how a pupil responds to scientific, research-based educational interventions.
Which of the following is true about the ADHD Rating Scale-IV as an assessment measure?
It is reliable and valid.
Which of the following statements best describes the eugenics movement?
It was a campaign that sought to improve the quality of humankind through selective breeding, thus reducing the number of "unfit" parents and faulty offspring.
Describe how a teacher might encourage a student to contribute to the well-functioning learning environment in a cooperative teaching model.
It's important to keep in mind that the main purpose of any form of cooperative teaching is to ensure that students receive adequate supports in the classroom to promote students' success. Teachers can encourage student participation and contribution by involving students in the development of activities, by designing varied activities around students' interests, and by actively engaging students during lessons.
Describe the difference between natural and formal supports provided to individuals with intellectual disability.
Natural supports are those provided by individuals who are in the environment where support is needed: relatives, teachers, peers, friends, or family members. Formal supports are those provided through government-funded programs that provide external support staff to provide support to individuals across environments.
Are Cerebral Palsy and ADHD defined categories under IDEA that individuals can receive special education services under?
No
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a transitional program? Goal is to move students as quickly as possible to all English-only classes This instructional model is the most common. Students are instructed in native language only until they have sufficient English No effort into the student's maintaining or developing proficiency in his or her native language
No effort into the student's maintaining or developing proficiency in his or her native language
Describe how a student can contribute to the decision-making about the services in their individual transition plan.
One of the main ways students can contribute to decision-making about services is to serve as an active member of their IEP and ITP teams. Student participation in decision-making may, of course, be influenced by students' age, type/severity of disability, etc. It is important that teachers make students aware of students' rights to participate in the process and take necessary steps to involve students in the process.
Describe two ways a teacher could aid in qualifying a student for special education services who actually does not need special education. In other words, what are two ways in which a teacher could create a false positive for a student?
One way a teacher can aide in qualifying a student for special education services who actually does not need special education is through teacher bias. A teacher who allows his or her bias to play a role in decision-making can refer a student for special education for personal benefit instead of considering the true needs of the student. A second way a teacher can falsely recommend a student for special education is through the incongruity of his or her teaching style to the cognitive learning styles of the student. Consideration must be given to the different ways each student processes information. A teacher's instructional methods and lesson plans must align with the needs of the students.
Mr. Smith and Mrs. Jones plan instruction jointly but each deliver individually to one half of a heterogeneous group of students. Which cooperative teaching model best describes this scenario?
Parallel Teaching
According to the Turnbull model, how is a low-level of family cohesion likely to affect a child with learning disabilities?
Parents are unlikely to seek the necessary support.
A student with a learning disability who has difficulty discerning the last sound in the word "cliff" is having a problem involving ____________________________.
Phonemic awareness
Strategies and interventions for students with emotional or behavioral disorders can be divided into three broad categories:
Physical environment Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral Academic and instructional
An example of assistive technology for writing is______________.
Portable word processor
Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed is an example of a behavior associated with which of the following subtypes of ADHD?
Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
Which of the following subtypes of ADHD are associated with the characteristics of; often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or with other activities and often has trouble organizing tasks and activities?
Predominantly inattentive type
Stages of Parental Reaction to Disability
Primary Phase-The initial response is often one of shock and disbelief; Secondary Phase-emotional disorganization Tertiary Phase-Bargaining commences the tertiary phase, as parents seek to "strike a deal" with God, science, or anyone they believe might be able to help their child. Rarely seen by outsiders, it represents one of the final steps in a parent's ongoing process of adjustment
Which statement below best describes how the values of culturally responsive teaching, multiculturalism, and the social construct of disability influence educational planning?
Professionals must integrate these values into the education plans offered to students from culturally and linguistically diverse families.
What is the best way for professionals to view a family in order to create a strong parent-professional partnership?
Professionals must view the family as team members, valued decision-maker, and essential partners in their family member's education.
Michael is a student in Ms. Keller's 2nd grade class. Over the first half of the school year Ms. Keller has learned that Michael's parents tend to be minimally involved in Michael's education. What are some ways Ms. Keller can begin to involve Michael's parents more in the school structure?
Professionals should look for ways to empower parents and take a more active role whenever possible, because parents often do not take an active role in the educational programming process as a result of feeling as though they do not have enough knowledge. One way professionals can communicate this message is by letting parents know that their opinions matters, and that they bring crucial information about their child to the table that only they can bring. Ms. Keller can help ensure an open line of communication is established and that Michael's parents feel valued. Ms. Keller can also help specify specific ways for Michael's parents to be involved as some parents are not sure where to start.
What is the most common type of medication used to treat individuals with ADHD?
Psychostimulants
________________is often characterized by speech disturbance, bizarre ideation, delusions, and impaired reality testing.
Psychotic behavior
tertiary-level intervention?
Punishment Exclusion Timeout
Multiple Means of Representation
Recognition Networks The "What" of Teaching and Learning
Describe how a student can contribute to decision-making in the multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary team models.
Remember, the goal of the team is to ultimately determine the needs of the student and the services and supports needed to address the identified needs. In making this determination, it is important for team members to engage the student in the process in order to get a first-hand account of the student's needs. Having the student contribute to the process will help the team make more informed decisions as to how to address the needs of that student. Ways a student may contribute to this process include completing inventories and/or assessments, asking and answering questions, receiving updated information from team members, and/or attending team meetings.
What types of strategies does a functional behavioral assessment identify?
Replacement skills
University of Kentucky Assistive Technology (UKAT) Toolkit
Requires that IEP team members complete worksheet-like pages in order to guide the AT decision process
Describe the relationship between language development and learning in individuals with intellectual disabilities.
Research has demonstrated a strong correlation between language skills and intellectual functioning. Individuals with intellectual disability are more likely to have speech and/or language disorders than their typically developing peers. Difficulties with language can affect the level of independence that individuals with intellectual disabilities achieve as well as their ability to establish social networks and friendships.
Respite Care
Respite care is a service for families that have a child with a disability. Trained service providers come into the home and watch the child so that parents can leave for any reason. This service is often used so that parents and family members can get some much needed relaxation.
primary level intervention?
Rules Ignoring Specific praise
Maria Montessori
She was an expert in early childhood education. She demonstrated that children are capable of learning at a very early age when surrounded with manipulative materials in a rich and stimulating environment. Montessori believed that children learn best by direct sensory experience.
1973
Section 504 of Rehabilitation Act Passed
Eva, a 12-year-old student who has received support for her attention challenges since first grade, is learning to identify and control her own behaviors. What strategy should Eva's teacher teach her?
Self-monitoring
Self-Regulation/Monitoring ADHD
Self-observation—looking at one's own behavior Self-assessment—deciding if the behavior has occurred, through some form of self-questioning activity Self-recording—recording the decision made during self-assessment on an individual recording form Self-determination of reinforcement—setting a criterion for improved performance, and selecting a reinforcer from a menu of reinforcers Self-administration of reinforcement—administering a reinforcer to oneself
Which of these statements best explains why cultural stereotyping affects the success of special education programs?
The approach to teaching students with learning impairments depends on behaviors and beliefs unique to individuals and their families.
How does the advocacy for the education of students with disabilities parallel the civil rights movement of the mid-twentieth century?
The civil rights movement included a battle for equal access to public education for students who were of African American ancestry. Disability advocates used Brown v. Board of Education to make the case that state governments and local school districts must ensure that students with disabilities have equal access to a free and appropriate public education.
There are no uniform definitions for emotional or behavioral disorders. Which reason best explains why this is the case?
The definition of acceptable behavior depends heavily on contextual factors.
Educators in the Judson School District are concerned that teachers are not current in their knowledge of assistive technology for the many students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder who are in general education classrooms. Describe at least three important components to include in the annual district-wide plan for technology use to support these students.
The district should agree on the importance of technology for students with ADHD. Teachers must have opportunities to participate in professional development regarding assistive technology. These professional development activities should be systematic and comprehensive. The cost of devices, software, and their maintenance and upgrades should be weighed against the known benefits of technology for students with ADHD. A process for assessing how high and low technology supports would address individual students' academic, organizational, and attention abilities should be implemented. There should also be regular evaluation of their effectiveness as part of the IEP process or 504 plan. Teachers could develop guidelines for the selection of evidence-based assistive and educational technology for students with ADHD.
As a result of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA), families play a more active role in the special education process and are considered full team members. Which of the following statements best addresses what may prevent some families from actively participating as full team members and decision-makers despite IDEA?
The families feel overwhelmed by the educational planning process and do not completely understand their rights and how they can and should participate
Which individual often allows the disability diagnosis to affect how he or she evaluates the family and consequently influences the perceptions of the entire family?
The father often allows the diagnosis to affect how he views the family and indirectly allows that judgment to alter the perceptions of the other family members.
Measurable annual goals should include the following five components:
The student (the who) Will do what (the behavior) To what level or degree (the criterion) Under what conditions (the conditions) In what length of time (the time frame)
Browder and Snell (2000) recommend that the individualized education program (IEP) team consider the following six factors when selecting an instructional approach:
The student's preferences The parents' preferences The student's chronological age or number of years left in school The student's current and future settings The student's rate of learning academic skills The student's other skill needs (p. 500)
What are the two components the IDEA definition refers to that are central to ongoing controversies around the definition of learning disabilities?
The two components are the concept of discrepancy and a passage that's known as the exclusionary clause.
English as a Second Language (ESL) Program
These programs are not categorized as "bilingual education." Students receive instruction in English outside the regular classroom. Goal is to develop English proficiency as quickly as possible. Emphasis on teaching in English. Native language is not used during instruction.
What do metacognition deficits, memory problems, and outer-directedness have in common?
They can all be improved with teaching.
Maintenance Programs
They place a strong emphasis on students' native language. Goal is to maintain proficiency in first language while getting instruction in English. This is a long-term approach that places less emphasis on exiting the program.
In 2001 Congress reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, popularly known as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (
This legislation reflects President Bush's commitment to educational reform and accountability. A brief synopsis of this ambitious law reveals that eventually all pupils, including those in special education, are expected to demonstrate proficiency in mathematics, reading, and science
sheltered workshop
This type of vocational arrangement is not being utilized as often due to its lack of natural supports and limited job skills training.
Why are psychologists most likely to use The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children in addition to other tests of intelligence?
To reduce the possibility of a misdiagnosis due to cultural or linguistic differences.
Using dismissal cues is an example of
Transition management
Which of the following factors is one of the primary causes of academic failure for bilingual students?
Transitioning to an all-English classroom based on conversational fluency
recognized attention and learning problems in children with acknowledged brain injury but intellectual ability in the normal range.
William Cruickshank
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA)
[has] increased the focus of special education from simply ensuring access to education to improving the educational performance of students with disabilities and aligning special education services with the larger national school improvement efforts that include standards, assessments, and accountability
intelectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
emotional or behavioral disorders means
a disability that is characterized by behavioral or emotional responses in school programs so different from appropriate age, cultural, or ethnic norms that the responses adversely affect educational performance, including academic, social, vocational, and personal skills; more than a temporary, expected response to stressful events in the environment; consistently exhibited in two different settings, at least one of which is school related; and unresponsive to direct intervention applied in general education, or the condition of the child is such that general education interventions would be insufficient.
IEPs are written by a team. At a minimum, participation must include:
a parent/guardian; the child's teachers, including a general education teacher and a special educator; a representative from the school district; and an individual able to interpret the instructional implications of the evaluation.
students who have ______________often display symptoms such as short attention span, diminished concentration, distractibility, and impulsivity.
attention problems/immaturty
Learning Characteristics
attention, memory, academic performance, motivation, generalization, language development
Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions
behavior modification and cognitive-behavior modification. Whereas strict behavioral approaches rely on external sources of behavioral control (in school settings, this external source of control is often teacher mediated), cognitive-behavioral approaches seek to promote students' internal control or self-regulatory behavior (that is, these strategies are self-mediated or self-managed) -Social Skills Training -Interpersonal Problem Solving and Conflict Resolution
ability to delay a response
behavioral inhibition
Intellectual disability is characterized primarily by deficiencies in
cognitive function and adaptive behavior
The degree of freedom and independence experienced by each member of the family
cohesion
Symptoms that meet the criteria for inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity were present for the past 6 months. May be hyperactive but focused in some settings and inattentive and withdrawn in other settings.
combine
An example of inattentive type ADHD is __________.
does not seem to listen when spoken to by teachers or parents
In current practice, the severity of an intellectual disability is classified by level of support. This level is determined primarily by analyzing
effectiveness of adaptive behavior
As opposed to cognitive training, direct instruction is designed to ____________.
improve specific skills rather than correct processing impairments
According to IDEA, each student identified by a multidisciplinary child study team as having a disability and being in need of special education must have an
individualized program of specially designed instruction that addresses the unique needs of the child and, in the case of infants and toddlers, the needs of the family as well. IEPs and IFSPs are guides to the design and delivery of customized services and instruction.
We define mainstreaming
integration—as the social and instructional integration of students with disabilities into educational programs whose primary purpose is to serve typically developing individuals.
According to the IDEA, a learning disability (LD) diagnosis is typically justified when a student demonstrates a noted discrepancy between________________.
intellectual ability and academic achievement
Pre-referral Intervention
intervention strategy that occurs prior to initiation of referral for special education services
As a learning approach, direct instruction ___________________________.
involves the most intensive teacher engagement
Least restrictive environment (LRE)
is a legal term often interpreted to say individuals with disabilities are to be educated in environments as close as possible to the general education classroom setting. An LRE is not a place but a concept.
What is the importance of the individualized transition plan (ITP)?
is an individualized plan that identifies goals and objectives as well as description of strategies and services for making sure a student will be prepared for transition from high school to work (or college).
Fragile X syndrome
is characterized by deficiency in the structure in one pair of chromosomes.
Universal design for learning
is envisioned as an instructional resource, a vehicle for diversifying instruction in order to deliver the general education curriculum to each pupil.
The individualized family service plan (IFSP)
is the driving force behind the delivery of early intervention services to infants and toddlers who are at risk or have a disability
Some assessments may only be offered in English, leaving some individuals to take a test outside of their native language.
lack of measurable tools/linguistic bias
After experiencing failure repeatedly, students may stop trying, even on tasks within their ability level.
learned helplessness
student with an intellectual disability is likely to show no evidence of impairment regarding
long term memory
Reading in a high-pitched non-conversational tone
miscellaneous symptom
ADHD is identified
more often in boys than girls
Quay and Peterson developed dimensions of problem behavior in addition to internalizing and externalizing dimensions. Examples of ___________________ include restlessness, tension, and "jumpiness.
motor tension excess
Mr. Carrey's class is doing a science experiment in groups. Samuel is one of his students who has ID. Because the experiment can be dangerous, Mr. Carrey decides that Samuel should be in a group with his paraprofessional and work on receptive identification of objects instead. Yes or no? Is this adaptation appropriate for Samuel?
no
What is the age restriction stipulated by Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973?
no age restriction
PL 93-112, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, however, is a civil rights law.
no individual can be excluded, solely because of his or her disability, from participating in or benefiting from any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance, which includes schools
Which of the following is an example of a related service used for a student on an IEP?
nutrition, transportation, school nurse
disturbed behavior
occurs in many settings, is habitual, and is part of the individual's behavior pattern
A student with a learning disability who has difficulty conversing and picking up social cues has problems with ________________________.
pragmatics
Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed. Gets up frequently to walk or run around
predominantly hyperactive-impulse type
Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or with other activities. Often has trouble organizing tasks and activities.
predominantly inattentive
Positive behavioral supports represent a...
proactive
In general, students who require behavioral or cognitive-behavioral supports respond best when the teacher approaches planning for these supports by________________.
proactively using identified positive behavioral supports with clear expectations to support appropriate behavior
In the Multidisciplinary model,
professionals from each discipline work with the student independently from other professionals.
One way to support students with emotional and behavioral disorders within the general education classroom is to
provide highly structured and predictable transitions from one activity to the next. This is a critical support mechanism. Students need to know what to do when transitioning even within the same classroom. Use of visuals and other supports may be needed to maintain attention and to reduce anxiety.
One advantage of norm-referenced tests is that they ______________________.
provide professionals with large amounts of data
The diversity in U.S. schools today is best reflected by a population composed of different groups of people that __________.
share characteristics unique to their culture
_____________is often characterized by engaging in behaviors such as stealing and substance abuse in the presence of others
social aggresion
referrals include what
test scores. check-lists. behavioral observation data. actual samples of the student's work.
Which of the following aspects of learning disability are common to both the federal IDEA legislation and the definition provided by the Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDA, formerly known as the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities)?
that LD interferes with an individual's ability in verbal and/or non-verbal communication (i.e., reading, writing, speaking, listening) and in mathematics
PL 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, or, as it came to be known,
the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
IDEA's definition of Learning Disabilities states that the condition " ... does not include children who have learning disabilities which are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor handicaps, or mental retardation, or emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage." This language explaining what LD is not is often referred to as ____________________________.
the exclusionary clause
In the Interdisciplinary model,
the professionals consult with each other, but still work independently with the student. Each discipline is represented as an oval and the learner is represented as a circle
In the Transdisciplinary model,
the professionals not only collaborate with other team members, but they may also train one of the team to carry out the planned interventions for an integrated program. The discipline ovals overlap each other. The learner surrounds all the disciplines.
Public Law 110-325 (Americans With Disabilities Act Amendments of 2008) ADAA
this law expressly overturns two Supreme Court decisions that had previously limited the meaning of the term disability.
Incidence refers
to a rate of inception, or the number of new instances of a disability occurring within a given time frame, usually a year.
Behavioral and cognitive interventions are different in important ways, but bot
use contingent management
During assessments students may not do well with things such as performing under time constraints, keeping self motivation, and using appropriate response selection strategies.
weak testing skills
IEP is, in essence, a management tool that stipulates:
who will be involved in providing a special education; what services will be offered; where they will be delivered; and for how long.
Professionals need to be sensitive to the diverse needs, values, and perceptions of culturally and linguistically diverse families. One way this sensitivity can be achieved is through ________________.
working at understanding the differences in perception and interpretation of disability
remembering information for a brief period of time while new information is simultaneously coming in
working memory
Do the communication and language difficulties of students with EBDs impact learning?
yes
Mrs. Leon teaches sixth grade math. Ryan, one of her students, recently experienced a concussion in his last football game and has since demonstrated difficulty recalling how to complete various problems. Despite prereferral intervention services, Ryan's performance has not improved. Ryan should be referred for special education.
yes, Because his educational performance is affected and he has not responded to prereferral interventions, Ryan should be referred for special education services.