Driver's Education
The process of searching critical areas of the traffic environment in a regular sequence is called
an orderly visual search pattern
Which of the following should you always check before getting into a car? Select all that apply.
- Check the tires for cuts and wear - Check that the windows are clean and unobstructed - Check that headlights and taillights are clear
All states have adopted illegal per se laws establishing a BAC level of
0.08 percent
Describe the steps that should be followed to safely exit an expressway.
1. Check for signs and traffic 2. Signal 3. Speed up 4. Use an acceleration lane 5. Merge 6. Make sure to stop signals and adjust your speed
It is illegal to pass if you are closer to an intersection or railroad crossing than
100 feet
Before approaching a curve, you will usually see a warning sign
250-700 feet before the curve
At what rate does the average person's system oxidize alcohol?
3/4 of a drink per hour
The part of a person's brain first affected by alcohol is the part
controlling reasoning and judgement abilities
If you drive faster than other vehicles on a road with one lane in each direction and continually pass the other cars, you will
create a risky situation for yourself and other drivers
angled parking is used to park
diagonally to the curb
Driver distraction differs from other driver inattention because
distraction is caused by a specific event
When a driver's eyes are away from the driving scene for more than two seconds, the odds of being in a crash or near-crash
double
When a driver's awareness and focus drift from the driving task, it is called
driver inattention
The most common penalty for a first time conviction of DWI or DUI is
driver's license suspension
What IPDE Step do you use when you apply the brake to stop?
execute
Which highway system is most likely to have traffic signals?
expressways
A state law that requires you to prove you can pay for damages you cause in a collision is a
financial responsibility law
When properly adjusted, a safety belt
fits snugly across the upper body and hips
A similarity between curbs that are painted red and curbs that are painted white is that both
forbid long-term parking
Because of its energy of motion, when a vehicle's speed doubles, the vehicle needs about
four times the distance to stop
Which of the following highways have similar features
freeways, expressways, interstate highways
If the oncoming driver at night fails to use low-beam headlights, you can attempt to reduce glare by
frequently looking ahead with quick glances
The operating costs of driving include
fuel and tires
One reason to choose a car with manual transmission is to
get better gas mileage
A long following distance has the advantage of
giving you more time to use the IPDE Process
To make a blind-spot check for a lane change to the right, you should
glance quickly over your right shoulder
When a vehicle drives into a curve, your body tends to
go in a straight line
Express lanes
have few entrances and exits
While approaching your parked car, the first step before getting in should be to
have the key in your hand
To park in a space that is marked with this symbol, you must [http://prntscr.com/dudsri]
have the proper permit
A rear-end collision involved a 20-year-old vehicle. The driver and front-seat passenger both sustained serious neck injuries. Which modern energy-absorbing device protects against such injuries?
head restraints
The purpose of rumble strips on the side of the road is to
help keep drivers from driving off the edge of the road
You are halfway through a curve you entered too fast. You should now accelerate moderately to
help stabilize your vehicle
When driving at night with no other vehicles present, use the
high-beam headlights
Mopeds are restricted from
high-speed roadways
What must a driver do first to process traffic information accurately?
identify
Alcohol first affects a driver by
impairing judgment and reason
Where is carbon monoxide most likely to be found?
in a vehicle's exhaust
Most states require that when a school bus is stopped to load or unload passengers on a two-way street, drivers
in both directions must stop
Child restraint seats must be used
in the back seat
If the vehicle following you is too close, what action can you take to avoid being hit from the rear?
increase your following distance
You can avoid being hit by a tailgater if you
increase your following distance to four seconds or more
To protect tailgating motorcyclist while following another vehicle, you should
increase your following distance.
Braking distance
increases as speed increases
During a collision, a driver moves forward against a safety belt. What causes the driver to move forward?
inertia.
Searching for specific driving-related clues
is different in different environments
As your vehicle speed increases, your field of vision
is narrowed
When measuring a following distance under normal conditions, the 3-second technique
is safe for most conditions
Depth perception involves
judging the distance between you and other objects
When people drink alcoholic beverages their
judgment is affected before their coordination
If a collision is about to occur,
keep control of your vehicle
Death or injury to a motorcyclist often results because the motorcyclist
lacks protective equipment
You intend to turn left at an intersection. Others will yield the right of way to you for a left turn only when your
left turn arrow is green.
What are the zones of the Zone Control System?
left-front, left-rear, front, right-front, right-rear, and rear zones.
What percent of all miles of roadways in the United States are considered to be rural?
80%
If a vehicle increases its speed from 20 mph to 60 mph, its braking distance will increase by
9 times
Which of the following is an auditory distraction?
A crying child
Why should you stay out of the open space to the right of a truck that is turning?
A truck driver makes very wide right turns
Which of the following is an important factor regarding alcohol and driving?
After only one drink a person's total driving ability can be reduced
You are driving on a two lane street, and you notice that there is a broken white line between the two lanes. Ahead of you, there is a car in the other lane coming toward you. Which is the most likely problem in this situation?
All traffic should be going in the same direction, either you or the other driver is going the wrong way.
When should you use a seatbelt?
Any time you are in a vehicle
In case of a blowout, which procedure is incorrect?
Brake immediately to avoid tire damage
The part of your vision that you use to focus and to direct attention toward your target is called
Central vision
If your tires wear out their center treads, they are
overinflated
After searching at least 12-15 seconds ahead will improve your
perception time
Holding a pet while driving
places the pet at greater risk of injury, and it distracted the driver.
When an emergency vehicle approached with a siren, you should
pull over to the right and stop until it passes
You minimize a hazard when you
put more distance between yourself and the hazard
What colors are the wrong way or do not enter signs?
red and white
A properly installed child safety seat is
required in all states for children up to a certain age
Motorcyclists can gain extra traction on a wet road surface by
riding in a vehicle's wheel tracks
If your vehicle's wheels are stuck in deep snow, mud, or sand, you usually can free the wheels by
rocking the vehicle
When there is a speed limit on an exit ramp, you
should not exceed the posted speed.
When threatened with a head-on collision you should
slow down as much as possible
If there is no gap in traffic as you are attempting to enter the expressway, you must
slow or stop before entering the accleration lane or expressway.
Which of the following senses would you identify overheated brakes?
smell
Which factors affects the force of impact in a colision? Select all that apply
speed and weight
What does hydroplaning involve?
standing water
When you see this sign you should [http://prntscr.com/dudwmp]
start listening and looking left and right to see if any trains are coming
An oncoming motorcyclist is signaling for a left turn. A vechile driver preparing to turn left in front of the motorcycle should complete the turn after the motorcyclist has
started in the path of a left turn
If the rear of your vehicle skids to the right, you should
steer to the right.
An example of a cognitive distraction is
talking on a cell phone
A deductible clause in an insurance policy is
the amount the policyholder pays for damages.
two vehicles arrive at an uncontrolled intersection from different streets at the same time
the driver on the left must yield to the vehicle on the right
A yellow X on an overhead signal above your lane indicates
the lane will be closed farther ahead
The amount of risk in driving is determined by
the level of control you have
You may cross a double yellow line to pass another vehicle if
the line on your side of the double yellow line is broken
Alcohol begins to affect a person's abilities
the movement it enters the brain
When you turn the ignition switch to "accessory,"
the radio and electrical equipment will operate
When driving on a multilane highway, you should usually position your vehicle in
the right lane
A flashing DON'T WALK pedestrian signal indicates that
the signal light will soon be yellow
A law that makes it illegal for person's under the age of 21 to drive with any amount of alcohol in their blood is
the zero tolerance law
Passing on an expressway is usually safer than on a two-lane highway because
there is little threat of a head-on collision
Velocitation means
thinking the car is traveling slower than it really is
When driving in normal conditions on a rural roadway, your following distance should be
three seconds
The primary responsibility for all drivers is
to obey all traffic laws
Before turning right, your last check for traffic should be
to the left
If left turns are not prohibited after a left-turn arrow ends, what strategy should you use to complete the turn:
treat it as an unprotected left turn
Generally, you may turn right on red providing you
treat the light as you would a stop sign
You see a green arrow pointing to the right. You want to turn right. You should
turn right after yielding to other traffic and pedestrians.
When parking downhill with the curb to the right of the vehicle,
turn the front wheels to the right
While driving on a rural highway, a tire goes flat. After pulling to the side of the roadway, you should first communicate with others by
turning on the hazard flashers
You may legally block an intersection
under no circumstances
When driving in traffic, the low risk driver expects
unexpected driving situations
Which insurance protects you if you are injured by a hit-and-run driver or a driver who has no way to pay costs?
uninsured motorist insurance
When you have a choice on a residential street, instead of turning around in a driveway on the left side, you should always
use a driveway on the right side
To improve traction on snow,
use all-season tires and/or tire chains
The exit ramp you want to use is entirely blocked by traffic. You should
use the next exit ramp
When you slow for a turn, some traction is used to slow, and some is...
used to turn
Searching for other roadway users includes identifying
users of different sizes and shapes
If you stop on the shoulder of the road in heavy fog, warn other drivers that you are not moving by
using hazard lights
If you are driving into sun glare from bright sunlight, you can reduce glare and eyestrain by
using sunglasses and the sun visor
The only sure way to reduce the body's BAC and the degree of impairment is to
wait the necessary time the body needs to eliminate the alcohol
A railroad crossing is indicated by a
white, X-shaped sign
When you see a flashing yellow light at an intersection, you should
yield to all traffic before crossing the intersection.
When entering a traffic circle, you should
yield to circulating traffic
Once in an intersection,
you may not make any lane changes
If your light turns green while there is a pedestrian in the crosswalk,
you must yield until the pedestrian has cleared the crosswalk
In reduced visability conditions, you need to work especially hard to gather visual information because
you need more time to respond to hazards
Overdriving headlights means
your stopping distance is greater than the distance lighted by your lights
You are driving on a long trip and beginning to get tired. What would be the best action to take next?
Find a safe place to rest until you feel alert enough to drive
Traffic is heavy on the expressway and you cannot find a gap as you attempt to enter expressway traffic. How should you warn a driver behind you?
Flash your brake lights
Explain what it means to "cover the brake" and give an example of a situation in which you would take this action.
Foot hovers above so that it is ready to be applied quickly. Seeing animals, brake lights in front of you, stop and go traffic
Tractor trailers have very large blind spots called no zones. Where are these no zones located, and which is the most dangerous and why?
Four blindspots: front, rear, and the sides. The most dangerous is on the right side, due to the driver not being able to see cars on the right side.
When you have a blowout, what should you do first?
Grip the steering wheel firmly.
What is an advantage of a roundabout over a controlled intersection?
Head-on collisions are eliminated
Describe the actions that should be taken in each step of IPDE process while driving on a highway
I: Identify: (check further ahead, identify closed front zones. Never get trapped between two large vehicles) P: Predict: Search ahead to your area to watch fro any slow traffic or anybody switching lanes (except for closed zones and points of conflict at entrances). While at construction areas, you will have to predict that traffic will move slowly or stop. D: Make sure that you have faster decisions otherwise collisions may occur because of the speed of drivers who are entering and exiting the highway. E: Execute: Make sure that your decisions are smooth when you execute them. Make sure to signal early for every manuever and stay more than 3 seconds of the following distance. When you pass or when someone passes you use a lane position that will give you the greatest amount of separation space (this'll help minimize the road spray splashed on your windshield during wet road conditions. It can also decrease the amount of wind (buffet) caused by passing trucks.
Corrinne was driving erratically and the polcie stopped her. The officer immediately asked Corinne to take a sobriety test because of the
Implied consent law
Use the image to answer the question. Which of the numbered indicators in the photograph below would you check to determine that electricity is being used from the battery?
Indicator 4
Which statement best describes reaction time?
It averages 3/4 of a second
When you encounter a yellow light as you approach an intersection, what is the safest approach to take?
Make every reasonable effort to stop
A traffic officer is monitoring for you to move forward, but the traffic signal is red. What is the appropriate action?
Move forward.
Which strategies should you follow if you begin to feel fatigued while driving?
Stop for a brief nap/Stretch and exercise.
You are at a 4-way stop, and it is your turn to go. However, the car across from you starts to go. Explain how you would react and why.
Stop, look at your surroundings. Re-think the situation. Take a turn when it is safe
What would be the best choice if you are going over 40 mph and need to avoid an obstruction in an intersection
Swerve into an open-right zone
While stopping at a toll plaza you notice another vehicle quickly approaching from the rear. What should you do next?
Tap your brake lights repeatedly.
If two vehicles approach an uncontrolled intersection at about the same time, who must yield?
The driver on the left yields to the driver to the right
When should high-beam headlights be used?
They should be used at night when you need more light to see and no oncoming traffic is--or headlights are--visible.
If you need to pull over to the s ide of the road, what should you do? Select all that apply.
Tie a white cloth to the antenna or door handle/Check your rear zones and use your turn signal before pulling over.
Describe markings on a road that indicate it is safe to pass
Two way road: Yellow Broken Lines One way road: White Broken Lines
How can you keep the inside of your vehicle windows clear after you have cleared them in high humidity or rainy conditions
Use the defroster or air conditioner
Why should a vehicle driver accept responsibility for avoiding collisions with motorcyclists?
Vehicle drivers have more protection
What kind of drug is alcohol?
Depressant
A friend wants you to do something risky while driving. Which of the following strategies could you use to avoid a bad decision? (Select all that apply)
Do not participate in the activity Use a joke to change the subject
What advice should you give to a friend who is planning to go to a party and drink?
Don't drive; make sure there is a designated driver
Describe a situation in which peer pressure could cause a serious problem for safe driving, and how you could resist the peer pressure to avoid the problem
Drinking and Driving Speeding/Racing Burning Out at Lights How do we avoid? Just say no, tell them to find a new ride
You are driving the correct speed limit but the vehicle behind you is tailgating and the driver is angrily gesturing. What would be the best response in this situation?
Pull over to the side of the road to allow the vehicle to pass
As you apply the foot brake, the pedal goes to the floor. What should you do first?
Pump the brake and pedal three or four times
One way that the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act helps keep drivers and passengers safe is by
Requiring that car manufacturers install safety belts in vehicles
Which of these statements is true of roundabouts?
Roundabouts increase the capacity of busy roadways
While driving, your entire engine stops suddenly. What should you do first?
Shift to neutral.
When you see this sign when driving in the rain, what action should you take? [http://prntscr.com/dudvtk]
Slow down
A bicyclist is slowly riding in front of you as you prepare to make a right turn at an intersection. What would be your best response
Slow down and wait for the bicyclist to move past the intersection
What are some common situations in which you should yield the right of way?
Yielding to pedestrians, emergency vehicles, at intersections (first), vehicles to the right (also at an intersection).
Yielding in traffic means
allowing others to go before you
A space cushion is
an open area of space all around a vehicle
You approach an intersection with a flashing yellow light. What should you do?
You should go slowly enough to stop, but if there is no traffic approaching, you should go through the intersection.
You are traveling south on an Interstate highway, and want to enter another freeway to travel in an easterly direction. Which of the following statements must be true? [http://prntscr.com/dudx3q]
You will go over or under a bridge before exiting.
A left front tire blows out. Unless you control the vehicle, what will probably happen?
Your vehicle will pull to the left
Pushing buttons to change the radio station is
a biochemical distraction
Red lights and crossing gates indicate
a controlled railroad crossing
An uncontrolled railroad crossing usually has
a crossbuck and a round, yellow sign.
When law enforcement officers in many states suspect a driver is DUI or DWI, they can give a series of on-the-spot, roadside checks known as
a field sobriety test
You can lock or unlock your vehicle's doors from a distance if you have
a key fob
Which of the following is required in order to make a protected left turn?
a left green arrow
What is the Zone Control System?
a method of organizing space zones around your vehicle
Under nomral driving conditions, your following distance when traveling at 55 mph on the expressway should be
a minimum of three seconds
Which of the following is more of a traffic hazard than a distraction?
a muffler in your lane ahead
When you need to go in the opposite direction of its current path, you perform
a turnabout
A billboard with flashing lights is
a visual distraction
You approach an uncontrolled intersection. You should treat it as though which sign is present?
a yield sign
Traffic is moving at 30 mph on a street you plan to cross. How large a gap in each direction should you have?
about two-thirds of a block
When driving through a curve at normal speed,
accelerate gently after the midpoint of the curve
When you handle serveral hazards at the same time, the best tactic is to
adjust speed to separate the hazards
Conserving fuel is important because burning fuel
affects the environment
Coping with emotions while driving includes
anticipating emotion-producing situations
If you must drive through deep water
apply light brake pressure through the water
You are most likely to get a reduced insurance premium if you
are a driver with a good driving record.
A following distance greater than three seconds is advised when you
are being tailgated
Riding the brake might cause the driver following you to assume that you
are going to slow or stop
The center of gravity of a vehicle is that point
around which all weight is evenly balanced
How can you prepare yourself to deal with the worst possible actions of other HTS users?
assume others will make mistakes
Use perpendicular parking to park
at a right angle to the curb
It is illegal to pass another vehicle
at an intersection
When driving past vehicles parked on the right, you should position your vehicle
at least one car door's width away
Angle parking begins with your vehicle
at least six feet from a row of parked vehicles
When braking in an emergency stop, you should
avoid locking the brakes
A disadvantage of pulling into a driveway on the left side to turnabout is that you must
back into the traffic flow before moving forward
When you see a stopped local bus
be alert for pedestrians near the bus
All states require that before legally buying or consuming alcoholic beverages a person must
be at least 21 years of age
A vehicle's sound system should
be kept down to a level at which the driver can hear vehicles nearby
The best place to adjust speed to steer through a curve is
before entering the curve
What is the cause of most passenger-compartment fires?
careless use of matches, lighters, or tobacco products
To avoid traction-reducing conditions, motorcycle and scooter riders
change lane position
When braking and turning, you use
changing traction forces
As you suddenly stop the vehicle you should
check for vehicles to the rear
The pedestrians most at risk are
children and older persons
When total steering failure occurs, you first should
communicate your emergency to others using your horn and emergency flashers.
During a storm, a tree falls on your vehicle. What type of insurance would cover the damage to your vehicle?
comprehensive insurance
Gawking and rubbernecking are common reasons for (Select all that apply)
congested traffic rear-end accidents
If you enter an expressway entrance ramp that you do not want, you should
continue onto the expressway and use the next exit ramp
A driver is stopped on suspicion of DWI or DUI and refuses a BAC test. The driver's
license can be suspended
The expressway is defined as a
limited-access or controlled-access highway
To give yourself more time for the IPDE Process at night,
look beyond the range of your headlights
When driving in snow, you should use
low-beam headlights and reduce speed
An oncoming vehicle crosses the centerline and drives into your lane. You should
maintain control and slowdown
When a motorcyclist is overtaking you, you should
maintain speed and lane position
Communication with others to reduce risk in a possible conflict situation involves
making sure others see you
A characteristic of expressways that helps to prevent head-on collisions is the
median or barrier between opposing lanes
Critical judgment and continuous monitoring are examples of what kind of skills needed for the driving task?
mental
To compromise space means to
minimize hazards
If you use high-beam headlights in snow, rain, or fog, you will have
more light reflected back in your eyes
A motorcyclist might have more difficulty stopping than an automobile driver because
motorcycles require use of separate brakes for the front and rear
You are meeting a large truck on a two-lane road. You should
move to lane position 3 and drive straight ahead
A driver with tunnel vision can adjust by
moving the head and eyes more often
If there are signal lights on the entrance ramp, you
must wait for a green light
When your visibility is reduced for any reason, you
need more time to use the IDPE Process.
You drive through a curve at a speed higher than the posted speed. Your vehicle
needs more traction to stay on the roadway
When driving on slippery roads, you should
not use cruise control
When passing on the expressway, it is generally safer to pass
on the left
When a multi lane roadway has a double yellow center line, you can cross the roadway marking
only to turn left
You have the right of way at an intersection
only when other drivers give it to you
To avoid injury from an airbag in your vehicle's steering wheel during a collision, keep your hands between the
9 and 3 or 8 and 4 positions.
Which of the following steps should you take every time before entering your car?
Check traffic to make sure it is safe to open the door
Evaluate the benefits of a graduated license program for teenagers.
Simply look up "graduated license program" and what it can do for teenagers. What can it help prevent? What can it encoruage?
How many zones of space surrounding your vehicle are incorporated in the Zone Control System?
Six
A driving target will help you
Steer well
How does a driver participate in the organ donor program?
The driver's choice to be an organ donor is shown on the driver's license
Create a list of at least five different shapes of signs. For each of the five items on your list, identify two specific signs. If you cannot come up with two specific signs for a given shape, explain why. Use each specific sign only once.
Think of the signs you think of on the street, you can see rectangles, octagons, circles, and diamonds. Say what they do and what sign is, for instance, an octagon-shaped sign is used for STOP signs.
Carbon monoxide is present in
all exhaust gases from all gasoline engines
Convex mirrors help drivers eliminate problems caused by
blind spots
Backing a vehicle requires skillful use of the
brake pedal
A happy, excited driver
can be just as impaired as an angry driver
You compromise space when you
cannot separate or minimize hazards
When you see a flashing red light you should
come to a full stop, yield to traffic, and proceed when the intersection is clear.
By using a following distance greater than three seconds and allowing for additional clear distance ahead before passing, a driver can
compensate for poor depth perception
Which mirror type gives a wider view than a flat surface mirror of the side and rear of your vehicle?
convex mirror
Like most warning signs, school zone signs are
diamond shaped
Which aspect of a manual transmission is most often considered a disadvantage?
driver effort
Driving is a social task because
drivers must interact with each other
If a person takes a medicine and then drinks an alcoholic beverage, the chances are that the
effects of both the drug and drink will be multiplied
The temperature light or gauge indicates the temperature of the
engine coolant
When you accelerate to avoid a collision, which step in the IDPE Process are you using?
execute
You are driving on a quiet street when a child runs out in the street after a ball. When you brake and come to a stop, which of the steps in the IPDE process are you using?
execute
In order to drive with any disability, the most important thing a driver should do is
know how to compensate for the disability
Constantly scanning the road for any possible problem is an example of being a low-risk driver by using your
mental skills
When you identify that a roadway is narrowing from a multilane to a single lane, you should
move into the through lane as soon as possible
Red reflective markers mean that you should
move over to the side of the road since you are driving in the wrong direction.
You are driving down the street and your car stalls. The first thing you should do is to put your car into
neutral
Use the image to answer the question. When you see this sign, you should drive [A picture of a normal 45mph sign]
no faster than 45 mph.
A solid line and a broken line painted on the center of a two-lane highway means passing is
not allowed when the solid line is on yourside
You should always use a parking brake when you are
on a steep hill
When obtaining your license, which program can you participate in to help save lives?
organ donar program
You need a space that is five or six feet longer than your vehicle when you
parallel park
What is happening in your zones, what could happen, and if it does happen, how the change could affect you are involved in
predicting in the IDPE Process
One way that the National Safety Act helps drivers nationwide is by
providing guidelines for maintenance on national highways
If you are unable to prevent a drinker from driving
refuse to ride with the person
The best way to prevent fatigue on long drives is to
rest before you start
When are you going through a crosswalk on foot, which part of the highway transportation system (HTS) includes you?
roadway users
Which device will most effectively protect you in a collision?
safety belt
Searching for visual clues changes according to the driving environment. While driving on open highways
search areas farther ahead than you do when driving in the city environment
Your wheels might lock up when you
slam on the brakes
When you do not see any students while driving in a school zone you should
slow down and drive carefully
What can a driver do to avoid or recover from glare?
squint and glance to the side
The first thing you should do when backing up is to
step on the brake
If you're involved in a collision, by law you must
stop
Implied consent laws require drivers to
submit to an alcohol test if pulled over for drinking and driving
The engine revolutions per minute (RPM) are indicated by the
tachometer
When turning left from a four-lane-one-way street, the best lane position would be
the far left lane
Which lane should you be in to begin a left turn from a two-way street?
the lane closest to the center line
At an intersection with a 4-way stop,
the vehicle traveling straight has the right of way
You can never rely completely on you rear view mirrors when changing lanes because
they have blind spot areas
What is the purpose of the zone control system?
to lower risk by regulating the are around your car
When backing, you should
use mirrors to supplement looking out the rear window
The safest precaution you can take regarding the use of a cell phone and driving is
wait until your car is stopped and out of traffic to call
What will occur when your car's brakes are applied with sudden force?
wheel lock up
When is glare resistance worst?
when driving in very sunny conditions
When is the best time to use a three-point turnabout?
when there is no other option
A speed limit sign regulates how fast drivers can drive. Speed limit signs are
white and rectangular with black lettering
When you obtain a learner's permit you are allowed to drive only
with other licensed adult drivers
Orange road signs indicate that
you are entering a construction zone
You should use a parking lot to practice driving lesson since
you have the opportunity to repeat your actions more often
When parallel parking on the right, turn the wheels sharply to the left when
your front bumper is even with the front vehicle's rear bumper