Driver's Education

The process of searching critical areas of the traffic environment in a regular sequence is called

an orderly visual search pattern

Which of the following should you always check before getting into a car? Select all that apply.

- Check the tires for cuts and wear - Check that the windows are clean and unobstructed - Check that headlights and taillights are clear

All states have adopted illegal per se laws establishing a BAC level of

0.08 percent

Describe the steps that should be followed to safely exit an expressway.

1. Check for signs and traffic 2. Signal 3. Speed up 4. Use an acceleration lane 5. Merge 6. Make sure to stop signals and adjust your speed

It is illegal to pass if you are closer to an intersection or railroad crossing than

100 feet

Before approaching a curve, you will usually see a warning sign

250-700 feet before the curve

At what rate does the average person's system oxidize alcohol?

3/4 of a drink per hour

The part of a person's brain first affected by alcohol is the part

controlling reasoning and judgement abilities

If you drive faster than other vehicles on a road with one lane in each direction and continually pass the other cars, you will

create a risky situation for yourself and other drivers

angled parking is used to park

diagonally to the curb

Driver distraction differs from other driver inattention because

distraction is caused by a specific event

When a driver's eyes are away from the driving scene for more than two seconds, the odds of being in a crash or near-crash

double

When a driver's awareness and focus drift from the driving task, it is called

driver inattention

The most common penalty for a first time conviction of DWI or DUI is

driver's license suspension

What IPDE Step do you use when you apply the brake to stop?

execute

Which highway system is most likely to have traffic signals?

expressways

A state law that requires you to prove you can pay for damages you cause in a collision is a

financial responsibility law

When properly adjusted, a safety belt

fits snugly across the upper body and hips

A similarity between curbs that are painted red and curbs that are painted white is that both

forbid long-term parking

Because of its energy of motion, when a vehicle's speed doubles, the vehicle needs about

four times the distance to stop

Which of the following highways have similar features

freeways, expressways, interstate highways

If the oncoming driver at night fails to use low-beam headlights, you can attempt to reduce glare by

frequently looking ahead with quick glances

The operating costs of driving include

fuel and tires

One reason to choose a car with manual transmission is to

get better gas mileage

A long following distance has the advantage of

giving you more time to use the IPDE Process

To make a blind-spot check for a lane change to the right, you should

glance quickly over your right shoulder

When a vehicle drives into a curve, your body tends to

go in a straight line

Express lanes

have few entrances and exits

While approaching your parked car, the first step before getting in should be to

have the key in your hand

To park in a space that is marked with this symbol, you must [http://prntscr.com/dudsri]

have the proper permit

A rear-end collision involved a 20-year-old vehicle. The driver and front-seat passenger both sustained serious neck injuries. Which modern energy-absorbing device protects against such injuries?

head restraints

The purpose of rumble strips on the side of the road is to

help keep drivers from driving off the edge of the road

You are halfway through a curve you entered too fast. You should now accelerate moderately to

help stabilize your vehicle

When driving at night with no other vehicles present, use the

high-beam headlights

Mopeds are restricted from

high-speed roadways

What must a driver do first to process traffic information accurately?

identify

Alcohol first affects a driver by

impairing judgment and reason

Where is carbon monoxide most likely to be found?

in a vehicle's exhaust

Most states require that when a school bus is stopped to load or unload passengers on a two-way street, drivers

in both directions must stop

Child restraint seats must be used

in the back seat

If the vehicle following you is too close, what action can you take to avoid being hit from the rear?

increase your following distance

You can avoid being hit by a tailgater if you

increase your following distance to four seconds or more

To protect tailgating motorcyclist while following another vehicle, you should

increase your following distance.

Braking distance

increases as speed increases

During a collision, a driver moves forward against a safety belt. What causes the driver to move forward?

inertia.

Searching for specific driving-related clues

is different in different environments

As your vehicle speed increases, your field of vision

is narrowed

When measuring a following distance under normal conditions, the 3-second technique

is safe for most conditions

Depth perception involves

judging the distance between you and other objects

When people drink alcoholic beverages their

judgment is affected before their coordination

If a collision is about to occur,

keep control of your vehicle

Death or injury to a motorcyclist often results because the motorcyclist

lacks protective equipment

You intend to turn left at an intersection. Others will yield the right of way to you for a left turn only when your

left turn arrow is green.

What are the zones of the Zone Control System?

left-front, left-rear, front, right-front, right-rear, and rear zones.

What percent of all miles of roadways in the United States are considered to be rural?

80%

If a vehicle increases its speed from 20 mph to 60 mph, its braking distance will increase by

9 times

Which of the following is an auditory distraction?

A crying child

Why should you stay out of the open space to the right of a truck that is turning?

A truck driver makes very wide right turns

Which of the following is an important factor regarding alcohol and driving?

After only one drink a person's total driving ability can be reduced

You are driving on a two lane street, and you notice that there is a broken white line between the two lanes. Ahead of you, there is a car in the other lane coming toward you. Which is the most likely problem in this situation?

All traffic should be going in the same direction, either you or the other driver is going the wrong way.

When should you use a seatbelt?

Any time you are in a vehicle

In case of a blowout, which procedure is incorrect?

Brake immediately to avoid tire damage

The part of your vision that you use to focus and to direct attention toward your target is called

Central vision

If your tires wear out their center treads, they are

overinflated

After searching at least 12-15 seconds ahead will improve your

perception time

Holding a pet while driving

places the pet at greater risk of injury, and it distracted the driver.

When an emergency vehicle approached with a siren, you should

pull over to the right and stop until it passes

You minimize a hazard when you

put more distance between yourself and the hazard

What colors are the wrong way or do not enter signs?

red and white

A properly installed child safety seat is

required in all states for children up to a certain age

Motorcyclists can gain extra traction on a wet road surface by

riding in a vehicle's wheel tracks

If your vehicle's wheels are stuck in deep snow, mud, or sand, you usually can free the wheels by

rocking the vehicle

When there is a speed limit on an exit ramp, you

should not exceed the posted speed.

When threatened with a head-on collision you should

slow down as much as possible

If there is no gap in traffic as you are attempting to enter the expressway, you must

slow or stop before entering the accleration lane or expressway.

Which of the following senses would you identify overheated brakes?

smell

Which factors affects the force of impact in a colision? Select all that apply

speed and weight

What does hydroplaning involve?

standing water

When you see this sign you should [http://prntscr.com/dudwmp]

start listening and looking left and right to see if any trains are coming

An oncoming motorcyclist is signaling for a left turn. A vechile driver preparing to turn left in front of the motorcycle should complete the turn after the motorcyclist has

started in the path of a left turn

If the rear of your vehicle skids to the right, you should

steer to the right.

An example of a cognitive distraction is

talking on a cell phone

A deductible clause in an insurance policy is

the amount the policyholder pays for damages.

two vehicles arrive at an uncontrolled intersection from different streets at the same time

the driver on the left must yield to the vehicle on the right

A yellow X on an overhead signal above your lane indicates

the lane will be closed farther ahead

The amount of risk in driving is determined by

the level of control you have

You may cross a double yellow line to pass another vehicle if

the line on your side of the double yellow line is broken

Alcohol begins to affect a person's abilities

the movement it enters the brain

When you turn the ignition switch to "accessory,"

the radio and electrical equipment will operate

When driving on a multilane highway, you should usually position your vehicle in

the right lane

A flashing DON'T WALK pedestrian signal indicates that

the signal light will soon be yellow

A law that makes it illegal for person's under the age of 21 to drive with any amount of alcohol in their blood is

the zero tolerance law

Passing on an expressway is usually safer than on a two-lane highway because

there is little threat of a head-on collision

Velocitation means

thinking the car is traveling slower than it really is

When driving in normal conditions on a rural roadway, your following distance should be

three seconds

The primary responsibility for all drivers is

to obey all traffic laws

Before turning right, your last check for traffic should be

to the left

If left turns are not prohibited after a left-turn arrow ends, what strategy should you use to complete the turn:

treat it as an unprotected left turn

Generally, you may turn right on red providing you

treat the light as you would a stop sign

You see a green arrow pointing to the right. You want to turn right. You should

turn right after yielding to other traffic and pedestrians.

When parking downhill with the curb to the right of the vehicle,

turn the front wheels to the right

While driving on a rural highway, a tire goes flat. After pulling to the side of the roadway, you should first communicate with others by

turning on the hazard flashers

You may legally block an intersection

under no circumstances

When driving in traffic, the low risk driver expects

unexpected driving situations

Which insurance protects you if you are injured by a hit-and-run driver or a driver who has no way to pay costs?

uninsured motorist insurance

When you have a choice on a residential street, instead of turning around in a driveway on the left side, you should always

use a driveway on the right side

To improve traction on snow,

use all-season tires and/or tire chains

The exit ramp you want to use is entirely blocked by traffic. You should

use the next exit ramp

When you slow for a turn, some traction is used to slow, and some is...

used to turn

Searching for other roadway users includes identifying

users of different sizes and shapes

If you stop on the shoulder of the road in heavy fog, warn other drivers that you are not moving by

using hazard lights

If you are driving into sun glare from bright sunlight, you can reduce glare and eyestrain by

using sunglasses and the sun visor

The only sure way to reduce the body's BAC and the degree of impairment is to

wait the necessary time the body needs to eliminate the alcohol

A railroad crossing is indicated by a

white, X-shaped sign

When you see a flashing yellow light at an intersection, you should

yield to all traffic before crossing the intersection.

When entering a traffic circle, you should

yield to circulating traffic

Once in an intersection,

you may not make any lane changes

If your light turns green while there is a pedestrian in the crosswalk,

you must yield until the pedestrian has cleared the crosswalk

In reduced visability conditions, you need to work especially hard to gather visual information because

you need more time to respond to hazards

Overdriving headlights means

your stopping distance is greater than the distance lighted by your lights

You are driving on a long trip and beginning to get tired. What would be the best action to take next?

Find a safe place to rest until you feel alert enough to drive

Traffic is heavy on the expressway and you cannot find a gap as you attempt to enter expressway traffic. How should you warn a driver behind you?

Flash your brake lights

Explain what it means to "cover the brake" and give an example of a situation in which you would take this action.

Foot hovers above so that it is ready to be applied quickly. Seeing animals, brake lights in front of you, stop and go traffic

Tractor trailers have very large blind spots called no zones. Where are these no zones located, and which is the most dangerous and why?

Four blindspots: front, rear, and the sides. The most dangerous is on the right side, due to the driver not being able to see cars on the right side.

When you have a blowout, what should you do first?

Grip the steering wheel firmly.

What is an advantage of a roundabout over a controlled intersection?

Head-on collisions are eliminated

Describe the actions that should be taken in each step of IPDE process while driving on a highway

I: Identify: (check further ahead, identify closed front zones. Never get trapped between two large vehicles) P: Predict: Search ahead to your area to watch fro any slow traffic or anybody switching lanes (except for closed zones and points of conflict at entrances). While at construction areas, you will have to predict that traffic will move slowly or stop. D: Make sure that you have faster decisions otherwise collisions may occur because of the speed of drivers who are entering and exiting the highway. E: Execute: Make sure that your decisions are smooth when you execute them. Make sure to signal early for every manuever and stay more than 3 seconds of the following distance. When you pass or when someone passes you use a lane position that will give you the greatest amount of separation space (this'll help minimize the road spray splashed on your windshield during wet road conditions. It can also decrease the amount of wind (buffet) caused by passing trucks.

Corrinne was driving erratically and the polcie stopped her. The officer immediately asked Corinne to take a sobriety test because of the

Implied consent law

Use the image to answer the question. Which of the numbered indicators in the photograph below would you check to determine that electricity is being used from the battery?

Indicator 4

Which statement best describes reaction time?

It averages 3/4 of a second

When you encounter a yellow light as you approach an intersection, what is the safest approach to take?

Make every reasonable effort to stop

A traffic officer is monitoring for you to move forward, but the traffic signal is red. What is the appropriate action?

Move forward.

Which strategies should you follow if you begin to feel fatigued while driving?

Stop for a brief nap/Stretch and exercise.

You are at a 4-way stop, and it is your turn to go. However, the car across from you starts to go. Explain how you would react and why.

Stop, look at your surroundings. Re-think the situation. Take a turn when it is safe

What would be the best choice if you are going over 40 mph and need to avoid an obstruction in an intersection

Swerve into an open-right zone

While stopping at a toll plaza you notice another vehicle quickly approaching from the rear. What should you do next?

Tap your brake lights repeatedly.

If two vehicles approach an uncontrolled intersection at about the same time, who must yield?

The driver on the left yields to the driver to the right

When should high-beam headlights be used?

They should be used at night when you need more light to see and no oncoming traffic is--or headlights are--visible.

If you need to pull over to the s ide of the road, what should you do? Select all that apply.

Tie a white cloth to the antenna or door handle/Check your rear zones and use your turn signal before pulling over.

Describe markings on a road that indicate it is safe to pass

Two way road: Yellow Broken Lines One way road: White Broken Lines

How can you keep the inside of your vehicle windows clear after you have cleared them in high humidity or rainy conditions

Use the defroster or air conditioner

Why should a vehicle driver accept responsibility for avoiding collisions with motorcyclists?

Vehicle drivers have more protection

What kind of drug is alcohol?

Depressant

A friend wants you to do something risky while driving. Which of the following strategies could you use to avoid a bad decision? (Select all that apply)

Do not participate in the activity Use a joke to change the subject

What advice should you give to a friend who is planning to go to a party and drink?

Don't drive; make sure there is a designated driver

Describe a situation in which peer pressure could cause a serious problem for safe driving, and how you could resist the peer pressure to avoid the problem

Drinking and Driving Speeding/Racing Burning Out at Lights How do we avoid? Just say no, tell them to find a new ride

You are driving the correct speed limit but the vehicle behind you is tailgating and the driver is angrily gesturing. What would be the best response in this situation?

Pull over to the side of the road to allow the vehicle to pass

As you apply the foot brake, the pedal goes to the floor. What should you do first?

Pump the brake and pedal three or four times

One way that the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act helps keep drivers and passengers safe is by

Requiring that car manufacturers install safety belts in vehicles

Which of these statements is true of roundabouts?

Roundabouts increase the capacity of busy roadways

While driving, your entire engine stops suddenly. What should you do first?

Shift to neutral.

When you see this sign when driving in the rain, what action should you take? [http://prntscr.com/dudvtk]

Slow down

A bicyclist is slowly riding in front of you as you prepare to make a right turn at an intersection. What would be your best response

Slow down and wait for the bicyclist to move past the intersection

What are some common situations in which you should yield the right of way?

Yielding to pedestrians, emergency vehicles, at intersections (first), vehicles to the right (also at an intersection).

Yielding in traffic means

allowing others to go before you

A space cushion is

an open area of space all around a vehicle

You approach an intersection with a flashing yellow light. What should you do?

You should go slowly enough to stop, but if there is no traffic approaching, you should go through the intersection.

You are traveling south on an Interstate highway, and want to enter another freeway to travel in an easterly direction. Which of the following statements must be true? [http://prntscr.com/dudx3q]

You will go over or under a bridge before exiting.

A left front tire blows out. Unless you control the vehicle, what will probably happen?

Your vehicle will pull to the left

Pushing buttons to change the radio station is

a biochemical distraction

Red lights and crossing gates indicate

a controlled railroad crossing

An uncontrolled railroad crossing usually has

a crossbuck and a round, yellow sign.

When law enforcement officers in many states suspect a driver is DUI or DWI, they can give a series of on-the-spot, roadside checks known as

a field sobriety test

You can lock or unlock your vehicle's doors from a distance if you have

a key fob

Which of the following is required in order to make a protected left turn?

a left green arrow

What is the Zone Control System?

a method of organizing space zones around your vehicle

Under nomral driving conditions, your following distance when traveling at 55 mph on the expressway should be

a minimum of three seconds

Which of the following is more of a traffic hazard than a distraction?

a muffler in your lane ahead

When you need to go in the opposite direction of its current path, you perform

a turnabout

A billboard with flashing lights is

a visual distraction

You approach an uncontrolled intersection. You should treat it as though which sign is present?

a yield sign

Traffic is moving at 30 mph on a street you plan to cross. How large a gap in each direction should you have?

about two-thirds of a block

When driving through a curve at normal speed,

accelerate gently after the midpoint of the curve

When you handle serveral hazards at the same time, the best tactic is to

adjust speed to separate the hazards

Conserving fuel is important because burning fuel

affects the environment

Coping with emotions while driving includes

anticipating emotion-producing situations

If you must drive through deep water

apply light brake pressure through the water

You are most likely to get a reduced insurance premium if you

are a driver with a good driving record.

A following distance greater than three seconds is advised when you

are being tailgated

Riding the brake might cause the driver following you to assume that you

are going to slow or stop

The center of gravity of a vehicle is that point

around which all weight is evenly balanced

How can you prepare yourself to deal with the worst possible actions of other HTS users?

assume others will make mistakes

Use perpendicular parking to park

at a right angle to the curb

It is illegal to pass another vehicle

at an intersection

When driving past vehicles parked on the right, you should position your vehicle

at least one car door's width away

Angle parking begins with your vehicle

at least six feet from a row of parked vehicles

When braking in an emergency stop, you should

avoid locking the brakes

A disadvantage of pulling into a driveway on the left side to turnabout is that you must

back into the traffic flow before moving forward

When you see a stopped local bus

be alert for pedestrians near the bus

All states require that before legally buying or consuming alcoholic beverages a person must

be at least 21 years of age

A vehicle's sound system should

be kept down to a level at which the driver can hear vehicles nearby

The best place to adjust speed to steer through a curve is

before entering the curve

What is the cause of most passenger-compartment fires?

careless use of matches, lighters, or tobacco products

To avoid traction-reducing conditions, motorcycle and scooter riders

change lane position

When braking and turning, you use

changing traction forces

As you suddenly stop the vehicle you should

check for vehicles to the rear

The pedestrians most at risk are

children and older persons

When total steering failure occurs, you first should

communicate your emergency to others using your horn and emergency flashers.

During a storm, a tree falls on your vehicle. What type of insurance would cover the damage to your vehicle?

comprehensive insurance

Gawking and rubbernecking are common reasons for (Select all that apply)

congested traffic rear-end accidents

If you enter an expressway entrance ramp that you do not want, you should

continue onto the expressway and use the next exit ramp

A driver is stopped on suspicion of DWI or DUI and refuses a BAC test. The driver's

license can be suspended

The expressway is defined as a

limited-access or controlled-access highway

To give yourself more time for the IPDE Process at night,

look beyond the range of your headlights

When driving in snow, you should use

low-beam headlights and reduce speed

An oncoming vehicle crosses the centerline and drives into your lane. You should

maintain control and slowdown

When a motorcyclist is overtaking you, you should

maintain speed and lane position

Communication with others to reduce risk in a possible conflict situation involves

making sure others see you

A characteristic of expressways that helps to prevent head-on collisions is the

median or barrier between opposing lanes

Critical judgment and continuous monitoring are examples of what kind of skills needed for the driving task?

mental

To compromise space means to

minimize hazards

If you use high-beam headlights in snow, rain, or fog, you will have

more light reflected back in your eyes

A motorcyclist might have more difficulty stopping than an automobile driver because

motorcycles require use of separate brakes for the front and rear

You are meeting a large truck on a two-lane road. You should

move to lane position 3 and drive straight ahead

A driver with tunnel vision can adjust by

moving the head and eyes more often

If there are signal lights on the entrance ramp, you

must wait for a green light

When your visibility is reduced for any reason, you

need more time to use the IDPE Process.

You drive through a curve at a speed higher than the posted speed. Your vehicle

needs more traction to stay on the roadway

When driving on slippery roads, you should

not use cruise control

When passing on the expressway, it is generally safer to pass

on the left

When a multi lane roadway has a double yellow center line, you can cross the roadway marking

only to turn left

You have the right of way at an intersection

only when other drivers give it to you

To avoid injury from an airbag in your vehicle's steering wheel during a collision, keep your hands between the

9 and 3 or 8 and 4 positions.

Which of the following steps should you take every time before entering your car?

Check traffic to make sure it is safe to open the door

Evaluate the benefits of a graduated license program for teenagers.

Simply look up "graduated license program" and what it can do for teenagers. What can it help prevent? What can it encoruage?

How many zones of space surrounding your vehicle are incorporated in the Zone Control System?

Six

A driving target will help you

Steer well

How does a driver participate in the organ donor program?

The driver's choice to be an organ donor is shown on the driver's license

Create a list of at least five different shapes of signs. For each of the five items on your list, identify two specific signs. If you cannot come up with two specific signs for a given shape, explain why. Use each specific sign only once.

Think of the signs you think of on the street, you can see rectangles, octagons, circles, and diamonds. Say what they do and what sign is, for instance, an octagon-shaped sign is used for STOP signs.

Carbon monoxide is present in

all exhaust gases from all gasoline engines

Convex mirrors help drivers eliminate problems caused by

blind spots

Backing a vehicle requires skillful use of the

brake pedal

A happy, excited driver

can be just as impaired as an angry driver

You compromise space when you

cannot separate or minimize hazards

When you see a flashing red light you should

come to a full stop, yield to traffic, and proceed when the intersection is clear.

By using a following distance greater than three seconds and allowing for additional clear distance ahead before passing, a driver can

compensate for poor depth perception

Which mirror type gives a wider view than a flat surface mirror of the side and rear of your vehicle?

convex mirror

Like most warning signs, school zone signs are

diamond shaped

Which aspect of a manual transmission is most often considered a disadvantage?

driver effort

Driving is a social task because

drivers must interact with each other

If a person takes a medicine and then drinks an alcoholic beverage, the chances are that the

effects of both the drug and drink will be multiplied

The temperature light or gauge indicates the temperature of the

engine coolant

When you accelerate to avoid a collision, which step in the IDPE Process are you using?

execute

You are driving on a quiet street when a child runs out in the street after a ball. When you brake and come to a stop, which of the steps in the IPDE process are you using?

execute

In order to drive with any disability, the most important thing a driver should do is

know how to compensate for the disability

Constantly scanning the road for any possible problem is an example of being a low-risk driver by using your

mental skills

When you identify that a roadway is narrowing from a multilane to a single lane, you should

move into the through lane as soon as possible

Red reflective markers mean that you should

move over to the side of the road since you are driving in the wrong direction.

You are driving down the street and your car stalls. The first thing you should do is to put your car into

neutral

Use the image to answer the question. When you see this sign, you should drive [A picture of a normal 45mph sign]

no faster than 45 mph.

A solid line and a broken line painted on the center of a two-lane highway means passing is

not allowed when the solid line is on yourside

You should always use a parking brake when you are

on a steep hill

When obtaining your license, which program can you participate in to help save lives?

organ donar program

You need a space that is five or six feet longer than your vehicle when you

parallel park

What is happening in your zones, what could happen, and if it does happen, how the change could affect you are involved in

predicting in the IDPE Process

One way that the National Safety Act helps drivers nationwide is by

providing guidelines for maintenance on national highways

If you are unable to prevent a drinker from driving

refuse to ride with the person

The best way to prevent fatigue on long drives is to

rest before you start

When are you going through a crosswalk on foot, which part of the highway transportation system (HTS) includes you?

roadway users

Which device will most effectively protect you in a collision?

safety belt

Searching for visual clues changes according to the driving environment. While driving on open highways

search areas farther ahead than you do when driving in the city environment

Your wheels might lock up when you

slam on the brakes

When you do not see any students while driving in a school zone you should

slow down and drive carefully

What can a driver do to avoid or recover from glare?

squint and glance to the side

The first thing you should do when backing up is to

step on the brake

If you're involved in a collision, by law you must

stop

Implied consent laws require drivers to

submit to an alcohol test if pulled over for drinking and driving

The engine revolutions per minute (RPM) are indicated by the

tachometer

When turning left from a four-lane-one-way street, the best lane position would be

the far left lane

Which lane should you be in to begin a left turn from a two-way street?

the lane closest to the center line

At an intersection with a 4-way stop,

the vehicle traveling straight has the right of way

You can never rely completely on you rear view mirrors when changing lanes because

they have blind spot areas

What is the purpose of the zone control system?

to lower risk by regulating the are around your car

When backing, you should

use mirrors to supplement looking out the rear window

The safest precaution you can take regarding the use of a cell phone and driving is

wait until your car is stopped and out of traffic to call

What will occur when your car's brakes are applied with sudden force?

wheel lock up

When is glare resistance worst?

when driving in very sunny conditions

When is the best time to use a three-point turnabout?

when there is no other option

A speed limit sign regulates how fast drivers can drive. Speed limit signs are

white and rectangular with black lettering

When you obtain a learner's permit you are allowed to drive only

with other licensed adult drivers

Orange road signs indicate that

you are entering a construction zone

You should use a parking lot to practice driving lesson since

you have the opportunity to repeat your actions more often

When parallel parking on the right, turn the wheels sharply to the left when

your front bumper is even with the front vehicle's rear bumper