Drugs & Behavior Exam 2

Which of the following statements best describes the effects that depressants have on the body due to its effects on the central nervous system?

Depressants decrease rate of breathing and heart rate

"Human beings have naturally occurring (endogenous) opioids, which cause many of the same effects as those caused by taking opioid drugs (exogenous opioids)."

True

"Methcathinone is manufactured by street chemists using ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, the same precursors used to manufacture methamphetamine."

True

Stimulant drugs including cocaine and methamphetamine force the release of dopamine. This surge of dopamine causes paranoia and hyper-reactivity.

True

The effects of amphetamines last longer than the effects of cocaine because amphetamines can block enzymes from metabolizing neurotransmitters, which creates a continued overstimulation.

True

Which of the following is not a plant-based stimulant?

mephedrone

Which of the following drugs is an opioid antagonist that may be used to prevent an opioid overdose?

naloxone

The synergistic effect of drugs refers to

the combination of two or more depressant drugs, which magnifies their effect on the CNS

Medical use of cocaine relies on its effects as a(n)

topical anesthetic

Among those who try a cigarette, what percentage will become daily habitual smokers?

25%

What is the half-life of caffeine?

3 to 7 hours

For how long does the high from amphetamine generally last?

4 to 6 hours

"The ""stop"" switch in the brain, which tells your mind and body that it has had enough and functions to turn of the brains go switch, is located in the brain stem."

False

Addiction to and withdrawal from benzodiazepines is not generally severe.

False

An individual who is under the influence of heroin will have dilated pupils

False

Chewing khat produces an immediate and intense high.

False

Depressants affect the central nervous system by elevating the user's blood pressure, pulse, heart rate, and respiration

False

Drug use in the gay community is unrelated to prejudice, homophobia, and fear of coming out and of being oneself, so prevention and treatment do not need to address these issues.

False

Formication, the imaginary sensation that hundreds of tiny bugs (e.g., coke bugs, meth bugs, and snow bugs) are crawling under one's skin, is caused by the visual hallucinogenic effects of stimulants."

False

Methamphetamine and cocaine are the most widely used stimulant drugs in the world.

False

Most sedative-hypnotics are from natural sources.

False

The high from cocaine normally lasts four to six hours.

False

The majority of heroin available in the United States comes from Afghanistan.

False

Which of the following best describes how the first cigarette of the day affects a smoker?

Increases blood pressure and heart rate

Which of the following is true about the purity of heroin at the retail level?

It varies from 10% to 70%.

The illicit manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine in the United States today is due to the involvement of

Mexican gangs and drug cartels

Which of the following statements is true?

Most heroin abusers began by abusing prescription opioids.

Hyperalgesia is a temporary increase in the sensitivity to ______ that is experienced during the long-term use of opiates/opioids used to treat pain.

Painful stimuli

"According to researchers, a person who smokes cigarettes is 22 times more likely to use cocaine than a nonsmoker."

True

"When a person who has developed tolerance to caffeine subsequently withdraws from the caffeine, it results in physical pain, extreme fatigue, and depression."

True

"When smoking cessation is part of a drug treatment program, the chances of recovery from alcohol and other drug addiction greatly increase."

True

Acute withdrawal from heroin is not as life-threatening as acute withdrawal from alcohol or sedative-hypnotics

True

The sense of relaxation and well-being that smokers receive from a cigarette is actually the sensation of the withdrawal symptoms being subdued.

True

Which of the following is not a street name for methcathinone?

betel nut

Tolerance is not a sign of physical or psychological dependence.

False

Tolerance of stimulant drugs is caused by the brain's creation of more dopamine and more dopamine receptors, which increases the drugs rewarding effects.

False

"Historically, most drug laws were made for political rather than medical considerations."

True

Which of the following best describes one of the health benefits of quitting smoking?

"Within just 20 minutes of quitting, blood pressure, pulse rate, and temperature of hands and feet drop to normal."

How long will the high from smoking a typical dose of crack cocaine (1 rock) generally last?

5 to 20 minutes

Z-hypnotics like sonata, ambient, and imovane, are short-acting, but they are thought to have a higher risk of addiction than most benzodiazepines.

False

Heroin was first developed to be a non-addictive medical alternative to morphine.

True

Methamphetamine use is associated with increased rates of HIV infection in some communities.

True

Opiates limit the release of and block receptors for substance P, which is the name of the neurotransmitter that transmits pain messages from nerve cell to nerve cell.

True

Research shows that boys under age 18 with ADHD who are treated with stimulants (Adderall and Ritalin) are much less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol when they get older.

True

The high occurrence of ADHD among adolescents in treatment for substance abuse disorders is in part attributed to their use of drugs to self-medicate ADHD symptoms.

True

Which form and method of using cocaine produces the most intense immediate high?

smoking crack cocaine

"For treating ADHD, the most the most common alternative therapies to prescription medications for treating ADHD are"

Correct dietary changes and nutritional supplements

Continued smoking to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal is known as

Correct negative drug reinforcement

Cocaine epidemics:

Correct occur in cycles every few generations

Which of the following statements about opioids is true?

There is almost no limit to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop.

"Drugs work by influencing existing neurotransmitters, existing neurological pathways, and receptor sites in the central nervous system, including the addiction pathway."

True

"Overdose deaths involving opioids most commonly include their combined use with other legal or licit substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines, or antidepressants."

True

"Tolerance to one type of depressant, such as alcohol, can lead to the development of cross-tolerance for another depressant, such as benzodiazepines."

True

Allodynia is a painful response to a normally pain-free stimulus, often as a result of long-term opiate/opoid use.

True

Benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics generally have a higher margin of overdose safety than other drugs in this depressant category.

True

Death from depressants (e.g. opioids) overdose usually involves severe respiratory depression.

True

Heavy prolonged use of stimulants can induce a schizophrenic-like psychosis.

True

Using a needle continuously to inject drugs in the same blood vessels traumatizes them, causing them to become unstable for injection

True

Which of the following correctly lists the three major classes of depressants?

alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics

"Stimulant drugs chemically dissimilar but pharmacologically related to amphetamines, producing many of the same effects but not as strong are called."

amphetamine congeners

"Why is it dangerous to combine an opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines?"

because the combination of depressants increases the potential for respiratory depression, overdose, and death

Of the following semi-synthetic/synthetic opiate drugs, which is not a correct match with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it?

diacetylmorphine | Suboxone

Nociceptive means pain caused by

external stimuli of pain receptors

How long can withdrawal symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long-acting opioids such as methadone persist?

for 14 days or more after detoxification

Of 1,033 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1989 and 2000, what percentage showed no significant clinical improvement over older and cheaper drugs already in use?

more than 50%

Consuming alcohol when using cocaine results in which of the following?

prolonging the effects of the cocaine