Drugs and Human Behavior Chapter 8-10

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More than ___ a year is collected from federal excise taxes on alcohol in the US

$8 billion

Alcohol absorption

(8.4)easily absorbed thru GI tract, 20% into bloodstream from stomach, 80% from upper portion of small intestine. Small amts first act as irritant increasing chemicals(like pepsin) that aid in digestion. large irritates stomach lining. Ulcers for heavy drinkers.

ACUTE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

(8.6) Toxic reactions, heat loss, diuretic effects, sleep probs, adverse consequences of pregnancy, drug interactions, hangovers

SEX

(8.7.4) Effects of alcohol is because of expectations of what alcohol should do rather than actual physiological effects of alcohol

Process of alcohol breakdown is OXIDATION. 2 steps:

(8:4:1)Oxidation has 2 steps: 1. enzyme, called ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE breaks down alcohol into ACETALDEHYDE. This enzyme is in stomach. where 20% is broken down before absorption in bloodstream. Enzyme is also in liver where remaining 80% is broken down from accumulations in the blood. 2nd step of oxidation happens when another enzyme called ACETALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE breaks down acetaldehyde in the liver into ACETIC ACID. From there, further oxidation results in O2, CO2, and calories of energy. OXIDATION RATE is 1/3rd to 1/2 oz per hour for adults

BAC

(8:4:2) number of grams of alcohol in blood relative to 100 millimeters of blood expressed as a percentage. Alcohol is burned at .015% per hour. So you would compute the BAC for your weight and subtract 0.015 percent BAC for every hour since drinking started.

DIURETIC EFFECTS

(8:63) At first the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that normally acts to reabsorb water in the kidneys, is inhibited when alcohol concentration rises. As a result, you pee a lot. As BAC peaks, the reverse happens. Water is retained, hands, fingers, feet swell. The ADH inhibition is dangerous when exercise is vigorous and fluid levels are already low.

HaNGOVERS

(8:6:7) 4 to 12 hrs after heavy consumption. Some distilled spirits like VODKA have lower prob of hangovers. Why? Lower amts of congers which are by-products of fermentation and give drinks their smell, taste, and color. Ex: tannins in wine.

An alcohol-tolerant drinker may feel the intoxication level equivalent to a BAC of ___ while actually having a BAC of ___ in his or her bloodstream

.08 percent; .18 percent

BAC LIMIT for Drivers UNDER 21

0.02

The long appendage extending from the cell body of a neuron is referred to as the A. dendrite 1 B. axon C. synaptic knob D. synaptic cleft

1 B. axon

Biotransformation is a process accomplished in the A. mouth 1 B. liver C. stomach D. esophagus

1 B. liver

Kicking your legs is considered a ______ response. A. skeletal 1 B. somatic C. autonomic D. gastrointestinal

1 B. somatic

About ____ US adults are either alcohol dependent or alcohol abusers

1 in12

Nicotine is responsible for 87 % of lung cancer deaths in the U.S. It has also been associated with what other forms of cancer.

1. With mouth and pharynx.

COLLEGE STUDENTS

1/4 who drank reported alcohol related probs; 1/5 reported unplanned sex. 1/3 report doing something they regretted

Despite the fact that about 90 percent of women are aware of the potential harm of consuming alcohol during pregnancy, ____ percent of pregnant women nationwide continue to consume alcohol.

The percentage of heavy drinkers that eventually develop alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver is

10 to 20 percent

It is estimated that ____ die each year from alcohol related deaths

125,000 people

Average AGE drinking begins:

14 yrs old; 27% of 8th graders drink; 12% reported being drunk

The highest percentage of "heavy drinkers" are in one of the following age groups:

18 to 25 years old

When was the height of per capita alcohol consumption in the US?

1830

TEMPERANCE Movement

1830-1850 alcohol consumption plummeted from 7 gallons to 2, roughly today's rate.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

1880. started to get rid of alcohol. Why? lost wages, domestic violence, prostitutes and syphilis.

National Prohibition in the US began in

1920

PROHIBITION

1920-1932. Positive effects at the start; later alcohol related deaths, cirrhosis, mental illness and crime increased. 1933 Roosevelt got 21st amendment signed to repeal. Miss. last state.

National Prohibition in the US was repealed in

1933

Fetal alcohol syndrome was first officially established as a medical condition in

1973

As a person gets older, the enzyme activity in the liver A. increases 2 B. decreases C. stays the same D. completely stops

2 B. decreases

The reticular formation is located in the A. medulla B. pons C. cerebellum D. limbic system

2 B. pons

The most recently evolved region of the human brain is the A. limbic system B. prefrontal cortex C. parasympathetic nervous system D. cerebellum

2 B. prefrontal cortex

_______ is to skeletal muscle as _______ is to smooth muscle. A. somatic, psychosomatic 2 B. somatic, autonomic C. psychosomatic, somatic D. autonomic, somatic

2 B. somatic, autonomic

The gap between neurons is known as the A. neurological gap 2 B. synapse C. neurotransmitters D. synaptic knobs

2 B. synapse

national alcohol prohibition

20-33; 18th amendment; volstead act; did actually reduce alcohol consumption; but pushed drinkers to much harder options and created tons of crime

TRAFFIC FATALITIES

31% alcohol related

Most deaths from alcohol cirrhosis occur in those who are

40 to 65 years old

FREE ALCOHOl for minors

40% of 11 mil underage drinkers in last mo. got booze from legal drinker. 6% given by parents

Approximately ___ percent of the retail price of an average bottle of distilled spirits is for federal, state, or local tax

1830 average per capita consumption

5 drink a day! twice daily whiskey breaks except on Sunday. George Washington established largest whiskey distillery of his time/Mt. Vernon

EXCRETION: 2 ways

5% thru lungs-alcohol breath 95% thru urine after alcohol turned to CO2 and h20

Assume that the half-life of nicotine elimination is 120 minutes and that your blood level of nicotine is 10 ng/ml at noon. What would be the concentration at 2:00? 4:00?

5, 2.5 ?

Physical withdrawal symptoms in an alcohol-dependent individual occur at a prevalence rate of about

5-18 percent

ETHNICITY and alcohol metabolism

50% of Asians have lower level of ACETALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase builds up, causing nausea, flushing, itching, cardiac issues. The combo of symptoms is called FAST FLUSHING.

BAC AT .08 saves ? DRINKING AGE TO 21 saves?

500 people per yr. 700 people per yr.

VIOLENCE

60-70% DV involves alcohol; over 60% child sexual abuse involves alcohol.

DEATHS from alcohol related injuries in college kids

700 college students ages 18-24; mostly motor vehicles

From 1830 to 1850 consumption of alcohol went from ___ gallons per year to __ gallons per year

7;2

Jason is an alcohol-dependent individual. He drank 10 shots of tequila. His last drink was at 2 am. He should expect withdrawal symptoms at about

8:00 AM

Summarize the studies of Anthony Caggiula (2001) on the role of exteroceptive stimuli on nicotine self-administration.

What is vaping? Summarize the issues that arise in discussing the health effects of vaping. The wisdom of vaping.

According to the University of Michign survey, the peak years when smokers start to smoke are A. during the fourth and fifth grades B. during the sixth and seventh graders C. during the ninth and 10th grades D. during senior year in high school

A buildup of mucus in air passages leading to inflammation of brochial tissue is referred to as A. chronic bronchitis B. emphysema C. ciliary escalator deficit D. pulmonary obstruction disease (POD)

A cigarette was an unquestioned sign of sophistication in our society until around the following date: A. mid-1960s B. mid-1970s C. mid-1980s D. 2001

A condition in which the walls of arteries harden and lose elasticity is A. arteriosclerosis B. atherosclerosis C. stroke D. migraine neuralgia

A dash of quinine is sometimes added to street "heroin" in order to A. simulate the bitter taste of real heroin B. make the heroin more injectable C. strengthen the effect of the heroin D. weaken the effect of the heroin

A dose-response curve is generally shaped as a(n) A. S B. U C. inverted U D. inverted V

A drug that produces an on-edge manner and social paranoia is A. PCP B. heroin C. marijuana D. all of the above

A factor in calculating the blood-alcohol concentration is not only the alcohol content but also the A. body weight of the drinker and the time elapsed since the last drink B. the body weight of the drinker C. the time elapsed since the last drink only D. the racial or ethnic category of the drinker

A key factor in psychological dependence is the presence of A. craving B. physical withdrawal symptoms C. a heightened sense of well-being D. a decline in one's sensitivity to pain

A key factor in understanding the effect of alcohol in the brain is the following receptor: A. GABA receptor B. dopamine receptor C. THC-sensitive receptor D. serotonin receptor

A laissez faire policy regarding drugs would involve A. little or no regulation B. extensive regulation C. well-reasoned procedures regarding regulation D. an emphasis upon controlling drugs from France

A major disadvantage of the University of Michigan survey is that A. high school dropouts are not included B. it is conducted every five years C. college students are included D. it has only been conducted since 1995

A man would generally be defined as having engaged in binge drinking if A. five drinks had been consumed in a row B. six drinks had been consumed in a row C. 10 drinks had been consumed in a row D. three drinks had been consumed in a row

About 60 milligrams of nicotine A. can quickly kill a healthy human adult B. is found in approximately a half-pack of cigarettes C. would be ingested from two or three cigarettes D. is the minimal effective dose for relaxation

According to DAWN statistics, very few drug-related deaths resulted from the use of _____________ alone. A. marijuana B. methamphetamine C. cocaine D. opiates

According to a federal ruling in 2000, toward which physical conditions can dietary supplements claim to be directed? A. aging and menopause B. diabetes and cancer C. heart disease and stroke D. syphilis and other venereal diseases

According to the 2008 University of Michigan survey, almost one-half of high school seniors reported having consumed ______ in the past month. A. alcohol B. cigarettes C. cocaine D. a hallucinogenic drug

According to the University of Michigan survey, binge drinking is defined as consuming _____ or more alcoholic drinks in a row. A. 5 B. 7 C. 10 D. 15

According to the guidelines for responsible drinking, what should a person eat before drinking alcohol? A. foods high in protein B. salty foods C. foods high in fat D. foods high in sugar

According to the text, as a result of the attacks on September 11, 2001, A. drug seizures increased at the Mexican border at security checkpoints B. less funding is being spent on drug seizures at United States C. it has become easier to smuggle drugs into the United States D. the long range effects on drug trafficking have become clear

According to the text, needle exchange programs are able to reduce HIV infection by A. one third B. one fourth C. nine tenths D. two thirds

According to the text, people who prefer beer over wine are mostly A. younger B. women C. highly educated D. smokers

Adjusting the style of tobacco smoking to maintain the intake of steady levels of nicotine is referred to as A. the titration hypothesis B. conditioned smoking C. nicotine maintenance D. the secondary smoke effect

Alcohol produces a greater exaggerated heat loss in ______ than in ______ . A. men; women B. younger people; older people C. Asians; Hispanics D. thinner people; heavier people

Alcohol use among _____ has declined since 1980 to a lesser degree than alcohol use among high school seniors. A. college students B. eighth graders C. tenth graders D. high school dropouts

Among the gases of tobacco smoke, the most toxic is A. carbon monoxide B. acetone C. ammonia D. carbon dioxide

An increase in the body's serum cholesterol level can be due to the effects of A. nicotine B. tar C. carbon monoxide D. carbon dioxide

Analogy: Acute toxicity is to chronic toxicity as A. short-term is to long-term B. licit is to illicit C. non-lethal is to lethal D. stimulants are to depressants

Analogy: Alcohol dehydrogenase is to acetaldehyde as A. aldehyde dehydrogenase is to acetic acid B. liver is to the stomach C. oxygen is to carbon dioxide D. later is to earlier

Analogy: Beer is to distilled spirits as A. ale is to brandy B. gin is to vodka C. modern-day beer is to ancient Egyptian beer D. NIAAA is to NIDA

Analogy: Mainstream smoke is to cigarette smokers as sidestream smoke is to A. nonsmokers B. an increased probability of cancer C. adolescent smokers D. cigar smokers

Analogy: The ED-response curve is to the LD-response curve as A. effective is to lethal B. emotional is to linguistic C. early is to late D. illicit is to licit

Approximately ___ percent of countries in the world still allow smoking in hospitals and schools; only ___ percent of the world's population lives in a country that imposes a comprehensive national ban on tobacco advertising, and in which full services to treat tobacco dependence are widely available. A. 40; 5 B. 40; 10 C. 20; 5 D. 20; 10

Aqua vitae is the name given to the first recorded A. brandy B. beer product C. fermented grape product D. nutritional form of malt ale

As a result of the 1998 tobacco settlement, A. tobacco companies agreed to pay $24 million to find ways to reduce teen smoking B. tobacco companies agreed that they are responsible if the number of teen smokers increase C. individuals are prohibited from suing tobacco companies for the adverse effects on teens D. tobacco companies were not liable to compensate states for treating people with smoking-related illnesses

As a result of the Harrison Act of 1914 A. several other drugs (i.e., marijuana) were classified as narcotics B. narcotics were banned from medical use C. the Federal Bureau of Narcotics was established D. both A and B

As dose level rises, it is likely that the effect produced by the drug A. rises as well B. rises then falls C. falls then rises D. remains the same

Behavioral or conditioned tolerance can be considered to be an important contributor to which drug-taking phenomenon? A. lethal overdoses B. improved responses to a drug C. the placebo effect D. increased sensitivity to a drug

Blood-alcohol concentration allows for variations in A. the body weight of the drinker B. type of alcohol being ingested C. the condition of the liver D. racial or ethnic type

By ________, the tobacco industry has been less affected by the loss of profits in the United States. A. taking advantage of global markets B. laying off 15 percent of its domestic workforce C. raising the amounts of tobacco imported in to the United States D. decreasing the amount of money allocated for advertisement globally by 25 percent

Carbon monoxide is typically measured in terms of A. parts per million blood components (p.p.m.) B. milligrams per cigarette (m.p.c.) C. micrograms per inhalation (m.p.i.) D. milligrams per kilogram of body weight (m.p.k.)

Carcinomas refer to A. cancerous growths in general B. cancerous growths on the skin C. cancerous growths on the surface of the lungs D. cancerous growths on the kidney and pancreas

Cigarettes began to be introduced in the United States when this form of tobacco use was at its height: A. cigars B. pipes C. snuff D. cigarillos

Compared to cigarette smoke, cigar smoke A. is more alkaline B. is a safe alternative C. is more closely associated with lung cancer D. contains fewer carcinogens

Compared to white smokers, African American smokers A. smoke fewer cigarettes but carry a higher risk of tobacco related disorders B. smoke fewer cigarettes and carry a lower risk of tobacco related disorders C. smoke more cigarettes and carry a higher risk of tobacco related disorders D. smoke more cigarettes but carry a lower risk of tobacco related disorders

Consumption of alcohol tends to encourage A. greater fat storage B. greater protein excretion C. faster oxidation acetic acid D. abstinence from other drugs

Currently, American per capita consumption of alcohol is approximately______ portions of a "standard" alcoholic beverage each day. A. 1 to 1.5 B. 2.5 C. 3 D. 3.5 to 4

DAWN statistics provide information predominantly about A. acute toxicity B. chronic toxicity C. drug dependence D. alcohol abuse

Dipping is an expression for the use of A. snuff B. unfiltered cigarettes C. Copenhagen as opposed to other smokeless tobacco brands D. blending cigarettes with marijuana

Drug-related ED visits: A. include any and all visits to an emergency department that are related to recent drug use B. are not counted in DAWN statistics if they result in a fatality C. are by definition the result of illicit drug use D. exclude suicide attempts

During fermentation, ______ cells consume the sugar content of organic material. A. yeast B. starch C. carbon dioxide D. alcohol

During the 1980s, about ____ percent of the budget to control drug abuse were allocated toward treatment and prevention programs. A. 30 B. 40 C. 60 D. 70

Easy passage through the blood-brain barrier implies A. easy passage through the blood-placental barrier B. difficulty in passing through the blood-placental barrier C. nothing about the extent to which it passes through the blood-placental barrier D. first easy passage then difficulty in passing through the blood-placental barrier

Economically compulsive violence stems from A. the expense of drugs B. the economic status of the country C. the cost of overpowering prescription medication D. none of the above

Environmental tobacco smoke A. affects anyone in an enclosed space B. fails to affect families of smokers C. dissipates in a matter of minutes D. changes its character once it diffuses into the air

Fermentation is produced by the action of ______ on ______ . A. yeast; sugar B. carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide C. sugar; alcohol D. yeast; starch

Generally speaking, if the price of street drugs increases communities should expect A. an increase in crime B. less drug users among society C. an increase in licit drug use D. a decrease in emergency room visits due to drug overdose

If a drug is dangerous, poisonous or in some way interferes with a person's normal functioning, that drug is said to be A. toxic B. addictive C. illicit D. acute

If alcohol is entering the body rapidly, A. the liver is unable to keep up B. absorption through the small intestine goes down C. more carbon dioxide will be ingested D. absorption in the stomach will shut down

Illicit drug experimentation among high school seniors in 2008 has been reported to be A. less than figures reported in 1979 B. more than figures reported in 1979 C. practically equal to figures reported in 1979 D. at a record low, since the University of Michigan survey began in 1975

In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency reported that A. sidestream smoke causes lung cancer in non-smokers B. a greater tax was placed on cigarettes to deter minors from purchasing them C. a federal law went into effect banning smoking in restaurants D. ads for cigarettes or other tobacco products must include the Surgeon General's Warning

In 19th-century New England, the favorite distilled-spirit beverage was A. rum B. whiskey C. vodka D. brandy

In 2007, only ___ states funded programs at the minimum levels recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A. 3 B. 5 C. 26 D. 35

In general, during repeated drug administrations, the strongest response will occur A. during initial administration of the drug B. after at least two weeks of daily administrations C. after one year of weekly administrations D. during initial administration then after several months of repeated administrations

In studies of self-administration of drugs in animals, cocaine appears to have a _______ compared to heroin. A. greater potential for psychological dependence B. lesser potential for psychological dependence C. similar potential for psychological dependence D. lesser potential for drug toxicity

In the U.S during the 1800s, snuffing was replaced with A. chewing B. injecting C. pipe-smoking D. cigarette smoking

In the case of heroin and other abused drugs, withdrawal symptoms are typically A. opposite to the effects of the drug B. surprisingly similar to the effects of the drug C. unrelated to the effects of the drug D. at first similar than totally opposite to the effects of the drug

In the stomach, alcohol increases the flow of A. hydrochloric acid B. alcohol dehydrogenase C. serotonin D. acetic acid

Information about drug-related medical emergencies is collected by the A. Drug Abuse Warning Network B. Omnibus Drug Act C. U.S. Government in cooperation with the Canadian Government D. both A and C

Inhaled nicotine passes through the blood-brain barrier within ____. A. a few seconds B. a few minutes C. a few hours D. a few days

LSD, antipsychotic drugs, and antidepressant drugs all share the common feature of A. producing little or no self-administration in animals B. producing hallucinogenic effects C. producing effects similar to cocaine and amphetamine D. producing strong indications of psychological dependence

Mainstream smoke from a filtered cigarette A. is inhaled by the smoker through the filter and cigarette paper B. is more acidic than sidestream smoke C. is inhaled by nonsmokers as well D. consists of a gaseous phase only

Moderate consumption of alcohol can be beneficial by A. increasing HDL cholesterol levels B. decreasing HDL cholesterol levels C. increasing LDL cholesterol levels D. increasing LDL cholesterol and decreasing HDL cholesterol levels

Nicotine is found as a natural component of A. tobacco esclusively B. leafy plants of many types C. marijuana as well as tobacco D. tobacco once it has been shredded and ground up

Nitrosamines are A. carcinogens found in tobacco B. breakdown products in nicotine metabolism C. similar to acetic acid in alcohol metabolism D. stimulant drugs for heart patients

One of the following is NOT considered a "club drug." A. smokable heroin B. MDMA (Ecstasy) C. ketamine D. LSD

Oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase occurs oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase. A. before B. after C. at the same time as D. sometimes before, sometimes after, depending upon the level of alcohol

Prior to the 20th century, there was strong opposition to the smoking of A. opium B. tobacco C. cocaine D. all of the above

Second-hand drinking refers to A. alcohol-related problems experienced by a non-drinker B. taking two drinks, one in each hand C. sharing a drink with a friend D. associated problems from binge drinking

Since alcohol is a peripheral dilator, it A. makes blood vessels near the skin surface enlarge causing skin to be red B. warms the body in freezing temperature C. causes nausea and vomiting D. both A and B

Smokeless tobacco tends to be relatively more popular in ______ of the U.S. A. rural communities B. large cities C. industrialized regions D. arid regions

Someone aged 12-17 who has a history of violence at school or involved in group-against-group fighting is ____ times more likely to have used an illicit drug compared to those with no such history. A. 3 B. 5 C. 8 D. 12

Taking distilled spirits and adding juniper berries for flavoring turns the beverage into A. gin B. vodka C. brandy D. mead

The "placental barrier" refers to a barrier between the A. bloodstreams of the mother and the fetus B. placenta of the mother and bloodstream of the mother C. bloodstream of mother and brain of mother D. bloodstream and brain of both mother and fetus

The "war on drugs" in the United States was officially declared by President A. Richard Nixon in 1971 B. Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 C. Ronald Reagan in 1981 D. George Bush in 1990

The DAWN reports mainly focus on emergency-department cases caused by A. acute toxicity B. chronic toxicity C. illicit drugs only D. licit drugs only

The Jungle, a novel by Upton Sinclair, A. resulted in the enactment of regulatory legislation relating to food and drugs in 1906 B. was the basis for an anti-marijuana movie of the 1930s C. promoted rainforest protection policies and future drug discoveries D. supported efforts by the government to educate young people about drug abuse

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 A. required manufacturers to list the amounts of alcohol or "habit-forming" drugs on product labels B. regulated sales of opiates to medical personnel only C. banned foods that contained opium D. made it illegal for opiate drugs to be used without a prescription

The advantage of cigarettes over cigars in the late 1800s and early 1900s was that A. cigarettes were less expensive B. cigarettes were viewed as being safer to your health C. cigars were rumored to contain contaminating ingredients D. smoking cigarettes were viewed as being tough and rugged

The balanced placebo design in drug research examines the relative influence of A. a pharmacological effect and an expectation effect B. an expectations effect and gender C. a pharmacological effect and the time of day D. the time of day and gender

The chances of a heart attack decrease after ________ of quitting smoking. A. 24 hours B. 3 months C. 9 months D. 5 to 10 years

The characteristic flavoring and aroma of beer is a result of adding A. hops B. barley malt C. mash D. fermented alcohol

The chief way for alcohol to be excreted is through A. the urine B. the exhalation of air from the lungs C. the combination with digested food D. the blood-brain barrier

The craving for alcohol during psychological dependence is related to the action of A. dopamine in the nucleus accumbens B. dopamine in the cerebral cortex C. serotonin in the reticular formation D. acetylcholine in the spinal cord

The current percentage of smokers aged 12 years or older in the United States is A. significantly less than the levels in the 1940s B. greater than than levels in 1965 C. substantially greater than among college students D. none of the above

The effect of cigarette smoking on improving task performance is due to the nicotine that is consumed because A. nicotine tablets have the same effect B. animals inhaling cigarette smoke show the same reactions C. placebo tablets produce similar reactions D. nicotine has the effect of releasing adrenalin

The exportation of U.S. tobacco products to other countries has been A. a major factor in our balance of trade B. a major element in our foreign policy C. a component of U.S. foreign aid to developing nations D. a major source of goodwill

The federal government requires that anyone up to the age of ____ must verify their age at the time of purchasing tobacco products. A. 27 B. 25 C. 21 D. 18

The first Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health asserted that A. tobacco smoking was linked to cancer and other serious diseases B. nicotine was a dependence-producing drug C. cigarettes were less harmful than cigars D. chewing tobacco led to diseases of the mouth

The first documented case of drug tolerance had to do with someone named A. King Mithridates VI of Pontus B. Lucretia Borgia C. Timothy Leary D. Socrates

The following drug(s) have weakened effects when combined with alcohol: A. anticonvulsants (antiepileptic medications) B. marijuana C. depressant drugs of all types D. sedative-hypnotic drugs

The greatest number of drug-related deaths each year results from A. the drinking of alcohol and smoking of tobacco B. overdose of licit prescription and OTC medications C. abuse of illicit drugs D. heroin and cocaine abuse

The impression that alcohol warms the body comes from A. its ability to be a peripheral vasodilator B. its ability to be a peripheral vasoconstrictor C. its ability to produce a pale skin D. public-relations agents for St. Bernard dogs around the world

The least advised suggestion to a marathoner after the race is to celebrate with a A. double scotch B. can of non-alcoholic beer C. Gatorade drink D. glass of water

The major dependence-producing drug(s) in tobacco products is A. nicotine B. nicotine and tar C. carbon monoxide D. carbon monoxide and tar

The most recent attitude toward drug-taking behavior considers A. a wide range of licit and illicit drugs with varying levels of potential for misuse or abuse B. an increasingly narrow definition of psychoactive drugs C. criteria that effectively exclude alcohol and nicotine from being classified as drugs D. problems associated with illicit drugs to the exclusion of problems associated with licit drugs

The only area of cancer for which cigars appear to be incurring lower risk (relative to cigarettes) is A. lung cancer B. cancer of the mouth C. cancer of the larynx D. cancer of the esophagus

The physical or psychological harm a drug such as tobacco or alcohol might cause over a long period of use is known as A. the drinking of alcohol and smoking of tobacco B. acute toxicity C. abuse of illicit drugs D. chronic toxicity

The proof of a distilled spirit beverage is A. twice the alcohol content B. one-half the alcohol content C. another name for the alcohol content D. calculated by a subtracting 10 percent from the alcohol content

The ratio of the LD50 over the ED50 is called the A. therapeutic index B. margin of safety C. effective dose for a particular drug effect D. lethal dose

Three aspects of drugs and violence are pharmacological, economically compulsive and ________. A. systemic B. dynamic C. symbiotic D. pandemic

Tobacco spitting can be a factor in the spread of which of the following diseases? A. tuberculosis B. bronchitis C. hay fever D. pharyngitis

Tolerance effects depend upon which of the following factors in drug-taking behavior? A. repetition B. the ingestion of an illicit substance C. the abuse potential of the drug D. the age range of the individual using the drug

When alcohol is withdrawn after being ingested before bedtime for a series of nights, there is a tendency to A. experience nightmares B. experience bedwetting C. experience nocturnal hallucinations D. experience a strange feeling of euphoria

When the price of street heroin goes up, property crime related to heroin abuse A. increases B. decreases C. is unaffected D. is related to the price of cocaine

Which drug shows the least widely reported incidence of pharmacological violence? A. marijuana B. amphetamine C. PCP D. alcohol

Which effect is typically associated with a mother's use of drugs after the eighth month of pregnancy? A. low birth weight B. physical malformations C. risk of spontaneous abortions D. No effects are generally observed

Which schedule of drugs is most restricted in U.S. society? A. Schedule I B. Schedule II C. Schedule III D. Schedule IV

Which schedule(s) of controlled substances would imply the greatest potential for abuse? A. Schedule I and II B. Schedule III and IV C. Schedule V D. All five schedules imply relatively equal potential for abuse.

Withdrawal symptoms are frequently observed in the newborn of mothers who had used ________ during their pregnancy. A. heroin B. marijuana C. prescription drugs D. marijuana and tobacco

Women show decreased physiological signs of sexual arousal A. as alcohol levels rise, regardless of their expectations B. as alcohol levels rise, especially when they expect to be sexually aroused C. as alcohol levels decline D. as their expectations toward sexual arousal go up

Women who smoke are at an even greater risk of stroke if they are also A. using birth-control pills B. abstaining from all other forms of drug-taking behavior C. sexually active D. living in urban communities

Zyban was originally used to treat A. depression B. obesity C. cocaine anxiety D. anxiety

______ was the primary distilled liquor in Europe during the middle of the 17th century. A. brandy B. gin C. beer D. vodka

_______ accounts for 30 percent of the world's total consumption of tobacco. A. China B. United States C. India D.Japan

_______ result(s) from platelet adhesiveness in the blood. A. Blood clots B. Headaches C. Arteriosclerosis D. Emphysema

________ is defined as the possibility that the short-term effects of a particular drug will trigger a toxic reaction. A. Acute toxicity B. Collateral toxicity C. Conditional toxicity D. Chronic toxicity

________is the process of creating alcohol. A. fermentation B. permutation C. condensation D. extraction

A key factor in understanding the effect of alcohol in the brain is which receptor? A. GABA receptor B. dopamine receptor C. THC-sensitive receptor D. serotonin receptor

A GABA receptor

According to the text, caffeine is a(n) _________ inhibitor. A. adenosine B. serotonin C. theophylline D. acetylcholine

A adenosine

Women show decreased physiological signs of sexual arousal __________. A. as alcohol levels rise, regardless of their expectations B. as alcohol levels rise, especially when they expect to be sexually aroused C. as alcohol levels decline D. as their expectations toward sexual arousal goes up

A as alcohol levels rise, regardless of their expectations

The craving for alcohol during psychological dependence is related to the action of __________. A. dopamine in the nucleus accumbens B. dopamine in the cerebral cortex C. serotonin in the reticular formation D. acetylcholine in the spinal cord

A dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Which of the following people is an enabler? A. A man checking himself into a rehabilitation facility B. A woman taking her brother to an Alcoholic's Anonymous meeting C. A father giving his son money to pay rent, when his son spent his paycheck on alcohol D. A mother kicking her daughter out of the house due to her alcoholism

A father giving his son money to pay rent, when his son spent his paycheck on alcohol

Out-of-control drinking is indicated by __________. A. intense craving for alcohol B. domestic violence C. hanging out at bars D. depression

A intense craving for alcohol

Blood-alcohol concentration allows for variations in __________. A. the body weight of the drinker B. type of alcohol being ingested C. the condition of the liver D. racial or ethnic type

A the body weight of the drinker

The chief way for alcohol to be excreted is through __________. A. the urine B. the exhalation of air from the lungs C. the combination with digested food D. the blood-brain barrier

A the urine

The proof of a distilled spirit beverage is __________. A. twice the alcohol content percentage B. one-half the alcohol content percentage C. another name for the alcohol content D. calculated by a subtracting 10 percent from the alcohol content

A twice the alcohol content percentage

Analogy: Edward Jenner is to Louis Pasteur as A. smallpox is to rabies B. bromides are to chloral hydrate C. a placebo effect is to a vaccine D. morphine is to opium

Analogy: Placebo effect is to a genuine effect as A. ancient is to modern B. physiological is to psychological C. shamans are to priests D. psychological is to physiological

Analogy: Willow bark is to senna as A. aspirin is to laxative B. hallucinogenic is to non-hallucinogenic c poisonous is to non-poisonous D. constipation is to headache

Neuroscience research has focused upon which of the following aspects of the body? A. the functioning of the brain B. the workings of the small and large intestines C. the processes underlying bacterial infections D. the cardiovascular system

The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the temperance movement in general were dedicated to the prohibition of which psychoactive drug? A. alcohol B. cocaine C. marijuana D. all drugs

f you were alive in 1900, you would consider heroin to be A. safe and completely legal B. a dangerous alternative to morphine C. belonging to the cocaine family of drugs D. a menace to society

If a drug is taken at noon, an effect is detected at 12:05 and no longer detected by 1:00, it is reasonable that the latency period would be occurring at A. 12:04 B. 12:07 C. 12:55 D. 1:15

A. 12:04

The alcohol content in some OTC cough and cold medications may be as high as ___________. A. 23 percent B. 25 percent C. 26 percent D. 28 percent

A. 23 percent

Approximately 80 percent of the world's coffee comes from __________. A. coffea arabica B. coffea americana C. coffea robusta D. camellia sinensis

A. coffea arabica

Alcohol use among _____ has declined to a lesser degree than alcohol use among high school seniors. A. college students B. eighth graders C. tenth graders D. high-school dropouts

A. college students

1.60 Illicit drug experimentation among high school seniors in 2009 has been reported to be __________. A. less than figures reported in 1979 B. more than figures reported in 1979 C. practically equal to figures reported in 1979 D. at the lowest levels since the University of Michigan survey began in 1975

A. less than figures reported in 1979

An over-the-counter cold remedy taken fora cold would be classified as a(n) A. licit drug for instrumental use B. illicit drug for instrumental use C. licit drug for recreational use D. illicit drug for recreational use

A. licit drug for instrumental use

About half of all individuals of Asian descent have A. low levels of an enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol B. low levels of an enzyme involved in the metabolism of caffeine C. high levels of an enzyme involved in the metabolism of most drugs D. high levels of an enzyme involved in the metabolism of antibacterial drugs

A. low levels of an enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol

The vomiting center of the brain is located in the A. medulla 2 B. pons C. cerebellum D. substantia nigra

A. medulla

Chocolate liquor is made up of __________. A. melted cocoa butter B. milk and sugar C. melted baking chocolate D. sugar

A. melted cocoa butter

The following type of drug tolerance depends upon processes in the liver: A. metabolic tolerance B. pharmacodynamic tolerance C. cellular tolerance D. behavioral tolerance

A. metabolic tolerance

Products of biotransformation are called A. metabolites 2 B. enzymatic residues C. biotransformables D. urinary particles

A. metabolites

Intramuscular is to capillaries as intranasal is to: A. mucus membranes B. snorting C. veins D. lungs

A. mucus membranes

The major dependence-producing drug(s) in tobacco products is(are) __________. A. nicotine B. nicotine and tar C. carbon monoxide D. carbon monoxide and tar

A. nicotine

Which route of drug administration is the oldest and easiest? A. oral B. inhalation C. injection D. absorption through skin or membranes

A. oral

Sniffing employs the same route of administration as A. snorting 2 B. smoking C. subcutaneous injections D. inhalation methods

A. snorting

Type 1 alcoholics are greatly affected by their __________. A. socioeconomic status B. body size C. family drinking history D. marital status

A. socioeconomic status

The placebo effect in morphine administrations is A. substantial 1 B. relatively minor C. non-existent D. dependent upon the degree of fat-solubility

A. substantial

If one drug has an effect of 6 and a second drug has an effect of 8, and the combination of the two drugs has an effect of 20, then the interaction is A. synergistic B. additive C. antagonistic D. all of the above

A. synergistic

Risks of emphysema, asthma, and cancer are associated with A. tars and hydrocarbons in inhaled smoke B. non-sterile injection needles C. long-term irritation from subcutaneous injections D. allergic reactions to hypodermic syringes

A. tars and hydrocarbons in inhaled smoke

According to the text, the most important part of the CNS is: A. the brain B. the spinal cord C. parasympathetic activation D. neural pathways

A. the brain

Expectations about a drug effect determine the extent to which _______ occurs. A. the placebo effect 2 B. the dosage-weight interaction C. the blood-brain barrier effect D. the gender-weight interaction

A. the placebo effect

Which of the following plays the most important role in determining the final result after a drug is repeatedly administered? A. the timing of drug administration B. the acute effects of drugs administered close together in time C. the chronic effects of drugs administered close together in time D. all of the above

A. the timing of drug administration

As a result of the 1998 tobacco settlement, __________. A. tobacco companies agreed to pay $24 million to find ways to reduce teen smoking B. tobacco companies agreed that they are responsible if the number of teen smokers increases C. individuals are prohibited from suing tobacco companies for the adverse effects on teens D. tobacco companies were not liable to compensate states for treating people with smoking-related illnesses

A. tobacco companies agreed to pay $24 million to find ways to reduce teen smoking

Analogy: Sublingual is to transdermal as A. tongue is to skin B. vein is to muscle C. powder is to smoke D. nose is to tongue

A. tongue is to skin

Tobacco spitting can be a factor in the spread of which of the following diseases? A. tuberculosis B. bronchitis C. hay fever D. pharyngitis

A. tuberculosis

The chances of a heart attack decrease after ________ of quitting smoking. A. twenty-four hours B. three months C. 9 nine months D. five to ten years

A. twenty-four hours

Women who smoke are at an even greater risk of stroke if they are also __________. A. using birth control pills B. abstaining from all other forms of drug-taking behavior C. sexually active D. living in urban communities

A. using birth control pills

Reuptake refers to the "returning back" of the neurotransmitter to the A. vesicles in the synaptic knob 1 B. receptor sites C. heart and other internal organs D. cerebral cortex

A. vesicles in the synaptic knob

ADAM statistics vs NSDUH statistics

ADAM shows that 2/3 of those tested had drugs in their system as opposed to 5-6% of the general population

process of alcohol breakdown is determined by the speed of

ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE. It is constant, no matter how much alcohol needs to be broken down. RATE: 100 mg of alcohol per kg of body weight. So 5 grams for every 50 kilograms will be broken down. 50 kilograms is 110 lbs. Many factors affect this breakdown though...

According to the U.S. Surgeon General, living with a smokers does what to the risk of developing lung cancer?

a. Increases the risk by 20%-30%?

MEDICATION and alcohol metabolism

ASPIRIN, when taken on a full stomach, reduces enzyme levels by 1/2, causing more alcohol to accumulate in the blood. For women, aspirin has a greater inhibiting effect than among men, thus enzyme levels may be reduced to nearly 0 if a woman is taking aspirin prior to drinking alcoholic beverages. GASTIC ULCER MEDS also inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase and thus increase the physiological impact of alcohol. Any combo of this factors seems to produce ADDITIVE EFFECTS.

Which of the following is a GABA-related drug used to treat alcoholism? A. disulfiram B. naltrexone C. Acamprosate D. ondansetron

Acamprosate

Alcoholics Anonymous is based upon the idea of

absolute abstinence

Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors are receptor sites that are sensitive to which neurotransmitter? 3 A. norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. dopamine D. gamma aminobutyric acid

acetylcholine

doves

against war on drugs; legalizers

Alcoholics tend to be stereotyped on the dimension of

age gender socioeconomic level *all of the above*

mixed model

agriculturally produced whose main psychoactive agent is synthesized from plant / converted into chemical; hourglass shape from many farms to few labs to many dealers; heroin and cocaine

PROOF

Alcohol content is not by %, but by proof. Proof is twice amt of alcohol. So, 80 proof is 40% alc.

SLEEP EFFECTS

Alcohol reduces REM sleep. When alcohol si withdrawn, REM sleep rebounds and now is more of total sleep time than before alcohol consumed. Result is poor sleep and nightmares.

Sara has been drinking alcohol for two months. She even drives her friends home on the weekends when she has been drinking heavily. According to the DSM-IV-TR, Sara meets one of the criteria for

alcohol abuse

The fetus has a lower level of _____ than the adult

alcohol breakdown

cognitive guidedness approach to alcohol

Also referred to as Drunken Comportment. argues that alcohol does not release inhibitions, but instead drunken behavior is dictated by cultural or situational norms.

During chronic alcohol consumption, tolerance occurs because

alcohol dehydrogenase levels are higher the brain is less sensitive to alcohol

According to the DSM-IV-TR, a persistent desire or one or more unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control drinking is one of the criteria for

alcohol dependence

Steven has been drinking alcohol for two months. He finds himself drinking even though he has attempted to stop many times. Last time he tried, he felt he had to drink just to stop his massive headache. He ended up drinking so much that night that the next day he overslept and missed work. According to the DSM-IV-TR, Steven meets one of the criteria for

alcohol dependence

According to the DSM-IV-TR criteria

alcohol dependence is more severe than alcohol abuse

BODY FAT and alcohol

alcohol reduces the breakdown of body fat; Dietary fat has greater chance of being stored rather than expended. Fat builds in liver; fatty liver.

big three

alcohol, cocaine and narcotics--drugs that continually show up in crime scenes, high empirical and causal connections with crime

Consumption

Annual is 2.3 gallons pure alcohol or 3/4 oz per day

incarceration rates from 1980 to 2008

Arrest rates tripled during this time. From 580,900 to 1.7 Million. At the very time that our crime rate (drug offenses included) has been dramatically declining; Our prison population has been sharply rising.

arestees and drug use

Arrestees are highly likely to have used drugs. 2/3 of males in metropolitan areas tested positive for at least one drug. Comparatively, only 8% of the U.S. population reports having used a drug in the past 30 days

GABA RECEPTOR

As BAC level increases, the depressive action of alcohol extends down to lower levels of brain. In general, neuronal effect is linked to effects of alcohol on GABA receptor in brain.

1/2 oz equals:

Average consumption = 1.5 standard drinks per day. That is = to: 5oz glass wine, 12 oz beer, 12 oz wine cooler, 3-4oz of FORTIFIED wine like port or sherry, 2-3oz of cordial(liqueur), 1.5 oz of brandy, 1 shot 80-proof liquor.

A Bonsack machine was used A. to evaluate the toxicity of cigarettes B. to produce a large quantity of cigarettes C. to dry out tobacco leaves quickly D. to shred tobacco in an efficient manner

A Schedule V drug A. has a high potential for abuse and no medical use B. has minimal abuse potential and widespread medical use C. has potential for abuse, accepted medical use. Limits on prescriptions apply. D. must be stored in secure vaults by pharmacists and physicians

A blackout is most likely to occur when the alcoholic drinks are A. spaced out over a period of time B. drunk rapidly C. drunk with a mixture of beers and distilled spirits D. drunk alone instead of with companions

A component in tobacco smoke that is not classified as part of the particulate phase is A. tar B. acetone C. water droplets D. nicotine

A condition in which fatty deposits accumulate inside arteries and restrict the flow of blood is called A. arteriosclerosis B. atherosclerosis C. stroke D. migraine neuralgia

A decline in alcohol consumption in the United States coincided with the A. traumas of the Civil War B. growing influence of the temperance movement C. the beginning of the 20th century D. the advent of World War II

A first-time smoker will frequently A. show few if any physiological reactions B. feel nauseated C. inhibit the vomiting center in the medulla D. experience intense heart palpitations

A larger person requires more alcohol to attain the same BAC levels because A. there is a greater opportunity to urinate B. there are more body fluids to absorb the alcohol C. there is a larger liver to metabolize the alcohol D. a bigger person tends to drink more in the first place

A low T/N cigarette refers to a cigarette with A. a low ratio of tobacco to nontobacco B. a low amount of tar and nicotine C. a low ratio of toxins to nontoxins D. a large amount of carbon monoxide

A pack-a-day smoker will typically take ______ puffs of tobacco smoke each day. A. 40 to 50 B. 100 to 200 C. 300 to 500 D. 800 to 1000

A smoker is given a placebo and he or she is told that it is nicotine gum, when it is not. How will it affect his of her cigarette smoking behavior? A. he or she will smoke cigarettes more rapidly B. he or she will smoke fewer cigarettes per day C. he or she will abstain from cigarettes D. he or she will take more puffs per cigarette

A strong tendency for an animal to self-administer a drug that ordinarily would NOT produce physical withdrawal symptoms yields evidence in favor of A. physical dependence B. psychological dependence C. both physical and psychological dependence D. neither physical nor psychological dependence

According to a study done in 2001, approximately one in ______ students had been a frequent binge drinker. A. three B. four C. seven D. twelve

According to the DSM-IV definitions, substance abuse implies that A. the individual is already dependent upon the substance B. there are specific problems that have arisen from the drug-taking behavior C. there are no psychoactive effects of the substance under question D. there must be withdrawal symptoms

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, lowering the minimum BAC level to .08 percent has saved approximately ______ lives per year. A. 250 B. 500 C. 2,500 D. 10,000

According to the University of Michigan survey, in 2008 about _____ of U.S. high school seniors had used an illicit drug during the previous year. A. 17 percent B. 37 percent C. 63 percent D. 77 percent

According to the research of Shepard Siegel, environmental cues that are present while taking morphine (an analgesic drug) produce A. a heightened analgesic effect B. a lessened analgesic effect C. a heightened sense of identification to the location where the drug is being used D. little or no effect on one's response to the drug

According to the text, approximately ___ of all traffic fatalities are alcohol-related. A. 14 B. 32 C. 80 D. 64

According to the text, behavioral tolerance is also referred to as A. environmental tolerance B. conditioned tolerance C. analgesic tolerance D. administrative tolerance

According to the text, it is likely that the decline of alcohol consumption from the 1980s to the present among high school seniors has been attributed to A. the increased use of cigarette smoking B. the reduced accessibility to alcohol for minors C. the "know when to say when" message promoted by beer companies D. a substantial increase in every other category of drug-taking behavior

According to the text, women are ______ times as likely to prefer wine than men. A. two B. three C. four D. five

After a 10-15 minute counseling session in a walk-in center, women were ______ times more likely to have abstained from drinking by the third trimester of pregnancy, relative to controls. A. three B. five C. eight D. 12

Alcohol consumption levels among individuals in the United States have been steadily decreasing since A. the late 1990s B. the late 1970s C. the late 1950s D. the late 1700s

Alcohol-in-combination ED visits are described as: A. Consuming two or more different alcoholic beverages at one time B. Using alcohol in conjunction with some other drug C. Alcohol being combined with non-alcoholic beverages D. None of the above

American per capita consumption of pure alcohol amounts to approximately ______ per day. A. one to two ounces B. one-half to three-fourths of an ounce C. four to five ounces D. one-tenth of an ounce

Among underage drinkers, the average age when drinking begins is A. 12 B. 14 C. 15 D. 18

An "herbal high" generally refers to the recreational use of A. dietary supplements B. raw sugar C. marijuana D. heroin

An alternative expression for environmental tobacco smoke is A. mainstream smoke B. involuntary smoking C. unconstitutional smoke D. burley tobacco smoke

An increase in criminal behavior as a result of a reduction in the supply of heroin is typically used as an indication of A. pharmacological violence B. economically compulsive violence C. systemic violence D. psychological and physical dependence

An increase in one's general inclination toward antisocial behavior is characteristic of A. the chronic use of most psychoactive drugs B. the chronic use of few if any psychoactive drugs C. the chronic use of many depressant drugs D. the chronic use of hallucinogens

Analogy: Fermentation is to standard grape wine and brewing is to A. coffee B. beer C. vodka D. rum

Analogy: Leukoplakia is to white spots in the mouth as erythroplakia is to A. white spots in the nasal cavity B. red spots in the mouth C. lumps in the jaw or neck area D. a decline in red blood cells

Analogy: Particulate phase is to nicotine as gaseous phase is to A. tar B. carbon monoxide C. small particles suspended in smoke D. water droplets

Analogy: Second-hand smoking is to second-hand drinking as A. drinking is to smoking B. not smoking is to not drinking C. smoking is to not smoking D. not drinking is to drinking

Approximately ___ percent of the drinking population in the United States consume roughly 80 percent of the total alcohol consumed each year. A. 10 B. 30 C. 50 D. 80

As a result of fermentation, for every 1 sugar molecule, ______ molecule(s) of alcohol and______ molecule(s) of carbon dioxide are left behind. A. 1; 2 B. 2; 2 C. 1; 1 D. 10; 5

As cited in the text, excise taxes on cigarette sales have drastically increased in recent years so that A. tobacco companies can now have the funds to increase advertising campaigns B. it would be harder for youths to afford cigarettes C. further research can be funded to examine the hazards of cigarette smoking D. the image of cigarettes as a luxurious product can be improved

As education level _______, the level of smoking _______. A. decreases, decreases B. decreases; increases C. increases; remains the same D. increases; increases

As people get older, the preference for wine and liquor over beer A. stays the same B. increases C. decreases D. remains the same then declines sharply after age 65

As the amount of food in the stomach ______ the time it takes to feel intoxicated ______ . A. increases; decreases B. increases; increases C. decreases; decreases D. There is no relationship between the amount of food in the stomach and the time it takes to feel intoxicated.

As the concentration of alcohol increases, A. the effect of the alcohol will be felt more slowly but ultimately more powerfully B. the effect of the alcohol will be felt more quickly and powerfully C. the less likely alcohol will be water-soluble D. the more likely alcohol will be water-soluble

BAC stands for A. be alcohol conscious B. blood-alcohol concentration C. body-assay control D. blood-acetic co-oxidation

BACCHUS is an organization that concerns itself with issues related to A. drunk driving B. alcohol consumption on college and university campuses C. alcohol dependence D. underage drinking

Carbon monoxide is the principal reason for the development of ________ among chronic smokers. A. lung cancer B. cardiovascular disease C. respiratory problems D. all of the above

Champagne is bubbly because A. carbon dioxide is pumped into the bottle B. the wine is bottled before the yeast is gone C. brandy is added D. the wine goes through a further distillation process following fermentation

Data from 2006 and 2007 indicates that about ___ percent of pregnant women consume alcohol, exposing fetuses to alcohol in utero. A. 6 B. 12 C. 22 D. 53

David has been a smoker for many years. Today he was given nicotine gum. According to titration hypothesis, as David chews the gum, throughout the day ___________. A. he will smoke cigarettes more rapidly B. he will smoke fewer cigarettes per day C. he will abstain from cigarettes D. he will take more puffs per cigarette

Drinking one drink per day slightly increases a woman's risk of A. ovarian cancer B. breast cancer C. type 2 diabetes D. cervical cancer

Drug use involving a hypodermic syringe carries a particular risk of A. creating a cycle of dependence B. being infected by the virus responsible for AIDS C. heroin abuse D. cocaine abuse

Drug-related deaths among celebrities A. can give you a fairly accurate idea about the relative toxicities of psychoactive drugs B. can be misleading with respect to the relative toxicity levels C. involve drugs that are relatively inexpensive D. involve information that is largely unreported

Drug-related violence due to the acute effects of the drug in an individual's system at the time of the violent act is referred to as A. acute toxicity B. pharmacological violence C. systemic violence D. none of the above

During the 1990s, A. cigars overtook cigarettes in popularity and has continued to do so since then B. cigars achieved a brief period of celebrity status C. cigars were determined by the Surgeon General to be far safer than cigarettes D. cigars were suddenly extremely unpopular

Each day, _____ people in the United States die as a result of cigarette smoking. A. 500 B. 1,200 C. 2,500 D. 5,000

Female smokers are at increased risk of developing a brain hemorrhage or heart attack if A. they also drink alcohol and are pregnant B. they also are using birth control pills C. they are between the ages of 17 and 25 D. they are Asians or of Asian descent

Fermentation achieves an alcohol content of percent. A. between 5 and 10 B. between 12 and 14 C. between 18 and 20 D. between 50 and 60

Fifty percent of the total tar in a cigarette is found A. in the first two-thirds of the cigarette B. in the last third of the cigarette C. in the first third of the cigarette D. evenly throughout the cigarette

Filtered cigarettes A. were a major step toward improving the health consequences of smoking B. gave the illusion of improving the health consequences of smoking C. were the beginning of an improvement in the health of smokers in the U.S. D. contained a lower-tar blend of tobacco in them

Following drug legislation in 1970, the term, "schedule," has been used as A. a way of calculating the need for treatment options for drug abusers B. a way of classifying drugs C. a way of tracking the FDA's approval process for new prescription drugs D. a way of monitoring the number of drug arrests

From 1997 to 2005 cigarette manufacturers had increased the nicotine concentrations in tobacco by ___ percent. A. 5 B. 11 C. 16 D. 27

Gastric ulcer medications have a tendency to A. increase the rate of alcohol metabolism B. decrease the rate of alcohol metabolism C. decrease the intoxicating effects of alcohol D. increase the tendency toward fast-flushing

Having six or more protective factors in one's life produces the following: A. It lowers the level of resistance against drug use B. It raises the level of resistance against drug use C. It does next to nothing D. Sometimes it lowers the level of resistance, sometimes not

Heroin-related emergencies have tended to increase since the 1990s because A. heroin can be injected safely B. heroin can be used without a needle injection C. heroin can be ingested by mouth D. all of the above

High quantities of a natural substance in red wine known as resveratrol caused mice to A. experience fatigue more quickly than usual B. to be less susceptible to the elevations in glucose and insulin that normally result from eating a high-fat diet C. experience extreme liver toxicity D. none of the above

If Drug A and Drug B have the same number of drug-related ED visits but Drug A is used by ten times the number of individuals as Drug B, what are the relative toxicities of the two drugs? A. Drug A is more toxic than Drug B B. Drug B is more toxic than Drug A C. Drugs A and B have equivalent toxicities D. Not enough information is present to judge the relative toxicities of Drugs A and B

If a particular type of distilled spirits has a relatively high level of congeners in it, then the following prediction holds regarding the likelihood of getting a hangover. A. It is unlikely that a hangover will occur B. It is likely that a hangover will occur C. It is impossible to predict the outcome D. Only moderate amounts of congeners will increase its likelihood.

If one of the effects of heroin is constipation, then withdrawal symptoms after chronic heroin abuse would include A. increased constipation B. diarrhea C. a period of constipation followed by normal intestinal activity D. increased dizziness and headache pain

If tolerance to a potentially toxic drug has occurred, a toxic response might occur only if the dose level is A. relatively low B. relatively high C. virtually zero D. substituted by a placebo

In 1979, about _____ of U.S. high school seniors had reported illicit drug use. A. 3/4 B. 1/2 C. 1/8 D. 1/4

In 2007, the peak age of drinking and driving was between A. 18 and 20 B. 21 and 25 C. 26 and 29 D. 31 and 33

In comparison to rates of nicotine use among high school seniors in 1977, current usage rates among high school seniors are A. higher B. lower C. the same D. rates fluctuate too often to be accurate

In considering issues related to alcoholic beverages, the term alcohol specifically refers to A. isopropyl alcohol B. ethyl alcohol C. methyl alcohol D. none of the above

In the 1600's, European aristocracy used tobacco primarily through the practice of A. snuffing B. smoking through long elaborate pipes C. smoking in cigarette form D. chewing

In the 1990s, heroin regained popularity in part because: A. injecting heroin with syringes became safer B. snorting heroin attracted new users who previously avoided heroin due to fears of injecting it C. it became a trend to use heroin while snorting cocaine D. all of the above

In the DSM-IV-TR, the American Psychiatric Association uses the term A. drug abuse instead of drug dependence B. substance abuse instead of drug abuse C. drug misuse instead of drug abuse D. drug-taking behavior instead of drug-taking response

In the case of drug-related criminal behavior, an example of a white-collar crime would be A. armed robbery B. embezzlement C. mugging D. burglary

In the late 1800s, the price of cigarettes were A. ten for a quarter B. 20 for a nickel C. 30 for a dime D. a penny each

Loose leaf, plug and twist describes different forms of A. snuff in general B. chewing tobacco C. cigars D. moist snuff

Low levels of alcohol make men feel sexy A. because of a pharmacological effect B. because of an expectation effect C. because of a combination of a and b D. only when they are in mixed company

Lung cancer A. fortunately has a high rate of survival B. has an overall five-year survival rate of 15 percent C. is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women D. is associated with high levels of carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke

Most of the alcohol consumed is absorbed from A. the stomach B. the small intestine C. the liver D. the large intestine

Needle exchange programs have been effective in reducing A. the incidence of high-risk sexual behavior B. the incidence of HIV infection among intravenous drug users C. the prevalence of spontaneous abortions D. the incidence of physical dependence

Nicotine reaches the brain in ________. A. 1 to 2 seconds B. 5 to 8 seconds C. 20 to 25 seconds D. 35 to 40 seconds

Nicotine stimulates _______ receptors in the CNS. A. endorphin-sensitive B. nicotinic C. serotonin-sensitive D. GABA-sensitive

Non-college bound high school seniors are ___ times more likely to smoke at least a half a pack of cigarettes a day than college bound high school seniors. A. 2 B. 2 1⁄2 C. 3 D. 3 1⁄2

Nonsmoking wives of husbands who smoke have an increased chance of ______ compared to wives of husbands who do not smoke. A. becoming a smoker B. developing lung cancer C. becoming an alcoholic D. using smokeless tobacco

Once BAC levels have peaked after a period of intense drinking, there tends to be A. dehydration B. antidiuresis C. increased defecation D. reddened ears and reddened nose

One of the major effects of alcohol on sleep is A. suppression of tossing and turning B. suppression of REM sleep C. suppression of nightmares D. suppression of water reabsorption

One of the strategies in marketing cigarettes to women was the claim that they could be A. an alternative to common housecleaning products B. a weight-control aid C. excellent for household pest control D. useful as a laxative

One theory about the likelihood of getting a hangover after extensive drinking centers on the amount of ______ in the alcohol. A. acetic acid B. congeners C. antidiuretic hormone D. alcohol dehydrogenase

Peak alcohol consumption among college students occurs around the age of A. 30 B. 21 or 22 C. 18 D. 18 or 19

Physical dependence requires the presence of A. a craving for the drug B. a set of physical withdrawal symptoms C. a physical response to the drug D. none of the above

Principles of Pavlovian conditioning have been used to explain which of the following drug-taking phenomena? A. the placebo effect B. behavioral tolerance C. forms of tolerance tied to purely physiological effects D. a large number of ER mentions in the DAWN reports

Prior to 1900, lung cancer was A. at about twice the levels in U.S. society than it is today B. rarely observed in women C. observed in more women than men, opposite to the prevalence rates today D. more common than heart attacks

Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home is not sufficient to signify a diagnosis of A. schizophrenia B. substance dependence C. substance abuse D. depression

Relative to unfiltered cirgarettes, filtered cigarettes have a higher concentration of A. tobacco B. tar C. nicotine D. carbon dioxide

Relying on robbery to support one's drug habit is an example of A. pharmacological violence B. economically compulsive violence C. systematic violence D. passive aggression

Sake is a wine-like variation based upon the fermentation of A. corn B. rice C. a mixture of several grains D. juniper berries

Small amounts of alcohol A. decrease the flow of hydrochloric acid and pepsin B. can help digest a meal C. always irritate the stomach lining D. both A and C

Smoking cessation lowers the risk of coronary heart disease to about that of nonsmokers within A. a month of not smoking B. fifteen years of abstinence C. one or two years of abstinence D. four year of abstinence

Snuff is A. coarse leaf tobacco stuffed into one's nose B. a fine powder made of ground tobacco C. a very mild form of pipe tobacco D. a key factor in tobacco-dependence

Some of the alcohol is biodegraded before it is absorbed into the blood by the action of enzymes in the A. liver B. stomach C. small intestines D. bladder

Studies of self-administration of drugs in animals indicate that there is little or no inclination for animals to self-administer A. cocaine and other stimulants B. hallucinogens C. amphetamines D. all of the above

Tar allows A. carcinogens to attack the immune system B. carcinogens to stick to pulmonary cells C. carcinogens to multiply in the liver D. all of the above

Taverns in the United States during the 19th century A. were often used as churches B. served as election voting places C. were revered by all levels of society D. all of the above

The "French paradox" refers to the observation that A. the French seldom get intoxicated from alcohol B. the French do not exhibit high rates of coronary heart disease C. the French traditionally have a very low-fat diet D. the French have an unusually strong gastric reaction to alcohol

The 5/4 criterion refers to A. the alcoholic content in beverages B. binge drinking C. second-hand drinking D. none of the above

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 A. ensures that all dietary supplements are safe and effective B. requires that the supplement must include a disclaimer saying "the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not evaluated the product" C. recognizes dietary supplements as drugs so that they must fit FDA criteria D. ensures dietary supplements have gone through rigorous review and evaluation procedures before being available to the public

The Harrison Act of 1914 A. made hallucinogens illegal B. required strict record keeping of opiate drug transactions C. reduced drug-taking behavior substantially D. moved the emphasis in the field of drug abuse from a criminal one to a medical one

The LD50/ED50 ratio for alcohol is about A. 4 B. 6 C. 10 D. 14

The ability for alcohol to pass through the blood-brain barrier easily is due to A. its water solubility B. its fat solubility C. its tendency to be excreted in the urine D. its tendency to be metabolized in the liver

The accumulation of acetaldehyde produces a feeling of A. intoxication and euphoria B. facial flushing and nausea C. flying through the air D. intense depression

The current percentage of smokers aged 12 years or older in the U.S. is approximately A. 15 percent B. 24 percent C. 46 percent D. 56 percent

The Twelve Step Program established by Alcoholic's Anonymous has also been used to treat A. gamblers B. drug addicts C. compulsive eaters D. all of the above

all of the above

The elimination half-life of nicotine is about A. 30 minutes to 1 hour B. 2 to 3 hours C. 4 to 5 hours D. 6 to 10 hours

The first Surgeon General's Report on smoking and health was issued in A. 1956 B. 1964 C. 1978 D. 1983

The first Surgeon's General Report on Smoking and Health was issued in A. 1958 B. 1964 C. 1976 D. 1993

The five-year survival rate after the initial diagnosis of lung cancer is A. 10 percent B. 15 percent C. 25 percent D. 45 percent

The gin epidemic in the eighteenth century has been compared by sociologists to the introduction of in the 20th century. A. tobacco B. crack cocaine C. hallucinogens D. marijuana

The hourly rate of the alcohol breakdown is A. 10 milligrams of alcohol per kilogram of body weight B. 100 milligrams of alcohol per kilogram of body weight C. variable and difficult to calculate in general D. basically unknown

The intoxicating effects of a carbonated alcoholic beverage will be felt relatively quickly because A. the stomach will slow down its emptying of its contents into the small intestine B. the stomach will speed up its emptying of its contents into the small intestine C. the effects of alcohol dehydrogenase will increase D. the effects of alcohol dehydrogenase will decrease

The margin of safety is a way of comparing A. the LD50 against the LD1 B. the LD1 against the ED99 C. the ED99 against the ED50 D. the LD50 against the ED50

The most popular brand of moist snuff is A. among the weakest in terms of nicotine content B. the most potent in terms of nicotine content C. the most likely to release carbon monoxide D. ironically the least likely to jeopardize your health

The opposite concept in relationship to Harm Reduction is A. Pharmacological Violence B. Zero Tolerance C. Benign Neglect D. Biopsychosocial Model

The original alcoholic beverage (from approximately 8000 B.C.) was A. wine B. mead C. champagne D. beer

The peak in alcohol consumption in the United States was reached in about A. 1940 B. 1830 C. 1927 D. 1919

The practice of _______ helps tobacco products not get stuck in the teeth. A. moist snuffing B. dipping C. loose-leaf chewing D. none of the above

The primary negative factor in early marketing of cigarettes was that A. it could be a fire hazard B. it was considered "feminine" to smoke cigarettes C. it was an ordinary thing to do D. it was too expensive to buy cigarettes

The ratio of the LD1 over the ED99 is called the A. therapeutic index B. margin of safety C. effective dose for a particular drug effect D. lethal dose

The route of administration for smokeless tobacco can be best described as A. oral B. absorption through membranes C. inhalation into the lungs D. subcutaneous

The significance of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was that it A. was enacted to control narcotic drug trafficking B. was the first regulatory act regarding drug consumption C. banned marijuana in 1937 D. was repealed in 1914

The temperance movement originally concentrated on the A. prohibition of wine and beer B. moderation of alcohol consumption C. tempered-steel industry in the U.S. D. prohibition of distilled spirits but not of beer or wine

Tobacco was officially introduced to Europe in A. 1492 B. 1560 C. 1602 D. 1650

Tony was a smoker for many years. He has developed advanced COPD and needs an oxygen tank to help him breathe. Often, his family members are seen pounding on his back. The most probably explanation why they are doing this is because they A. are abusive B. are trying to free mucus in the lungs C. are trying to get blood to circulate in the lungs D. are trying to stimulate the flow of oxygen in the lungs

Two primary factors for the emergence of cigarettes as the dominant form of tobacco use were A. smoking among women and World War II B. smoking among women and World War I C. World War I and Prohibition D. Prohibition and the popularity of cigars

We think we are being stimulated when intoxicated with alcohol because A. the cerebral cortex is being stimulated B. the cerebral cortex is being inhibited C. the respiratory centers in the medulla are being stimulated D. heart rate is slowing down

What is NOT true about smokeless tobacco? A. Smokeless tobacco products since 1986 must contain health warnings. B. Smokeless tobacco-related erythroplakia refers to white spots inside the mouth. C. Nitrosamines are found in all tobacco products including smokeless tobacco. D. Smokeless tobacco use increases the risk of gum disease.

What is necessary for a substance to undergo fermentation? A. an alcoholic content B. a sugar content C. a grain of some type D. a carbon dioxide content

When compared to high school seniors, fewer college students smoke cigarettes. This statistic is due to: A. a change in smoking behavior from high school to college B. the heaviest smokers not being included in the college population C. college students having less access to cigarettes D. both A and C

When reporting the ED50 of a drug, the "50" refers to A. 50 milligrams of the drug B. 50 percent of the test population C. volunteers 50 years of age or older D. 50 percent of the maximal dose that is possible to administer

When taken during pregnancy, this substance produces fetal effects similar to the effects of cocaine, and newborn effects include growth retardation, lethargy, increased difficulty to arouse and, once aroused, increased autonomic reactivity . A. marijuana B. methamphetamine C. heroin D. alcohol

Whether drug use has occurred within the previous 30 days is an indication of A. drug experimentation B. moderate drug use C. heavy drug use D. the social problems associated with drug-taking behavior

Which factor is considered a risk factor for drug use? A. socioeconomic status B. membership in a deviant subculture C. high self-esteem D. overly strong parent-child attachment

Which ingredient found in cigarettes is also used as a pesticide? A. tar B. nicotine C. carbon monoxide D. tobacco

Which is true about dietary supplements? A. They are used by a very small proportion of the U.S. population. B. They are not officially classified as drugs. C. They are required to meet the same safety standards as prescription drugs D. Rohypnol and MDMA are examples.

Which of the following is NOT a proposal for change that MADD has set? A. lowering the criterion for driving to .00 percent BAC in all states B. raising the legal drinking age to 25 years old C. mandatory drug testing for all traffic crashes involving fatalities D. suspending driver's licenses of those who are underage and are convicted of purchasing or possession of alcoholic beverages.

Which of the following is a non-nicotine drug to help reduce nicotine craving? A. Redia B. Zyban C. Nicotrol D. Nicotine-inhibiting hormone (NIH)

Which of the following is an example of binge drinking? A. Mr. Jones drinking four beers in a row B. Mrs. Jones drinking four beers in a row C. Mrs. Anderson drinking two beers at 1 pm and 3 beers at 6 pm D. Mr. Anderson drinking four beers at 1pm and four beers at 6pm

Which of the following statements is true? A. DAWN statistics come from analysis of data from all U.S. hospitals. B. DAWN statistics come from major U.S. metropolitan hospitals. C. DAWN statistics come from primarily rural hospitals in the U.S. D. DAWN statistics only come from U.S. hospitals with minority populations.

Which types of effects are typically associated with a mother's use of drugs during the early weeks of her pregnancy? A. low birth weight B. physical malformations C. growth retardation D. premature birth

Women tend to become more intoxicated than men because A. they have 60 percent more alcohol dehydrogenase B. they have 60 percent less alcohol dehydrogenase C. their body weight is always less D. they drink alcohol at a faster rate

________ refer to substances often ingested at all-night dance parties. A. rave drugs B. club drugs C. night drugs D. underground drugs

is estimated that as many as 42,000 additional lives in the United States would be saved each year if ___ percent of smokers were advised by a health professional to quit and were offered medication or assistance to do so, but presently only ___ percent of smokers receive such services. A. 90; 51 B. 90; 28 C. 75; 51 D. 75; 28

Alcoholism is diagnosed by __________. A. breathalyzer tests B. a collection of signs, symptoms, and behaviors C. urine analysis D. all of the above

B a collection of signs, symptoms, and behaviors

A lower level of blood pressure is typically associated with A. a faster heart rate B an increased rate of digestion C. a dilation of the pupil of the eye D. a dilation of the bronchi in the lungs

B an increased rate of digestion

Low levels of alcohol make men feel sexy __________. A. because of a pharmacological effect B. because of an expectation effect C. because of a combination of a and b D. only when they are in mixed company

B because of an expectation effect

The gin epidemic in the eighteenth century has been compared by sociologists to the introduction of ________ in the twentieth century. A. tobacco B. crack cocaine C. hallucinogens D. marijuana

B crack cocaine

In considering issues related to alcoholic beverages, the term alcohol specifically refers to __________. A. isopropyl alcohol B. ethyl alcohol C. methyl alcohol D. none of the above

B ethyl alcohol

After a ten- to fifteen-minute counseling session in a walk-in center, women were ___ times more likely to have abstained from drinking by the third trimester of pregnancy, relative to controls. A. three B. five C. eight D. twelve

B five

As the amount of food in the stomach ______ the time it takes to feel intoxicated______. A. increases; decreases B. increases; increases C. decreases; decreases D. There is no relationship between the amount of food in the stomach and the time it takes to feel intoxicated.

B increases; increases

The temperance movement originally concentrated on the __________. A. prohibition of wine and beer B. moderation of alcohol consumption C. tempered-steel industry in the U.S. D. prohibition of distilled spirits, but not of beer or wine

B moderation of alcohol consumption

Craving for alcohol means that alcoholism has which characteristic? A. physical dependence B. psychological dependence C. a combination of physical and psychological dependence D. a combination of occasional and spree drinking

B psychological dependence

A larger person requires more alcohol to attain the same BAC levels because __________. A. there is a greater opportunity to urinate B. there are more bodily fluids to absorb the alcohol C. there is a larger liver to metabolize the alcohol D. a bigger person tends to drink more in the first place

B there are more bodily fluids to absorb the alcohol

Women tend to become more intoxicated than men because __________. A. they have 60 percent more alcohol dehydrogenase B. they have 60 percent less alcohol dehydrogenase C. their body weight is always less D. they drink alcohol at a faster rate

B they have 60 percent less alcohol dehydrogenase

The social problems associated with the Prohibition era have often been cited as an argument against A. prevention programs for drug abuse B. restricting drugs in general C. encouraging chronic alcohol abuse D. all of the above

The toads that were often included in "witch's brew" recipes A. were quite poisonous B. produced hallucinatory and blood-pressure elevating effects C. were effective only by virtue of a placebo effect D. had no effect whatsoever

Until 1903, Coca-Cola contained which of the following psychoactive drugs? A. opium B. cocaine C. alcohol D. a combination of opium and alcohol

Viking warriors known as Berserkers displayed wild behavior due to ingestion of which psychoactive drug? A. DMT B. Amanita muscaria, also known as fly agaric C. Bupromorphine D. Berserkium

Which of the following was regarded as a degrading and immoral way to use opium? A. snorting it B. smoking it C. injecting it D. drinking it

________ is the primary active ingredient in opium. A. Cocaine B. Morphine C. Nicotine D. Heroin

An alcohol-tolerant drinker may feel the intoxication level equivalent to a BAC of ____ while actually having a BAC of _____. A. 0.10 percent; 0.05 percent B. 0.08 percent; 0.18 percent C. 0.10 percent; 0.10 percent D. 0.25 percent; 0.10 percent

B. 0.08 percent; 0.18 percent

Cocaine use during 2009 was reported by _________ of seniors. A. 2 percent B. 3 percent C. 4 percent D. 5 percent

B. 3 percent

Which of the following disorders has NOT been linked to dopamine? p A. Parkinson's disease B. Alzheimer's disease C. Schizophrenia D. both B and C

B. Alzheimer's disease

The poison, curare, is considered a(n) A. antimuscarinic drug B. antinicotinic drug C. antagonistic drug to opiates D. drug related to dopamine

B. antinicotinic drug

Asian schizophrenic patients _______ Caucasian patients when taking antipsychotic medication. 3 A. are less sensitive than B. are more sensitive than C. are equivalent relative to D. show a faster metabolism than

B. are more sensitive than

When taken orally, weakly acidic drugs are absorbed ______ strongly acidic drugs. A. to a lesser degree than B. better than C. in an equivalent manner to D. slower and less completely than

B. better than

The central nervous system consists of the A. somatic and autonomic systems B. brain and spinal cord C. brain and autonomic system D. sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

B. brain and spinal cord

The stimulating effect is approximately the same with equal amounts of __________. A. caffeine and theobromine B. caffeine and theophylline C. theobromine and theophylline D. caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline

B. caffeine and theophylline

The bulk of the neuron is attributed to the A. nerve impulse B. cell body C. axons D. dendrites

B. cell body

A decline in the sensitivity of receptors underlies which kind of tolerance? p.80 A. metabolic tolerance B. cellular tolerance C. dispositional tolerance D. behavioral tolerance

B. cellular tolerance

It is possible that research linking caffeine to heart disease in heavy coffee drinkers may actually not be due to caffeine, but rather due to __________. A. alcohol B. cigarette smoking C. sugar D. unfiltered water

B. cigarette smoking

During the 1700s, ____ helped moderate the widespread drunkenness in England. A. tea production B. coffee houses C. taverns D. none of the above

B. coffee houses

When one drug can substitute for the physiological effects produced by a second drug that has been discontinued, this phenomenon is known as: A. cross-reference B. cross-dependence C. cross-tolerance D. cross-induction

B. cross-dependence

Developing a tolerance for a drug's effect results in tolerance for the effects of another drug never taken, it is known as: 1 A. cross-reference B. cross-tolerance C. cross-dependence D. cross-induction

B. cross-tolerance

According to a study cited in the text, as the number of protective factors _____, the resistance to drug use ______. A. increased; decreased B. decreased; increased C. increased; increased D. There was no relationship.

B. decreased; increased

As education level _______, the level of smoking _______. A. decreases; decreases B. decreases; increases C. increases; remains the same D. increases; increases

B. decreases; increases

Extreme disorientation and confusion are two symptoms of __________. A. Tourette's syndrome B. delirium tremens C. cirrhosis of the liver D. alcoholic hepatitis

B. delirium tremens

Chinese records indicate that the discoverer of tea was the same individual who __________. A. discovered ephedrine and cocaine B. discovered ephedrine and marijuana C. sold ephedrine and opium to the British D. became dependent on ephedrine and chloral hydrate

B. discovered ephedrine and marijuana

The most recently evolved part of the human brain is the A. hindbrain B. forebrain C. midbrain D. spinal cord

B. forebrain

Filtered cigarettes __________. A. were a major step toward improving the health consequences of smoking B. gave the illusion of improving the health consequences of smoking C. were the beginning of an improvement in the health of smokers in the U.S. D. contained a lower-tar blend of tobacco in them

B. gave the illusion of improving the health consequences of smoking

Women are more likely than men to __________. A. become an alcoholic B. have alcohol-related organ damage C. be consistent with their drinking habits D. metabolize alcohol faster

B. have alcohol-related organ damage

Since 1970, marijuana has been officially classified in the United States as a controlled substance in the same category as A. barbiturates B. herion C. cocaine D. antianxiety medication (tranquilizers)

B. heroin

Mountain Dew is an example of a __________. A. highly caffeinated cola B. highly caffeinated noncola C. decaffeinated noncola D. decaffeinated brand of coffee

B. highly caffeinated noncola

Fifty percent of the total tar in a cigarette is found __________. A. in the first two-thirds of the cigarette B. in the last third of the cigarette C. in the first third of the cigarette D. evenly distributed throughout the cigarette

B. in the last third of the cigarette

Cathy needs to stay awake to study for her psychology midterm, so she defies to take an amphetamine to keep from falling asleep. In this case, the drug has a(n)____use. A. recreational B. instrumental C. pre-instrumental D. pre-creational

B. instrumental

Dr. Smith recommends that drinking four ounces of an alcoholic beverage per day to his patient. The use of alcohol in this case is best described as A. illicit B. instrumental C. recreational D. forensic

B. instrumental

Coffee houses in eighteenth-century England were popular with __________. A. drunkards and prostitutes B. intellectuals C. women looking for an alternative to gin and other alcoholic beverages D. college students seeking a good time

B. intellectuals

Which of the following delivers a drug into the bloodstream in the quickest manner? A. intramuscular injection B. intravenous injection C. subcutaneous injection D. intranasal absorption

B. intravenous injection

L-Dopa is administered instead of dopamine to treat Parkinson's disease because A. it produces fewer side effects B. it crosses the blood-brain barrier more easily than dopamine C. it can metabolize better into norepinephrine D. none of the above

B. it crosses the blood-brain barrier more easily than dopamine

As cited in the text, excise taxes on cigarette sales have drastically increased in recent years, so that __________. A. tobacco companies now have the funds to increase advertising campaigns B. it would be harder for youths to afford cigarettes C. further research can be funded to examine the hazards of cigarette smoking D. the image of cigarettes as a luxurious product can be improved

B. it would be harder for youths to afford cigarettes

According to the text, drugs such as alcohol and nicotine are referred to as A. illegal drugs B. licit drugs C. illicit drugs D. over-the-counter drugs

B. licit drugs

Alcohol and nicotine generally belong to a category of A. licit drugs for instrumental use B. licit drugs for recreational use C. illicit drugs for recreational use D. illicit drugs for instrumental use

B. licit drugs for recreational use

Which ingredient found in cigarettes is also used as a pesticide? A. tar B. nicotine C. carbon monoxide D. tobacco

B. nicotine

Caffeine levels peak in the bloodstream in __ hour(s), and reactions in the central nervous system peak in about __ hour(s). A. two; one B. one; two C. three; seven D. seven; three

B. one; two

Digestion is a requirement for the absorption of drugs through which route of administration? A. anal B. oral C. intranasal D. inhalation

B. oral

Having six or more protective factors in one's life __________. A. lowers the level of resistance against drug use B. raises the level of resistance against drug use C. does next to nothing D. sometimes lowers the level of resistance, sometimes not

B. raises the level of resistance against drug use

Neurons are specialized cells that A. dilate and constrict B. receive and transmit information C. reject foreign particles in the body D. form the walls of the heart

B. receive and transmit information

According to the text, it is likely that the decline of alcohol consumption from the 1980s to the present among high school seniors can be attributed to __________. A. increased rates of cigarette smoking B. reduced accessibility to alcohol for minors C. the "know when to say when" message promoted by beer companies D. a substantial increase in every other category of drug-taking behavior

B. reduced accessibility to alcohol for minors

Analogy: Dopamine is to craving as GABA is to A. depression B. reduction of epileptic seizures C. schizophrenia D. separation anxiety during childhood

B. reduction of epileptic seizures

African Americans have a(n) A. relatively fast rate of nicotine metabolism B. relatively slow rate of nicotine metabolism C. rate of nicotine metabolism equal to whites D. immunity to drug dependence

B. relatively slow rate of nicotine metabolism

One of the effects of the stimulation of receptors in the CNS by nicotine is that they __________. A. release acetaldehyde B. release adrenalin C. release gastric juices D. release cortical inhibition

B. release adrenalin

Maintaining the necessary level of alertness when we are conscious and awake is the responsibility of the A. cerebellum B. reticular formation C. hypothalamus and limbic system D. medial forebrain bundle

B. reticular formation

The pattern of human behavior that characterizes psychological dependence closely parallels 2 A. hoarding behavior in animals B. self-administration behavior in animals C. self-grooming behavior in animals D. epileptic seizures in animals

B. self-administration behavior in animals

Drug effects are considered to be a three-way interaction of the drug's pharmacological properties with 1 A. set and stature B. set and setting C. set and time of day D. set and season

B. set and setting

Two primary factors for the emergence of cigarettes as the dominant form of tobacco use were __________. A. smoking among women and World War II B. smoking among women and World War I C. World War I and Prohibition D. Prohibition and the popularity of cigars

B. smoking among women and World War I

Analogy: ______ is to voluntary as ______ is to involuntary. A. somatic, psychosomatic B. somatic, autonomic C. psychosomatic, somatic D. autonomic, somatic

B. somatic, autonomic

When compared to high school seniors, fewer college students smoke cigarettes. This statistic is due to __________. A. a change in smoking behavior from high school to college B. the heaviest smokers not being included in the college population C. college students having less access to cigarettes D. both A and C

B. the heaviest smokers not being included in the college population

The technique used to keep the concentration of the drug high enough to be effective yet low enough to avoid toxic effects is known as the: A. time-sensitive form B. time-release form C. time-suspension form D. time-mark form

B. time-release form

A technique well-suited for long-term gradual administration of a drug is a(n) A. intramuscular clamp B. transdermal patch C. intranasal loop D. lung implantation

B. transdermal patch

In a sublingual administration, the drug is placed A. over the dorsal surface of the arm B. under the tongue C. into the nose D. directly into the lingual vein

B. under the tongue

Paint thinners, gasoline, and cleaning fluid are typically associated with which route of administration? A. smoking B. vaporous inhalation C. absorption through the skin D. oral

B. vaporous inhalation

A lower proportion of water in a woman relative to an equivalently weighted man A. is related to a lower fat-to-muscle ratio in women B. will make women more affected by alcohol C. has been found to have no effect on how a person is affected by alcohol D. is related to an increased level of enzymes that metabolize alcohol in the liver

B. will make women more affected by alcohol

BEER process

Barley is soaked in water, till it sprouts, producing an enzyme that breaks starch into sugar. Dry it, remove sprouts; result is barley malt which is crushed into a powder called MALT. Malt is combined with rice, water and corn to get a MASH. Water activates enzymes to convert starch into sugar. Add YEAST to mash to get fermentation process going. Alcohol yield is 4.5% and dried blossoms of hops plant are added to brew for pungent flavoring and aroma. Draft beer, lager and ale-3-6% alcohol and Malt is up to 8%. BEER CONSUMPTION is 67% of overall ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

Which of the following is among the factors employed by AA? A. the imposition of external supervision B. a heightened sense of spirituality C. the development of caring relationships D. all of the above

all of the above

An American physician and Revolutionary War hero who was influential in the early temperance movement was

Benjamin Rush

Which of the following organizations would benefit from an employee assistance program? A. corporations B. hospitals C. the armed services D. all of the above

all of the above

full decriminalization

all state controls are removed; even less restrictive than rules against selling alc / tobacco; pretty much totally unrealistic other than personal growing and use being fully decriminalized

"Messing up the money" refers to A. selling inferior grades of illicit drugs B. territorial disputes among drug dealers C. fraudulent handling of drug sale money D. purchasing drugs with stolen money

A drug least likely to produce pharmacological violence would be a drug that made an individual A. agitated and annoyed B. irritable and obnoxious C. sleepy or passive D. euphoric and giddy

A major limitation in interpreting the University of Michigan survey of adults is that A. millions of adults refused to participate B. fewer adults were surveyed compared to high school seniors C. institutionalized patients and homeless people failed to be represented in the sample D. adults were more likely to report false data

A prescription nicotine-substitute in the form of a nasal spray is called A. Nicorette B. Zyban C. Nicotrol NS D. Wellbutrin

A recent study suggests that when physicians tell smokers their "lung age," as determined by the age of an average healthy nonsmoker with a comparable level of breathing strength, smokers are A. twice as likely to quit B. get the message C. both A and B D. only B

A smoker feels more relaxed after a cigarette partly because A. of an intense placebo effect B. blood pressure and heart rate has gone up C. muscle tone has been reduced D. gastrointestinal activity has been inhibited

A typical hangover occurs______ after extensive consumption of alcohol. A. one-half hour B. three hours C. four to 12 hours D. 16 to 24 hours

About 30 percent of Americans who drink alcohol are consuming about ___ percent of the total consumed each year. A. 30 B. 50 C. 80 D. 98

About ______of the nicotine in a cigarette is actually inhaled and reaches the bloodstream. A. 1 percent B. 5 percent C. 20 percent D. 70 percent

About half of all Asians and people of Asian descent have a greater level of accumulated acetaldehyde because they have A. less alcohol dehydrogenase B. more acetic acid C. less acetaldehyde dehydrogenase D. a smaller liver

According to drug legislation between 1914 and the 1960s, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and peyote were officially classified as A. licit drugs B. illegal substances only if smoked C. narcotic drugs D. hallucinogenic drugs

According to recent DAWN statistics, alcohol-in-combination is responsible for _______ of drug-related ED visits. A. one-tenth B. one-third C. one-fourth D. three quarters

According to the DSM-IV, diagnosing drug abuse and drug dependence is based on A. the type of drug being used B. the type of withdrawal symptoms experienced C. the behavior of the person D. both a and c

According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey, about _____ of adults aged 26 or older in 2007 have used an illicit drug within the previous year. A. 4 percent B. 6 percent C. 11 percent D. 30 percent

According to the text, ______ is the most problematic form of alcohol consumption in the United States. A. vodka B. wine C. beer D. tequila

According to the text, a majority of homicides and sexually aggressive acts are committed by users of A. crack-cocaine B. heroin C. alcohol D. nicotine

According to the text, drugs that are unauthorized copies of prescription medications are known as: A.customized drugs B. copy-cat drugs C. look-alike drugs D. bootleg drugs

According to the text, from 1885 to 1994, cigarette exports increased dramatically in the following countries: A. Japan and Malaysia B. Australia and New Zealand C. Japan and South Korea D. Canada and Mexico

According to the text, when trying to quit smoking, it is recommended that the smoker A. not tell others about their attempt to quit until he or she is successful B. avoids drinking a lot of water C. takes ten deep breaths during tobacco cravings D. all of the above

Alcohol having a lower boiling temperature than water is important in the process of A. fermentation B. brewing C. distillation D. extracting the starch from grain products

Alcohol is excreted in the urine after being biodegraded (broken down) into A. uric acid and proteins B. carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide C. carbon dioxide and water D. acetic acid and water

Alcohol requires A. a special enzyme for it to be digested B. a relatively long time to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract C. special enzymes in the liver to be metabolized D. none of the above

Alcoholic beverages were preferred for drinking over a long sea voyage because A. the intoxication countered the seasickness B. it made the voyage more fun C. water would have spoiled easily D. religious observance required it

Alcoholic impairment of cortical mechanisms that inhibit our behavior is referred to as A. the cognitive-expectation theory B. the cortical release theory C. the disinhibition theory D. the pharmacological paradox theory

Although only ___ percent of smokers in the United States develop COPD, _____ percent of all COPD cases are the result of smoking. A. 10; 50 to 60 B. 10; 80 to 90 C. 1; 80 to 90 D. 1; 20 to 30

Americans drink on a per capita basis approximately ______ gallons of pure alcohol in a year. A. 7 to 9 B. 14 to 26 C. 1.3 to 2.2 D. 4.3 to 6.8

An S-shaped graph (dose-response curve) helps explain: A. drug addiction B. drug elasticity C. drug toxicity D. none of the above

An active public policy toward drug regulation and control A. has been prevalent throughout U.S. history B. once was prevalent early in U.S. history but no longer is the case today C. has been prevalent only in the 20th century D. has declined substantially since 1950

An alcohol beverage is 120 proof. This means it contains ______ alcohol. A. 20 percent B. 30 percent C. 60 percent D. 120 percent

An early monarch who denounced the practice of tobacco smoking was A. Queen Isabella of Spain B. King Philip II of Spain C. King James I of England D. King Ferdinand of Spain

An effective dose (ED) of a drug depends upon A. what drug effect is being observed B. what percentage of the test population you have specified C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

An extreme case of intoxication can involve which of the following non-drug substances? A. broccoli B. chocolate C. water D. sushi

Analogy: Cirrhosis is to the liver as A. alcohol is to tobacco B. cancer is to CAD C. emphysema is to the lungs D. tobacco is to air sacs

Analogy: Fermentation is to 15-16 percent alcohol content as distillation is to ______ alcohol content. A. 15-16 percent B. 25 percent C. 50 percent D. 75 percent

Analogy: NIAAA is to NIDA as A. drug abuse is to alcoholism B. alcoholism is to alcohol abuse C. alcoholism is to drug abuse D. alcohol-sensitive receptors are to dopamine-sensitive receptors

Analogy: Risk factors are to protective factors as: A. illicit drug use is to licit drug use B. daily drug use is to recreational drug use C. more likely to use drugs is to less likely to use drugs D. drug abuse is to drug misuse

Analogy: Tobacco smoking is to fires as tobacco chewing is to A. pipe smoking B. snuffing C. spread of disease through contact with saliva D. cigars

Another name for sidestream smoke is A. sedentary smoke B. ecological smoke C. environmental tobacco smoke D. free-floating tobacco smoke

As of 2002, the blood-alcohol concentration of defines being legally drunk in the U.S. states and Canada. A. 0.05 percent B. 0.06 percent C. 0.08 percent D. 0.10 percent

As the prices of heroin abuse rise, the incidence of heroin-related crimes against individuals A. increases B. there is no effect C. decreases D. increases or decreases depending on the dose taken

At a BAC level between .05 percent and .09 percent, the chances of a driving accident is A. statistically equivalent to when the BAC level is .00 percent B. twice the level when the BAC is .00 percent C. eleven times the level when the BAC is .00 percent D. paradoxically lower than when the BAC is .00 percent

Breathalyzers work on the principle that some of the alcohol A. is being excreted through the urine B. is water soluble C. is being excreted from the lungs D. that is breathed out is flammable

Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are A. toxic substances in tobacco smoke B. within the category of the particulate phase C. within the category of the gaseous phase D. classified in a third category

Compared to drivers who have not consumed any alcohol at all, drivers with BAC levels between 0.05 - 0.09 are ___ times more likely to be involved in a fatal car crash. A. 2 B. 6 C. 11 D. 20

DAWN statistics do not include drug-related ED visits involve the ingestion of A. alcohol in combination with other drugs B. hallucinogens alone C. alcohol alone, unless the patient is under the age of 21 D. hallucinogens in combination with other drugs

Distillation can achieve an alcohol content as high as A. 15-16 percent B. 40-60 percent C. 95 percent D. no specific limit

Distilled spirits is another name for A. beer with alcohol content above 4 percent B. a fortified wine C. liquor of any type D. liquor with an alcohol content approximating 95 percent

Drug A has ten times the number of drug-related ED visits in the DAWN statistics as Drug B. Drug A is used by ten times the number of individuals as Drug B. What are the relative toxicities of the two drugs? A. Drug A is more toxic than Drug B B. Drug B is more toxic than Drug A C. Drugs A and B have equivalent toxicities D. Not enough information is present to judge the relative toxicities of Drugs A and B

Drug dealers are most directly affected by A. pharmacological violence B. economically compulsive violence C. systematic violence D. passive aggression

During fermentation, as yeast cells consume sugar molecules, ______ are left as waste. A. oxygen and alcohol B. carbon monoxide and alcohol C. carbon dioxide and alcohol D. nitrogen and alcohol

During his lifetime, Sigmund Freud exhibited a severe form of _________. A. alcohol dependence B. cocaine dependence C. nicotine dependence D. dependence upon hallucinogens

Economically compulsive violence is commonly associated with which psychoactive drug? A. alcohol B. nicotine C. heroin D. several types of prescription medication

Females are more likely than males to commit crimes that can be classified as A. crimes against people B. crimes against property C. crimes against the public order D. when it comes to drug-related crime, no significant gender differences have been identified

Fermentation results in a maximum alcohol content of ______ . A. 8 percent B. 12 percent C. 15 percent D. 22 percent

Flavored cigarettes are often called A. cigars B. chews C. bidis D. tollies

Following the increase in the minimum age for drinking from 18 to 21 in the United States fatal nighttime accidents in the 18 and 19-year age groups A. stayed the same B. increased C. decreased D. first decreased then increased to former levels

Generally speaking, as the number of risk factors ____, the likelihood of drug use ____. A. increases; decreases B. decreases; increases C. increases; increases D. there is no relationship

Human intake of resveratrol at comparable dosages to mice would most likely cause humans A. to experience fatigue more quickly than usual B. to be more susceptible to the elevations in glucose and insulin that normally result from eating a high-fat diet C. to experience toxicity D. all of the above

If the alcohol content of a beverage is 60 percent, then the designated proof is A. 60 proof B. 30 proof C. 120 proof D. 80-90 proof

If you consumed a one-third to one-half ounce of pure alcohol steadily per hour, A. you would pass out after the fourth hour B. you would feel intoxicated by the third hour C. you would not feel intoxicated D. you would be intoxicated by the sixth hour

In 2008, high school seniors reported drinking an alcoholic beverage in the previous month at a prevalence rate that was approximately ______ the rate reported with respect to illicit drugs in the previous month. A. three times B. one-half C. two times D. the same as

In recent years, DAWN statistics indicate A. a decline in emergencies involving narcotic analgesics (prescription pain medication) B. a slow decline in the number of emergencies in general C. an increase in emergencies involving narcotic analgesics D. no essential change in emergencies involving narcotic analgesics

In studies of psychological dependence, a catheter refers to A. a tube inserted orally to restrict feeding and drinking B. measurement device for assessing drug tolerance C. a tube inserted into a vein for the administration of a drug directly into the bloodstream D. a tube inserted into a muscle for administration of a drug directly into muscle tissue

It is possible that, through tolerance, individuals may have _________ after a period of regular administrations of a drug. A. a dramatically increased response B. an increasing response which then levels off C. no discernible response at all D. a newly acquired sense of brotherhood

John is a smoker. He just finished his last cigarette about six hours ago. Which of the following symptoms is John most likely to encounter? A. stomach cramps B. increased blood pressure C. decreased heart rate D. increased ability to concentrate

Leukoplakia or erythroplakia are symptoms indicating A. terminal stages of cancer B. early stages of emphysema C. precancerous tissue D. premature eruption of acne

Medicines containing dextromethorphan were first banned from being sold to minors under the age of 18 in A. Chicago B. Alabama C. New York D. California

N-nitrosamine is more concentrated A. in cigarettes than in smokeless tobacco B. in cigars than cigarettes C. in sidestream smoke than in mainstream smoke D. in the lungs of men than in women

Needle exchange programs are A. widely accepted in the U.S. but not in Europe B. widely accepted throughout the world C. widely accepted in Europe but not in the U.S. D. viewed as a failure

Neuroscience examines A. the relationship between psychology and biology B. the relationship between brain functioning and biology C. the relationship between brain functioning and human behavior D. the relationship between pharmacology and brain functioning

Nicotine has been shown to improve short-term memory A. when it is smoked B. taken in pill form C. both A and B D. Nicotine does not improve short-term memory.

Of all the alcoholic beverages, the earliest known example is A. Egyptian beer B. wine C. mead D. aqua vitae (the "water of life")

One of the most dangerous physiological aspects of drinking alcohol is A. the tendency toward REM sleep suppression B. the tendency toward antidiuresis C. the tendency for alcohol to interact with other drugs being taken D. the tendency for vasodilation in the skin

Penalties for money laundering when associated with drug smuggling and sales were established by the A. Harrison Act of 1914 B. Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 C. Anti Drug-Abuse Act of 1988 D. Clean Dollar Bill Act of 1993

Physical dependence is an inadequate explanation for the abuse of a particular drug if A. the drug is legally available B. the drug is relatively low in toxicity C. withdrawal from the drug produces no physical symptoms D. withdrawal from the drug produces specific physical symptoms

Prior to 1900, opiate addicts who were caught A. were fired from their jobs B. had their children taken from them and placed into foster care C. participated fully in the life of the community D. were often divorced from their spouses

Repeated bleeding in the mouth could be a sign of problems associated with A. cigar smoking B. snuff inhaled into the nose C. smokeless tobacco D. early signs of lung cancer

Since the 1990s, ____ has been the world's leading producer and distributor of cocaine and significant supplier of heroin in the United States. A. Brazil B. Chile C. Colombia D. China

Smokeless tobacco A. is a safe alternative to cigarette smoking B. increases the risk for emphysema C. increases the risk of cancer D. increases the risk for chronic bronchitis

Smoking cessation A. results in a further deterioration of one's health status B. results in essentially no change in one's health status C. results in a recovery of several aspects of one's health status D. results in a complete recovery of one's health status is a matter of day

Tar in cigarettes disrupts a process called A. Ciliary cleansing B. ciliary declination C. the ciliary escalator D. the tar inducement regulator

The "killer weed" stories in the 1930s led to A. an extensive highway beautification program B. anti-pesticide legislation during the 1940s C. regulation of marijuana cultivation and use D. an increase in systemic violence in American cities

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 A. outlawed sales of narcotics in the United States B. gave states the authority to pass their own laws regarding narcotic abuse C. classified drugs into five classifications D. applied only to manufacturers of drugs

The DSM-IV of the American Psychiatric Association defines two fundamental conditions related to drug-taking behavior: A. substance dependence and drug abuse B. substance dependence and drug dependence C. substance dependence and substance abuse D. drug dependence and drug abuse

The LD-response curve for a particular drug will always be positioned ________ with respect to the ED-response curve. A. on top B. farther to the left C. farther to the right D. at the bottom

The Prohibition era in U.S. history is associated with which prohibited drug? A. opium B. cocaine C. alcohol D. marijuana

The average LD50 blood-alcohol concentration level is A. 0.15 percent B. 0.25 percent C. 0.50 percent D. 0.75 percent

The balanced placebo design begins to be ineffective at the following BAC level: A. 0.02 percent B. 0.03 percent C. 0.04 percent D. 0.09 percent

The capacity of a drug dose to have a gradually diminished effect on the user as it is taken repeatedly is known as A. drug interaction B. drug dependence C. drug tolerance D. the placebo effect

The craving for a cigarette by an ex-smoker A. is typically the strongest on the first anniversary of quitting B. can continue for a month or more C. can continue for years D. is typically over by six months

The detection period in a standard urinalysis test for an illicit drug can range from A. several hours to two days B. several days to two weeks C. It depends on the drug for which an individual is being tested. D. Urinalysis is an unreliable method for assessing the presence of an illicit drug.

The dominant form of European tobacco use in the late 1700s was: A. smoking in a cigarette form B. smoking in a pipe C. snuffing D. chewing

The estimated number of deaths in the United States that are attributed to cigarette smoking each year is A. about 5000 B. about 30,000 C. almost half a million D. about two million

The first Surgeon General's Report on smoking and health had the following effects on the American public: A. all television advertising was immediately banned B. all smoking ceased for three weeks C. per capita consumption dipped immediately afterward then showed a bounce upward during the succeeding months D. per capita consumption actually increased for a month then showed a steady decline during the succeeding months

The goal of the temperance movement was A. prohibiting all forms of alcohol in the United States B. lowering the amount of alcohol-related fatalities by 75 percent C. the moderation of alcohol consumption D. to create a system for testing blood alcohol levels

The greater proportion of oxidation occurs in the A. stomach B. small intestine C. liver D. pancreas

The ingestion of increasingly large doses of a toxic drug will produce A. a diminished response due to drug dependence B. an increased response due to drug sensitization C. a diminished response due to drug tolerance D. no measurable change in the response to the drug

The margin of safety is ________ than the therapeutic index A. less accurate in gauging drug toxicity B. simpler to calculate C. more conservative in the direction of safety D. less meaningful in general

The median time interval for those who are HIV infected to show symptoms of AIDS is usually approximately A. six months B. 2 years C. 10 years D. 12 years

The molecule of alcohol can be considered A. rather large B. insoluble in fat C. moderately soluble in fat D. relatively hard to absorb in the gastrointestinal tract

The most frequently used drug on a daily basis by high school students is A. alcohol B. marijuana C. nicotine D. some form of inhalants

The name for a branch of science joining the efforts of biochemists, pharmacologists, psychologists, and psychiatrists, among others in order to study brain functioning is A. psychopharmacology B. endocrinology C. neuroscience D. neurology

The national minimum age at which tobacco products can be purchased is A. 21 B. 25 C. 18 D. 16

The prescription drug, isoretinoin (brand name: Accutane), produces ______ when taken during pregnancy. A. extreme acne B. a deficiency in Vitamin A C. major birth defects D. substantial sedation

The present-day manner of using snuff is by A. smoking it B. sniffing into the nose C. placing inside the cheek D. chewing it

The primary effect of alcohol on the brain is A. stimulation B. dissociation C. depression D. activation

The principal reason a lit cigarette gets so hot is because A. of the flammability of the paper wrapping B. of the particular blend of tobacco used C. of the oxygen being drawn through the cigarette D. of the non-tobacco additives in the cigarette

The relationship between personal income and overall alcohol consumption is A. indirect B. linear C. curvilinear D. none of the above

The titration hypothesis refers to the way in which A. cigarette brands are marketed from season to season B. the particulate phase is metabolized into the gaseous phase C. cigarettes are smoked so as to maintain a level of nicotine into the body D. nicotine is allowed to be excreted from the body

The toxic nature of carbon monoxide is that it attaches itself easily to A. air sacs in the lungs B. esophageal cells C. hemoglobin D. cardiac muscle

The type of tobacco best suited of cigarettes is grown today primarily in A. Virginia B. Rhode Island C. North Carolina D. Cuba

Todd started drinking caffeinated coffee every night to stay awake to study for finals. On Sunday evening, Todd was able to stay awake after drinking 1 cup of coffee. By Thursday evening, Todd found that he needed to drink 2 cups of the coffee to get the same effect. Why is this so? A. Todd must have used caffeine in combination with a second drug on Sunday evening B. One of the two cups on Thursday night must have been a placebo C. Todd has developed a tolerance to low doses of caffeine D. Todd has become dependent on caffeine

Tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and unintentional overuse are three of the seven criteria for a diagnosis of A. substance abuse B. drug abuse C. substance dependence D. drug-taking behavior

Toxic reactions to alcohol occur less often than they ordinarily would due to a tendency A. toward nausea and vomiting B. toward passing out C. both A and B D. none of the above

Violence resulting from territorial disputes in drug dealing is an example of A. pharmacological violence B. economically compulsive violence C. systemic violence D. passive aggression

What should someone do in a situation involving acute alcohol intoxication? A. give the person strong black coffee B. have the person take a cold shower C. have the person lie on his or her side with his or her head lower than the rest of the body D. induce vomiting as soon as possible

When a pregnant woman drinks alcoholic beverages, the fetal alcohol levels A. are lower than that of the mother B. are higher than that of the mother C. are the same as that of the mother D. Since alcohol does not pass through the placenta the fetus does not have an alcohol level.

When alcohol consumption lasts at least two days, there is an increased likelihood of A. blood clots B. pulmonary deficiency C. cardiac arrhythmia D. all of the above

Which is NOT a protective factor for drug use? A. parent's educational level B. closeness to an adult outside the family C. easy availability of drugs in one's environment D. socially conforming attitudes

Which of the following is NOT a program associated with the Harm Reduction approach toward drug abuse? A. needle-exchange B. nicotine patches C. international agreements on drug trafficking D. methadone maintenance

Which of the following is a "standard drink?" A. one 8-ounce glass of wine B. one 20-ounce bottle of beer C. one 1.5-ounce shot of 80 proof liquor D. all of the above

Which of the following is an example of a blackout? A. fainting from drinking too much alcohol B. losing consciousness the day after being drunk C. failure to remember an event that occurred while being drunk D. all of the above

Which of the following is an example of an alcohol-in-combination ED visit? A. drinking beer directly after drinking a glass of wine B. mixing gin, whiskey, and vodka in the same beverage C. smoking a marijuana joint while drinking beer D. mixing vodka and orange juice in the same beverage

Which of the following is an example of polydrug use? A. snorting cocaine and injecting cocaine B. drinking whiskey and drinking vodka C. taking LSD and smoking cocaine D. both A and C

Wine coolers have been introduced by the alcohol industry in order to A. enhance an already growing level of alcohol consumption in the United States B. serve as a sugar-free substitute for cola drinks C. bolster a declining rate of alcohol consumption D. promote the consumption of fruit juice

n recent years, DAWN statistics indicate A. an decline in emergencies involving methamphetamine (speed) B. a slow decline in the number of emergencies in general C. an increase in emergencies involving methamphetamine (speed) D. no essential change in methamphetamine (speed) emergencies

n terms of toxicity, a drug with a therapeutic index of 2 ______ a drug with a therapeutic index of 10. A. is roughly equivalent to B. is safer than C. is more dangerous than D. cannot be compared to

The blood-alcohol concentration of _____ defines being legally drunk in the U.S. states and Canada. A. 0.05 percent B. 0.06 percent C. 0.08 percent D. 0.10 percent

C 0.08 percent

Americans drink on a per capita basis approximately _____ gallons of pure alcohol in a year. A. 1.3 B. 1.7 C. 2.3 D. 4.3

C 2.3

Which of the following people is an enabler? A. a man checking himself into a rehabilitation facility B. a woman taking her brother to an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting C. a father giving his son money to pay rent when his son spent his paycheck on alcohol D. a mother kicking her daughter out of the house due to her alcoholism

C a father giving his son money to pay rent when his son spent his paycheck on alcohol

During chronic alcohol consumption, tolerance occurs because __________. A. alcohol dehydrogenase levels are higher B. the brain is less sensitive to alcohol C. of a combination of A and B D. Neither A nor B is a reason for tolerance

C alcohol dehydrogenase levels are higher and the brain is less sensitive to alcohol

An example of a social component of the criteria used to define alcoholism is __________. A. binge drinking B. symptomatic drinking C. domestic instability D. stockpiling alcohol

C domestic instability

Enablers __________. A. can be helpful in treatment and rehabilitation B. make it possible for alcoholics to get help C. inadvertently delay the onset of treatment D. are typically not members of the family

C inadvertently delay the onset of treatment

Breathalyzers work on the principle that some of the alcohol __________. A. is being excreted through the urine B. is water soluble C. is being excreted from the lungs D. that is breathed out is flammable

C is being excreted from the lungs

About half of all Asians and people of Asian descent have a greater level of accumulated acetaldehyde because they have __________. A. less alcohol dehydrogenase B. more acetic acid C. less acetaldehyde dehydrogenase D. a smaller liver

C less acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

The major difference between chocolate preparations made by Aztecs in 1500 and chocolate preparations made by Europeans in 1800 was the addition of __________. A. milk B. butterfat C. sugar D. all of the above

C sugar

Chlorpromazine was an early A. antibiotic drug B. antispasmodic drug C. antischizophrenia drug D. antidiuretic drug

In the 19th century, opium-drinking was A. associated with Coca-Cola beverages B. another name for opium-smoking C. generally tolerated and considered respectable D. associated with Chinese immigrants in America

Laudanum was a drink containing which psychoactive drug? A. cocaine B. alcohol and cocaine C. opium D. extract of laudanum

Opium use in the 19th century was A. limited to the wealthy B. primarily associated with the poor C. associated with practically everyone D. limited to infants and children

The Ebers Papyrus contained A. the secrets to the location of medicinal herbs hidden in royal tombs B. totally useless remedies for common diseases C. recipes for preparations used in medical treatment D. ancient Babylonian writings that were later found to be a hoax

Which statement is NOT true? A. Shamans still exist in some areas of the world B. The decline of shamanism was due to the development of centralized religions in Egyptian and Babylon societies C. Shamanism was eventually replaced by a more extreme form in certain parts of the world and then died out completely D. Modern shamanic healing utilizes hallucination-producing plants

An acceleration or deceleration of the heart rate is considered a ______ response. A. somatic 2 B. skeletal C. autonomic D. gastrointestinal

C. autonomic

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are two branches of the A. peripheral nervous system 1 B. central nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. spinal cord

C. autonomic nervous system

Today's teas are dominated by commercial blends of __________. A. green tea leaves from China B. black tea leaves from China C. black tea leaves from India and Sri Lanka D. green tea leaves from India and Sri Lanka

C. black tea leaves from India and Sri Lanka

Dangerous interactions can result from: A. drug/drug combinations B. food/drug combinations C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

C. both A and B

In a double-blind procedure, knowledge about whether a drug or a placebo is being administered is withheld from A. the individual receiving the drug but not the person administering it B. the individual administering the drug but not the person receiving it C. both the individual administering the drug and the person receiving it D. neither the individual administering nor the person receiving a drug

C. both the individual administering the drug and the person receiving it

With intramuscular injections, the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream through the _______serving the muscle. A. arteries B. veins C. capillaries D. muscle membranes

C. capillaries

Inhibition of the ______ is the reason for dizziness after drinking alcohol. A. substantia nigra B. cerebral cortex C. cerebellum D. central nervous system in general

C. cerebellum

Analogy: Mainlining is to skin-popping as A. subcutaneous is to intravenous B. intravenous is to intramuscular C. intravenous is to subcutaneous D. intramuscular is to subcutaneous

C. intravenous is to subcutaneous

The ______ the quantity of the drug, the ______ the body tries to get rid of it. A. larger, slower 2 B. smaller, faster C. larger, faster D. there is no relationship between the quantity of the drug and how fast the body tries to excrete it.

C. larger, faster

Which of the following is NOT an example of cross-tolerance? A. A barbiturate abuser having to drink more than usual before getting drunk B. An alcoholic needing a greater amount of anesthetic when undergoing surgery C. liquid heroin abuser needing increasingly higher doses when snorting it D. All of the above are examples

C. liquid heroin abuser needing increasingly higher doses when snorting it

Analogy: Risk factors are to protective factors as __________. A. illicit drug use is to licit drug use B. daily drug use is to recreational drug use C. more likely to use drugs is to less likely to use drugs D. drug abuse is to drug misuse

C. more likely to use drugs is to less likely to use drugs

How many neurotransmitters are there? A. two 1 B. one C. more than 50 D. two, three, or four (the exact number is in doubt)

C. more than 50

A smoker feels more relaxed after a cigarette partly because __________. A. of an intense placebo effect B. blood pressure and heart rate has gone up C. muscle tone has been reduced D. gastrointestinal activity has been inhibited

C. muscle tone has been reduced

The most frequently used drug on a daily basis by high school students is __________. A. alcohol B. marijuana C. nicotine D. some form of inhalants

C. nicotine

Which of the following is NOT an illicit drug in the United States? A. cocaine B. heroin C. nicotine D. ketamine

C. nicotine

Sensory pathways leading to the CNS are considered part of the A. autonomic system B. extracranial system C. peripheral nervous system D. sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

C. peripheral nervous system

Inhalation is to gas as snorting is to: A. liquid 2 B. smoke C. powder D. vapor

C. powder

Leukoplakia and erythroplakia are symptoms indicating __________. A. terminal stages of cancer B. early stages of emphysema C. precancerous tissue D. premature eruption of acne

C. precancerous tissue

What is the blood-brain barrier responsible for? A. guarding the brain by keeping out blood from "drowning" brain cells B. acting as a resource for neurotransmitters in the blood to communicate with the brain C. prohibiting drugs and other molecules to pass from the bloodstream into the brain D. all of the above

C. prohibiting drugs and other molecules to pass from the bloodstream into the brain

Suppositories are typically administered A. sublingually 1 B. subcutaneously C. rectally D. transdermally

C. rectally

Smoking cessation __________. A. results in a further deterioration of one's health status B. results in essentially no change in one's health status C. results in a recovery of several aspects of one's health status D. results in a complete recovery of one's health status within a matter of days

C. results in a recovery of several aspects of one's health status

Smoking is a method of inhalation that depends upon A. vapors traveling freely in the air B. specialized medical equipment C. smoke-borne particles in the air D. liquids that have combined with air molecules

C. smoke-borne particles in the air

An autonomic response involves which kind of muscle? A. skeletal 2 B. somatic C. smooth D. all of the above

C. smooth

Body movement depends on which part of the brain? A. cerebral cortex 2 B. hypothalamus C. substantia nigra D. both A and C

C. substantia nigra

Hindbrain is to cerebellum as midbrain is to A. pons 3 B. cerebral cortex C. substantia nigra D. hypothalamus

C. substantia nigra

Because of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol can be classified as __________. A. carcinogenic B. a coronary heart disease factor C. teratogenic D. biogenic

C. teratogenic

Research has shown that if a doctor has negative attitudes concerning a drug, the effect of the drug on the patient is more likely to result in 2 A. the most benefits of the drug B. no effect at all C. the least benefits of the drug D. dependence on the drug

C. the least benefits of the drug

The nucleus accumbens in the brain appears to be associated with what feature of many psychoactive drugs? A. their sedative (sleep-inducing) effects B. their stimulating effects C. their rewarding or reinforcing effects D. their hallucinogenic effects

C. their rewarding or reinforcing effects

Xanthine-based medications are effective in treating asthma because __________. A. they reduce blood pressure in blood vessels of the chest B. they increase absorption of oxygen by air sacs in the lungs C. they dilate bronchial passageways D. they increase the power of the diaphragm so that the patient can breathe more deeply

C. they dilate bronchial passageways

Silicon chip patches that contain a grid of microscopic needles are used to deliver drugs A. orally 2 B. intravenously C. through the skin D. all of the above

C. through the skin

In 2009, high school seniors reported drinking an alcoholic beverage in the previous month at a prevalence rate that was approximately ______ the rate reported with respect to illicit drugs in the previous month. In 2009, high school seniors reported drinking an alcoholic beverage in the previous month at a prevalence rate that was approximately ______ the rate reported with respect to illicit drugs in the

C. two times

If a placebo effect occurs, a completely inert substance A. will have no effect whatsoever 1 B. will have a reduced effect than usual C. will have an effect D. will likely produce a lethal response

C. will have an effect

Sources of nicotine humans use

Cigars, cigarettes, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, moist snuff E-cigarette

elasticity of drug use

Contrary to what some drug legalization advocates have claimed, both legal and illegal drug use are not completely inelastic and are sensitive to price.

ETHYL ALCOHOl

Created thru process of fermentation. Take some organic material and let it sit. Sugar is absorbed by airborne yeast cells and alcohol remains. For every 1 molecule absorbed, 2 alcohol molecules remain. Fermentation results in alcohol content that is 12-16%, such as wine.

A common symptom of cigarette withdrawal is A. drowsiness B. headache C. insomnia D. all of the above

A hangover produces symptoms such as ______ . A. headaches B. fatigue C. thirst D. all of the above

A problem in proposing psychological dependence as an explanation for drug abuse is A. the necessity to show withdrawal symptoms B. the requirement that illicit drugs be involved C. the presence of conditioned tolerance D. its inherent circularity

A recent review confirming the usefulness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) reveals A. NRT increases the chances of quitting smoking B. Smokers who use NRT, do not end up smoking less C. both A and B D. neither A and B

Abnormal enlargement of air sacs in the lungs can lead to this condition. A. chronic bronchitis B. pneumonia C. pulmonary distress syndrome (PDS) D. emphysema

About 80 percent to 90 percent of all smokers begin to smoke by the age of A. 15 B. 16 C. 17 D. 18

About ___ percent of alcohol is excreted in the urine. A. 10 B. 25 C. 60 D. 95

According to the 2007 American Cancer Society statistics, about _______ of 213,000 new cases of lung cancer were due to smoking. A. 50 percent B. 65 percent C. 75 percent D. 90 percent

According to the DSM-IV definitions, we must determine A. the antecedent conditions for the disorder B. the particular chemical substance that is involved C. that more than one drug is involved D. the features of drug-taking behavior

According to the text, a recent study has found that A. prior marijuana drug use among parents leads to increased marijuana use by their children B. prior marijuana drug use among parents leads to a slightly decreased level of marijuana use by their children C. prior marijuana drug use among parents leads to absolutely no marijuana use by their children D. there is no relationship between marijuana drug use among parents and marijuana drug use of their children

According to the text, alcohol is "the sharpest double-edged sword in medicine" because A. moderate forms of alcohol is beneficial for men but not women B. moderate forms of only certain types of alcohol can be beneficial and most of the public do not know which forms are beneficial and which are not C. moderate forms of alcohol only show medical benefits for older people D. moderate forms of alcohol can save your life but immoderate amounts can destroy it

According to the text, each year we spend in the United States approximately __________ on health care for either specialty services, behavioral consequences, or the prevention of alcohol and illicit drug abuse. A) 5 billion B)10 billion C) 20 billion D) 25 billion

According to the text, the controversial part of the "drug problem" in the United States concerns A. where the problems are B. which problems are most deserving of our efforts C. the level of drug abuse in Asia D. both A and B

According to the text, what are the effects of using cocaine or crack during pregnancy? A. constriction of blood vessels reducing normal blood flow to the fetus B. high rates of spontaneous abortion C. growth retardation such as lower birth rate and smaller head circumference D. all of the above

According to the titration hypothesis, an experienced smoker when presented with a pack of low-nicotine cigarettes will A. inhale more deeply B. take more puffs per cigarette C. smoke more of them D. all of the above

Acetic acid is a product of oxidation by which enzyme? A. alcohol dehydrogenase B. dopamine dehydrogenase C. acetaldehyde D. acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Acute alcoholic poisoning becomes lethal through A. epileptic seizures B. extreme dehydration C. cardiac arrest D. asphyxiation

Advanced emphysema results in ______ of one's energy being used just to breathe. A. 25 percent B. 42 percent C. 58 percent D. 80 percent

Advantages of repeating the University of Michigan survey year after year include all of the following EXCEPT: A. it allows us to examine trends in drug-taking behavior over time B. it allows us to compare the use of one drug relative to another C. it allows prevalence rates to be examined from year to year D. it allows us to examine the effects of drug-taking behavior on the participant sample as they grow up

Alcohol breakdown is determined by the speed with which ______ does its work. A. the stomach B. the small intestine C. acetaldehyde dehydrogenase D. alcohol dehydrogenase

Alcohol dehydrogenase breaks down alcohol into A. acetic acid B. oxygen and carbon dioxide C. carbon dioxide and water D. acetaldehyde

Alcohol is A. highly soluble in water B. moderately soluble in fat C. a very small molecule D. all of the above

All but one of the following countries have at one time punished smoking by whipping, public torture, or death: A. Japan B. Russia C. Turkey D. Canada

All other factors being equal, which type of liquor will show intoxicating effects the fastest? A. 40 proof B. 60 proof C. 90 proof D. 130 proof

Americans spend ______ on the purchase of alcoholic beverages per year. A. $1.42 million B. $295 million C. $5.5 billion D. $140 billion

An example of a brand name of moist snuff is A. Red Man B. Chaw C. Beech Nut D. Copenhagen

Analogy: Rum was to whiskey as A. Tennessee was to Massachusetts B. New York was to New Jersey C. Philadelphia was to London D. Boston was to Virginia

Analogy: Total prohibition is to Zero Tolerance as controlled usage is to A. Pharmacological Violence B. Pharmaco-medical Model C. Benign Neglect D. Harm Reduction

Antianxiety drugs and sedative-hypnotics are officially classified as ______ drugs. A. Schedule I B. Schedule II C. Schedule III D. Schedule IV

Antidiuretic hormone is inhibited by alcohol, leading to a tendency toward A. nausea and vomiting B. increased reabsorption of water in the kidneys C. more concentrated urine D. greater amounts of urine excreted

As assessed by DAWN, drug-related ED visits refer to occurrences resulting from A. adverse reactions to medications B. the use of dietary supplements C. the use of illicit drugs D. all of the above

Assume that an initial dose of 100 mg will produce a particular drug effect. After repeated administrations, a dose of ________ produces an equivalent response. Which alternative would be consistent with the greatest degree of tolerance? A. 50 mg B. 100 mg C. 150 mg D. 200 mg

Assume that an initial dose of 100 mg will produce a particular drug effect. After tolerance, which dose level would most likely produce an equivalent response? A. 50 mg B. 75 mg C. 100 mg D. 150 mg

Barley malt and mash are products that are involved in A. the fermentation process B. the making of malt varieties of beer C. the distillation of alcohol D. the making of beer

Becoming intoxicated more easily on an empty stomach than a full stomach is due to A. the release of hydrochloric acid in the small intestine B. the stimulation of acetic acid C. irritating effect on the stomach wall D. the speed with which alcohol passes into the small intestine

Binge drinking for men is generally defined as A. two drinks in two minutes B. a consumption of beer combined with liquor C. ten or more drinks in a row D. five or more drinks in a row

COPD refers to A. community-operated prevention devices B. community-operated police departments C. chronic obstetric and pulmonary distress D. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Carbon monoxide is A. tasteless B. odorless C. colorless D. all of the above

Congressional hearings on the question of whether U.S. tobacco companies had suppressed research data on the dangers of smoking were held in A. 1964 B. 1978 C. 1982 D. 1994

Currently, about __ percent of the budget to control drug abuse is directed toward efforts to reduce the supply of illicit drugs. A. 35 B. 45 C. 55 D. 65

DAWN stands for the A. District Attorney Wait-list Number (for arrests) B. Distribution of Abuse in White Non-adults C. Drug Abuse Wait-list Number (for treatment) D. Drug Abuse Warning Network

Developmental assets have been found to increase the resistance toward A. illicit drug use B. problem alcohol use C. high-risk behaviors, such as sexual activity and violence D. all of the above

Dextromethorphan can be found in _______, and in high doses can increase risk of brain damage, seizure, and death. A. OxyContin B. Tylenol C. aspirin products D. cough-and-cold medications

Drinking no more than two drinks a day for men (one drink a day for women) lowers the risk of A. coronary heart disease B. stroke C. dementia D. all of the above

Drug abusers continue to use drugs due to: A. a strong compulsion to continue taking the drug B. avoiding withdrawal symptoms C. craving the pleasurable effects of the drug D. all of the above

Drug dependence can be A. physical and psychological B. psychological but not physical C. neither psychological nor physical D. both A and B are correct

Drug tolerance is to ________ as behavioral tolerance is to _________. A. setting; repetition B. setting; sensitivity C. repetition; sensitivity D. repetition; setting

Expectancy effects of alcohol influence A. emotional behaviors B. motor behaviors C. cognitive behaviors D. all of the above

Fermentation typically produces A. sugar B. carbon dioxide C. ethyl alcohol D. both b and c

Generally speaking, growth retardation, premature birth, low birth weight, and neurological damage to the infant are events most associated with drug use during which time of pregnancy? A. before the third month B. during the fourth to fifth month C. during the sixth to seventh month D. after the eighth month

Gin drinking created especially adverse social consequences in eighteenth-century A. Amsterdam and Brussels B. Rome and Florence C. New York and Philadelphia D. London and other English cities

Guidelines that doctors should follow with their patients should include A. assessing the willingness of the patient to quit B. assisting in the cessation attempt C. advising patients to quit D. all of the above

Health risks associated with the use of smokeless tobacco include A. gum disease B. damage to tooth enamel C. oral cancer D. all of the above

If you had an alcoholic blackout, A. you would have been unconscious at the time B. you would have been aware that you had forgotten information C. you would have remembered events during the period of intoxication but failed to process them emotionally D. you would have failed to remember events during the period of intoxication

In 2006, _______ became available as a nicotine-free stop-smoking medication. A. Wellroxone B. Zyban C. Nicorette D. Chantix

In a study of people who smoked and were also in drug-abuse treatment, one in three people indicated that: A. it was easier to quit smoking after quitting another drug B. quitting smoking was just as hard as quitting another drug C. it was best to quit smoking at the same time as the other drug D. it was harder to quit smoking as compared to other drugs

In the 1980s, cocaine was A. considered very glamorous B. very inexpensive C. getting a great deal of media attention D. both A and C.

In the 1990s, a decline in crack abuse was followed by A. a decline in homicide rates B. a decline in violent crime C. an increase in heroin abuse D. both A and B

In the 1998 tobacco settlement, tobacco corporations agreed to A. ban all sales of tobacco products in the United States B. go out of business by 2014 C. pay $15 million to the U.S. states D. refrain from marketing tobacco products to those under 18

Inhaled nicotine is A. absorbed rapidly and excreted slowly B. absorbed slowly and excreted rapidly C. absorbed and excreted slowly D. absorbed and excreted rapidly

Long-term, excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk of A. heart disease B. elevated blood pressure C. stroke D. all of the above

Mead is a fermented beverage made from A. corn B. rye and barley C. grapes D. honey

Nicorette is a brand name for A. a type of moist snuff B. an anticraving medication for nicotine and alcohol withdrawal C. a transdermal nicotine patch D. a prescription nicotine chewing gum

One factor that increases the dependence potential of nicotine is A. the speed with which nicotine reaches the brain B. the variety of circumstances under which the act of smoking occurs C. the number of times a dose of nicotine is administered D. all of the above

One of the dangers in smoking bidis and kreteks is that they A. are unfiltered B. contain a higher concentration of nicotine and tar than regular cigarettes C. require more vigorous puffing D. all of the above

One of the guidelines for responsible drinking is to A. eat something salty to slow down alcohol metabolism B. choose wine over beer since it will make you feel less full C. drink when you are uptight since it will slow down alcohol metabolism D. drink with friends instead of alone

One of the problems in considering alcohol abuse is the frequently-held idea that A. alcohol is really not a drug B. alcohol abuse is not as bad as drug abuse C. alcohol abuse is not the same as drug abuse D. all of the above

One reason for the headache of a hangover may relate to A. the feeling of irritation in the stomach B. the feeling that the world has ended C. the feeling of intense urination D. the feeling of swollenness

Pioneers heading west could indulge in foot-long cigars called _____, named after the Conestoga wagons that they rode during the long and tedious journey. A. seegars B. snuffs C. joints D. stogies

Prevalence rates for smokeless tobacco use among teens reached a peak in A. the late 1960s B. the early 1970s C. the mid 1980s D. the mid 1990s

Prior to the 20th century, the only drug for which there was a social movement to control its consumption was A. heroin B. morphine C. cocaine D. alcohol

Relative to 1996, the prevalence rate in 2008 among eighth graders has declined for A. amphetamines B. cigarettes C. marijuana D. all of the above

Relative to the United States, smoking in Japan A. is more common among adult Japanese men B. is more common among Japanese physicians C. is met with less concern about health consequences D. all of the above

Sidestream smoke is most toxic under which of the following circumstance or condition? A. when experienced smokers are smoking B. with unfiltered cigarettes C. when inexperienced smokers are smoking D. with filtered cigarettes

Sir Walter Raleigh was one of the major figures who promoted the following method of tobacco use: A. tobacco chewing B. snuffing C. tobacco drinking D. pipe smoking

Smoking one cigarette shortens one's lifespan by A. 12 seconds B. 40 seconds C. 4 minutes D. 14 minutes

Societal changes in the 1990s which the text cites as reasons why youngsters did not have a tendency to view regular drug use as dangerous include A. lack of drug abuse prevention programs in schools B. poor communication between parents and children regarding drugs C. lack of anti-drug public service messages in the media D. all of the above

Studies following the lives of young adults for as long as fourteen years after their graduation from high school show that a return to drug use after years of abstinence frequently follows which of the following life-events? A. raising a family B. marriage C. job relocation D. divorce

Systemic violence has been substantially reduced since the late 1990s with respect to which of the following drugs? A. LSD B. Ecstasy C. Heroin D. crack cocaine

T/N cigarettes do not lessen the adverse health consequences of smoking because __________ when smoking T/N cigarettes compared to regular cigarettes. A. smokers tend to inhale more deeply B. smokers tend to take more puffs C. smokers tend to smoke more cigarettes D. All of the above

The ADAM report does NOT determine whether adult male arrestees tested positive for A. marijuana B. cocaine C. heroin D. alcohol

The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program tests adult males arrested for a serious offense for __________ major numbers of illicit drugs. A) five B) six C) eight D)ten

The Marijuana Act of 1937 A. made it a federal offense to smoke marijuana B. identified marijuana smoking to be equivalent to tobacco smoking C. removed all regulations on the smoking of marijuana D. imposed a tax on growers, sellers, and buyers of marijuana

The University of Michigan survey is based upon reports of drug-taking behavior among A. college students B. eighth, tenth, and twelfth grade students C. young adults D. all of the above

The World Health Organization predicts that in the year 2030, ________will die from tobacco-related illnesses, if current trends continue. A. 1 million B. 4.9 million C. 8.5 million D. 10 million

The additive _______ in tobacco, speeds the nicotine absorption in smokers. A. tar B. hydrogen cyanide C. acetadehyde D. ammonia

The anti-alcohol movement in the United States eventually moved from a philosophy of A. prohibition to temperance B. decriminalization to legalization C. liberalism to conservatism D. temperance to prohibition

The ciliary escalator allows unwanted particles to be swept A. downward into the lungs B. into the bloodstream C. away when the smoker exhales D. upward to the throat where they are usually swallowed

The critical impairment in driving when intoxicated by alcohol seems to be A. a faster reaction time B. an increased reaction time C. a tendency to weave in and out of lanes D. a failure to notice things

The effects observed among pregnant women with respect to the use of barbiturates are: A. the same as the effects due to alcohol use B. clinically insignificant C. substantially greater than the effects due to the use of illicit drugs D. different from the effects due to the use of tobacco

The evidence indicating that environmental tobacco smoke can be dangerous is A. weakening as more recent studies are conducted B. weak and always has been C. supported surprisingly by research financed by the tobacco industry D. substantial

The first European to encounter tobacco plants was A. Sir Walter Raleigh B. Sir Francis Drake C. King Philip II of Spain D. Christopher Columbus

The first automated cigarette-making machine was invented by A. Rodrigo de Jerez B. James B. Duke C. Thomas Edison D. James Bonsack

The leading risk factor(s) for marijuana use include A. potential approval/disapproval of friends by one's parents B. degree of marijuana availability C. inclination towards other drug use D. all of the above

The major cause(s) of tobacco-related cardiovascular disease is (are) A. nicotine B. carbon monoxide C. tar D. both A and B

The major source of a cigarette's flavor comes from its ______ content. A. nicotine B. tobacco C. paper wrapping D. tar

The most popular form of smokeless tobacco is _______, and the most popular brand is ________. A. loose-leaf chewing tobacco; Red Man B. moist snuff; Skoal C. loose-leaf chewing tobacco; Beech Nut D. moist snuff; Copenhagen

The placental barrier is particularly effective in blocking the crossing of A. all drugs B. alcohol and nicotine C. illicit drugs D. none of the above

The primary source of carcinogenic compounds in tobacco are found in the A. gaseous phase B. carbon monoxide C. nicotine D. tar

The temperature at the tip of a cigarette when the smoker inhales is approximately Farenheit. A. 98 degrees B. 450 degrees C. 1250 degrees D. 1700 degrees

The therapeutic index is a way of comparing A. the LD50 against the LD1 B. the LD1 against the ED99 C. the ED99 against the ED50 D. the LD50 against the ED50

Tobacco chewing was first observed in the United States A. about 1800 B. about 1850 C. about 1910 D. none of the above

Tobacco smoking produces an increased risk of A. lung cancer B. larynx cancer C. mouth or lip cancer D. all of the above

Vulnerability toward drug-taking behavior is shaped by which type(s) of factors in a person's life A. risk factors B. protective factors C. conjoint factors D. both A and B

What is particularly dangerous about many club drugs? A. they are colorless, odorless, and tasteless B. they can be slipped into drinks unobtrusively C. they have been used in sexual assault cases D. all of the above

When asked about their motivation for drug use, high school seniors have frequently cited A. dissatisfaction with their parents B. parental abuse C. economic hardship D. peer influence

When nicotine receptors are activated, A. blood pressure becomes unstable B. activity in the gastrointestinal tract speeds up C. fingers start to tingle D. heart rate increases

Which criterion is not used for a DSM-IV diagnosis of substance dependence? A. tolerance B. withdrawal symptoms C. persistent desire or efforts to control drug use D. recurrent substance-related legal problems

Which drug shows the most widely reported incidence of pharmacological violence? A. heroin B. marijuana C. antipsychotic medication D. alcohol

Which individuals within a community are typically targets for economically compulsive violence? A. storekeepers B. children C. the elderly D. all of the above

Which of the following beverages contains the most alcohol? A. one 5-ounce glass of wine B. one 12-ounce bottle or can of beer C. one 1.5-ounce shot of 80-proof liquor D. two 12-ounce bottles of wine cooler

Which of the following drugs does NOT produce agitation and paranoia? A. amphetamines B. cocaine C. PCP D. heroin

Which of the following has been identified in playing a role for the recent decline in cigarette smoking among teens? A. removal of youth oriented advertisement images (i.e. Joe Camel) B. increase in anti-smoking TV ads C. sharp increase in state excise taxes on cigarettes D. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT cited in the text as affecting the rate of alcohol consumption? A. the size of the drinker B. whether or not the alcoholic beverage is carbonated C. the pace at which alcohol enters the body D. the age of the drinker (assuming the age range is 21 to 45 years)

Which of the following is a basic form of alcoholic beverage? A. wine B. beer C. distilled spirits D. all of the above

Which of the following is a social support group for smokers wanting to quit? A. Smoker's Anonymous B. Smoke Enders C. Smoke Stoppers D. all of the above

Which of the following is an alcohol-related problem that college students experience? A. arguing with friends B. failure to practice safe sex C. missing a class D. all of the above

Which of the following would NOT be an example of polydrug use? A. alcohol combined with heroin B. alcohol combined with marijuana C. Motrin combined with Tylenol D. all of the above would be examples

Which of the following would NOT be included as a drug-related ED visit in DAWN statistics? A. nonmedical use of a prescription or OTC drug B. alcohol-only consumption if the patient is younger than 21 years old C. malicious poisoning D. alcohol-only consumption if the patient is 21 or older

Which psychoactive drugs have little or no effect on pregnant women or the newborn? A. alcohol B. marijuana C. prescription drugs D. none of the above

Womenwho smoke during pregnancy have newborns with a higher risk for A. low birth weight B. physical defects C. elevated systolic blood pressure D. all of the above

______ percent of alcohol in the blood reaches the brain immediately. A. 25 B. 68 C. 79 D. 90

______are rolls of shredded tobacco wrapped in paper. A. snuff B. cigars C. chewing tobacco D. cigarettes

Americans spend_____ on the purchase of alcoholic beverages per year. A. $1.42 million B. $295 million C. $5.5 billion D. $140 billion

D $140 billion

Chronic alcohol abuse carries an increased risk for certain cancers because of __________. A. the carcinogenic character of alcohol B. the enhancement of the carcinogenic effect of non-alcohol chemicals C. the depression of the immune system D. both B and C

D / B. the enhancement of the carcinogenic effect of non-alcohol chemicals C. the depression of the immune system

FAS was discovered through observations of ______ in babies born to alcoholic mothers. A. increased blood alcohol levels B. specific facial characteristics C. CNS abnormalities and low body weight D. both B and C

D / specific facial characteristics and CNS abnormalities and low body weight

According to the titration hypothesis, an experienced smoker, when presented with a pack of low-nicotine cigarettes, will __________. A. inhale more deeply B. take more puffs per cigarette C. smoke more of them D. all of the above

D all

Alcoholics tend to be stereotyped on the dimension of __________. A. age B. gender C. socioeconomic level D. all of the above

D all of the above

One of the problems in considering alcohol abuse is the frequently held idea that __________. A. alcohol is really not a drug B. alcohol abuse is not as bad as drug abuse C. alcohol abuse is not the same as drug abuse D. all the above

D all of the above

Alcohol is a depressant drug __________. A. and one-half of all alcoholics have previously shown signs of depression B. but relatively few alcoholics have previously shown signs of depression C. but the effects of alcohol reduce the likelihood of clinical depression D. and depressive symptoms in alcoholics are likely to be alcohol-induced

D and depressive symptoms in alcoholics are likely to be alcohol-induced

Fermentation typically produces __________. A. sugar B. carbon dioxide C. ethyl alcohol D. both b and c

D both b and c

A prominent 19th-century advocate of cocaine use was A. Louis Pasteur B. Alexander Fleming C. Edward Jenner D. Sigmund Freud

Instances of drug abuse involve A. illicit drugs only B. licit drugs only C. instrumental use of drugs D. licit or illicit drugs

Patent medicines in the 1800s were purchased through A. peddlers B. general stores C. mail-order advertisements D. all of the above

Patent medicines in the 19th century contained: A. opium, heroin, and nicotine B. opium, cocaine, and heroin C. alcohol, cocaine, and nicotine D. opium, cocaine, and alcohol

The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution restricted which of the following psychoactive drugs? A. heroin and other opiates B. cocaine C. tobacco D. alcohol

The attraction of opium used prior to 1900 was related to its being A. cheap B. legal C. easily available D. all of the above

Which decade is generally associated with the beginning of drug use among middle-class young Americans? A. 1920s B. 1940s C. 1950s D. 1960s

Which of the following plants has (have) been sources of hallucinogenic effects? A. morning glories B. yellow-orange fruits on cacti C. certain types of mushrooms D. all of the above

Which of the following was regarded as a respectable way to use opium? A. snorting it B. smoking it C. injecting it D. drinking it

Approximately how long does a neurotransmitter molecule remain in the receptor site? A. 2 minutes 3 B. 1 second C. ¼ of a second D. 1 millisecond

D. 1 millisecond

In 2009, approximately _________ of high school seniors reported taking OTC cough and cold medications. A. 2 percent B. 3 percent C. 4 percent D. 6 percent

D. 6 percent

Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Involvement with the nucleus accumbens has been linked to compulsive gambling and compulsive eating. B. Protein-based drugs can be mixed with fatty acids to allow it to pass through the blood brain barrier. C. Dopamine cannot cross through the blood brain barrier. D. All of the above statements are true

D. All of the above statements are true

Which of the following statements about glutamate is NOT true? A. Glutamate functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. B. Glutamate receptors are blocked by some psychoactive drugs. C. Glutamate receptors are activated by the presence of some psychoactive drugs. D. Drugs that block glutamate receptors have been largely unsuccessful in treating drug abuse.

D. Drugs that block glutamate receptors have been largely unsuccessful in treating drug abuse.

The best way to treat alcoholism is __________. A. biologically based treatments B. psychosocial interventions C. Alcoholics Anonymous D. No one treatment is best

D. No one treatment is best

Serotonin is most concentrated in which part of the brain? A. medulla and pons B. limbic system C. cortex D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Signs of drug dependence include: A. intense cravings for the drug B. need for increasingly greater quantities of the drug to get the same desired effect C. becoming preoccupied with drug-taking behavior D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Societal changes in the 1990s which the text cites as reasons why youngsters did not have a tendency to view regular drug use as dangerous include __________. A. lack of drug abuse prevention programs in schools B. poor communication between parents and children regarding drugs C. lack of anti-drug public service messages in the media D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Suppositories may be necessary if A. the individual is vomiting B. the individual is unconscious C. oral administration is impossible D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The processes of biotransformation and urinary excretion are influenced by A. the concentration of the drug in the bloodstream 3 B. the presence of other drugs in the bloodstream C. the chemical properties of the drug D. all of the above

D. all of the above

What aspects of human behavior is affected by the neurotransmitter dopamine? A. motor control 3 B. emotionality C. producing drug cravings D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which drug easily passes into the brain from the bloodstream? A. alcohol 2 B. cocaine C. barbiturates D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following can affect how one person reacts to a drug compared to another? A. weight B. ethnicity C. gender D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is an alcohol-related problem that college students experience? A. arguing with friends B. failure to practice safe sex C. missing a class D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is an example of drug misuse? A. taking a sleeping pill while drinking beer B. taking your mother's prescription pain medication for a toothache C. taking aspirin after its expiration date D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The combination of morphine or heroin with naloxone or naltrexone is an example of A. potentiation B. synergism C. an additive effect D. an antagonistic effect

D. an antagonistic effect

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a principal route of drug administration? 1 A. absorption through skin membranes B. Injection C. Inhalation D. biotransformation

D. biotransformation

By the definition used in the textbook, a chemical substance would be considered a drug if A. it intoxicated you B. it had an impact on brain functioning C. it served as a nutrient for your body D. both A and B

D. both A and B

Women may be affected more by alcohol than men due to: A. having a lower proportion of water than men B. reduced levels of enzymes that break down alcohol in the liver C. having a lower fat-to-muscle ratio than men D. both A and B

D. both A and B

Heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier ______ than morphine. A. slower and less completely B. slower but more completely C. faster but less completely D. faster and more completely

D. faster and more completely

Activity in the nucleus accumbens is related to A. hallucinogenic drug effects B. sleep-inducing drug effects C. panic-inducing drug effects D. feelings of craving for certain psychoactive drugs

D. feelings of craving for certain psychoactive drugs

Smoking one cigarette shortens one's lifespan by __________. A. twelve seconds B. forty seconds C. four minutes D. fourteen minutes

D. fourteen minutes

If you were to order the three classifications of brain tissue from the most primitive to the most recently evolved part of the human brain, it would be: A. forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain B. hindbrain, forebrain, midbrain C. midbrain, hindbrain, forebrain D. hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

D. hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Sympathetic activation can result in all of the following EXCEPT: A. increased blood pressure 3 B. dilation of the bronchi in the lungs C. dilation of the pupils in the eyes D. increased function of the gastrointestinal tract

D. increased function of the gastrointestinal tract

Atropine is a drug that A. reduces schizophrenic symptoms 3 B. reduces feelings of anxiety C. inhibits feelings of anger and frustration D. inhibits acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors

D. inhibits acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors

Which of the following is NOT part of the hindbrain? A. medulla B. pons C. cerebellum D. limbic system

D. limbic system

Individuals with attention deficit disorder (ADD) are treated with _______________. A. oxycodone B. dextromethorphan C. ketamine D. methamphetamine

D. methamphetamine

An oral administration refers to a delivery through the A. larynx B. lungs C. skin D. mouth

D. mouth

Which drug is the LEAST likely to cross the blood-brain barrier? A. alcohol 3 B. barbiturates C. nicotine D. penicillin

D. penicillin

Placebo effects are A. psychological but not physical 3 B. physical but not psychological C. neither physical nor psychological D. physical, psychological, or both

D. physical, psychological, or both

If there is a very strong effect when two drugs are taken in combination, even though one of the drugs by itself has no effect and the other by itself has only a weak effect, then the combination effect is called A. additive B. subtractive C. synergistic D. potentiation

D. potentiation

An effective placebo to a well-known red pill containing antianxiety medication would be what color? A. a complementary color to red (in this case, green) B. white (colorless) C. black and white so there would be no association with color red D. red

D. red

Opiates, alcohol, barbiturates, and other depressants are potentially dangerous since there is the risk of inhibiting A. blood pressure B. digestion C. the vomiting reflex D. respiration

D. respiration

Which two major neurotransmitters are considered responsible for establishing appropriate levels of mood? A. serotonin and acetylcholine B. dopamine and endorphins C. acetylcholine and norepinephrine D. serotonin and norepinephrine

D. serotonin and norepinephrine

The order of absorption times from slowest to fastest in the following injections are A. subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular B. intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous C. intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous D. subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous

D. subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous

Bodily changes that handle stressful or emergency situations are handled by the A. peripheral nervous system in general B. parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system C. skeletal muscles attached to bone D. sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

D. sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

The total xanthine content of a one-ounce piece of chocolate is roughly equivalent to __________. A. a five-ounce cup of instant coffee B. a five-ounce cup of medium brewed tea C. a twelve-ounce can of Coca-Cola D. ten milligrams of caffeine

D. ten milligrams of caffeine

The most striking cases in which caffeine improves performance are in tasks __________. A. that are exciting and challenging B. taken on in the morning C. that involve verbal skills D. that are boring and repetitive

D. that are boring and repetitive

The first recorded use of coffee beans came from __________. A. South Africa B. Indonesia C. Ceylon D. the Arab world

D. the Arab world

Individual characteristics of the drug-taker or environmental conditions will have little influence on drug effects when 2 A. the drug is relatively bad-tasting B. the temperature is above 80 degrees Fahrenheit C. the drug-taker is younger than 12 D. the drug dose is relatively high

D. the drug dose is relatively high

An underreported group with respect to alcoholism is __________. A. women B. the Asian population C. individuals under eighteen years of age D. the elderly

D. the elderly

A problem inherent in all forms of injection involve A. the relatively slow rate of absorption B. the need for the individual to be conscious C. the possible collapse of a vein D. the risk of infection if the needle is not sterile

D. the risk of infection if the needle is not sterile

Which of the following is NOT an injection technique? A. intravenous B. intramuscular C. subcutaneous D. vein-popping

D. vein-popping

A latency period occurs A. late in a drug administration when concentrations declined B. in the "middle" of the interval when drug effect has been observed C. when it is realized that the drug was really a placebo D. when drug concentrations are increasing in the blood but no drug effect has yet been detected

D. when drug concentrations are increasing in the blood but no drug

Sidestream smoke is most toxic under which of the following circumstances or conditions? A. when experienced smokers are smoking B. with unfiltered cigarettes C. when inexperienced smokers are smoking D. with filtered cigarettes

D. with filtered cigarettes

drug abuse reporting program

DARP; looked at clients enrolled in treatment programs between 1969 and 1972. It concluded that drug treatment programs were effective in improving post-treatment performance with respect to drug use, criminality, and productive activities.

Stomach Full =

Delayed absorption. Alcohol stays in stomach along with food and passage of alcohol into small intestine slows down.

intensification model

amends both enslavement and predisposition models; half the ppl who become addicts were already criminals beforehand, and there is no time relation between crime and drug use to be made, and criminals and drug users definitely overlap; however after stopping drug use, crimes committed by once-addicts always go down; DRUG USE INTENSIFIES CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

legalization worst-case scenario

anarchy and addiction is believed to abound; but in reality a lot of ppl would not take the risk; increase in use would b 2-3 more

Alcohol is a depressant drug

and the depressive symptoms in alcoholics are likely to be alcohol-induced

STANDARD DRINKS

any drink with 14 grams pure alcohol(about 0.5 oz)

prescription and maintenance model

anyone dependent on a given drug able to get certified registered by physician / clinic; registration allows them to get prescriptions at regular intervals; some call for gradual withdrawal of patient from drug use; drugs must be approved by fda--drugs would have to be safe so heroin / cocaine / meth wouldn't be on there; maintenance is maintaining addict on drugs, 180k in us with heroin addicts maintained by methadone--done with other drugs on wide scale would be v expensive--but participants might abuse program, not meet standards, etc

ADAM

arrestee drug abuse monitoring program--any arrestee who's committed any crime will be tested if willing; incredibly high drug use

Workplace-based programs to help people with alcohol and other drug problems, in an effort to increase the productivity of the organization, are called

EAPs

The idea that alcoholism could be viewed as a disease was first proposed in the writings of

EM Jellinek

SECONDHAND EFFECTS college kids

Effects of drinking on non-drinkers; 3/10 students insulted or humiliated; 1/5 unwanted sexual advance

Summarize nicotine's effect in the peripheral nervous system

at doses encountered in tobacco smoking, nicotine produces increases in heart rate and blood pressure and causes a constriction of blood vessels in the skin, cigarette can act as a laxative, cold touch, reduced blood flow, muscle twitches

heroin trafficking

at first came from golden triangle (burma and seasia) or golden crescent (afghanistan and mideast); now 39% from mexico (west coast) and 58% from south america (east coast)

federal time for drug offenders

average is about 55 months, only a little less than offenders for arson, weapons, racketeering; avg 8 months less than violent offenders

A dirty needle carries the risk of HIV infection but not hepatitis infection. T/F

According to 2008 DAWN statistics, most ED visits involved alcohol only. T/F

Drug abusers take drug doses which are well beyond the LD-response curve amounts. T/F

Drug tolerance is to setting as behavioral tolerance is to repetition. T/F

If a drug is ED50, it means the drug will become toxic if 50 mg of the drug is taken. T/F

In the DAWN reports, cocaine, heroin, and alcohol-in-combination cases are almost always lethal. T/F

Needle exchange programs have increased the prevalence of heroin abuse in recent studies. T/F

Systemic violence might include robbing a shopkeeper in order to get money to buy drugs. T/F

The placental barrier protects a fetus from toxic substances in the mother T/F

There are substances that exist which do not have any potential for toxicity. T/F

Violence resulting directly from the physiological effects of an injected drug is referred to as systemic violence. T/F

Low levels of alcohol make men feel sexy __________. A) because of a pharmacological effect B) because of an expectation effect C) because of a combination of a and b D) only when they are in mixed company

President _____ signed the legislations that became the 21st amendment ending Prohibition

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The Whiskey Rebellion was attempted as a protest against the administration of US President

George Washington

What is the half-life of nicotine elimination after smoking? Vaping? Snuff?

Half life is 30 minutes snuff? vaping=Between 90 and 150 minutes.

How long does it take for inhaled nicotine to reach the brain? (Figure 8-2). Does it accumulate

Hits brain almost immediately and does not fall, so yes it accumulates.

DISINHIBITION THEORY

Holds that drinking alcohol impairs normal cortical mechanisms responsible for inhibiting the expression of innate or suppressed aggressive inclinations.

ALCOHOL MYOPIA THEORY

Holds that intoxicated people are limited in their capacity to process info, so that they focus only on the most salient cues in their environment. So..alcohol reduces ability to attend to all subtle social cues that would lead to appropriate behavior

COGNITIVE EXPECTATION THEORY

Holds that learned beliefs or expectations about alcohol's effects can facilitate aggressive behaviors. Idea that violence is induced by the act of drinking in combination with one's personal view of how person is supposed to respond, rather than by the actual pharm effects

BINGE DRINKING

In 2 hr period, 4 drinks for women, 5 for men. For age 18-35 prevalence rates 28%; all adults 17%. For COLLEGE kids, 1/4 binge drinker. 48% report they drink to get drunk. 3/10 or 29% get drunk 3+ times/month

Where is the nicotine in smoke absorbed?

In the mucous membranes on the inside surface of the lungs.

BLACKOUT

Inability to remember events that occurred even though person was conscious at the time. Greatest risk when alcohol consumed fast, forcing BAC to rise rapidly. Half of college kids who drank had a blackout.

Legally, are cigarettes drugs? Drug delivery vehicles? Can the FDA regulate nicotine in cigarettes as drugs?

It can regulate nicotine if their is a public health concern. Legally they are not a drug

Why people think of alcohol as a STIMULANT

It is CNS depressant, but at low doses, it releases the prefrontal cortex from inhibitory control over subcortical systems in the brain. Kinda like a double negative. So alcohol is depressing a part of the brain that would normally be an inhibitor and the result of this disinhibition would be the illusion of stimulation.

How does nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion help with quitting smoking?

It slowly releases nicotine into the body and a diminishing rate.

A part of the FDA drug approval process is the determination that the drug is effective at treating some disorder and that it is safe. A thought question: If nicotine delivered through cigarettes (or snuff or vaping) were reviewed as a "drug" what would be your determination of its safety and of its efficacy

It's not safe and doesn't really treat anything (with an efficacy at least)

Tina and Jane both consumed eight alcoholic beverages during their pregnancy. Tina drank two alcoholic beverages per week during the first month of her pregnancy. Jane drank all eight beverages on the same weekend during the first month of her pregnancy. From this information, it is reasonable to conclude that

Jane's baby has a greater risk of FAS

John, 81, and his grandson, Peter, 21, each consume four beers at a family party. According to the text,

John will feel and act as if he had consumed more beer than Peter

Under what authority does the Food and Drug Administration regulate nicotine products? When was that passed?

June 2009,Family smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act regulate marketing and promotion of tobacco products regulate nicotine content if there is a public health concern

John has been an alcoholic for many years. He is having trouble remembering information that he has just been given. When talking about the past he often elaborates on a few details to make it appear as though he remembers past situations clearly. John is most likely suffering from

Karsokoff's psychosis

RESPONSIBLE DRINKING

Know how much you were drinking, chose beer or wine over liquor, drink slowly(1 drink per hr), sip your drinks, don't cluster your drinks, eat while drinking and avoid salty foods. Drink only when already relaxed. When you drink, savor the experience. NEVER DRINK ALONE. Watch unfamiliar drinks.

EMERGENCY measures

Lie person on side, head slightly lower than body. This prevents blockage of airway and possible asphyxiation if vomiting occurs. If asleep, monitor person until conscious. Only time and rest will help.

ALCOHOl and keeping WARM

MYTH. What really happens is peripheral dilation causes core temp to decrease. So more body heat is lost with it than without it.

Inhalation

Mainstream: Exhaled Sidestream: from cigarette tip more toxic, major determinant is the volume of smoke inhaled per puff

A workplace based program to help people with alcohol and other drug problems, in effort toward enhancing the welfare of the individual worker, is known as

Member assistance programs (MAPs)

HISTORY of distillation

Middle ages; medical school in Salerno Italy. Wine into brandy. Called aqua vitae, water of life. BRANDY was primary distilled liquor in Europe until mid 17th century. Then Dutch perfected distillation process and made gin by adding juniper berries to barley, potatoes, corn , wheat or rye.

The last state to repeal state prohibition laws was

Mississippi

A non-disease model of alcoholism is endorsed by which treatment organization?

Moderation Management

school fights and drugs

More than twice as many youths age 12- 17 took part in serious fights at school than did those who did not use drugs.

How alcohol is processed depends on several factors:

Most imp. is concentration of alcohol; also, amt of food, drinking rapidly. If rapid drinking, high bac cause liver can't eliminate it fast.

Transdermally

Nicotine patch, Nicotine chewing gum, nasal spray

1. True or false: the discriminative stimulus produced by cocaine sometimes generalizes to nicotine, but nicotine does not generalize to cocaine. This is probably because nicotine administration can result in the release of which neurotransmitter?

Nicotine will fully substitue for cocaine, but cocaine will only partially substitute for nicotine. Dopamine

What receptor does nicotine act on? What ion(s) does it pass? Is this excitatory or inhibitory?

Nicotinic receptors What ion(s) does it pass? Na+ and K+ Is this excitatory or inhibitory? Excitatory

Which continent was tobacco first cultivated on?

North and South America.

Discuss the kinetics (magnitude of the peak, time to peak) of smoking, nasal spray, patch, and chewing gum sources of nicotine. (Figure 8-3)

Patch. Slow accumulation, constant level Gum, rise and fall in blood levels, dependent on use Spray. 85% of maximal blood within 2.5 min. Cigarette- rises and then has a sharp declineof smoking (15% at about 18 minutes), nasal spray (12% at about 8 minutes), patch (10% at about 60 minutes), and chewing gum (9% at about 22 minutes) sources of nicotine.

methadone maintenance

Program that uses (_____) in order to wean users off heroin. There are Two types: 1. the metabolic or adaptive, which administers high doses for long periods of time. 2. the change or abstinence-oriented, administers smaller doses for shorter period of time and aims eventually to withdraw addicts from (____) all together

Nicotine bolus.

Rapid blood rise upon inhalation increased dopamine release. Enhanced reinforcing effects. Perhaps why smoking is more difficult to quit.

Naltrexone is available to treat alcoholics under the following brand name:

ReVia

Summarize in a sentence or two smoking's effect on cardiopulmonary disorders

Reduce oxygen carrying capacity, damages, and kills, heart tissue by reducing blood flow, promotes arteriosclerosis (accumulation of deposits on blood vessels). Reduces action of cilia, and increases susceptibility to other pollutants and infections.

DRIVING effects:

Reduced reaction time, steering coordination impacted, ability to stay awake affected. MAJOR WAY alcohol impacts drivers is awareness of peripheral vision and stimuli. Accidents involving MALES is 2 to 1

therapeutic community

Residential or live-in programs that operate under the assumption that a drug free experience is not only a realistic goal for recovering abusers but is an absolute necessary one.

Summarize nicotine's effect in the CNS

Respiration increases, muscular tremors, inhibition of some reflexs.Promotes release of norepinephrine Arousal Reticular activating system in brainstem Increased respiration (medulla) Overdose—respiratory arrest due to over-stimulation) Vomiting center (brainstem) Tolerance develops Promotes release of dopamine Nicotinic receptor found on dopamine cells in VTA Not reinforcing in knockout mice that do not have these receptors

drug treatment outcome study (DATOS)

Study like (___) that looked at treatment programs between 1991 and 1993. It confirmed the findings of (___) in regards to treatment programs working. Its going on today in 11 cities.

BALANCED PLACEBO DESIGN

Subjects are randomly divided in 4 groups. 2 groups are given an alcoholic drink. One group is told it is alcohol and the other group is told that they have non-alcoholic drink that tastes and smells like alcohol. Beliefs about drug effects are more influential than physiological effects. So what one is told is more important than what one consumes. To be a true test of cognitive expectation theory, a balanced placebo design can't be used with BAC levels over 0.035% because subjects are no longer fooled. And..most alcohol related violence happen at BAC levels 6 times higher.

"Drug czars" were established as a result of the 1988 Anti Drug Abuse Act. T/F

According to recent DAWN statistics, there has been a greater number of drug-related ED for visits prescription and OTC medications alone than with illicit drugs alone. Narcotic analgesics are on the rise. T/F

Behavioral tolerance is based on Pavlovian conditioning. T/F

In 2009, the ban on federal funding for needle exchange program was lifted. T/F

In most cases, the dosage levels taken by drug abusers would be lethal if taken by a first-time user. T/F

Men outnumber women two-to-one in terms of ED visits involving illicit drug use. T/F

The concept of physical dependence originates from observations of heroin abusers. T/F

The margin of safety measure of a particular drug is a more conservative (in the direction of safety) measure of drug toxicity than the therapeutic index for that drug. T/F

There are more fatalities from chronic smoking of tobacco than from illicit drug use. T/F

Though cocaine was not defined as a narcotic, it was still affected by the Harrison Act of 1914. T/F

Water has the potential for being a psychoactive substance. T/F

treatment outcome perspective study

TOPS; Study conducted in the 1980's that examined treatment outcomes in drug abusers between 1979 and 1981. It found that drug treatment programs worked, especially the longer the abuser was enrolled.

Immediate benefit of repeal of Prohibition

Tax revenue! Helped economy in depression. Increases in alcohol prices do result in reducing consumption in gen. pop, heavy drinkers, young.

crime for drugs vs alcohol

bc alcohol is legal there is less need to be around ppl doing illegal things in order to continue drinking --> a different, lower level of crime will be exhibited

eco-compulsive model

because addicts need money to support their habits they engage in crime to get money and this can often result in escalation that leads to violence often accidentally

legalization summary

began in late 80s; can't be used as an independent solution--must come with other forms of help, some believe certain law enforcement; policy needs to answer questions of how much legalization is needed; which drugs; under what conditions can they retailers dispense them; do the retailers have to be approved; to whom are they to be dispensed--addicts? by age? at what purity, price

hawks

believe in law and order and punitive model; believe this will deter drug use

conservative critics of drug court

believe it lets drug users off the hook

legalizer critics of drug court

believe the threat of arrest should not be over the head of the user, not done to alcoholics so it's unfair; should be voluntary

Analogy: Male alcoholics are to steady drinking as female alcoholics are to

binge drinking

Thiamine deficiency is linked to

both Wernicke's disease and Korsakoff's psychosis

Which of the following concepts is based on a systems approach to alcoholism? A. enabling B. codependency C. denial D. both A and B

both a and b

absolute deterrence

The rationale that crime is deterred or discouraged in some absolute or abstract sense by law enforcement

relative deterrence

The rationale that having police present helps to lower the instances of crime, compared to having no police presence.

True or false: nicotine produces a unique discriminative stimulus that does not generalize to pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide or caffeine

True

How powerful is the self-administration of nicotine?

Very powerful and widespread.

criteria for drug court

Violent Offenders, Traffickers, or repeat offenders are not eligible. Simple possession is typical criteria to be able to participate.

The vitamin deficiency implicated in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Alcohol Breakdown: solubility in BLANK helps alcohol to be distributed to all bodily tissues.

WATER. Tissues having more water content get greater proportion of alcohol.

WOMEN and alcohol metabolism

Women have 60% LESS ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE in stomach than men; thus slower oxidation of alcohol.

Analogy: Beer is to distilled spirits as __________. A) ale is to brandy B) gin is to vodka C) modern-day beer is to ancient Egyptian beer D) NIAAA is to NIDA

Mary, an alcoholic, gave birth to a baby girl. The baby was born with a small skull and drooping eyelids. The groove between her mouth and nose is flattened. She had a normal birth weight and no apparent CNS abnormalities. According to the text, it is most likely that Mary's daughter was born with __________. A) partial fetal alcohol syndrome B) Wernicke's disease C) fetal alcohol syndrome D) Wernicke's encephalopathy

Disulfiram (Antabuse) is

a biologically based treatment for alcoholism

Janet and her alcoholic husband Jeff have an argument. Jeff then drinks 8 beers. Janet blames herself for Jeff's drinking. Janet is

a codependent

Dementia is a term that refers to

a cognitive deficit

Alcoholism is diagnosed by

a collection of signs, symptoms, and behaviors

punitive model

calls for policy punishing persons who ignore the law and purvey or partake in specific banned / illegal activity / product; in china 1000s of drug users killed per year; but perceived severity of punishment plays virtually no role in explaining deviant behavior

Cardiovascular problems

can occur among alcoholics

Which area(s) of the brain are most affected by heavy drinking?

cerebellum and cerebral cortex

The acronym, COAs refers to

children of alcoholics

A need to seek external sources of self-worth is one of the characteristics of

codependency

Chronic alcohol abuse increases the risk of cancer in the following organs EXCEPT A. esophagus B. pharynx C. larynx D. colon

colon

A major problem or problems with disulfiram (Antabuse) treatment is the

compliance of the alcoholic taking the medication regularly

What are the signs of nicotine withdrawal? How long after quitting do they peak? How closely linked to dose and duration of smoking is the severity of withdrawal?

decreased heart rate, increase in eating (weight gain) inability to concentrate, mood changes, cravings, anger, peak after one week, develop over the first 3 days, over within 1-6 months fast metabolizers show more severe symptoms than slow

partial decriminalization

decriminalized based on state desires; marijuana decriminalized in 13 states and dc; drug still not legal--police can confiscate and offender can be fined; but possessor cannot be arrested or imprisoned; sale still illegal

Extreme disorientation and confusion are two symptoms of

delirium tremens

Life-threatening events (e.g. heart failure, dehydration) are common with _____

delirium tremens

Tim is having physical withdrawal symptoms from alcohol. He started feeling confused and feverish. He is sweating and hallucinating. Tim is most likely suffering from

delirium tremens

Which of the following is NOT one of the three forms of liver disease? A. fatty liver B. alcoholic hepatitis C. alcoholic cirrhosis D. delirium tremens

delirium tremens

A sensitivity to the mere mentioning of a possible drinking problem is referred to as

denial

According to the text, ____ most often delays the onset of treatment for alcohol abuse

denial enabling

pure chemical model

developed exclusively in lab--no natural origin; user needs manufacturer; i.e. lsd and meth

specifist drug policy

different programs for different drugs

direct vs indirect correlation

direct is cause and effect whereas indirect may b due to shared cause but multiple dependent variables

The research shows that the majority of COAs

do not develop serious adult problems

An example of a social component of the criteria used to define alcoholism is

domestic instability

A deficiency in motor control can result from a degeneration of neurons sensitive to which major neurotransmitter? 3 A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. norepinephrine

dopamine

The success of naltrexone treatment in alcoholism has suggested that alcohol may interact with receptors sensitive to which neurotrasmitter

dopamine

alcohol and violence

drinkers have higher rates of violence than nondrinkers and the more someone drinks the likelier it is they'll be violent; due to disinhibition and somewhat due to social acceptance of drunken comportment being crazy due to alcohol

Symptomatic drinking is indicated by

drinking as a way of relieving tension

10% of the population

drinks 60% of the total US alcohol supply

20% of the population

drinks 80% of the total alcohol consumed

systemic model

drug dealers often get robbed or harmed bc they have so much money; when dealers are arrested they might inform on others to avoid long time, which can lead to violence as revenge; disputes over quality of drug; gang territory disputes; buyers not being able to pay back what they used for themselves but were actually supposed to sell; highest percentage of most drug-related violent crimes explained by this theory

difference between drug use and incarceration rates

drug use declines 70s--90s, stable in 2000s; arrests and imprisonments skyrocket, but then slow down 2000-2010

psychopharmalogical model

drugs cause violence through their chemical effects on the mind

The greatest risk for FAS or FAE is associated with drinking

during the first trimester of pregnancy

Type 2 alcoholics tend to develop alcoholism

early in life

drug crime models pre 1970

economic-compulsive / enslavement

The most effective therapy for codependency involves

emotional detachment from the alcoholic

There is a correlation between a decline in overall intelligence and

enlargement of brain ventricles

In Type 1 alcoholics, _____ tended to play a role in the development of alcoholism

environmental influences

One of the problems in assessing the effectiveness of AA is that

everyone wants to stay anonymous

Type 2 alcoholics are greatly affected by his/her

family drinking history

Of the three types of alcohol-related liver diseases, the least severe of them is

fatty liver

Which of the following is most characteristic of Type 1 alcoholics? A. inability to abstain from alcohol B. psychological dependence ("loss of control") C. feelings of guilt and fear about alcoholism D. serotonin abnormalities in the brain

feelings of guilt and fear about alcoholism

Which of the following is characteristic of Type 2 alcoholics? A. high tendency to use alcohol to achieve positive feelings B. environmental factors having the greatest influence C. fighting when drinking D. onset of alcohol problems after age 25

fighting when drinking

According to the text, on average, for every one person with alcohol problems, how many other people are affected on a regular basis?

four

cocaine trafficking

from peru, bolivia or colombia (90%); 2/3s goes through mexico

In the slang of Prohibition, "revenuers" were

government agents enforcing prohibition laws

marijuana figures

greatest weight of all drugs trafficked bc it's bulky; but market barely exceeds heroin

marijuana trafficking

half grown domestically; most of the rest from mexico, some from colombia or other countries

Sons of alcoholics who have a low response to alcohol

have a 60 percent chance of becoming an alcoholic as an adult

Research on adopted children shows biological children of alcoholics being raised by nonalcoholic adoptive parents

have a greater risk of becoming an alcoholic

Children of alcoholics

have a greater risk of being alcoholic

Women are more likely than men to

have alcohol related organ damage

Abt Associates

have published research on size of drug trade and costs of heroin and cocaine for office of drug control policy; research how much americans spend on drugs each year

Which of the following is not a criterion for FAS? A. growth retardation B. hepatitis or other liver disease C. CNS abnormalities or mental retardation D. characteristic skull and facial appearance

hepatitis or other liver disease

The goal of administering TWEAK is to

identify pregnant women who put their fetuses at risk for FAS

drug effects

if the drug doesn't reduce socialization and ability to function like tobacco, alcohol and marijuana don't, it will increase under legalization; but if it is very disruptive it will remain a deterrent even under legalization; reinforcement (seen most in cocaine) of enjoyable experience with drug would create longterm users tho, whether or not they were addicts; but be wary of animal models as they do not replicate always perfectly with humans

Neuroimaging procedures such as CT and MRI scans show a link between heavy drinking and destructive effects

in the brain

Enablers

inadvertently delay the onset of treatment

illicit trade organization

increasingly decentralized, from all different countries, many different kingpins locally and nationally, all different races / nationalities; creates income for many people in all countries

middle class dealers v inner city dealers

inner city dealers sell small quantities to strangers in semi public or public settings, leading to higher arrest rates; middle class dealers tend to sell only to those they know and at higher quantities. This leads to lower arrest rates than inner city dealers

According to the text, alcohol stays in a fetus' system longer than the mother's because

insufficient levels of alcohol breakdown in the fetus

Out-of-control drinking is indicated by

intense craving for alcohol

DISTILLATION

involves heating fermented mixture till boiling, and because alcohol has lower boiling temp than h2o, vapor has higher alcohol to h20 ratio than original mixture. Vapor is drawn into coiled "still" and cooled until it condenses back to a liquid, drop by drop. New liquid is distilled spirits or liquor. Alcohol content is usually 40-50%; can get up to 95%.

Alcohol

is technically not a carcinogen

One criticism of the concept of codependency is that

it makes the person feel like a victim

A yellowing of the skin is referred to as the condition called

jaundice

A secondary symptom of Wernicke's disease, other than confusion and disorientation is

lack of motor coordination

enslavement model / medical model

law-abiding citizens become addicted to drugs and take to a life of crime to support their drug habit. if narcotics were legal then no one would have to commit crimes, and there would be medical treatment to prevent addiction. narcotics users only commit crimes bc it's illegal

four drug policy reforms

legalization, decriminalization, medical / prescription model, harm reduction

opinions on maintaining all drugs as legal or illegal

legalizing drugs such as marijuana in certain states / netherlands has had little impact on drug use rates; rate of actually being arrested for transaction is 1 in 10,000; relative deterrence might be most realistic

heroin figures

less spent than in the past bc it is cheaper but same quantity brought into the country

Demon Rum

liquor demonized as source of EVIL

heroin economics

lower than estimated but they also get paid in heroin for dealing or steal from each other; it also depends on whether studies / surveys used actual ppl or just estimated shots / day to get high; also a lot of ppl go days without heroin cuz they can't afford it; or they just steal heroin form ppl

The 21st Amendment

made the regulation of alcohol the responsibility of local authorities

meth figures

major player in illicit drug market despite regionalized use

Type 1 alcoholics can be either male or female while Type 2 alcoholics are principally

males only

For 80-proof spirits, Number of standard drinks:

mixed is 1 or more pint(16 oz) = 11 standard drinks fifth (25 oz) = 17 standard drinks 1.75 L (59oz) = 39 standard drinks

Absorption from the mouth and digestive system

moist snuff, chewing tobacco absorbed in cheeks or under the tongue

violence cocaine and gender

more cocaine used by men led to greater violence; more used by women led to greater likelihood of being a victim of violence; legalization would not stop violence

In general, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is ____ alcoholic dementia

more severe than

FAS is generally considered

more severe than FAE

fbi's index crimes

murder rape robbery assault etc

A medication related to naltrexone (ReVia) for the treatment of alcoholism is

nalmefene

The analgesic effects of Chinese acupuncture can be reversed by this endorphin antagonist: A. dopamine B. serotonin C. acetylcholine D. naloxone

naloxone

A new extended release injectable form of ____ (brand name:Vivitrol), administered on a monthly basis, eliminated problems associated with skipping ones medication

naltrexone

It has been found that ____ can reduce the craving for alcohol

naltrexone

self-help peer groups

narcotics or alcoholics anonymous

meth trafficking

nearly all is domestic or only crosses from mexico; sometimes getting necessry chemicals from china or india

Nicotine/ fine motor control

nicotine improves performance, finger tapping test, pegboard task

NHP in the SMART Recovery program refers to

no Higher Power

The best way to treat alcoholism is

no one treatment is best

pure agricultural model

no work needed other than harvesting drug to convert it to product; i.e. marijuana

legal drugs

not included in controlled substances act; available to anyone over a certain age; otc; aspirin, tylenol, dexatrim, compoz, alcohol and tobacco; can be used in variety of ways but illegaly can result in arrest

According to the text, in 1957, the American Medical Association

officially recognized alcoholism as a disease

Codependency refers to certain behaviors

on the part of family members of an alcoholic

Wine

one 5oz glass is standard if wine is 12oz. If it is 16% alcohol concentration, it is 33% higher and now is 0.8 oz. So now to be = to a 12 oz beer, the quantity would need to go down to 4 oz.

FAS and FAE is exceeded ____ as the leading cause of mental retardation in entire Western world.

only by Down syndrome and spina bifida

Type 1 alcoholics are to _____ as Type 2 alcoholics are to _____

partly genetic and partly environments; mostly genetic

Analogy: AA is to SMART Recovery as powerlessness is to

personal responsibility

legalization

placed under controls applying to alcohol / tobacco: purchased on open market, off shelf, by anyone above certain age at a certain distance from school / houses of worship / polling place; certain potency; growing for personal use legal; public intoxication / driving illegal; regulations on advertising; the netherlands

schedule 1 drugs

possession and sale completely illegal, no medical utility; marijuana, heroin, mdma, ecstasy, lsd

search time

ppl not getting high every day bc of hassle of crime and expense; the time taken away from getting high; as search time goes up demand decreases; police tactics to reduce public exchanges

predisposition model / criminal model

ppl who become addicted were already criminals. drug-users are already deviants; criminals and drug users overlap in the population; legalization of drugs would have no effect

drug crime models post 1970

predisposition and systemic

Employee assistance programs are set up to help workers with

problems related to alcohol and other drug abuse problems

factors facilitating drug trade

prohibition (huge effect on where drugs are sourced and their PRICEEEE); poverty in a country / location--poor ppl are willing to take great risks for money and do the grunt work of drug trafficking; strength of cartel over gov't--local tribes or territories controled, or ppl in the gov't / law enforcement; worldwide networks / globalization; instant communication

medical model

providing drug treatment; addition seen as a disease

Craving for alcohol means that alcoholism has the following characteristic:

psychological dependence

A preoccupation with drinking would be an example of the _____ component of the criteria used to define alcoholism

psychological-behavioral

balloon effect

push down / pop up in another area to replace it

reasons law enforcement is powerless against drug trade

push down/pop up; drugs can be grown in incredibly small / invisible places; drug trade employs millions; drug armies can be much larger than dea / law enforcement; the trade routes / border are impossible to close off; but total legalization would make everything super cheap and everyone would be using it

white vs red wine

red has skins, white does not

During the 1700s, the goal of social reform was to

reduce the consumption of distilled spirits (liquor)

HEALTH BENEFITS/RISKS

reduces risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke risk, and keeps cognitive function intact with age. Increases risk of breast cancer, violence, drowning, injuries from falls and motor vehicle crashes.

PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE

reinforcing action of alcohol is a result of its influence on dopamine releasing neurons in the nucleus accumbens in the brain.

All things equal, BIGGER PERSON will

require more alcohol in body to have equivalent levels accumulating in blood because of having more body fluids to absorb it, thus diluting overall effect

Solubility of alcohol in FAT facilitates its passage across the blood brain barrier.

result: 90% reaches brain almost immediately. FETUS gets it too and levels are same as mom.

TOXIC REACTIONS

risk of death by asphyxiation if BAC LEVELS go to 0.50%. The therapeutic index is LD50/ED50 of 6. Two factors save people. One alcohol is a gastric irritant so person gets nauseated and vomits. Second, person may pass out, but can vomit while unconscious.

"Moonshiners" is a term to describe

saloons

prescription drugs

schedule II-IV; written by physicians for patients; only legal via prescription; other than for prescription for mentally disordered or narcotic addicts trying to quit

Symptoms of Wernicke-Korastoff syndrome in an elderly person are often masked by the symptoms of

senility

Type-2 alcoholics can be helped by new medications that reduce levels of

seratonin

The technical name for _______ is 5-hydroxytryptamine (abbreviated 5-HT). A. serotonin B. dopamine C. acetylcholine D. norepinephrine

serotonin

Which population of women would show a higher incidence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy? A. nonsmokers B. smokers C. women living in the East D. women living in the West

smokers

An alcohol-tolerant drinker will feel ___ when actually he or she is ___ (by behavioral standards)

sober;drunk

Type 1 alcoholics are greatly affected by his/her

socioeconomic status

Aftershave lotions can produce adverse effects on a person taking disulfiram (Antabuse) because

some aftershave lotions contain alcohol

harm reduction

specifist distinction bn hard and soft drugs and small low level / high level and volume users or sellers; prevails in netherlands, switzerland and uk; drug policy meant to attempt to minimize harm rather than wipe it out; needle exchange & distribution; methadone programs; heroin and marijuana permitted for medical use; flexibility and willingness to try new things and scrap them if they fail; might create more state control than before; might decrease crime but increase drug use

Which of the following behaviors would not be classified as a psychological-behavioral component of the criteria used to define alcoholism? A. spree or binge drinking B. symptomatic drinking C. spouse abuse D. a craving for alcohol

spouse abuse

When Prohibition was repealed on a federal level,

state prohibition laws were not repealed in all states until 1966

de facto legalization

still technically illegal but are sold to adults in a way that is ignored, as with marijuana in netherlands

ACUTE TOXIC REACTION

stupor or unconscious, cool or damp skin, weak, rapid pulse(100+bpm), shallow breathing(one breath every 3-4 seconds), pale or bluish skin. Among blacks, color changes will appear in fingernail beds, mucous membranes of mouth, underneath eyelids.

the french connection

supplied 80% of heroin in US; dismantled 1972 by police and led to huge demand; ppl around the world attempted to fill the gap

The encouragement of alcoholics to assume an essentially passive stance is an objection raised by those who

support a non disease conception of alcoholism

Which of the following physical withdrawal symptoms pertains to both clusters of physical withdrawal effects? A. fever B. hallucinations C. sweating D. vomiting

sweating

Which of the following is NOT a basic syndrome of alcoholism? A. alcohol abuse B. alcohol dependence C. symptomatic drinking D. all of the above

symptomatic drinking

Chronic alcohol intake results in

symptoms of depression

According to the text, many believed saloons in the 19th century were responsible for the spread of ____

syphilis

When Prohibition was repealed

tax revenue could be obtained once more from alcohol sales

Benjamin Rush

temperance spokesperson; didn't influence drinking during his life, but later inspiration.

Because of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) alcohol can be classified as

teratogenic

The Volstead Act of 1919 was repealed by

the 21st Amendment

Alcoholics Anonymous is famous for a program of recovery known as

the Twelve Steps

The name of the legislation that set up the enforcement of Prohibition was

the Volstead Act

A commonly observed group of symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal is referred to as

the alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Heather began having physical withdrawal symptoms about 24 hours after she stopped drinking. She kept waking up from vivid dreams. She was trembling and sweating. Her heart rate was rapid and she felt nauseated. Heather is suffering from

the alcohol withdrawal syndrome

CT and MRI scans show a link between heavy drinking and shrinkage of

the brain

The adverse consequences of alcohol consumed during pregnancy is due to

the ease with which alcohol passes throughout the blood-placental barrier

An underreported group with respect to alcoholism is:

the elderly

The concordance rate is used to determine

the extent of genetic influence in inheritance

Men outnumber women six to one in

the incidence of alcoholism

Analogy: Alcohol-induced chest pain is to the heart as alcohol-induced cirrhosis is to

the liver

iron law of prohibition

the more intense the law enforcement, the more intense the drug bc more intense drugs take up less space, can be sold for more money

Within the first trimester of pregnancy, the greatest risk for FAS and FAE is associated with drinking during

the third week

constant blood level

theory of nicotine smoking that states that smokers attempt to maintain a dose high enough to avoid withdrawal symptoms by below a level that has toxic or aversive effects

Health researchers have established that

there is no safe level of drinking during pregnancy

Thiamine deficiency has important consequences because

thiamine is necessary for glucose consumption in the brain

cost

things like heroin and cocaine are as cheap to make as aspirin, so profit would go down, but use would still go up bc of affordability; also, alcohol and tobacco industry still makes tons of money off legal drugs; there is also the argument that it is their high price that keeps usage down; seen in vietnam when soldiers had free access and used a lot then stopped using in us; or with medical prof's who always have access

frequency of use

those who currently use illegal drugs are not using as much as they would like; if legalization occured they would use more; the hassle factor would be eliminated under legalization and use would increase

The nucleus accumbens is in the p.81 A. midbrain 2 B. medulla C. cerebellum D. limbic system

D. limbic system

The encouragement of controlled levels of drinking rather than total abstinence is a position of which alcoholism treatment program?

Most patients who require chronic institutionalization from Korsakoff's psychosis are

those with the longest history of alcohol consumption

Recent studies have shown the usefulness of _____, an anti epileptic and migraine-alleviating medication, for treating alcohol dependence

topiramate

Wernicke's disease

is the first stage of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Smokers eliminate caffeine ____ percent faster than non-smokers. A. 25 B. 32 C. 68 D. 100

D 100

The DAWN reporting program reaches practically all emergency department patients in the United States. T/F

The higher the margin of safety ratio, the more toxic the drug. T/F

Which of the following is part of the hindbrain? A. somatic system 1 B. medulla C. autonomic nervous system D. cortex

1 B. medulla

The ____ is a structural interview instrument used to detect alcoholism

MAST

Cardiovascular disease in smokers is primarily due to the ______ in cigarette smoke. A. nicotine B. tar C. carbon monoxide D. both B and C

Children of parents who smoke in the home have an increased risk of A. bronchitis B. middle ear disease C. wheezing D. all of the above

The "on" state of the neuron is generally referred to as the A. dendritic charge 1 B. nerve impulse C. synaptic knob-knocker D. axonic metabolite

1 B. nerve impulse

Serotonin plays an important role in regulating A. patterns of sleep B. feelings of stress and fear C. one's reaction to pain D. our movements

A. patterns of sleep

Chronic alcohol consumption can result in A. ulcers B. inflammation of the pancreas C. inflammation of the stomach D. all of the above

The rate of elimination of a particular drug can be determined by an index called: A. the elimination quarter-life 1 B. the elimination half-life C. the elimination rate-life D. the elimination declination life

1 B. the elimination half-life

The most common means of drug elimination is through excretion in the: A. feces 1 B. urine C. saliva D. exhaled breath

1 B. urine

A shaman is A. a primitive healer B. an "extinct" cultural phenomenon C. an individual who relies upon elaborate rituals D. often appointed at random among young females in a tribe

Which of the following is true? A. African-Americans retain more nicotine per cigarette than white smokers resulting in smoking fewer cigarettes per day B. African-Americans retain less nicotine per cigarette than white smokers resulting in smoking fewer cigarettes per day C. whites retain more nicotine per cigarette than African-Americans resulting in smoking fewer cigarettes per day. D. Asians retain more nicotine per cigarette than white smokers resulting in smoking more cigarettes per day

A. African-Americans retain more nicotine per cigarette than white smokers resulting in smoking fewer cigarettes per day

According to the text, _______ smoke fewer cigarettes per day than _______. A. African-Americans, whites 2 B. whites, African-Americans C. Hispanics, Asians D. Asians, African-Americans

A. African-Americans, whites

Which route of administration provides the slowest absorption into the brain, in general? A. oral B. absorption through skin or membranes C. inhalation D. injection

A. oral

Which two nations are the top tea consumers in the world? A. Ireland and Great Britain B. Spain and Portugal C. China and Japan D. the United States and Mexico

A. Ireland and Great Britain

Which of the following disadvantages applies to subcutaneous injections? A. Only a small amount of drug can be injected. B. It is difficult to achieve a precise control over the dosage. C. The absorption time is faster than that of intravenous injections. D. It is impossible to achieve a steady absorption of the drug into the bloodstream.

A. Only a small amount of drug can be injected.

Degeneration of the substantia nigra results in A. Parkinson's disease B. a strange effect of prolonged euphoria C. a reduction in the effects of antipsychotic medication D. cortical inhibition

A. Parkinson's disease

A dose-response curve is generally shaped as a(n) __________. A. S B. U C. inverted U D. inverted V

A. S

_______ constitute the family of stimulant compounds in which caffeine belongs. A. Xanthines B. Theobromines C. Theophyllines D. Cocaine and amphetamine

A. Xanthines

Which response would be a result of sympathetic activation? A. a higher level of blood pressure 2 B. a slower heart rate C. an increased rate of digestion D. a constriction in the pupil of the eye

A. a higher level of blood pressure

Environmental tobacco smoke __________. A. affects anyone in an enclosed space B. fails to affect families of smokers C. dissipates in a matter of minutes D. changes its character once it diffuses into the air

A. affects anyone in an enclosed space

According to the 2009 University of Michigan survey, almost one-half of high school seniors reported having consumed ______ in the past month. A. alcohol B. cigarettes C. cocaine D. a hallucinogenic drug

A. alcohol

Three to seven hours after drinking coffee, __________. A. approximately half of it still remains in the bloodstream B. blood pressure decreases C. caffeine is eliminated from the body D. pupils in the eyes dilate

A. approximately half of it still remains in the bloodstream

In general, what is NOT affected by the ingestion of caffeine? A. behavioral consequences of alcohol intoxication B. the risk of cardiovascular disease C. the time it takes to fall asleep D. performance of boring or repetitive tasks

A. behavioral consequences of alcohol intoxication

Psychoactive drugs affect our behavior and experience A. by altering the functioning of the brain B. by purely psychological means C. by adjusting our expectations toward a given response D. only if they are ingested orally

A. by altering the functioning of the brain

The xanthine content in coffee includes __________. A. caffeine only B. theobromine only C. caffeine and theobromine D. caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline

A. caffeine only

About 60 milligrams of nicotine __________. A. can quickly kill a healthy human adult B. are found in approximately a half-pack of cigarettes C. would be ingested from two or three cigarettes D. is the minimal effective dose for relaxation

A. can quickly kill a healthy human adult

Among the gases of tobacco smoke, the most toxic is __________. A. carbon monoxide B. acetone C. ammonia D. carbon dioxide

A. carbon monoxide

The advantage of cigarettes over cigars in the late 1800s and early 1900s was that __________. A. cigarettes were less expensive B. cigarettes were viewed as being safer to your health C. cigars were rumored to contain contaminating ingredients D. smoking cigarettes was viewed as being tough and rugged

A. cigarettes were less expensive

Enzymes that are in the vicinity of the synapse serve to A. control the amounts of neurotransmitters in the synapse 2 B. release specific neurotransmitters C. aid in neurotransmitters "locking" into receptor sites D. all of the above

A. control the amounts of neurotransmitters in the synapse

Midbrain is to sensory and motor reflexes as forebrain is to A. emotional and motivational acts 3 B. basic life functions C. instinctive behaviors D. sleeping patterns

A. emotional and motivational acts

A group of neurotransmitters which serve as natural painkillers are called A. endorphins B. gamma aminobutyric acids C. serotonin D. norepinephrine

A. endorphins

Pain-killing drugs bear a remarkable resemblance to A. endorphins 1 B. dopamine C. acetylcholine D. serotonin

A. endorphins

A man would generally be defined as having engaged in binge drinking if __________. A. five drinks had been consumed in a row B. six drinks had been consumed in a row C. ten drinks had been consumed in a row D. three drinks had been consumed in a row

A. five drinks had been consumed in a row

A chemical substance can travel from lungs to the brain in A. five to eight seconds B. about a minute and a half C. about the same time as when injected sub-Q D. one-half second or less

A. five to eight seconds

In a recent study, 12 out of 13 former cigarette smokers with brain damage to the ______ reported that it was easier to quit smoking, whereas only four out of 19 people with damage that did not include this area were able to do so. A. insula B. cerebellum C. medulla D. pons

A. insula

Which of the following forms of drug administration is the fastest? A. intravenous B. intramuscular C. oral D. sublingual

A. intravenous

The coordinator of the basic life-support systems of the body is the A. medulla 2 B. pons C. cerebellum D. limbic system

A. medulla

As dose level rises, it is likely that the effect produced by the drug __________. A. rises as well B. rises and then falls C. falls and then rises D. remains the same

A. rises as well

In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency reported that __________. A. sidestream smoke causes lung cancer in non-smokers B. a greater tax was placed on cigarettes to deter minors from purchasing them C. a federal law went into effect banning smoking in restaurants D. ads for cigarettes or other tobacco products must include the Surgeon General's warning

A. sidestream smoke causes lung cancer in non-smokers

SPENDING on alcohol

Americans $140 bill, $1.7 billion advertising

________ are tight rolls of dried tobacco leaves. A. snuff B. cigars C. chewing tobacco D. cigarettes

A particularly dangerous situation can result when medications are combined with A. caffeine B. alcohol C. nicotine D. excessive water

Crack is defined as A. a smokable form of opium B. a smokable form of cocaine C. a smokable form of heroin D. an injectable form of tobacco

In the early 20th century, for which of the following disorders would heroin NOT have been advised as a medicine? A. pneumonia B. smallpox C. tuberculosis D. morphine addiction

Some molds and fungi have been sources of which class of drugs? A. drugs effective in treating schizophrenia B. drugs effective in treating bacterial infections C. drugs effective in treating constipation D. aspirin and other headache medications

The margin of safety regarding the response to illicit drugs A. is carefully monitored by the FDA B. is totally unregulated C. is increasingly monitored in several U.S. states D. is monitored by the FDA with respect to heroin

Compared to high school seniors, college students report a roughly equivalent annual prevalence rate in the use of illicit drugs in general, which is about ____________. A. 26 percent B. 36 percent C. 46 percent D. 48 percent

B. 36 percent

According to the University of Michigan survey, in 2009 about _____ of U. S. high school seniors had used an illicit drug during the previous year. A. 17 percent B. 37 percent C. 63 percent D. 77 percent

B. 37 percent

Physical withdrawal symptoms in an alcohol-dependent individual occur at a prevalence rate of about __________. A. 1 to 2 percent B. 5 to 18 percent C. 50 to 60 percent D. 95 to 100 percent

B. 5 to 18 percent

It is estimated that genetics account for about ___ of the inclination to begin smoking, and ___ of ability to quit. 3 A. 10 percent, 15 percent B. 75 percent, 54 percent C. 20 percent, 31 percent D. 54 percent, 75 percent

B. 75 percent, 54 percent

It is reasonable that antiepileptic medications would increase levels of A. dopamine B. GABA C. endorphins D. serotonin

B. GABA

________ is a disorder resulting from degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. 2 A. Nicotine addiction B. Parkinson's disease C. Alzheimer's Disease D. Emphysema

B. Parkinson's disease

Which statement is true? A. All psychoactive drugs produce dependence B. Some psychoactive drugs produce dependence C. Only illicit psychoactive drugs produce dependence D. All dependence-producing drugs are illicit

B. Some psychoactive drugs produce dependence

The vitamin deficiency implicated in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is __________. A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) C. Vitamin C D. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

B. Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

A major feature of drug studies that is helpful in evaluating whether a new medication has genuine benefits is A. media coverage of the results from past studies B. a double-blind procedure C. information concerning whether or not drug interactions occur D. information concerning whether or not a major neurotransmitter is involved

B. a double-blind procedure

You can facilitate crossing the blood-brain barrier by combining protein-based drugs with A. another protein B. a fatty acid C. a derivative of dopamine D. a substance decreasing fat-solubility

B. a fatty acid

Prior to 1900, lung cancer was __________. A. at about twice the levels in U.S. society than it is today B. a rare disease C. observed in more women than men, opposite to the prevalence rates today D. more common than heart attacks

B. a rare disease

You have a better chance of staying within the therapeutic window with A. a tamper-proof drug container B. a time-release form of the drug C. an easily digested form of the drug D. an injection of the drug

B. a time-release form of the drug

Headaches caused by caffeine withdrawal occur due to __________. A. an increase in heart rate B. an increase in blood flow to the head C. an increase in spinal cord sensitivity D. increased pressure on the optic nerve

B. an increase in blood flow to the head

Adenosine is __________. A. a breakdown product from caffeine metabolism B. an inhibitory neurotransmitter C. a neurotransmitter stimulated by caffeine D. a component of some bronchial dilators

B. an inhibitory neurotransmitter

If one drug has an effect of 6 and a second drug has an effect of 6, but the combination of the two drugs has an effect of 0, then the interaction is A. synergistic B. antagonistic C. hyperadditive D. additive

B. antagonistic

An active placebo is a A. drug that actually has active ingredients in it B. drug that is inert but looks identical to the one with active ingredients C. drug that is inert but looks different from the one with active ingredients D. drug that has active ingredients in it and looks physically attractive

B. drug that is inert but looks identical to the one with active ingredients

Athletes can experience a "runner's high", or euphoria, during strenuous physical activity, due to elevated levels of A. GABA B. endorphins C. acetylcholine D. norepinepherine

B. endorphins

Drug A and Drug B activate the same types of receptor sites. After repeated using of Drug A, Drug B would produce a _______ effect. A. stronger B. equivalent C. weaker D. cannot be determined from the above information

B. equivalent

It is possible for drug concentrations to continue to rise in the blood A. even when there is no longer any effect at all B. even when the effect has reached maximum strength C. even when the effect has begun to decline D. even when the individual has not taken the drug

B. even when the effect has reached maximum strength

The key factor in determining passage across the blood-brain barrier is A. protein linkages B. fat solubility C. stability in the brain D. spinal cord compatibility

B. fat solubility

A major function of endorphins is to A. allow us to fall asleep B. feel less pain C. prevent schizophrenia D. reduce hallucinations after taking LSD

B. feel less pain

The term that describes a substance that is soluble in fat is called A. insipid-soluble B. lipid-soluble C. capillary-soluble D. monolipid-soluble

B. lipid-soluble

1.70 In comparison to rates of nicotine use among high school seniors in 1977, current usage rates among high school seniors are __________.

B. lower

The effects of abused drugs delivered by injection is known as: A. streamlining B. mainlining C. veinlining D. intravenous-lining

B. mainlining

Of the following drugs, which has the longest elimination half-life? A. cocaine B. marijuana C. nicotine D. All of these drugs have the same elimination half-life

B. marijuana

In general, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is ________ alcoholic dementia. A. less severe than B. more severe than C. a more general category that includes D. unrelated to alcoholism, unlike

B. more severe than

Acetylcholine-sensitive receptors in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system are called 3 A. nicotinic receptors B. muscarinic receptors C. motor receptors D. curare receptors

B. muscarinic receptors

In order for a possible placebo effect to be evaluated, A. the placebo drug must look different from the real drug 2 B. the placebo drug must be identical in appearance to the real drug C. it does not matter what the placebo drug looks like D. the individual must know ahead of time that a placebo is being used

B. the placebo drug must be identical in appearance to the real drug

The development of skin rashes when people believe they have been exposed to fake poison ivy is a likely consequence of A. hyperadditive interactions between drugs B. the placebo effect C. the classical conditioning effect D. the nucleus accumbens effect

B. the placebo effect

1.74 According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey, about _____ of adults aged 26 or older in 2009 have used an illicit drug within the previous year. A. 4 percent B. 6 percent C. 11 percent D. 30 percent

C. 11 %

Although only ___ percent of smokers in the United States develop COPD, _____ percent of all COPD cases are the result of smoking. A. 10; 50 to 60 B. 10; 80 to 90 C. 20; 80 to 90 D. 20; 20 to 30

C. 20; 80 to 90

Nonmedical use of inhalants has held steady at between _________ since 2001. A. 2 and 3 percent B. 3 and 4 percent C. 3 and 5 percent D. 4 and 5 percent

C. 3 and 5 percent

Analogy: ________ is to Alzheimer's disease as ________ is to Parkinson's disease. A. Norepinephrine; dopamine 1 B. Serotonin; dopamine C. Acetylcholine; dopamine D. Serotonin; acetylcholine

C. Acetylcholine; dopamine

According to the text, deficiencies in acetylcholine and/or nicotine receptors are linked to A. nicotine addiction 2 B. Parkinson's disease C. Alzheimer's disease D. emphysemia

C. Alzheimer's disease

________ refer to substances often ingested at all-night dance parties. A. Rave drugs B. Club drugs C. Night drugs D. Underground drugs

C. Night drugs

The first Surgeon General's Report on smoking and health had what effects on the American public? A. All television advertising was immediately banned. B. All smoking ceased for three weeks. C. Per capita consumption dipped immediately afterward, and then showed a bounce upward during the succeeding months. D. Per capita consumption actually increased for a month, and then showed a steady decline during the succeeding months

C. Per capita consumption dipped immediately afterward, and then showed a bounce upward during the succeeding months.

Conditioning effects have been demonstrated with which of the following drugs? A. cocaine B. alcohol C. nicotine D. all of the above

Which of the following is a "standard drink"? A. an 8-ounce glass of wine B. a 20-ounce bottle of beer C. a 1.5-ounce shot of 80 proof liquor D. all of the above

C. a 1.5-ounce shot of 80 proof liquor

Synergism and potentiation are special cases of A. an additive combination 2 B. a hypoadditive combination C. a hyperadditive combination D. all of the above

C. a hyperadditive combination

A solution to the problem of undesirable side effects due to excessive concentrations of the drug in the blood is A. a placebo B. taking twice the recommended dosage C. a time-release form of the drug D. avoiding the therapeutic window

C. a time-release form of the drug

A transdermal patch works through the principle of A. inhalation 1 B. oral absorption C. absorption through the skin D. slow absorption through a muscle

C. absorption through the skin

Caffeine in caffeinated soft drinks is __________. A. a byproduct of the coca in these beverages B. removed from the product during manufacturing C. added by the manufacturer during production D. mixed with theobromine and theophylline

C. added by the manufacturer during production

When the combination of two drugs results in an acute effect that is equivalent to the sum of the effects of either drug administered separately, the effect is known as: A. subtractive B. multiplicative C. additive D. obtuse

C. additive

Analogy: illicit drugs are to cocaine as licit drugs are to A. crack B. heroin C. alcohol D.ecstasy

C. alcohol

The estimated number of deaths in the United States that are attributed to cigarette smoking each year is __________. A. about 5000 B. about 30,000 C. almost half a million D. about two million

C. almost half a million

More than 80 percent of the cerebral cortex is referred to as A. sensory cortex 2 B. sensory and motor cortex C. association cortex D. motor cortex

C. association cortex

A man using barbiturates to hide an addiction is an example of: A. cross-reference B. cross-tolerance C. cross-dependence D. cross-induction

C. cross-dependence

Schizophrenia is strongly suspected to be related to neurons sensitive to A. acetylcholine B. serotonin C. dopamine D. norepinephrine

C. dopamine

Instances in which a prescription or nonprescription drug is used in an inappropriate way are regarded as A. illicit drug-taking behavior B. extremely rare C. drug misuse D. drug abuse

C. drug misuse

Which is NOT a protective factor for drug use? A. parent's level of education B. closeness to an adult outside the family C. easy availability of drugs in one's environment D. socially conforming attitudes

C. easy availability of drugs in one's environment

Type 2 alcoholics are greatly affected by their __________. A. socioeconomic status B. body size C. family drinking history D. marital status

C. family drinking history

In 2009, about______ million young adults in the United States used prescription pain relievers on a recreational basis in the past year. A. two B. three C. four D. five

C. four

N-nitrosamine is more concentrated __________. A. in cigarettes than in smokeless tobacco B. in cigars than cigarettes C. in sidestream smoke than in mainstream smoke D. in the lungs of men than in those of women

C. in sidestream smoke than in mainstream smoke

Typical doses of caffeine can sometimes be disruptive to users __________. A. in tasks that are perceived as boring B. in tasks that involve a quick response to visual signals C. in tasks that require motor coordination D. in tasks that are repetitive

C. in tasks that require motor coordination

Inoculations are typically administered via ________ injections. A. intravenous B. intracellular C. intramuscular D. subcutaneous

C. intramuscular

Asphyxiation can occur when respiratory centers in the ______ are inhibited. A. cerebellum 2 B. lungs C. medulla D. forebrain

C. medulla

The elimination half-life index of a drug is determined by A. dividing in half the total time the drug produces an effect B. dividing in half the user's age C. noting the time it takes for the concentration to decline by half D. a combination of the above

C. noting the time it takes for the concentration to decline by half

Over-the-counter caffeine medications sold as stimulants contain caffeine levels roughly equivalent to __________. A. three to four cups of regular coffee B. four to six cups of regular coffee C. one-third cup to two cups of regular coffee D. one-eighth to one-fourth cup of regular coffee

C. one-third cup to two cups of regular coffee

Alcohol and caffeine are drugs that share a common _______ route of administration. A. skin-absorption B. vaporous inhalation C. oral D. sublingual

C. oral

Constant changes in the state of the gastrointestinal tract can make it difficult to predict the strength of he drug once it reaches the bloodstream. This problem would be associated with which route of administration? A. intranasal B. sublingual C. oral D. subcutaneous

C. oral

Protection against toxic drugs is maximized when delivered through which route of administration? A. inhalation B. injection C. oral D. absorption through skin or membranes

C. oral

Type 1 alcoholics are to ____ as Type 2 alcoholics are to _____. A. mostly environmental; mostly genetic B. mostly genetic; mostly environmental C. partly genetic and partly environmental; mostly genetic D. mostly environmental; partly environmental and partly genetic

C. partly genetic and partly environmental; mostly genetic

Non-college-bound high-school seniors are ___ times more likely to smoke at least half a pack of cigarettes a day than college-bound high-school seniors. A. two B. two and a half C. three D. three and a half

C. three

According to the text, polyphenols may help prevent __________. A. certain forms of cancer B. heart disease C. inflammatory disorders D. all of the above

D all

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the body eliminates drugs? A. saliva 1 B. feces and urine C. sweat D. All of the above are modes of elimination.

D. All of the above are modes of elimination.

Which of the following is an illicit drug in the United States? A. alcohol B. nicotine C. caffeine D. LSD

D. LSD

All of the following effects are observed as a result of caffeine withdrawal EXCEPT for __________. A. impaired concentration B. irritability C. headaches D. a tingling in the fingers

D. a tingling in the fingers

A possible determinant for a placebo effect to occur is A. the enthusiasm of the physician prescribing it 3 B. the attractiveness of the packaging C. information that other people have been helped D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Cross-tolerance is commonly observed in the effects of: A. alcohol B. barbiturates C. benzodiazepines D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Drugs administered through smoking include A. opium B. nicotine from cigarettes C. crystallized forms of methamphetamine D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The hypothalamus controls A. feeding behavior B. drinking behavior C. sexual behavior D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Analogy: Licit recreational drug use is to smoking a cigarette as illicit recreational drug use is to A. smoking marijuana B. drinking a caffeinated beverage C. injecting heroin D. both A and C

D. both A and C

Motivational and emotional behaviors are controlled by the A. hindbrain B. hypothalamus C. limbic system D. both B and C

D. both B and C

The following type of drug tolerance depends upon processes in the neuron: A. metabolic tolerance B. pharmacodynamic tolerance C. cellular tolerance D. both B and C

D. both B and C

Through norepinephrine is found all over the brain, which part is it most concentrated? A. medulla 3 B. limbic system C. hypothalamus D. both B and C

D. both B and C

Alcohol's depressive effect occurs in which area of the hindbrain? A. medulla 2 B. pons C. reticular formation D. cerebellum

D. cerebellum

COPD refers to __________. A. community-operated prevention devices B. community-operated police departments C. chronic obstetric and pulmonary distress D. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

D. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

If a drug is fat-soluble, then it is likely to A. cross from the spinal cord into the brain B. cross from the hindbrain into the forebrain C. cross from the arteries to the veins D. cross from the blood into the brain

D. cross from the blood into the brain

Parasympathetic activation can result in all of the following EXCEPT: A. decreased heart rate 1 B. decreased blood pressure C. construction of pupils and bronchi D. decreased function of the gastrointestinal tract

D. decreased function of the gastrointestinal tract

Which of the following is NOT one of the three forms of liver disease? A. fatty liver B. alcoholic hepatitis C. alcoholic cirrhosis D. delirium tremens

D. delirium tremens

The rewarding or reinforcing effects of amphetamines, cocaine, and heroin have been associated with the effect on which major neurotransmitter? 2 A. acetylcholine B. serotonin C. GABA D. dopamine

D. dopamine

Smokeless tobacco increases the risk of all of the following EXCEPT __________. A. cancer B. gum disease C. tooth loss D. emphysema

D. emphysema

The potential for drug abuse in general presents a greater challenge for A. men than for women B. African Americans than for Latinos C. Young people than for the elderly D. none of the above

D. none of the above

The major neurotransmitter for sympathetic autonomic activation is A. acetylcholine 2 B. dopamine C. serotonin D. norepinephrine

D. norepinephrine

Codependency refers to certain behaviors __________. A. such as denial on the part of the alcoholic B. that coincide with loss of brain mass C. which can lead to domestic violence D. on the part of family members of an alcoholic

D. on the part of family members of an alcoholic

Caffeine's effect on the urinary excretion of calcium increases the risk of __________. A. problems in digesting milk products B. cardiovascular problems in the elderly C. hypoglycemia in marginal diabetic patients D. osteoporosis in the elderly

D. osteoporosis in the elderly

The acronym, EAP, stands for

Employee assistance program

The alcoholism treatment program known as SMART Recovery is based upon

Rational Emotive Therapy

True or false: tobacco chewing and smoking originated in the Americas.

True

Prohibition brought the following changes in the incidence of alcohol-related deaths, alcohol-related diseases, and alcohol-related crimes:

a decline in 1920 and 1921 but then a slow increase to former levels

CT-scan and MRI-scans reveal all the following effects in chronic alcoholics, except: A. a reduction in the way the individual remembers information B. a reduction in overall intelligence C. a decrease in brain mass D. a deficiency in short-term memory

a decrease in brain mass

Confabulation is a behavior related to

a deficiency in memory

Combining alcohol with disulfiram (Antabuse) produces

a flushed face and nausea

TWEAK refers to

a screening questionnaire for pregnant women

Looking ar how families of alcoholics interact is often referred to as

a systems approach

Liver transplantation surgery is the only option that can successfully reverse

alcoholic cirrhosis

Of the three types of alcohol-related liver diseases, the only one that is not reversible at least in part by abstinence from alcohol is

alcoholic cirrhosis

The degeneration of liver cells is characteristic of the following liver disease:

alcoholic cirrhosis

The form of liver disease that choke off blood vessels and interferes with the utilization of oxygen is

alcoholic cirrhosis

Which form of liver disease is characterized by inflammation of the liver tissue, jaundice, and abdominal pain?

alcoholic hepatitis

According to Alcoholics Anonymous A. an alcoholic is never cured B. every recovering alcoholic needs a sponsor C. the process of recovery never ends D. all of the above

all of the above

Alcohol dementia has been linked to A. enlargement of brain ventricles B. a widening of cortical fissures C. a loss of acetylcholine-sensitive receptors D. all of the above

all of the above

SMART recovery is different from AA in that A. it does not believe in being powerless over alcohol B. it does not believe that a Higher Power needs to be invoked C. the presence of a trained professional is required at its sessions D. all of the above

all of the above

Alateen is known as

an organization for teenage alcoholics

A low response to alcohol is a risk factor for

becoming an alcoholic

Which of the following examples has the highest risk of becoming an alcoholic? A. family history of alcoholism B. high response to alcohol C. low response to alcohol D. both A and C

both a and c

Chronic alcohol abuse carries an increased risk for certain cancers because of A. the carcinogenic character of alcohol B. the enhancement of the carcinogenic effect of non-alcohol chemicals C. the depression of the immune system D. both B and C

both b and c

FAS was discovered through observation of ____ in babies born to alcoholic mothers A. increased blood alcohol levels B. specific facial characteristics C. CNS abnormalities and low body weight D. both B and C

both b and c

heroin and violence

buying / selling heroin is very stressful and can become violent easily; violent image just generally increased since the 70s; also violence heightened if polydrug user, but would be higher if heroin had been used more recently than cocaine

GIN Epidemic

by 1750, consumption in England caused social devastation among poor urban society. High infant mortality.

Type-2 alcoholics can be helped by new medications that reduce levels of __________. A) opium B) dopamine C) serotonin D) acetic acid

The greatest risk for FAS or FAE is associated with A. consuming one drink per day during the third week of pregnancy B. consuming eight drinks over a weekend during the final four weeks of pregnancy C consuming one drink per day during the final four weeks of pregnancy D. consuming eight drinks over a weekend during the third week of pregnancy

consuming 8 drinks over a weekend during the third week of pregnancy

Controlled research studies have shown that

controlled drinking is possible for relatively few alcoholics

cocaine figures

country's number one drug in terms of spending; but is used less than a dozen years ago

crack violence vs heroin violence

crack is easily made from cocaine--anyone can do it; no hierarchy or organization, just small entrepreneurs and lots of competition for clientele

racial issues with drug sentencing

crack needs only 5 grams to coke's 500, same sentence; 85% crack arrests black; drug use has no differences among race but more than half of jailed drug offenders are black; racial profiling by police

criminogenic effect of drugs and alcohol

crime-causing effect of drugs, which is empirical rather than causal

legalizer beliefs why current prohibitionist format is failure

criminalization makes illegal drugs expensive and profitable, and therefore drug trade can never be stamped out; currently illegal drugs are less dangerous than legal drugs; iron law of prohibition; no controls on purity / potency of drugs for sellers; lack of profit motive would end organized drug crime and drug-related violence; violation of civil liberties; tax burden of enforcing prohibition; limited use of therapeutic drugs and drugs needed for study

The greatest risk for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders is associated with drinking__________. A) during the last two weeks of pregnancy B) during the last three months of pregnancy C) throughout one's pregnancy D) during the first trimester of pregnancy

The WCTU was

particularly annoyed with saloons

Alcoholic dementia affects

the brain

how us trade harms source countries

trade and drug war have produced violence, the growth of organized crime, corruption, and the explosion in domestic drug abuse in Latin American countries

Which form of alcohol treatment is based on the concept of aversion therapy?

treatment using the drug disulfiram

True or false: quitting nicotine can be as difficult as quitting heroin.

true

drug court

use more treatment; counseling, therapy, education, job training, close monitoring, regular urine tests--return to jail if program conditions not met; judge addresses each defendant directly; usually cost-effective, reduce recidivism, criminal behavior, cost to community

ecstasy trafficking

used to be mainly from western europe; now some asian org's in canada

connection between being a criminal and being victim to a crime

users are more likely to be both; both are always in higher contact with each other than random people would be

hassle factor

users pulled away from use bc they have to commit crimes to get drugs; most ppl aren't technically addicted bc their day to day use varies a lot

lsd trafficking

very difficult production process; a dozen or two labs producing it in usa for domestic consumption

criminalization

when laws are passed providing penalties for a given offense such as drug use

____ is one of the most heavily taxed consumer products

whiskey wine beer *all of the above*

continuance rate

will be amplified if drug is legal

human nature

would be a reason that drug use wouldn't increase sharply under legalization; but then some believe that lots of ppl are risk takers; there are some ppl who want to break the rules and if the rule was taken away they wouldn't be stopped anymore and would try drugs bc it was legal; but vast majority wouldn't try it or wouldn't be long term users; risk is statistical and won't affect everyone, so lots of ppl won't be as afraid

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