DSST Principles of Public Speaking (CLEP) New & Improved

If a student needs an article about diabetes that appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association, which of the following would be the best tool to use? a. Library catalogue b. Periodical database c. Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe d. Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)

B The correct answer is B. Journal of the American Medical Association is a type of periodical. Libraries have periodical databases that catalogue articles from journals and magazines.The correct answer is B. Journal of the American Medical Association is a type of periodical. Libraries have periodical databases that catalogue articles from journals and magazines.

In his inaugural address, John F. Kennedy said, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." This statement is an example of which of the following? a. Metaphor b. Antithesis c. Simile d. Alliteration

In his inaugural address, John F. Kennedy said, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." This statement is an example of which of the following? a. Metaphor b. Antithesis c. Simile d. Alliteration

Transitions and signposts are examples of which of the following? (A) Fallacies (B) Visual aids (C) Connectives (D) Supporting materials

The correct answer is C. Transitions and signposts are types of connectives. Connectives are used in speeches to show the relationship between ideas.

Taking advantage of which of the following will most likely improve a person's ability to evaluate a speech and take better notes? a. Forecasting b. Task functions c. Power distance d. Thought speed

The correct answer is D. Thought speed is the difference between the rate of speech and the rate of thought; a fast speed can improve a person's ability to evaluate speeches. A high thought speed enables a listener to anticipate a speaker's next point, summarize what a speaker has said, and evaluate supporting materials.

Which of the following methods involves asking yourself a series of general and subject-specific questions in order to generate speech topics? a. Dictionary of topics b. Search directory c. Tree diagram d. Topoi

The correct answer is D. Topoi, or the system of topics, is based on a rhetoric technique used in ancient Greece and Rome. General questions and questions specific to a subject are asked in order to generate speech topic ideas.

Which of the following appeals attempts to rise above a conflict in order to find similarities that will bring about unity? a. Dramatic example b. Conviction c. Idealism d. Transcendence

The correct answer is D. Transcendence is a positive emotional appeal that attempts to transcend people's differences to find unifying similarities between them. A speaker using transcendence would choose a perspective that is above a conflict in an attempt to find unity.

Which of the following is a potential benefit of an organized speech? a. Audiences perceive a speaker as competent b. Speakers reinforce audience preconceptions c. Audiences agree with the speaker's points d. Speakers present many supporting materials

The correct answer is A. A well-organized speech conveys to the audience that the speaker is prepared, competent, and credible. A disorganized speech loses the attention of listeners.

Which of the following indexes and abstracts articles from publications such as Newsweek, Scientific American, Psychology Today, and Sports Illustrated? a. General database b. Library catalogue c. Reference work d. Yearbook

The correct answer is A. A general database indexes and abstracts a wide variety of magazines, as well as some academic journals. Reader's Guide, ProQuest, and Lexis/Nexis are examples of general databases.

A speech that intends to influence or change the feelings, behaviors, and beliefs of audience members would be considered which of the following? a. Persuasive speech b. Informative speech c. Entertaining speech d. Special occasion speech

The correct answer is A. A persuasive speech is written to change the attitudes or beliefs of audience members. Politicians often give persuasive speeches in hopes of convincing people to vote for them or to support their legislative efforts.

Which of the following is a statement made in the introduction that indicates the main points that will be addressed in the body of a speech? (A) Preview statement (B) Introductory statement (C) Thesis statement (D) Persuasive statemen

The correct answer is A. A preview statement provides listeners with a preview of the points that will be made in the speech. The preview statement is usually included at the end of an introduction and provides a smooth transition to the body of the speech.

Which of the following questions should be considered when evaluating the organization of a speech? a. Does the speaker state a goal for the speech? b. Does the speaker persuade the audience? c. Does the speaker show expertise in the topic? d. Does the speaker use clear language?

The correct answer is A. A well-organized speech should have a clearly stated goal. Evaluating the organization of a speech involves determining whether structure, transitions, and main points are clearly established by the speaker.

The fallacy of attacking a person instead of a disputed issue is referred to as which of the following? a. Ad hominem b. Red herring c. Bandwagon d. Slippery slope

The correct answer is A. Ad hominem is Latin for "against the man." In this error of reasoning, an individual is personally attacked instead of the real issue that is in dispute.

Which of the following introductory methods would be appropriate for an audience that is distracted or disinterested? a. Making a startling statement b. Asking a rhetorical question c. Using a famous quotation d. Referring to the subject

The correct answer is A. An apathetic audience may become active listeners if the introduction includes a surprising statement. The shock of the statement may cause listeners to focus on the speaker.

An informative speech that presents detailed information and research about a complex topic is referred to as which of the following? a. Expository speech b. Persuasive speech c. Narrative speech d. Process speech

The correct answer is A. An expository speech is a type of informative speech that requires the speaker to perform detailed research on a topic. Expository speeches typically require organizational patterns that aid audience comprehension.

A speech that involves background preparation, idea organization, brief notes, and a conversational delivery would be described as which of the following? a. Extemporaneous b. Memorized c. Manuscript d. Impromptu

The correct answer is A. An extemporaneous speech involves preparation, organization, and notes. Delivery is conversational and flexible and gives the appearance of being effortless.

Which mode of delivery is most suitable when a speaker does not have time to prepare a speech in advance? a. Impromptu b. Memorized c. Manuscript d. Extemporaneous

The correct answer is A. An impromptu speech is the most appropriate for a speaker who has had no time to make preparations. An impromptu speech involves no planning, no preparation, and no practice.

Which of the following methods will most likely improve a person's ability to evaluate a speech in a classroom setting? (A) Practicing speech criticism in small groups (B) Analyzing vocal methods of paid speakers (C) Watching political speeches on television (D) Studying famous historical speeches

The correct answer is A. Analyzing speeches within a small group setting is one method of improving the quality of speech evaluations. A small group of people working together to evaluate speeches can lead to useful insight and constructive criticism.

Which type of argument is being used in a statement such as "more people will travel this summer because the price of gas has fallen dramatically"? a. Argument from causation b. Argument from example c. Argument from analogy d. Argument from sign

The correct answer is A. Argument from causation indicates that one event brings about a predictable effect. For example, if gas prices have dropped, and we know that low gas prices mean more summer travel, then we can expect more people to travel.

Which of the following methods of concluding a speech would most likely encourage a listener to seek further information about the topic? (A) Asking a question (B) Sharing a famous quotation (C) Telling a humorous story (D) Providing a shocking statistic

The correct answer is A. Asking a question places the next step in the hands of listeners. A question at the end of a speech may motivate the audience to seek more information or to take action.

Dividing an audience into various subgroups is referred to as which of the following? (A) Audience segmentation (B) Audience analysis (C) Audience adaptation (D) Audience centeredness

The correct answer is A. Audience segmentation is an approach that divides an audience into different subgroups. For example, an audience composed of members of a community organization might consist of doctors, teachers, and executives; the speaker could address each subgroup's interests.

Bias in speech evaluation often occurs for which of the following reasons? (A) Attempt to gain power (B) Knowledge of rhetoric (C) Cognitive dissonance (D) Inability to listen actively

The correct answer is A. Bias in speech criticism often occurs because the critic wants to wield power over the speaker. The critic controls whether feedback is positive or negative, and in either situation, the critic's power increases.

What is the term used for generating speech topic ideas through the free association of words and concepts? a. Brainstorming b. Interviewing c. Journaling d. Outlining

The correct answer is A. Brainstorming is a way to generate many ideas either alone or with other people. Brainstorming for topics can be done by taking a personal inventory, clustering, or searching for information in books or on the Internet.

Speech outlines that adhere to the principle of subordination will indicate sub-points with which of the following? (A) Capital letters (B) Arabic numbers (C) Roman numerals (D) Lower-case letters

The correct answer is A. Capital letters are used to indicate sub-points if an outline follows the principle of subordination. Main points are indicated with Roman numerals.

Communication that uses more words than necessary to express an idea is referred to as which of the following? a. Clutter b. Economy c. Alliteration d. Parallelism

The correct answer is A. Clutter refers to unnecessarily wordy speech. It is especially important in speeches to speak clearly and simply in order to avoid confusing or boring the audience.

The surge in anxiety that occurs when a speaker first begins a speech is referred to as which of the following? (A) Confrontation reaction (B) Situational communication apprehension (C) Adaptation reaction (D) Audience-based communication apprehension

The correct answer is A. Confrontation reaction is the surge in nervousness that a speaker feels when first beginning an oral presentation. The anxiety level usually drops after the speaker has been talking for one or two minutes.

Which of the following ethical theories encourages public speakers to speak truthfully and use sound, supporting evidence? a. Credibility-centered ethics b. Ends and means c. Situation ethics d. Social utility

The correct answer is A. Credibility-centered ethics promotes speakers to be competent and trustworthy in order to increase their credibility with listeners. Speakers should avoid any statements or actions that might cause listeners to disbelieve the information being presented.

Which of the following is most important to consider when evaluating a persuasive speech based on the speaker's desired results? (A) Purpose and goal (B) Language and style (C) Organizational structure (D) Introduction and conclusion

The correct answer is A. Criticizing a speech based on the speaker's desired results depends on the speaker's purpose and goal for the speech. For example, if a speaker is trying to raise money for a cause, and audience members make donations, then the speaker's goal has been met.

A skeptical audience is more likely to be persuaded by which of the following? a. Documented information from several, objective sources b. Established statistics that are common knowledge c. Testimonies from both parties in an argument d. Written documentation from a single source

The correct answer is A. Evidence is viewed as credible if it is documented and objective. Skeptical audiences are more likely to change their minds if evidence is provided from multiple sources instead of only one.

When using testimony in a speech, which of the following characteristics of an expert is most important to establish with the audience? a. Competency b. Popularity c. Rationality d. Success

The correct answer is A. Expert testimony in a speech has no value if the audience does not find the individual credible. It is important to describe the expert's background and knowledge to show the audience that the expert's opinions and statements are valid.

Applause, laughter, nodding heads, and quizzical looks are examples of which of the following? a. Feedback b. Interference c. Attending d. Channels

The correct answer is A. Feedback is the verbal and non-verbal messages conveyed from a listener to a speaker. Applause, boos, laughter, and shuffling feet are examples of audience feedback.

Although it is unethical, name-calling during a public speech is not illegal and is protected by which of the following Constitutional Amendments? (A) First Amendment (B) Second Amendment (C) Third Amendment (D) Fourth Amendment

The correct answer is A. Freedom of speech is guaranteed under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Although name-calling is unethical, freedom of expression is protected in a democratic society.

When a speaker uses "he" in reference to both men and women, the speaker is using which of the following? a. Generic language b. Nonparallel language c. Inclusive language d. Formal language

The correct answer is A. Generic language is the use of the word "he" to mean men and women. Listeners may take offense to the perceived assumptions made by a speaker who uses generic terms.

Unethical speakers who overstate the importance of an issue are using which of the following? a. Hyperbole b. Euphemism c. Persuasive language d. Nonparallel language

The correct answer is A. Hyperbole is another term for exaggeration or overstatement. Persuasive speakers are often tempted to overstate the importance of an issue, which can be unethical.

Hypothetical examples are useful for which of the following purposes in a speech? (A) Clarification (B) Validation (C) Transition (D) Confirmation

The correct answer is A. Hypothetical examples clarify information presented in a speech. Since hypothetical examples can be tailored to suit the purpose and subject of a speech, they can increase understanding for audience members.

Which of the following terms refers to language that does not stereotype or patronize people? (A) Inclusive (B) Specific (C) Diverse (D) Nonparallel

The correct answer is A. Inclusive language is the term used to describe language that does not stereotype people based on gender, race, or other factors. Speakers should consider the language they use in order to show respect towards listeners.

Which of the following would be the most suitable Internet document? (A) An article that lists the author's name, credentials, and references (B) An article that is sponsored by a well - respected organization (C) An article that has received positive ratings from readers (D) An article that includes current and updated statistics

The correct answer is A. Information about the author is critical to verifying the reliability of a document. An Internet article should not be cited without determining the author's name and credentials.

A speaker who asks audience members to cover their ears during part of a presentation about deafness is using which of the following methods to gain audience attention? a. Inviting audience participation b. Imagining a situation c. Arousing audience suspense d. Telling a story

The correct answer is A. Inviting audience members to participate in a speech grabs their attention. An activity such as blocking out sound creates interest in the topic of deafness.

Which of the following may negatively affect the delivery of a speech? a. Making gestures below the waist b. Pausing at transitional points c. Varying voice and bodily action d. Citing sources of information

The correct answer is A. Making gestures below the waist should be avoided during a speech. Audience members may inadvertently shift their attention from a speaker's face to the speaker's gestures.

Which mode of speech delivery is NOT recommended for most public speaking situations because it prevents audience adaptation? (A) Manuscript (B) Memorized (C) Impromptu (D) Extemporaneous

The correct answer is A. Manuscript mode is not recommended for public speakers because it hinders audience adaptation. When speaking from a manuscript, an orator makes no eye contact with the audience and is unable to make necessary adaptations.

Which of the following is an appropriate way to provide closure in a speech conclusion? (A) Refer to information given in the introduction (B) Ask for a specific response from listeners (C) Restate the thesis of the speech (D) Tell a joke related to the topic

The correct answer is A. One purpose of a conclusion is to provide closure for the audience. Drawing a connection to the introduction helps bring the speech full circle for listeners.

Which of the following describes the language of a politician who says, "I will reform the government"? (A) Oversimplification (B) Direct language (C) Denotation (D) Connotation

The correct answer is A. Oversimplification occurs when a complicated issue is described as a simple one. Campaign speeches are typically riddled with examples of oversimplification.

Which two characteristics best describe modern audiences? a. Unique and diverse b. Intelligent and skeptical c. Diverse and intelligent d. Sensitive and unique

The correct answer is A. People's attitudes, beliefs, and experiences are constantly evolving, so audiences are unique. Even audiences consisting of people in the same age group will be diverse because of variables such as race, gender, culture, and religion.

Analyzing an audience based on beliefs, attitudes, and values is referred to as which of the following? a. Psychological profiling b. Demographic segmenting c. Psychological stereotyping d. Sociological surveying

The correct answer is A. Psychological profiling is the term used for analyzing an audience based on beliefs, attitudes, and values. A speaker can tailor an effective message to an audience by understanding their pre-existing thoughts and attitudes about a subject.

Which of the following is often used to allow audience members to consider a concept during a speech? a. Silent pauses b. Vocal variety c. Inflections d. Vocalized pauses

The correct answer is A. Public speakers often use a brief, silent pause for effect. A silent pause allows listeners time to consider a point or a question raised by the speaker.

Which of the following terms refers to the evaluation of speech communication recommended by Aristotle? a. Rhetorical criticism b. Informative listening c. Audience feedback d. Active listening

The correct answer is A. Rhetorical criticism is the analysis and evaluation of a speech. Aristotle recommended studying and learning from the message and style of effective speakers.

What is the primary difference between evaluating speeches given in a speech course and evaluating speeches given in a professional situation? a. Setting b. Transitions c. Organization d. Vocal characteristics

The correct answer is A. Setting is the main difference between classroom speeches and professional speeches. Although the delivery style of a business speech will most likely be different from one used in a classroom, transitions, vocal characteristics, and organizational structures are used in business speeches.

Which of the following most often determines what bodily movements are appropriate during a speech? (A) Setting (B) Topic (C) Confidence (D) Visual aids

The correct answer is A. Setting typically determines what bodily movements are suitable for a speech. Setting refers to room size, distance between speaker and audience, and whether the speaker is using a podium.

Which of the following is a potential risk of using slang or jargon in a speech? a. Loss of speaker credibility b. Imagery that confuses listeners c. Weakened persuasive arguments d. Audience forced to listen too hard

The correct answer is A. Slang or jargon may lower credibility if it is offensive or out-of-date. If used appropriately, jargon or slang can create a connection between speaker and audience.

Undeveloped examples that are usually presented in a list are referred to as which of the following? (A) Specific instances (B) Segments (C) Magnitudes (D) Trends

The correct answer is A. Specific instances are not developed because quantity is more important than quality. Extensive detail is not necessary when providing a list of specific instances to support a point in a speech.

Which of the following establishes a memorable message and develops a positive connection between a persuasive speaker and an audience? (A) Narratives (B) Statistics (C) Illustrations (D) Analogies

The correct answer is A. Stories that are used to clarify a point are known as narratives. During a persuasive speech, a narrative can serve as a memorable method of conveying a speaker's ideas or beliefs.

Which of the following is the most effective way to listen actively during a speech? a. Take good notes during the speech b. Ask the speaker questions afterwards c. Sit as close as possible to the speaker d. Follow the provided speech outline

The correct answer is A. Taking notes is an effective method of active listening. Note taking can be used as a tool to remember information presented in a speech.

Which of the following amendments to the U.S. Constitution relates to freedom of speech? a. First Amendment b. Second Amendment c. Fifth Amendment d. Sixth Amendment

The correct answer is A. The First Amendment of the Constitution prohibits Congress from making laws that infringe upon an individual's freedom of speech. The First Amendment is part of the Bill of Rights.

Which of the following would be the best tool for finding information about federal laws and regulations associated with water pollution? a. Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe b. Reader's Guide Full Text c. World Almanac d. Facts on File

The correct answer is A. The Lexis/Nexis database provides abstracts on thousands of environmental journals and government reports. Information is updated daily, and full-text articles are available.

Which of the following is considered the key characteristic of the most effective and successful public speakers? a. Conversational quality b. Prepared note cards c. Personal appearance d. Descriptive gesturing

The correct answer is A. The ability to sound conversational during a public speech separates effective speakers from ineffective speakers. For example, former President Bill Clinton sounds like he is talking with audience members rather than to audience members during public speeches.

Which of the following demographic elements has the greatest effect on political interest and participation in community affairs? a. Education b. Gender c. Ethnicity d. Occupation

The correct answer is A. The amount of education possessed by individuals typically influences their level of interest in politics and community affairs. Education also affects background knowledge about current affairs, world events, and political systems.

A single sentence that summarizes the major ideas of a speech is referred to as which of the following? (A) Central idea (B) Residual message (C) Specific purpose (D) General purpose

The correct answer is A. The central idea of a speech is a statement that summarizes what a speaker intends to say. The central idea, which is also known as the thesis statement, should sum up the main points of the speech.

Statements such as "state universities should admit all high school graduates" or "John Doe committed armed robbery" would be referred to as which of the following? (A) Claim (B) Warrant (C) Support (D) Qualifier

The correct answer is A. The claim is the assertion that is to be proven. In a speech, the claim would be supported by statements of evidence.

Once a speech topic has been chosen, which of the following needs to be determined next? a. General purpose b. Audience relevance c. Specific purpose d. Central idea

The correct answer is A. The general purpose of a speech is the overall goal. After choosing a topic, a speaker needs to decide whether the general purpose is to inform or to persuade.

The desired action that a speaker hopes will occur among audience members is referred to as which of the following? (A) Primary audience outcome (B) General purpose (C) Specific purpose (D) Secondary audience outcome

The correct answer is A. The primary audience outcome is what the audience will do if the speech is successful. For example, the desired primary audience outcome for a sales presentation is listeners purchasing products from the sales team.

Which of the following is a common cause of public speaking apprehension? a. Insufficient planning and preparation b. Inability to develop a speech plan c. Poorly structured audience analysis d. Failure to adapt to audience cues

The correct answer is A. The primary reason people have speech apprehension is underdeveloped speaking skills. Reducing public speaking apprehensions requires practice and planning.

Which of the following would be most appropriate for a speech attempting to persuade listeners that the school day should be lengthened? a. Problem-solution pattern b. Question-answer order c. Motivated sequence d. Temporal pattern

The correct answer is A. The problem-solution order is useful for speeches in which change is advocated. The speech would begin with a statement of the problem — decreased learning time in classroom — and would be followed with a solution to the problem — lengthening the school day.

A speaker who studies the clothing worn by audience members to detect visual clues about their economic and political views is analyzing the audience through which of the following methods? (A) Observation (B) Interviewing (C) Data collection (D) Intelligent empathy

The correct answer is A. The speaker is observing physical aspects of the audience to learn more about them. The type of clothing or jewelry they wear may suggest their economic status, activities, attitudes, and culture.

Which of the following is an example of a specific purpose statement for a speech about the U.S. Supreme Court? (A) To teach the audience about the Supreme Court (B) To help the audience understand an idea or concept (C) The most significant influence on the Supreme Court is the Chief Justice (D) Understanding how the Supreme Court functions is important for all citizens

The correct answer is A. The statement provides the main goal of the speech. A specific purpose may be broad but should provide the general topic of the speech.

Which of the following types of speech arrangements would be most appropriate for topics such as "the evolution of the modern automobile" or "the steps toward home ownership"? a. Temporal b. Spatial c. Topical d. Inquiry

The correct answer is A. The temporal pattern, which is also known as chronological, calls for organizing material from past to present or from the future to the past. Temporal is typically used for historical topics or for informative speeches where the order of events is important.

According to Alan Monroe's motivated sequence pattern, which of the following is the third step of the sequence? a. Satisfaction b. Attention c. Visualization d. Action

The correct answer is A. The third stage of the motivated sequence pattern is satisfaction. At this stage, the speaker shows how a need can be satisfied by the proposal presented in the speech.

Which of the following speech organization patterns is the simplest one to use? (A) Topical (B) Cause-effect (C) Inquiry (D) Pro-and-con

The correct answer is A. The topical pattern is often used when a speech topic can be divided into sub-categories. Topical patterns work well for speeches that describe aspects of people, places, or things.

When organizing the body of a speech, a writer should do which of the following? a. Select two, three, or four main points b. Structure the points in a topical pattern c. Phrase main points in the form of a question d. Include all points developed during brainstorming

The correct answer is A. Two to four main points helps create a focused speech. Too many main points in a speech may leave listeners confused about the information given.

A method of limiting a speech topic that involves repeatedly dividing the topic into smaller parts is referred to as which of the following? (A) Tree diagram (B) Clustering (C) Search directory (D) Brainstorming

The correct answer is A. With a tree diagram, a speechwriter begins with a general topic and then divides the topic into parts. Each part is divided again until a narrow topic remains.

Which of the following would be suitable for a speaker who needs to show impartiality about a controversial topic? (A) Words with denotative meanings (B) Slang and jargon (C) Words with connotative meanings (D) Clichés and imagery

The correct answer is A. Words with denotative meanings would be appropriate for a speaker who needs to focus on literal meanings. Connotative words might lead to intense reactions from listeners.

A broad category, such as films, South Africa, nanotechnology, or child psychology, would be considered which of the following? (A) Topic (B) Subject (C) Concept (D) Context

The correct answer is B. A broad area of a speaker's expertise is the subject of a speech, such as films. The topic is a specific facet of the subject, such as the impact of technology on the film industry.

Which of the following is a primary reason for narrowing a speech topic? a. Develop a general purpose b. Improve research efficiency c. Grab the attention of listeners d. Increase interest of the audience

The correct answer is B. A broad topic requires the speaker to go through more research material than necessary. A narrow topic helps the speaker focus on specific information and increases efficiency.

Which of the following can be integrated into a speech to keep an audience attentive? a. Slang b. Concrete words c. Abstract words d. Imagery

The correct answer is D. Imagery helps listeners stay attentive. Boring, predictable language can cause listeners to lose interest, but imagery can energize a speech.

Which of the following would most likely help establish a speaker-audience-topic relationship? a. Identify the goal of the speech b. Compliment the audience c. State the importance of the topic d. Ask the audience questions

The correct answer is B. A connection needs to be established between the speaker, audience, and topic in order for the speech to go well. A sincere compliment about the location or the culture of the audience gets the attention of listeners and draws them into the speech.

A speaker whose conclusion generates deep emotions by evoking dramatic or sentimental images is using which of the following? (A) Appealing ending (B) Dissolve ending (C) Emotional ending (D) Crescendo ending

The correct answer is B. A dissolve ending concludes a speech by fading step-by-step to an emotional statement. The final words end the speech with deep emotion.

Which of the following tools would be most useful for a persuasive speaker who wants to learn listener attitudes before giving a speech? a. Sociological analysis b. Audience questionnaire c. Gallup Poll statistics d. Audience demographics

The correct answer is B. A questionnaire will provide a speaker with information about audience attitudes. The speaker will then be able to tailor persuasive arguments towards that particular audience and give a more effective speech.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of memorizing an oral presentation? a. Lack of clarity and credibility b. Difficult to recover from mistakes c. Minimal eye contact with audience d. Hard to incorporate bodily movements

The correct answer is B. A speaker who makes a mistake during a memorized speech may find it difficult to recover. Forgetting a line requires the speaker to search for the missing information and break the flow of the speech.

Which of the areas of speech criticism is the most difficult to evaluate? (A) Results of the speech (B) Ethics of the speaker (C) Artistic nature of the speech (D) Validity of speaker's ideas

The correct answer is B. A speaker's ethics and motives are nearly impossible to determine when listening to a speech. A critic cannot know for sure whether a speaker is presenting truthful information and evidence in a speech.

A specific purpose statement should be phrased as which of the following? (A) A question (B) An infinitive phrase (C) A declarative sentence (D) An exclamatory statement

The correct answer is B. A specific purpose statement should be written as a full infinitive phrase rather than as a declarative sentence or a question. The following is an example: "To persuade my audience that the federal government should discontinue Social Security."

A speech thesis should be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT a. Be clear and exact b. Be neutral and broad c. Be limited to one concept d. Be stated as a declarative sentence

The correct answer is B. A speech thesis should be specific, narrow, and stated as a declarative sentence. A speech thesis is useful in focusing the audience's attention and in generating main points.

A speech topic is most appropriate if the speaker has which of the following? a. Specific tasks for listeners b. Subject matter competence c. Organized notes and outlines d. Extensive graphics and displays

The correct answer is B. A speech topic is appropriate for a speaker if the speaker is knowledgeable about the subject or is willing to learn about the subject. The speaker should know more about the topic than the audience and should be a subject matter expert.

According to studies, which of the following elements of a speech has the greatest emotional impact on listeners? a. Organizational patterns b. Facial expressions c. Vocal elements d. Words

The correct answer is B. According to a study by Albert Mehrabian, facial expression has the greatest emotional impact of a speech. A speaker's facial expressions provide signals to listeners about the speaker's attitude.

According to the principle of division, how many sub-points should a main point on an outline have if it is to be divided? a. At least one b. At least two c. At least three d. At least four

The correct answer is B. According to the principle of division, if a main point is to be divided, it should have at least two points. Each point on an outline should be similar in importance.

Which of the following terms refers to the way a speaker's nervousness gradually declines as a speech progresses? (A) Performance orientation (B) Adaptation reaction (C) Communication orientation (D) Anticipation reaction

The correct answer is B. Adaptation reaction occurs when a speaker's anxiety begins declining. Most speakers start feeling less nervous a few minutes into their speech.

The actions that a speaker takes after analyzing an audience are referred to by which of the following terms? a. Formation of attitudes b. Audience adaptation c. Methods of presentation d. Audience modification

The correct answer is B. After analyzing an audience's demographic and psychological characteristics, a speaker will make adaptations to a speech. Public speakers may need to modify a speech to make it more effective for an audience.

Which of the following is the LEAST important element to consider when criticizing a speech? (A) Delivery (B) Personal appearance (C) Supporting materials (D) Language

The correct answer is B. Although personal appearance is a factor in speech delivery, it is the least important element. When providing speech criticism, an evaluator should give more ideas for improving delivery and organization and less for improving the speaker's clothing.

A deductive argument in which either the conclusion or a premise is implied instead of explicitly stated is referred to as which of the following? a. Equivocation b. Enthymeme c. Literal analogy d. Figurative analogy

The correct answer is B. An enthymeme is a deductive argument that is implied rather than stated. When listening to speeches, it is important to notice what information has been implied in addition to what has been stated.

Which of the following purposes would most likely categorize topics such as "What are the effects of drug laws?" and "What impact does exercise have on life expectancy?" a. Persuasive speech b. Informative speech c. Entertaining speech d. Special occasion speech

The correct answer is B. An informative speech attempts to elevate an audience's knowledge about a specific topic. The speaker does not try to persuade the audience to make changes in their beliefs or attitudes.

Which of the following types of reasoning would be most suitable for speeches related to public policies, such as "gun control will reduce violent crimes in America" and "school vouchers will improve U.S. public schools"? a. Causal reasoning b. Analogical reasoning c. Reasoning from principle d. Reasoning from specific instances

The correct answer is B. Analogical reasoning is typically used in persuasive speeches regarding policy issues. In such speeches, a new policy is compared to a similar policy that has been employed elsewhere.

Studying observable characteristics in an audience, such as age, gender, and ethnicity, is known as which of the following? (A) Psychological analysis (B) Demographic analysis (C) Economic analysis (D) Cultural analysis

The correct answer is B. Analyzing observable traits such as age, gender, and cultural background is a demographic analysis. A demographic study generally occurs first in the process of audience analysis.

Which of the following patterns of organization is appropriate for a speaker who needs to grab the attention of the audience at the beginning of a speech? a. Classification structure b. Anticlimactic structure c. Climactic structure d. Pyramidal structur

The correct answer is B. Anticlimactic structure begins with the most intriguing argument in order to capture the attention of the audience. The weakest argument is given last with this organizational pattern.

Which of the following terms is used for verbal and nonverbal cues that show what audience members think about a speaker? a. Facial expressions b. Audience feedback c. Contextual evidence d. Audience adaptation

The correct answer is B. Audience feedback is the nonverbal and verbal cues conveyed by audience members regarding a speaker. Surprised looks, nodding heads, and verbal remarks are examples of audience feedback.

Which of the following refers to how a word or phrase arouses feelings of anger, love, fear, and guilt among listeners? a. Emotional appeal b. Connotative meaning c. Figurative language d. Denotative meaning

The correct answer is B. Connotative meaning is the emotions or associations triggered by a word or a phrase. For example, the word "marriage" may trigger feelings of love and happiness for some listeners but feelings of anger and disappointment for others.

The process of evaluating and judging the positive and negative aspects of a speech is referred to as which of the following? a. Appeals b. Criticism c. Assimilation d. Social exchange

The correct answer is B. Criticism involves evaluating the positive and negative elements of a speech. Criticism can provide useful information to a speaker about the strengths and weaknesses of a speech.

What is the benefit of using demographic information when preparing a speech? (A) Develop statistical credibility (B) Adapt the message to the listeners (C) Establish goodwill with listeners (D) Modify the message to match values

The correct answer is B. Demographic information helps a speaker create an effective message for the audience. Knowing about the audience enables a speaker to choose key ideas that will appeal to listeners.

According to Aristotle, the impression a speaker makes through his or her communication skills is referred to as which of the following? a. Logos b. Ethos c. Bathos d. Pathos

The correct answer is B. Ethos is the image that a listener has about a speaker. Aristotle believed ethos was the most powerful element of persuasion, and modern research supports his theory.

Which of the following is most important for a person to consider when evaluating Internet documents in preparation for a speech? (A) Sponsoring organization of the source (B) Objective and reliable nature of the source (C) Opinions and data provided by the source (D) Name of search engine that located the source

The correct answer is B. Evaluating Internet information involves determining if the source is objective and reliable. Anyone can post an article on the Internet, but only information that is authentic and reliable should be included in a speech.

When motivational speaker Richard Simmons shares his personal experiences about being obese and then changing his life with exercise, he is using which of the following? (A) Extrinsic proofs (B) Exemplary narrative (C) Intrinsic proofs (D) Explanatory narrative

The correct answer is B. Exemplary narratives are examples that are worthy of admiration. Stories about saints or stories about people who made significant improvements in their lives are exemplary narratives.

Audience adaptation cannot occur during a speech without which of the following? a. Fluency b. Eye contact c. Transposition d. Vocal variation

The correct answer is B. Eye contact is required for a speaker to make audience adaptations. By keeping an eye on the audience, a speaker can detect their comprehension and attitude.

Which of the following best explains why the meaning of a message cannot be the same for the speaker and the listener? a. Varied methods of attending b. Each has a different frame of reference c. Varied critical thinking abilities d. Each has a different communication channel

The correct answer is B. Frame of reference refers to the sum of an individual's attitudes, values, experience, and knowledge. Since no two people have the same frame of reference, they will never extract the same meaning from a message.

Which of the following refers to a listener's perception about a speaker's interests and is often influenced by the speaker's reputation? (A) Persuasiveness (B) Goodwill (C) Effectiveness (D) Credibility

The correct answer is B. Goodwill is the perception the audience has about a speaker's intentions. Listeners infer from the speaker's actions, words, and reputation whether their best interests are of concern to the speaker.

In a democratic society, which of the following is considered the ethical obligation of those who listen to public speeches? (A) Suppress offensive viewpoints (B) Allow ideas to be presented (C) Restrict minority viewpoints (D) Permit ideas to be accepted

The correct answer is B. In a democratic society, the First Amendment protects public speaking. It is the duty of an audience to listen to the ideas of others, or freedom of expression will be diminished for everyone.

Which of the following should occur in the fourth stage of Monroe's motivated sequence pattern? (A) Present the solution (B) Visualize the solution (C) Request action (D) Establish a need

The correct answer is B. In the fourth stage of the sequence, a speaker should visualize a solution for the audience. The audience should be able to imagine the benefits of the speaker's proposal.

Which of the following organizational patterns do scientists often use when they present the procedures and techniques of an experiment? (A) Spatial (B) Inquiry (C) Chronological (D) Problem-solution

The correct answer is B. Inquiry order organizes a speech by steps taken. Inquiry order presents all of the facts and possibilities to listeners, which enables audience members to judge the validity of the information.

Which of the following is considered a negative aspect of Internet research? a. Difficulty of usage b. Quality of information c. Number of resources d. Quantity of information

The correct answer is B. Internet resources are not always of the highest quality. Unlike cursory and questionable Internet information, research materials found in libraries are typically deeper, wider ranging, and more documented.

An introduction that illustrates how a speech topic is in the listener's self-interest most likely includes which of the following? a. Vivid quotation b. Personal reference c. Startling statement d. Suspenseful statement

The correct answer is B. Introductions that personalize a topic for listeners gain the attention of the audience. A personal reference engages listeners to participate actively in the speech.

According to Aristotle, what five elements are the basis of speech preparation and criticism? (A) Argument, reasoning, memory, structure, and voice (B) Invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery (C) Introduction, body, conclusion, sources, and presentation (D) Persuasion, technique, style, language, and structure

The correct answer is B. Invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery are the five stages of speech preparation. Although Aristotle devised the five-stage process, it remains the basis of rhetoric today.

Which of the following would be most suitable for a speaker with a Southern drawl who is addressing an audience of New Yorkers? a. Hide the accent during the speech b. Slow down the speech rate c. Increase the speech volume d. Answer questions during the speech

The correct answer is B. It would be appropriate for the speaker to speak more slowly and distinctly. Speaking more slowly, especially at the beginning of the speech, would help listeners adjust to the speaker's unfamiliar accent.

Which of the following often helps speakers relieve excess energy and apprehension during a speech? a. Practicing and preparing in advance b. Making appropriate gestures and bodily movements c. Taking slow, deep breaths before speaking d. Making eye contact with friends in the audience

The correct answer is B. Making appropriate gestures and movements during a speech can greatly reduce a speaker's excess energy. Making gestures or walking around can be effective communication tools if they are purposeful.

A speech with a catchy introduction, a strong ending, and a lackluster body is said to suffer from which of the following? a. Redundancy b. Mid-speech sag c. Selective exposure d. Mid-speech boredom

The correct answer is B. Mid-speech sag occurs when the body of a speech lacks the interest and energy of the beginning and end. A speaker who spends more time focusing on a polished introduction and conclusion rather than a well-organized body may experience mid-speech sag.

In an audience analysis questionnaire, which type of question allows respondents to answer however they want? a. Fixed-alternative b. Open-ended c. Adaptive d. Scale

The correct answer is B. Open-ended questions on an audience survey invite more detailed answers from participants, although sometimes answers may not provide the desired information. Fixed-alternative questions offer a fixed choice between two or more answers, while scale questions require a rating.

Taking ideas or phrases from two or three sources and presenting the combined material as one's own is referred to as which of the following? a. Global plagiarism b. Patchwork plagiarism c. Self-plagiarism d. Incremental plagiarism

The correct answer is B. Patchwork plagiarism occurs when a speaker steals from two or three sources to create one new speech that is presented as original work. Global plagiarism refers to stealing from one source, while incremental plagiarism occurs when quotes or paraphrases are not credited. Self-plagiarism is when an author reuses portions of his or her work without acknowledging the original publication.

The amount of time spent discussing an idea in a speech is referred to as which of the following? a. Repetition b. Proportion c. Position d. Transition

The correct answer is B. Proportion is the amount of time devoted in a speech to the development of an idea. Listeners perceive ideas that are discussed at length as more important.

Which of the following explains how oral style differs from written style? a. More formality b. More repetition c. Longer quotations d. Longer sentences

The correct answer is B. Redundancy occurs in speeches to help listeners remember major points. Repeating important concepts ensures that the audience will comprehend the information presented.

Which type of listening distraction occurs when an audience member finds an idea presented in a speech distasteful or disturbing? (A) Factual (B) Semantic (C) Physical (D) Mental

The correct answer is B. Semantic distractions are words or phrases that emotionally affect a listener. Certain topics, terms, and ideas may be offensive to audience members, who will then tune out the speaker and the message.

A very brief statement that focuses audience attention on a key idea is referred to as which of the following? a. Transition b. Signpost c. Internal summary d. Internal preview

The correct answer is B. Signposts indicate to listeners where a speaker is in a speech. Examples of signposts include "the first cause" or "the second reason."

Competence, character, sociability, composure, and extroversion are aspects of which of the following? a. Speech effectiveness b. Source credibility c. Communication skills d. Persuasive ability

The correct answer is B. Source credibility is an element of intrinsic proof. It relates to the likelihood of a target audience believing the source of a message.

Which of the following increases when a speaker makes frequent eye contact with an audience? (A) Active listening (B) Speaker credibility (C) Message clarity (D) Audience feedback

The correct answer is B. Speaker credibility increases when more eye contact is made during a speech. Audiences perceive a speaker who looks at them as a person who is trustworthy and competent.

Sub-points of a speech outline should be written in which of the following ways? (A) Infinitive phrase (B) Complete sentence (C) Question and answer (D) Complete paragraph

The correct answer is B. Sub-points in a speech outline should be written as complete sentences. Elaborating on the sub-point will occur through supporting materials, such as examples, statistics, and personal experiences.

Information gathered through research that reinforces points in a speech is referred to as which of the following? a. Hypothetical examples b. Supporting materials c. Speaker credibility d. Personal proof

The correct answer is B. Supporting materials consist of the information that a speaker uses to back up the arguments presented in a speech. Supporting materials may include examples, statistics, tests, and illustrations.

Criticism of a speech should be based on which of the following? a. Personal preferences b. Accepted standards c. Persuasive appeals d. Classical theories

The correct answer is B. The basis of any type of criticism should be accepted standards. All effective speeches should include certain aspects related to organization, style, delivery, and ethics.

Which component of a speech should be organized and created first? a. Introduction b. Body c. Conclusion d. Bibliography

The correct answer is B. The body of a speech is typically developed and organized before the introduction and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion should reflect information in the body.

A speech that builds toward an exciting conclusion employs which of the following patterns? (A) Temporal (B) Climactic (C) Pyramidal (D) Anticlimactic

The correct answer is B. The climactic pattern of organization builds up to an exciting conclusion like an exciting story. Climactic and anticlimactic patterns can be used to organize entire speeches or may be used in addition to other organizational patterns.

Which of the following is one of the primary goals of a speech conclusion? a. Provide an opportunity for questions b. Reinforce audience understanding c. Provide details about source materials d. Reinforce credibility and goodwill

The correct answer is B. The conclusion should wrap up the speech and reinforce the central idea that was presented. Summaries or relevant quotations are often used to conclude speeches.

The denotative meaning of a word refers most closely to which of the following? (A) Synonym (B) Dictionary definition (C) Antonym (D) Emotional association

The correct answer is B. The denotative meaning of a word is its dictionary definition. Denotative meaning refers to a word's precise and literal meaning.

A speaker who provides a four-sentence example about Rick Swenson, the five-time winner of the Iditarod Dog Race, is using which of the following? a. Brief, actual example b. Extended, actual example c. Brief, hypothetical example d. Extended, hypothetical example

The correct answer is B. The example is based on fact, so it is an actual example. Brief examples are one or two sentences, while extended examples are typically at least three sentences.

What are the three primary purposes of most speeches? a. Persuade, entertain, or evaluate b. Inform, persuade, or entertain c. Entertain, report, or inform d. Inform, assess, or persuade

The correct answer is B. The general purpose of most public speeches is to inform, to persuade, or to entertain listeners. An informative speech attempts to develop understanding, a persuasive speech attempts to influence, and an entertaining speech seeks to amuse people.

Which of the following delivery modes is most often used for ceremonies, paid lectures, and commencement addresses? (A) Extemporaneous (B) Memorized (C) Impromptu (D) Manuscript

The correct answer is B. The memorized mode is typically employed for speeches given at formal occasions. With a memorized speech, a speaker is able to master words and gestures much like an actor with a script.

Which of the following patterns of organization divides speeches into five steps and is often used in political speeches and advertisements? (A) Topical pattern (B) Motivated sequence (C) Structure-function pattern (D) Comparative advantages pattern

The correct answer is B. The motivated sequence was originally developed as a way to organize sales presentations, but it is now used in many kinds of persuasive situations. Unlike other speeches that are divided into introduction, body, and conclusion, the motivated sequence pattern is divided into five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

A politician who makes a campaign promise to provide police protection in schools and on the streets is using which of the following? (A) Credibility appeal (B) Emotional appeal (C) Logical appeal (D) Ethical appeal

The correct answer is B. The politician is making an emotional appeal. People have a basic desire for safety, and politicians who address such needs in campaign speeches are making emotional appeals.

Which two factors are the most important when determining the outcome of a speech? a. Credibility and ethics b. Speaker and audience c. Attitudes and expectations d. Preparation and presentation

The correct answer is B. The speaker and the audience determine the success or failure of a speech because the two must work together for effective communication to occur. An effective speaker is aware of the audience and adapts the message accordingly.

Which of the following is the best method for achieving an informal style in a speech? (A) Using slang (B) Using contractions (C) Defining technical terms (D) Including hypothetical examples

The correct answer is B. The use of contractions is one way to achieve an informal style of speech. Contractions make a speech seem more conversational.

Using performance visualization to reduce speech apprehension involves which of the following? (A) Imagining anxiety-producing events (B) Maintaining a positive self-perception (C) Learning the processes of effective speaking (D) Practicing presentation skills in front of a mirror

The correct answer is B. The visualization method of overcoming speech apprehension involves developing a positive self-perception. Speakers imagine themselves giving effective speeches, which helps reduce nervousness.

Which of the following elements from the Toulmin model refers to the reasoning process that is either verbalized or implied during an argument? a. Claim b. Warrant c. Evidence d. Reservation

The correct answer is B. The warrant is the logical statement that links the evidence with the claim. The warrant is the reason that the claim is considered credible.

Which of the following may be affected by vocalized pauses during a public speech? a. Dramatic effect b. Speaker credibility c. Audience adaptation d. Speech organization

The correct answer is B. Vocalized pauses may negatively affect a speaker's credibility with the audience. Saying "you know," "uh," or "er" during a speech may cause listeners to doubt the competence of the speaker.

The mental process of drawing conclusions from factual information is referred to as which of the following? (A) Persuading (B) Reasoning (C) Visualizing (D) Transitioning

The correct answer is B. When a speaker is reasoning with listeners, he or she is providing arguments for listeners to consider. The speaker is drawing inferences for the audience.

Which of the following is NOT a typical method of generating speech topics? a. Personal inventory b. Internet search c. Venn diagram d. Clustering

The correct answer is C. A Venn diagram is used to compare and contrast two ideas and is not a typical method for brainstorming speech topics. Making an inventory of personal experiences and skills either with a list or by clustering ideas often generates topics, as does an Internet search.

Which of the following patterns of organization would be most appropriate for a speech about the relationship between cell phone usage and car accidents? (A) Topical pattern (B) Inquiry order (C) Causal pattern (D) Elimination order

The correct answer is C. A causal pattern of speech organization is used when a speaker wants to tell listeners about a cause-effect relationship between two events, such as cell phone usage causing car accidents. Speeches organized in this manner are typically divided into a section about causes and a section about effects.

A discrepancy between the truth and information given by a speaker that leads to public skepticism is referred to as which of the following? a. Rhetorical communication b. Ethical obligations c. Credibility gap d. Disparity

The correct answer is C. A credibility gap occurs when a speaker attempts to manipulate the truth. The term is most often used to describe the gap between what politicians say about a situation and the actual reality of the situation.

Which of the following is most likely used by individuals who travel across the country giving speeches for money as part of a lecture circuit? a. Extemporaneous mode b. Impromptu mode c. Memorized mode d. Manuscript mode

The correct answer is C. A lecturer who gives the same speech to different audiences most likely uses the memorized speech delivery mode. Professional speakers often give a speech so many times that they learn when to expect laughs and applause.

Which of the following is an advantage of limiting a speech topic? a. Allow time to practice the presentation b. Focus on audience analysis c. Analyze a subject in depth d. Develop sound arguments

The correct answer is C. A narrow topic enables a speaker to go into depth on a topic. With a topic that is too broad, a speaker may rush through numerous points in a superficial manner to complete the speech in a timely manner.

A speaker who makes a comparison between two different objects using the words "like" or "as" is integrating which of the following into a speech? (A) Metaphor (B) Analogy (C) Simile (D) Cliché

The correct answer is C. A simile compares two different things with "like" or "as." Speakers create imagery in their presentations by incorporating similes.

Which of the following aspects related to speech delivery most affects whether a statement sounds sincere or sarcastic? (A) Pronunciation (B) Articulation (C) Pitch (D) Rate

The correct answer is C. A speaker's pitch can alter the meaning of a word or phrase. The highness or lowness of a speaker's voice determines whether words seem happy, sad, sincere, or sarcastic.

A speech divided into three methods for treating chronic heart disease would be best organized according to which of the following patterns? (A) Spatial (B) Motivational (C) Topical (D) Chronological

The correct answer is C. A speech about three methods for treating heart disease should be organized in a topical sequence. Each main point in the body would address one type of medical treatment.

The behavior that a speaker desires from listeners after giving a speech is referred to as which of the following? a. Emotional appeal b. Emotional impact c. Appeal to action d. Speech effectiveness

The correct answer is C. An appeal to action is often used to conclude persuasive speeches. The speaker hopes that after listeners have heard the arguments they will be persuaded to act.

Reasoning from a generally accepted truth to a specific example is referred to as which of the following? (A) Argument by induction (B) Extrinsic proof (C) Argument by deduction (D) Intrinsic proof

The correct answer is C. An argument by deduction takes place when a conclusion is deduced from a major and a minor premise. If the two premises are true then the conclusion is also true.

If a brief example will not clearly explain a point for audience members, then it should be expanded into which of the following? a. Statistics b. Testimony c. Illustration d. Evidence

The correct answer is C. An illustration is an expanded and detailed example. An illustration describes a condition or a circumstance and makes an abstract idea easier to understand.

Supporting a claim by indicating similarities with another concept or subject is referred to as which of the following? (A) Argue from causation (B) Argue from example (C) Argue from analogy (D) Argue from sign

The correct answer is C. Arguing from analogy occurs when a speaker supports a claim with one comparable example. The example is similar enough to the subject that it serves as strong support.

A speaker who wants to include the words of Winston Churchill in a speech should search in which of the following? (A) International Who's Who (B) Encyclopedia Britannica (C) Bartlett's Familiar Quotations (D) ProQuest Research Library

The correct answer is C. Bartlett's is the most well known collection of quotations and an excellent source for finding an appropriate quote to include in a speech. The reference book includes over 25,000 quotations from both modern and historical individuals.

Which of the following is a method that can be useful in resisting distractions while listening? (A) Focus on the speaker's body language. (B)Remember everything said by a speaker (C)Mentally review the speaker's message (D) Utilize empathic listening techniques

The correct answer is C. Mentally reviewing a speaker's message can help a listener maintain focus. Asking mental questions also helps a listener focus on key elements of a speech.

What is the primary difference between research material found on the Web and research material found in a publication? (A) Published works are written by well-known authors and experts (B) Web-based materials are evaluated for accuracy by the public (C) Published works are reviewed for reliability by editors and experts (D) Web-based materials are sponsored by public-interest groups

The correct answer is C. Before publication, editors review a book for reliability. Although some Web-based material derives from published works, much of the information found on the Internet is unmonitored.

How can a speech student benefit from criticizing the speeches of others? a. Select clear academic goals b. Improve empathic listening skills c. Improve ability to evaluate own speeches d. Learn to avoid including fallacies in own speeches

The correct answer is C. By criticizing the speeches of others, a speech student can learn how to self-evaluate. Criticizing a speech requires a student to listen closely and analyze a speech's arguments, organizational structure, and delivery.

Which of the following is the method of selecting a speech topic that involves beginning with a broad subject and then drawing connections between associated topics using circles and lines? (A) Listing (B) Outlining (C) Clustering (D) Brainstorming

The correct answer is C. Clustering is a method of linking ideas through free association to develop a speech topic. The main subject is written on the center of a piece of paper and then related subjects are written down on the paper as they come to mind.

Which of the following is considered a high-context culture? a. Norway b. Germany c. South Korea d. United States

The correct answer is C. Communication in high-context cultures, such as Korea, Latin America, and Japan, is based on context and the speaker rather than the spoken word. When giving a speech in a high-context culture, the speaker should provide supporting materials but allow listeners to make their own inferences to avoid offending them.

A speaker who considers a public speech an opportunity to talk to a group about an important topic is using which of the following to reduce speech apprehension? a. Performance orientation b. Systematic desensitization c. Communication orientation d. Visualization

The correct answer is C. Communication orientation is a method of reducing public speaking apprehension that involves viewing a speech as merely a chance to talk to people. The speaker focuses on conveying a message rather than worrying about audience reactions.

How does the inclusion of connectives benefit a speech? a. Adds support to weak arguments b. Develops content and substance c. Increases unity and coherence d. Determines organizational pattern

The correct answer is C. Connectives, such as transitions and signposts, improve the coherence and unity of a speech. Connectives help listeners follow the speech and understand the message.

Undecided voters who listen to the campaign speeches of political candidates are participating in which type of listening? (A) Appreciative (B) Empathic (C) Critical (D) Active

The correct answer is C. Critical listening involves evaluating a message to determine whether to accept the ideas or reject them. People participate in critical listening when they listen to the pitch of a salesperson or listen to the campaign platform of a politician.

By tailoring a speech to a specific audience, a speaker will most likely increase which of the following? a. Knowledge of the message b. Ethical responsibility c. Credibility of the message d. Audience participation

The correct answer is C. Customizing a message to an audience enables a speaker to gain credibility with the audience. The audience may view the speaker as knowledgeable because he or she is presenting information that is relevant to their own lives.

The dictionary definition of a word is referred to as which of the following? a. Connotative meaning b. Abstract meaning c. Denotative meaning d. Concrete meaning

The correct answer is C. Denotative meaning refers to a word's literal meaning. It is the actual definition of the word.

In order for a testimony to be persuasive, it should have which of the following characteristics? a. Biased and historical b. Recent and interesting c. Unbiased and current d. Factual and meaningful

The correct answer is C. Expert testimony is effective if it is unbiased and up-to-date. Testimony from a biased individual will have little effect or a negative effect on the persuasive nature of the speech.

Speeches presented at formal occasions should be characterized by which of the following? a. No figurative language b. Brief sentences c. Subtle humor d. Lively tone

The correct answer is C. Formal occasions call for subtle humor rather than obvious jokes. Speeches given at formal occasions, such as ceremonies, should rely on structured, researched writing.

A student gave a speech that he stole from one magazine article. Which type of plagiarism occurred? (A) Self-plagiarism (B) Patchwork plagiarism (C) Global plagiarism (D) CIncremental plagiarism

The correct answer is C. Global plagiarism occurs when a speaker uses a single source for a speech that is presented as an original work. If the individual copies the information almost word for word from the magazine article, then he has participated in global plagiarism.

Complimenting the audience, using personal examples, and using specific names of audience members are ways to develop which of the following during a speech? (A) Clarity (B) Credibility (C) Immediacy (D) Vividness

The correct answer is C. Immediacy can be created by using personal examples and specific names of listeners. Immediacy refers to how connected and related a speaker is with audience members.

Which of the following techniques can improve listening skills? a. Sit in a comfortable and relaxed position b. Write down questions to ask the speaker c. Make eye contact with the speaker d. Copy information from visual aids

The correct answer is C. Making eye contact with a speaker improves listening skills and comprehension. Looking at a speaker helps a listener stay focused on the message and reduces distractions.

Which of the following modes of speech delivery would be most suitable for a president addressing Congress or a CEO presenting an annual financial report to stockholders? (A) Memorized (B) Impromptu (C) Manuscript (D) Extemporaneous

The correct answer is C. Manuscript mode is appropriate when precision is necessary. Addressing Congress or stockholders requires near perfection because a mistake made when reporting any kind of data could create confusion.

Which of the following methods of selecting a speech topic involves the process of self-discovery and the consideration of personal interests? (A) Group brainstorming (B) Clustering (C) Monitoring behavior (D) Surveying

The correct answer is C. Monitoring your own behavior is a good way to determine what you like and enjoy. Choosing a topic based on your own interests makes speech writing less difficult.

The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade people is referred to as which of the following? a. Political correctness b. Telling half-truths c. Name-calling d. Plagiarism

The correct answer is C. Name-calling is the term that refers to speakers who use language to put down individuals or groups. Name-calling involves using terms to debase people for their religious beliefs, sexual orientation, or ethnic background.

Which of the following is a common mistake made in speech conclusions? a. Thanking the audience b. Summarizing main points c. Introducing new ideas d. Asking listeners to take action

The correct answer is C. New ideas or information should not be introduced at the end of a speech. The conclusion should reinforce or restate previously discussed information.

The tendency to attribute a complex event to a single cause often occurs with which of the following? a. Causal order b. Either-or fallacy c. Causal reasoning d. Analogical reasoning

The correct answer is C. People tend to assume that an event has one cause when there are usually multiple causes. For example, the election of a president may be caused by economic conditions, world affairs, and media exposure.

Questions prepared in advance of an interview are referred to as which of the following? a. Follow-up b. Neutral c. Primary d. Closed

The correct answer is C. Primary questions are the main questions that an interviewer plans to ask. Although primary questions may be open, closed, or neutral, they are always written before conducting the interview.

Which of the following patterns of organization begins with minor points, uses the strongest points in the middle, and ends with the weakest points? a. Comparison-contrast structure b. Anticlimactic structure c. Pyramidal structure d. Climactic structure

The correct answer is C. Pyramidal structure organizes a speech like a pyramid with weak points at the beginning and end and strong points in the middle. This type of structure is rarely used and is typically only appropriate for a hostile audience.

Which of the following elements is most important to consider when evaluating a persuasive speech? a. Delivery and eye contact b. Examples and narratives c. Reasoning and evidence d. Visual aids and demonstration

The correct answer is C. Reasoning and evidence are especially important to consider when evaluating persuasive speeches. A persuasive speech depends on the soundness of the evidence and the method of reasoning.

Which of the following ethical concepts is based on the idea that no natural laws exist that must be followed absolutely? (A) Credibility-centered ethics (B) Ends and means (C) Situation ethics (D) Social utility

The correct answer is C. Situation ethics is based on the belief that each individual situation must be assessed before a determination can be made about the right action to take. According to situation ethics, some moral principles can be ignored in certain situations if a decision is based on love.

A speaker who is viewed as friendly, pleasant, and likeable is said to have which of the following attributes? (A) Character (B) Extroversion (C) Sociability (D) Composure

The correct answer is C. Sociability is the idea that a speaker is perceived as friendly. Sociability is one of the aspects of source credibility.

Which of the following should a speaker do when adapting a speech to an unwilling audience? a. Ask audience members to participate in the presentation b. Begin the speech by establishing credibility and expertise c. Integrate humor and interesting statistics into the speech d. Use charts, statistics, and graphs to explain information

The correct answer is C. Sometimes audiences are unwilling listeners, such as high school students who are required to attend an assembly. Speakers faced with such unwilling audiences should gain attention early with interesting facts, statistics, and humor before transitioning to the main topic.

For most public speaking situations, which of the following is recommended? (A) Keep a steady facial expression (B) Gesture during key arguments (C) Minimize random movements (D) Maintain a constant pitch

The correct answer is C. Speakers should avoid moving unnecessarily during a speech, although purposeful movements can be effective in certain situations. Random movements may distract audiences from the ideas presented in the speech.

Which of the following best describes the Toulmin model? a. A system for analyzing and sorting data b. A method for organizing an argument c. A system for analyzing arguments d. A method for organizing a speech

The correct answer is C. Stephen Toulmin was a philosopher who created a method for analyzing arguments. The three primary parts of the Toulmin method are the claim, evidence, and warrant.

Which of the following terms characterizes statements such as "all women are afraid of guns" or "all tall people excel at basketball"? a. Cultural insensitivity b. Racial profiling c. Stereotyping d. Political bias

The correct answer is C. Stereotyping occurs when people develop oversimplified concepts about specific groups of people. Assumptions are made that all members of a certain group think and act the same way.

The way in which words and syllables are accented refers to which of the following? a. Rate b. Pitch c. Stress d. Volume

The correct answer is C. Stress is the way people accent words. Vocal stress can be attained during speech delivery by emphasizing certain words and pausing at strategic moments.

Narratives, expert testimonies, blood tests, and statistics are examples of which of the following? a. Claims of fact b. Literal analogies c. Supporting materials d. Persuasive arguments

The correct answer is C. Supporting materials substantiate arguments presented in speeches. Supporting materials include examples, narratives, tests, and expert testimonies.

Opinions that support claims presented by a speaker are referred to as which of the following? a. Persuasive evidence b. Statistical segments c. Testimonial evidence d. Specific instances

The correct answer is C. Testimonial evidence consists of opinions of the speaker or of an expert that support the claims presented in a speech. Although testimonies can be used in informative speeches, they are more critical in persuasive speeches.

When evaluating the content of a speech, which of the following should be considered? a. Appropriateness of language b. Clarity of goal and main points c. Appropriateness of visual aids d. Fluent and enthusiastic delivery

The correct answer is C. The appropriate use and inclusion of visual aids is a consideration when evaluating speech content. Visual aids should provide useful information about a subject and improve the effectiveness of a speech.

Which of the following helps a speaker establish a sense of moral character with an audience? a. Demonstrating enthusiasm and a positive outlook b. Mentioning numerous research sources and materials c. Showing concern for high-order values and principles d. Using language that is emphatic, clear, and confident

The correct answer is C. The audience's perception of a speaker's character depends on how the speaker demonstrates his or her belief in values and principles. A speaker should make it clear that he or she is concerned about important, long-term issues rather than insignificant ones.

When reasoning from specific instances, which of the following should be included to strengthen an argument? (A) Analogies (B) Narratives (C) Statistics (D) Examples

The correct answer is C. The conclusion of an argument based on specific instances can be refuted because exceptions to the argument exist. However, statistics or testimonies will show that the specific instances are representative.

A speech topic is considered appropriate for an audience when it can be characterized by which of the following? a. Significant and persuasive b. Emotional and informative c. Interesting and relevant d. Narrowed and limited

The correct answer is C. The primary concern for a speaker should be whether a topic is interesting and relevant to the audience. If the speech topic does not interest either the speaker or the audience, the speech will fail. Information provided in the speech should also be worthwhile to listeners.

The idea that listeners search for information that supports their own opinions and values is referred to as which of the following? a. Cognitive bias b. Declarative memory c. Selective exposure d. Emotional appeal

The correct answer is C. The principle of selective exposure suggests that people seek out information that supports their values and behaviors. The principle also suggests that listeners avoid information that contradicts their belief systems.

Which of the following best describes the purpose of speech criticism? a. Point out mistakes and fallacies b. Debate reasoning and arguments c. Provide feedback and give suggestions d. Assess problems and offer suggestions

The correct answer is C. The purpose of criticizing a speech is to give negative and positive feedback to the speaker and to offer suggestions for improvement. Criticism should not involve focusing only on the negative; it should include praise for the positive and suggestions for weaknesses.

While listening to an oral presentation, a speech critic should do which of the following? a. Observe the feedback provided by listeners b. Assess the persuasive nature of the speaker c. Evaluate the relevancy of supporting materials d. Consider the speaker's personality and background

The correct answer is C. The relevancy of supporting materials is an important element to consider when providing a speech evaluation. An evaluator should assess whether the facts, stories, and illustrations are useful in the speech.

Which of the following should be carefully written because it is the basis for a well-organized speech? a. Section transitions b. Internal transitions c. Specific speech goal d. Rhetorical questions

The correct answer is C. The specific speech goal should be well crafted because it guides the direction of the speech. The specific speech goal follows up on the general goal of the speech.

Which of the following aspects of an audience is most affected by age? (A) Cultural interests (B) Educational level (C) Attitude stability (D) Ethnic identity

The correct answer is C. The stability of a person's attitudes is most affected by age. Since young people have not had opinions about different subjects for very long, their attitudes are unstable and more likely to change. Older people have held their attitudes for longer periods, so their opinions will generally remain unchanged.

In an informative speech, which of the following states what the speaker hopes the audience will learn? a. Specific purpose b. General purpose c. Thesis d. Topic

The correct answer is C. The thesis of a speech is the central idea that a speaker wants an audience to retain. With an informative speech, it is what the audience should learn; with a persuasive speech, it is what the audience should believe.

A time-sequence organizational pattern would be appropriate for which of the following speech topics? a. Where are important Civil War battlegrounds located? b. Casual smoking leads to nicotine addiction. c. How do you make a homemade piecrust? d. Many children in the U.S. are obese.

The correct answer is C. The time-sequence pattern is used to illustrate steps in a process. Audience members should be able to follow the steps provided in the speech to make a piecrust.

Which of the following terms is used to describe a belief that is easily changed? (A) Fixed belief (B) Altered belief (C) Variable belief (D) Modified belief

The correct answer is C. Variable beliefs are not firmly fixed in a person's mind. Variable beliefs may change because of personal experiences, age, or time.

Which of the following is a primary advantage of the extemporaneous mode of speech delivery? (A) Persuasiveness (B) Reasoning (C) Versatility (D) Precision

The correct answer is C. Versatility is the main advantage of extemporaneous speaking. The lack of extensive notes allows a speaker to engage in eye contact; eye contact enables the speaker to analyze audience responses and adapt as necessary.

Assessing the age, gender, religion, and cultural background of audience members before selecting a speech topic is referred to as which of the following? a. Situational audience analysis b. Demographic audience adaptation c. Psychological audience adaptation d. Demographic audience analysis

The correct answer is D. A demographic audience analysis involves reviewing the demographic profile of audience members based on factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic background. Speakers analyze demographic information in order to understand the attitude and knowledge of audience members.

A speaker who compares playing football with running a business is using which of the following to illustrate a point? a. Enthymeme b. Literal analogy c. Extrinsic proof d. Figurative analogy

The correct answer is D. A figurative analogy makes a comparison between two very different things. A figurative analogy helps to illustrate a similarity, but it does not provide factual evidence.

Which of the following would be the best source for finding the state tree of Delaware? a. Dictionary b. Yearbook c. World atlas d. Gazetteer

The correct answer is D. A gazetteer is a geographical dictionary formatted like a regular dictionary. Information in a gazetteer relates to geographical topics, and brief facts about nearly 50,000 places in the world are included in the reference work.

Which of the following terms describes the act of mistaking one word for another? a. Mannerism b. Alliteration c. Hyperbole d. Malapropism

The correct answer is D. A malapropism occurs when a speaker mistakes one word for another. For example, saying "obstacle" instead of "spectacle" is a malapropism.

An example that is given in the format of a story is referred to as which of the following? (A) Presentation aid (B) Explanation (C) Illustration (D) Narration

The correct answer is D. A narrative is an example used in a speech that is presented in story form. A narrative helps maintain the attention of the audience because most people enjoy listening to interesting stories.

Which of the following would be suitable for a politician who wants to rally supporters with a speech? a. Familiar, abstract words b. Words with strong, denotative meanings c. Vivid, concrete words d. Words with strong, connotative meanings

The correct answer is D. A politician trying to encourage supporters will use words with strong, connotative meanings. Connotative words are those that trigger emotions.

Which of the following patterns of organization would be appropriate for a persuasive speech? (A) Structure-function (B) Time-sequence (C) Multiple-definition (D) Problem-solution

The correct answer is D. A problem-solution structure fits the goal of a persuasive speech. In this type of pattern, a problem is illustrated and a solution is recommended.

Which of the following indexes Web pages and scans them to find a requested topic? a. General database b. Bookmark c. URL d. Search engine

The correct answer is D. A search engine indexes Web pages and checks them for Web sites that match the requested topic. Google, Yahoo, and Alta Vista are major search engines.

Assuming that a speaker will be dull before listening to the speech is an example of which of the following types of barriers? a. Assimilation b. Ethnocentrism c. External perceptions d. Self-fulfilling prophecy

The correct answer is D. A self-fulfilling prophecy is a preset idea that can be a barrier to effective listening. An audience member who assumes a speaker is dull will probably find the speech boring.

Which of the following would be most appropriate for introducing a speech about alternative music? a. Reading a review of an album b. Showing a slide of an album cover c. Reciting the lyrics of a song d. Playing a brief excerpt from a song

The correct answer is D. A song excerpt would be appropriate for a speech about a type of music. The excerpt would grab audience attention and encourage listeners to focus on the speech topic.

The perception held by listeners regarding a speaker's qualifications is referred to as which of the following? a. Rhetoric b. Honesty c. Goodwill d. Credibility

The correct answer is D. A speaker will either gain or lose credibility in the introduction of a speech. Credibility refers to whether the audience believes a speaker is knowledgeable about a subject or not.

A speech outline should indicate the most important and the least important information according to which of the following principles? a. Division b. Parallelism c. Organization d. Subordination

The correct answer is D. A speech outline that follows the principle of subordination will make the information's order of importance clear. Main points are indicated by Roman numerals, while sub-points are indicated with capital letters.

All of the following are useful guidelines to consider when selecting a speech topic for a classroom presentation EXCEPT: (A) Speak about a topic that you find interesting (B) Speak about a topic that is current and relevant (C) Speak about a topic with which you are an expert (D) Speak about a topic with which listeners are experts

The correct answer is D. A speech topic that is familiar to an audience may be boring for listeners. Therefore, the best speech topics are often ones that the speaker understands, the speaker finds interesting, or the audience will view as current and relevant.

Which of the following is most important for a speaker to do when addressing a knowledgeable audience? a. Utilize specialized terms and language in the speech b. Request the audience's assistance during the speech c. Review terminology that applies to the subject matter d. Emphasize that the subject matter will be new and useful

The correct answer is D. An audience that is familiar with the subject matter may assume that they will be listening to redundant information. A speaker should inform the audience that the information will be new, relevant, and useful and that the speech will not waste their time.

The amount of anxiety a person feels before giving a speech is referred to as which of the following? a. Context-based apprehension b. Adaptation reaction c. Traitlike apprehension d. Anticipation reaction

The correct answer is D. Anticipation reaction is the nervousness a person feels prior to giving a speech. Anticipation reaction may occur while preparing a speech and when waiting to speak.

Which of the following refers to the act of paying attention to what a speaker says despite distractions? a. Evaluating b. Understanding c. Active listening d. Attending

The correct answer is D. Attending refers to paying attention to a speaker despite distractions. Poor listeners are easily distracted by unrelated thoughts or the activities of others.

Which of the following will most likely be achieved in a speech by avoiding redundancies and unnecessary words? a. Appropriateness b. Impersonal style c. Formality d. Clarity

The correct answer is D. Clarity can occur if a speaker is economical and does not waste words. Redundancies and meaningless words add clutter to a speech and should be avoided.

A person who becomes anxious during any type of public speech but is outgoing and dynamic among peers, strangers, and groups, most likely suffers from which of the following communication apprehensions? a. Traitlike b. Audience-based c. Situational d. Context-based

The correct answer is D. Context-based communication apprehension occurs when a person suffers from speaking apprehension in one type of setting but not in other settings. For example, most people communicate with individuals or groups without anxiety but become nervous when speaking publicly.

The process of evaluating a speech based on its value, credibility, and thoroughness is referred to as which of the following? a. Initial audience attitude b. Expert opinion method c. Criteria satisfaction d. Critical analysis

The correct answer is D. Critical analysis occurs when the effectiveness of a speech is examined. A listener considers speaker credibility, information quality, organizational logic, and emotional message.

Which of the following is the most effective way to evaluate a speech? a. Focus only on the positive elements b. Speak on behalf of the entire audience c. Offer general advice that is not offensive d. Provide specific comments with examples

The correct answer is D. Criticism is most effective if it is specific rather than general. Use examples from the speech to clarify comments.

If a person is delivering a speech with evidence, which of the following factors will most likely make the speech more effective? a. Proxemics and emotional appeals b. Audience analysis and eye contact c. Enunciation and personal appearance d. Naturalness and conversational quality

The correct answer is D. Delivering a speech in a natural and conversational style has the greatest impact on speech effectiveness. Studies have shown that a speech with good delivery and solid evidence changes audience attitudes more than the same speech delivered poorly.

A speech that is delivered with sincerity and conviction uses which of the following as a method of persuasion? a. Credibility b. Ethical appeal c. Logical appeal d. Emotional appeal

The correct answer is D. Effective speakers deliver speeches with sincerity and conviction and appeal to audiences with their emotions. A well-written speech with numerous emotional words and examples will fail if the speaker does not speak with sincerity.

Which of the following terms describes the term used when love, hate, or prejudice are employed to encourage an audience response? (A) Egocentrism (B) Regionalism (C) Evaluative listening (D) Emotional appeal

The correct answer is D. Emotional appeals attempt to persuade audiences through emotions, such as love, hate, and racism. An ethical speaker attempts to persuade an audience with knowledge rather than emotions.

Mumbling words, slurring sounds, and leaving off word endings are problems associated with which of the following? (A) Regional dialects (B) Pronunciation (C) Linguistics (D) Articulation

The correct answer is D. Errors in articulation include chopping, slurring, and mumbling words. Sometimes articulation problems are a result of physical issues, but many times, they are the result of carelessness when speaking.

Which of the following modes of speech delivery occurs when a speakers uses an outline or brief notes? a. Impromptu b. Manuscript c. Memorized d. Extemporaneous

The correct answer is D. Extemporaneous speaking occurs when a speaker uses notes or an outline when delivering a speech. Extemporaneous speaking is the mode most commonly taught in speech classes.

How are facts and figures most often used in persuasive speeches? a. To illustrate a sub-topic b. To summarize the main point c. To help explain a confusing point d. To provide a basis for an argument

The correct answer is D. Facts and figures are typically used early in a persuasive speech because they serve as the foundation of the argument. In informative speeches, data often illustrate points later in the speech.

Which of the following patterns of organization begins with information that is known to the audience and then progresses into information that is new and challenging? a. Question-answer b. Claim-and-proof c. Problem-solution d. Familiarity-acceptance

The correct answer is D. Familiarity-acceptance begins with familiar information and moves into unfamiliar information. The pattern is useful with persuasive speeches given to skeptical audiences; the speaker begins with ideas that are agreeable to everyone and then moves towards new concepts.

Which of the following is a typical error that occurs when reasoning from specific instances? a. False cause b. Red herring c. Invalid analogy d. Hasty generalization

The correct answer is D. Hasty generalizations often occur when using reasoning from specific instances. The sample of specific instances should be large enough to justify the conclusion.

Which of the following should be avoided during a speech to ensure language clarity? a. Figurative language b. Sentence fragments c. Contractions d. Homophones

The correct answer is D. Homophones, which are words that sound the same but have different meanings, should be avoided in a speech. Listeners may misunderstand which word the speaker is using.

Which of the following would be suitable for a speaker who wants to make a speculation about the future? a. Logical definition b. Factual example c. Operational definition d. Hypothetical example

The correct answer is D. Hypothetical examples are appropriate when a speaker wants to discuss events that may occur in the future. Hypothetical examples are also useful when a speaker cannot find an actual example that is suitable for the point being made.

A speaker who argues for peace throughout the world is most likely using which of the following appeals? (A) False dilemma (B) Slippery slope (C) Determination (D) Idealism

The correct answer is D. Idealism argues for high human expectations. For example, former President Jimmy Carter exhibits idealism through Habitat for Humanity.

Which of the following increases the likelihood that a speech will appeal to the majority of audience members? (A) Cognitive consistency (B) Purposeful listening (C) Listener adaptation (D) Audience homogeneity

The correct answer is D. If audience members are very similar in terms of demographics and attitudes, then it is easier for a speaker to present a speech that will appeal to the majority. If an audience is extremely diverse, then finding an appealing topic becomes more difficult.

What is the primary advantage of using research material from a monthly periodical instead of a book? a. Information is reliable b. Information is easy to locate c. Information is more detailed d. Information is current

The correct answer is D. Information from a monthly periodical will be more current than information from a book, which takes time to publish. Large libraries typically subscribe to electronic databases that index articles in magazines and academic journals.

The use of specialized language in a speech should be based upon which of the following? a. Reasoning and evidence b. Speaker credibility c. Supporting materials d. Audience analysis

The correct answer is D. Information gained from an audience analysis will determine a speaker's language and style. If an audience consists of people who will understand technical jargon, then it is appropriate to use specialized terms.

What is the term used to describe words and phrases, such as " because," "then," and "likewise," that indicate relationships between ideas in a speech? (A) Parallel words (B) Generic language (C) Adaptive terms (D) Internal transitions

The correct answer is D. Internal transitions serve to emphasize relationships between ideas and points within a speech. Examples of internal transitions include "therefore," "in other words," and "as a result."

Which of the following is most important to consider when evaluating a speech based on artistic standards? a. Truth and ethics b. Motives and ideas c. Goals and results d. Language and structure

The correct answer is D. Language, structure, and delivery should be considered when evaluating a speech based on artistic standards. Evidence, reasoning, and organization of the speech also relate to the artistic standard.

In a response to critics in 1864, Abraham Lincoln said: Gentlemen, suppose all the property you were worth was in gold, and you had put it in the hands of Blondin to carry across the Niagara River on a rope, would you shake the cable, or keep shouting out to him - 'Blondin, stand up a little straighter - Blondin, stoop a little more - go a little faster - lean a little more to the north - lean a little more to the south?' No, you would hold your breath as well as your tongue, and keep your hands off until he was safe over. The Government are carrying an immense weight. Untold treasures are in their hands. They are doing the very best they can. Don't badger them. Keep silence, and we'll get you safe across. This excerpt provides an example of Lincoln's attempt to do which of the following? a. Establish his credibility and honesty with an easily understood analogy b. Use a narrative to contrast the differences between a tightrope walker and the government c. Provide critics with an alternative perspective of government involvement d. Use an analogy to compare the difficulties faced by a tightrope walker and the government

The correct answer is D. Lincoln compares the difficulties of being a tightrope walker with those of the government. A comparison is a type of analogy that makes a connection between a concept that is understood and a concept that the speaker wants listeners to understand.

Adding age or race designations to a description of a person is referred to as which of the following? a. Generalizing b. Sequencing c. Cluttering d. Marking

The correct answer is D. Marking refers to adding sex, age, or race designations to descriptions. "Mr. Smith is an excellent Latino engineer" is an example of marking.

Which of the following refers to main points of a speech outline being worded in a similar structural pattern? a. Topical b. Sequential c. Congruent d. Parallel

The correct answer is D. Parallel structure refers to statements being worded in a similar style. Parallel structure enables listeners to recognize that a main point is being made.

With which of the following communication activities do people spend the most time? a. Writing b. Reading c. Speaking d. Listening

The correct answer is D. People spend more time listening than any other communication activity. Listening is an active and vital part of daily life.

Failing to cite sources used in a speech and presenting the ideas as your own is known by which of the following terms? a. Incompetence b. Accountability c. Paraphrasing d. Plagiarism

The correct answer is D. Plagiarism is the failure to credit sources for ideas or words. Ethical speakers cite the sources they use, which also adds credibility to their speech.

Which of the following terms refers to the accepted manner of forming and accenting syllables in a word? a. Dialect b. Inflection c. Articulation d. Pronunciation

The correct answer is D. Pronunciation is the accepted standard for the sound and accent of words. Practicing speeches in front of people ensures that words are pronounced correctly.

The speed at which a speech is delivered is referred to as which of the following? a. Duration b. Fluency c. Pitch d. Rate

The correct answer is D. Rate is the speed at which a speech is delivered. Rate should be adjusted based on the occasion, the audience, the content, and the speaker's comfort.

A speech that concludes with the notion that unethical lawyers are common in the United States because numerous attorneys have been convicted recently of fraud is using which of the following methods of reasoning? a. Causal reasoning b. Analogical reasoning c. Reasoning from principle d. Reasoning from specific instances

The correct answer is D. Reasoning from specific instances moves from a number of facts to a general conclusion. These types of conclusions are not infallible because exceptions always exist.

Which of the following is most important to consider before evaluating an after-dinner speech, commencement address, or a eulogy? (A) Epideictic speech standards (B) Rhetorical criticism standards (C) Impromptu speech techniques (D) Genre and cultural expectations

The correct answer is D. Speeches given outside of the classroom should be evaluated based on cultural expectations and the genre of the speech. After-dinner speeches, commencement addresses, and eulogies do not follow the same format as classroom speeches, so the cultural expectations for a special occasion speech should be carefully considered when giving criticism.

Which best describes the following statement: "Since 1999, enrollment in trade schools has increased by 10% every three years"? a. Magnitude b. Contrast c. Segment d. Trend

The correct answer is D. Statistics that illustrate direction over time are referred to as trends. Trends can be beneficial in a persuasive speech when a speaker needs to provide support for an argument.

Which of the following methods of reducing speech apprehension involves learning relaxation techniques and imagining stressful situations? a. Public speaking skills training b. Performance orientation c. Communication orientation d. Systematic desensitization

The correct answer is D. Systematic desensitization requires a person to learn how to relax while thinking of frightening events. The individual creates a hierarchy of fears and uses the relaxation techniques while facing each fear.

Which of the following demographic elements is most important for a speaker to consider when deciding what kind of supporting material to provide and what terms and language to use? a. Age b. Gender c. Culture d. Education

The correct answer is D. The education level of an audience determines the language to use, the type of supporting material to provide, and the way the speech is organized. For example, an audience educated in the subject will understand technical language and detailed supporting material, while a less educated audience may not.

What term is used for reminding an audience about the thesis during the conclusion of a speech? a. Forecasting b. Appeal to action c. Forewarning function d. Instant-replay function

The correct answer is D. The instant-replay function serves to remind listeners of the main points of a speech. The instant-replay function could take the form of a summary or a catchy statement that highlights the thesis of the speech.

Which of the following is the primary purpose of an introduction to a speech? a. Acknowledge similarities with the audience b. Summarize the importance of the topic c. Explain the main points of the speech d. Gain the attention of the audience

The correct answer is D. The introduction of a speech should grab the attention of the audience. Attention can be gained by asking a question, telling a story, or providing interesting statistics.

Which of the following is considered an advantage of memorizing a speech? a. Decreased problems related to voice and rate b. Increased ability to adapt to audience feedback c. Decreased fear and apprehension about audience d. Increased freedom for gestures and bodily movements

The correct answer is D. The memorized mode of speech delivery allows for greater bodily freedom and flexibility. Since the speaker requires no notes, the speaker is able to walk around the stage and make hand gestures.

Which of the following is most likely the biggest error that beginning speakers make when selecting a speech topic? a. Trying to address the needs of an entire audience b. Trying to include too many supporting materials c. Trying to stretch a small topic into a lengthy speech d. Trying to cover a large topic in a short time frame

The correct answer is D. The mistake made by most first-time speakers is to choose a wide-ranging topic when a short time frame is given. The result is a speech that lacks depth.

When all points on an outline use the same grammatical structure, the outline is adhering to which of the following principles? a. Principle of division b. Principle of subordination c. Principle of structure d. Principle of parallelism

The correct answer is D. The principle of parallelism suggests that every point on an outline be structured in the same grammatical fashion. For example, an outline that uses sentences should consistently use sentences, rather than a mixture of sentences, fragments, and brief phrases.

The location and occasion of a speech refers to which of the following terms? a. Thesis b. Purpose c. Credibility d. Setting

The correct answer is D. The setting of a speech refers to its location and occasion. Before selecting a topic, a speaker should consider where the speech will occur and what the reason is for giving the speech.

Which of the following refers to an audience analysis based on factors such as audience size, time of day, and physical setting? a. Sociological audience analysis b. Psychological audience analysis c. Demographic audience analysis d. Situational audience analysis

The correct answer is D. The situational audience analysis is an important factor when adapting a speech. The size of the audience and the physical location of the speech may require a speaker to adjust the speech's length, language, and visual aids.

"To inform my audience of the recent progress in cancer research" is an example of which of the following? a. General purpose b. Thesis statement c. Topic sentence d. Specific purpose

The correct answer is D. The statement is an example of a specific purpose for a speech. The specific purpose should be worded as an infinitive phrase and be limited to one objective.

A speech about Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps that is divided into his three most successful events — freestyle, butterfly, and relay — would be best organized according to which of the following patterns? a. Problem-solution b. Spatial c. Cause-effect d. Topical

The correct answer is D. The three categories are subtopics about Michael Phelps' career, so topical order is the most appropriate organizational pattern. With topical order, each section is equal and balanced.

A speaker who concludes a speech by increasing the intensity of the presentation is using which of the following? a. Startling ending b. Dramatic ending c. Dissolve ending d. Crescendo ending

The correct answer is D. With a crescendo ending, a speaker often increases the pace or uses dramatic gestures to indicate that the speech is reaching its climax. An audience realizes the speech is concluding because of the way the message is delivered.

Organizing the main points of a speech based on an object's structure is referred to as which of the following types of patterns? a. Chronological b. Elimination c. Causal d. Spatial

The correct answer is D. With spatial organization, the speaker organizes major ideas based on their physical location. For example, a speech about the earth's layers might progress from the outer crust to the core or vice versa.