DU Entrance Exam: Survey of Art History

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rib vault

a groin vault with ribs (extra masonry) added to underside for reinforcement. helped distribute weight to specific points Ribs may function to reinforce the groins or may be purely decorative, allowing to build higher related: Carcassone, france, 1240

Mansard Roof

a hip roof, each face of which has a steeper slope on all four sides, usually flat top related: mansart, chateau, maison sur seine, 1642

local color

color something is when viewed in normal, natural light

Chinese beam-frame construction

columns held in place by vertical beams of shorter and shorter length Perlins rest lightly atop structure Advantages: roof profile adjustable, not reliable on triangulated truss support under roof Weight distributed solely on columns, walls can be located anywhere Related Work: Pagoda, Foguang Monastery, Shanxi Province, China, 1056 AD

westwork

combination of towers and entrance at western end of basilica pattern church beginning of reorganizing church, giving facade an epression Related: Sainte Foy, Conques, France, 1050

Kasbah

common structure in atlas mountains Fortified structure building consisting of multiple family dwellings Related Work: Kasbah, Ait-Benhaddou, Morocco, 20th c

Attalos I

conquerer of gauls

Assemblage

constructing 3D object by cobbing together materials Often materials are debased, common everyday things

cyclopean Masonry

construction technique using massive limestone blocks (megaliths) named after Polyphemous in the Odyssey typical of Mycenaean architecture hard for attackers to destroy such walls

quoin

cornerstone on brick/stone walls, often rougher or larger stone used to visually frame building related: bramante, tempietto, rome, 1502

peristyle garden

courtyard garden surrounded by columns Related: Atrium, House of the Vettii, Pompeii, 63 AD

Art criticism

critics emerge due to emphasis on taste and occurrence of salons Newspaper journalism and pamphlet writing explodes in 18th century Critics publish writing about art in easily accesible journals to satisfy public desire to develop personal tastes

S-pose

curved at waist and hip, kind of a sassy stance. Signature pose of praxiteles' sculpture

Pendentive

curved triangular panel that smooths transition from joined arches to rounded dome above -required when dome sits on a squared shape, not a drum meaning "hanging" more elegant than later squinch windows @ base of dome - requires buttressing on either side

Palazzo Farnese

da Sangallo & Michelangelo, Rome, 1530

Camera obscura

dark room Optical device that projects what is outside device onto screen inside Used as an artist's aid Forerunner of photographic camera

Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

dedicated to St. James the Greater

Classical

denotes period in ancient greek art Common usage, has come to denote traditional, eternal, universal, good quality, highest class Beauty, Order, Simplicity are relished

Modular design

designing anything as a series of related parts that can be reconfigured based on user needs What is object? It is continually reimagined, Offers choice of variability Related Work: Eames, Storage Unit, 1950

Feng-shui

determining location of building based on confucianism and taoism Usually used to locate parts and furnishings according to local environment and climate Many approaches are practical and based on ability of structure to allow heat light cold air and water to enter Environment and climate dominate choices that are both sought and offered (wind and water) Related Work: Siheyuan courtyard house, pingyao, China, 20th C

West facade of Amiens Cathedral

didactic tool microcosm of world - based on St. Thomas Aquinas teachings science+religion merge into one

ALTAR FROM PERGAMON

c. 175-150 BCE Commemorate victory over gauls

GRAVE STELE OF KTESILAOS AND THEANO

c. 400 BCE Grave marker Married couple, both names inscribed on stele Air of melancholy, couple gazes at one another gently Idea standards of beauty shown here

SCULPTURES OF THE EAST PEDIMENT OF THE PARTHENON

c. 447-432 BCE Goddesses and messenger speaking of athena's birth, herakles or dionysus, sun chariot tells time of day Greeks show figures at same scale but only showing fraction of figure Naturalistic and extremely detailed Female form is more revealing - not nude, but fabric folds in a way that shows body

THE AKROPOLIS, ATHENS Reconstruction drawing as it appeared

c. 447-432 BCE Sacked by persians in 430 BCE, left in ruins as a reminder, rebuilt under perikles Parthenon temple for athena, propylaia (gate to akropolis), athena nike

WARRIOR

c. 460-450 BCE Recovered from coast of Riace Originally had helmet Shield and sword originally included

KRITIOS BOY

c. 475 BCE Increasing naturalism in classical era contrapposto

TEMPLE OF APHAIA, AEGINA View from the east.

c. 500 or c. 475 BCE Doric temple Formula that came standard for greek temples

PEPLOS KORE

c. 530 BCE Figure wears "peplos" - simple sheet-like garment, pinned at shoulders, draped and belted Not actually peplos, actually dressed like a goddess and painted lavishly Much more natural and "greek" than early archaic statues, can see the body underneath the dress

ANAVYSOS KOUROS

c. 530 BCE Found near anavysos Identified as "kroisos" - grave monument of fallen warrior Much more naturalistic than earlier archaic statues Greek artists beginning to represent figure in realistic way

BERLIN KORE

c. 570-560 BCE Named for located (now in berlin) Originally painted (red paint) Still formal pose, face very formal Funerary statue, holds pomergranate (persephone) Cloth falls very stiff and straight

METROPOLITAN KOUROS

c. 600-590 BCE Youthful male, not any particular person Grave marker, votive offering Named for where it is now (met museum) Compare to egyptian imagery, male figure pose very similar but NUDE Very stylized

OLPE (PITCHER)

c. 650-625 BCE Orientalizing period Pitcher w/ spout and pitcher Corinth - animal style Divided in horizontal registers, yet each row has large animals w/open space, no geometric ornament between

MAN AND CENTAUR

c. 750 BCE Geometric Period Small bronze object Male figure larger than centaur Specific mythological figures (heracles and nessos?)

FUNERARY KRATER

c. 750-735 BCE Geometric Period Pottery w/wide mouth and handles, marked burial site Imagery: two registers of warriors Bodys geometric, triangular and abstract

Model of Temple at Veii

ca 515 BC 1/2 of structure is porch 3 rooms for worship Wood structure on stone stylobate, walls made of wattle and daub Front is collonade but also porch Empty space in pediment Related Term: Pilaster

Realism

capital R. movement in art reacting against Romantic art Artists wanted to paint contemporary life, not fantasies, allegories, distant historical scenes Not only wanted to paint their current world; they wanted to express moral outrage to improve it Be avant garde, ahead of their time

mashrabiyya

carved wooden screen that allowed air to enter and diffuse light boxy protrusions on exterior wall women could watch from privacy of home

Porch of the Maidens

caryotid columns on the south porch of erechtheion

Anastasis

church of the monastery of Christ, Instanbul Late Byzantine

osculus

circular opening @ top of building done to light interior using natural source Related: Pantheon, Rome, 125 AD

Corinth

city state well known for animal-style pottery

De Stijl

dutch art, design and arch. movement from 1920-1930 "the style" 1) straight lines and rectangular/square forms 2) primary colors, black and white 3) avoidance of symmetry art and the world achieves balance through oppositions Related work: Schroder House, Rietveld, Netherlands, 1924

Doric order

earliest column form from mainland Greece masculine , heavier Capital based on sea urchin Shaft has 7 drums : male Drawback: capital seen as jutting out too far from entablature Related Work: Temple of Hera, Paestum, 550 BC

Wattle-and-daub construction

earliest known form of construction Wattle: sticks woven together Daub: aggregate - mud Related work: Terra Amata, Southern France, 400,000 BC

Garden a la Française

early form of french formal garden, derived from italy arranged in geometric stylized lace like patterns that get more rigidly structured the closure you get to the palace related: gardens of versaille, le notre and le brun, 1661

Sublime

exceeds our ability to comprehend it in one glance to understand it. Makes us feel awe and fear Goya considered sublime painter, David beautiful painter Causes catharsis in viewer, feel like cleansing of the soul in order to function better

Taste

exercise of one's individually trained appraisal of arts and goods Arises when there is no longer any authority to tell people what is good or bad art

Die Brüke (the Bridge)

expressed pessimistic world view, distorted forms, bright crowded colors, visible choppy brushwork Subject matter often chaotic urban scenes, contrasts between classes and "types"

Palace Complex at Aachen

exterior view

Lekythos

elongated neck, small lip, elegant-shaped vessel used for funerary settings

Abstraction

emerges as part of self reflective and analytic motive in Modernist art Can be process, abstracting from known from to basic contours or colors Property: values attached to colors, lines, forms Does not refer to anything recognizable

Kroisos

fallen warrior of front line, buried in anavysos

Verdica

enclosure fence to protect sacred temple Marked path for circumambulation (ambulatory) Related Work: Great Stupa, Sanchi 250 BC

Dolmen

enclosure made by 2+ vertical stones supporting one single stone Burial places for important dead Related work: Chianca Dolmen, Bisceglia, Italy, 4000 BC

Torana

entrance gate in front of fence, not direct entry Protects pilgrims during meditations inside Allows site for elaborate sculptural representation of dieties Related Work: Great Stupa, Sanchi 250 BC

piano noble

entry floor of any building related: palladio, villa rotunda, vincenza, 1566

Caryatid

female figure in guise of column (trademark of ionic order)

Kore

female?

Repoussoir

figure/object in foreground of picture (usually to the side) used to push back the principal scene and establishes spatial depth, making us yearn to see around or beyond the object Example: Woman holding a balance

black-figure technique

figures are black silhouette, light red-clay background

relief sculpture

figures emerge from flat plane behind Low relief means figures are very slightly protruding, high relief means figures are protruding greatly

Analytic cubism

first phase by Picasso and Braque, 1907-1910 Renaissance system of perspective is shattered: cubism implies unstable observing position Careful exploration of possibilities of pursuing a few formal visual innovations Spatial depth nonexistent: figures flattened through use of passage Implied position of viewer shifts all over: figure viewed from several angles Forms echo shape of canvas: trying to get composition to hold together within frame is more important than accurate depiction of real world Classical aspects make it clear that they see this as still traditional: but as exploration of tradition's potential (centrally organized, sombre browns and yellows)

Daguerreotype

first photographic process. Direct "positive" process (made directly onto its metal backing) Each photo is unique original Easily scratched and tarnished Made on silver and salt coated copper plate

Idealization

form is beautiful and proportional, mathematical unattainable beauty,

Readymade

found object transformed into an art object, either by assisting (altering it slightly) or putting it in new context (gallery, museum)

Jacques Carrey

french men who sketched pediment sculptures in 1600's, reconstructions have been made based off these drawings

brutalism

from beton brut, how Le corbusier described raw concrete. Buildings have straight repetitive angular geometry "beauty by contrast" Related work: Unified dwellinghouse, le corbusier, 1946

horizon line

furthest boundary in perspective drawing

German expressionism

general term to describe avant garde art produced in germany from 1905-1937

stained glass windows

glass set in lead grouting forming pattern or 3D image, used to let light into space and illustrate biblical stories dominant form of church interior decoration related: Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1140

Sfumato

glazed layered atop paintings surface, blends forms in subtle gradations Unifies forms unlike fresco's solid color areas set next to one another

Strasbourg Cathedral

gothic screen, rayonnant style adds depth to facade huge clerestory with stained glass

Pausanias

greek man who told us pediment imagery: west pediment was contest between poseidon and athena for patron deity, east side was birth of athena

megaron

greek palace (large room) symmetrically arranged around axis example of more limited access with progression into internal space Related Work: Citadel at Mycenae Greece, 1600 BC

tablinium

greeting area of house (beyond atrium) where public duties are performed Related: Atrium, House of the Vettii, Pompeii, 63 AD

pilotis

ground level support columns (piers) -raise mass, lighten appearance -free space underneath for movement, parking, and allow building to float -use land efficiently and suggest modernized classicism Related work: Villa Sovoye, Le Corbusier, Poissy, 1929

Impressionism

group of likeminded painters wanting to represent everyday life, often exhibit work together NOT IN SALON Tended to paint rapidly as though trying to capture fleeting moment Didn't just want to be contemporaneous, but instantaneous also Visual aspects: Composition meant to appeal realist and unstructured Modeling of figures is deemphasized, simplified, and less detailed Color tends to be bright Brushwork is visible, sketch like, like it was done quickly Subject matter often scenes of everyday life, many outdoors Emphasize leisure activities of urban and suburban pleasures

The Blue rider

group of painters in munich 1911-1915 Not dark themes like the Bridge, these were more spiritual

chevet

head of churches layout, including apse, ambulatory, radiating chapels related: interior of Saint Denis, Paris, 1140 (1137!)

horizontal bands on an object or in a painting, used to organize figures or help tell a story

fonduk

hotel like compound for foreign invaders had direct access to its courtyard to encourage business - unlike everyday houses Related: al-Bazaar, Wevsla, Cairo, 1600

humanism

human reason basis for inquiry/world view individual intellect, character, talent are valued based on concepts from antiquity related: ideal city, 1450

humanism

human reason is basis for viewing the world a new, humans are the center of inquiry. The center of entire renaissance, where an individual's intellect, character, and talent are valued Based on concepts from antiquity (morals, ethics, learned from study and observation of the world) Gone are the ways of medieval times, where scholasticism and strict adherence to rules and codes are the norm

Uta and Ekkehard

husband and wife "portrait sculpture" comm. by Bishop Dietrich to honor founders of cathedral precursor to Ren. "donor portraits" individualized images

triumphal arch

a monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. Related: Arch of Titus, Rome, 81AD

coffer

a sunken panel in a ceiling meant to imitate wooden beams, adds strength Related: Pantheon, Rome, 125 AD

fan vaulting

a type of vault consisting of a multiple thin pointed arches resulting in fan shapes related: salisbury cathedral, england, 1220 AD

Colorfield Painting

abstract expressionist painting, painters use large unified color areas and shapes (simple composition) Brushwork becomes less evident Want audience to view for long period, to have an unfolding experience with work

black-figure technique

another name of animal style, animals are often black against white background

picturesque

aethetic ideal introduced in 18th century, like picture or painting, beautiful meets sublime kent, holkham hall, norfolk, 1734

Tokonoma

alcove in teahouse displaying precious objects for contemplation Only secure solid wall in every interior Related Work: Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto Japan, 1616 AD

ablaq

alternating bands of masonry in different colors seen in arches, sometimes walls script instead of figures - worship of text over icons meander is trademark of islamis art, literature, music - probably based in nomadic background but also in koran Related: Dome of the Rock, jer., 690

Polygnotos

ancient artist praised for depth, females in transparent drapery, range of human emotions. Paintings have since been lost

Agora

ancient greek meeting place for free citizens Eventually becomes marketplace Forerunner to Roman forum Related Work: Stoa of Attalos, Athens, 150 BC

atrium

initial entry to a house Related: Atrium, House of the Vettii, Pompeii, 63 AD

red-figure technique

introduced during archaic, same process as black figure, only difference is where slip is placed. Think of inverting the color of a black-figure image, filling in the negative space Red figure is more naturalistic, closer to skin tone and lets artist paint in finer details

Tell Erbil,

iraq, 6500 bc

Futurism

italian art movement 1909-1939. Starts as theory, then art is produced to demonstrate it. Urban world, machine and man made, rapid movement

Lakshmana temple

khajuraho, india, 945 AD

basilica

large building functioned as indoor public meeting area apses were locations for public officials to conduct businesses forerunner of church buildings Related: basilica uplia Rome, 98 AD

Palladian Window

large central paneled window flanked by two lower rectangular openings. inspired by constantine related: palladio, villa rotunda, vincenza, 1566

Pylon

large sloping wall flanking a building entrance Related Work: Entrance to Temple of Amon, Luxor, Egypt, 1400 BC

Altarpiece

large work placed in front of altar that told a story and gave people something to look at. Helped direct worshipper's attention since mass was conducted in latin, many people could not understand.

Corinthian order

last, from cortinth, popular in rome Capital acanthus leaf Thought to be better visually in finishing buildings Shaft: 9 drums - young maiden Related Work: Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), Rome, 72 AD

VIRGIN AND CHILD

late 12th Century Romanesque

Rayonnant style

late gothic churches, appearing structurally lighter, with more window area, thinner piers reinforced with thin iron rods and gilded with gold related: nave, sainte-chapelle, paris, 1243

Ionic Order

later from turkey (ionia), ferning and elegant Capital like a rams horm Shaft 8 drums : female Drawback: seen as having only two preferred vantage points Volute: scroll shaped capital on ionic column Related Work: Parthenon, Athens, 448 BC

Organic

like bodily organ, living thing. Often denotes something with smooth curves

orthogonal

lines in perspective drawing that run from foreground to background

Slip

liquified clay that was used for firing, black color emerges when fired in kiln

Chichester Constable, Chasuble, Southern England, 1330

liturgical, life of mary velvet, satin, silk, gold opus anglicanum elaborate figurative imagery

Frieze

long ornate rectangular part on top of column capitals and under pediment

Collanade

long rows of columns sharing one entablature (lintel) Related work: Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, 1504 BC

English Landscape Garden

main house at center of estate landscape meant to appear natural , irregular, untamed, wild not geometric structures, nothing close to house vast lawns rolling away from house toward cluster of trees far away exploited site of nearby woods structures tend to be bridges at far distance related: kent, holkham hall, norfolk, 1734

Entasis

making column convey at some point in order to enhance bulkiness and scale Related Work: Temple of Hera, Paestum, 550 BC

Dogon Village

mali, 20th century

Cromlech

megalithic structure w/ upright stones arranged in circular patterns Related work: Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England, 2800 BC

Etching

method of printmaking similar to engraving but with pen like stylus - Difference is that metal plate has been covered in resin - Artist uses burin but doesn't have to gouge the plate - can draw - Lines will be enhanced later, thick/thin - After drawing, plates dipped in acid bath - Longer they are in bath, deeper and wider the grooves will get - but rest of plate will not get eaten away due to resin coating - Artist can manipulate line expression by length of time in acid bath - Then plate is stripped of resin and inked the same way as engraving - Etching able to convey lighter touch, as though more direction transcribing artist's spontaneity Example: three crosses

concrete

mix of cement, volcanish ash, gravel and water. allows liquid architectural design, freed of stone and wood limitations cheap and easily transportable Related work: Aquaduct, Spain, 100 AD

Nordic classism

mixture of local scandinavian elements with those aspects of classical architecture Not only rational but are more modest and humanly scaled Popular from 1910-1930, sees later resurgance of interest when mixed with modern motifs Related work: Municipal Library, Aalto, Viipuri, Finland, 1930

Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels

monastery of St Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt Early Byzantine Art

Tell

mound created by rebuilding city atop itself continually over time Related work: Tell Erbil, iraq, 6500 BC

Shikhara

mountain peak roof of a hindu temple Believed that sharply peaked temples were stone versions of thatched roof bamboo structures Related work: Lakshmana temple, khajuraho, india, 945 AD

Neoclassicism

movement (1770-1830) as reaction to baroque and rococo style asserted need to adapt greek and roman architecture in building responding to social/politial change insistent on universal standards related: schinkel, royal guard house, berlin, 1817

Passage

movement from one plane to next, one through shading forms. Creates dynamism and spatial confusion

italian rationalism

movement in italian architecture to approach arch. with a scientific basis, absorbing history through renaissance to roman empire related work: casa del fascio, Como, terragni

Allegory

narrative in which figure represents an idea Figure isn't literally what is seen, but is substitute for concept Many allegories are arguments or rhetoric - arguing for need to elevate status of artists

Rose Window

north transept, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1250

Action painting

one of 2 kinds of Abstract Expressionism, gestural painting style Brushwork is visible, so much that it is subject of the work Work tends to be very large Composition not centrally focused, but all over as a pattern Seen as expressing inner self Seen as instance of freedom during the cold war Emphasizes process and performance as a crucial component or even subject of art

Rosette

in negative space between animals of animal style pottery, decorative emblems looking like flowers

spandrel panel

opaque panel in curtain wall, panel hides insulation, edges of floor slabs and ceilings, etc - can blend with glass, be colored with contrast to glass Related work: Crown Hall ITT, van der Rohe, Chicago, 1956

Usonian Architecture

organic principles used to acknowledge indigenous site of houses -originally for planning suburbs - affordable for families -using local materials - single level (no attic or basement) Related work: First Jacobs House, Wright, Madison WI, 1936

Axial plan

organization around central axis Usually indicates culture is socially organized into hierarchy Society desires stability and continuity Related Work: Plan of Teotihuacan, 100 BC

forum

outdoor meeting ground, usually bound by 3 collanades and basilica became less for marketplace and more for socializing Related: markets of tragan, rome, 110 AD

Art Deco

overall design style popular from 1920-1940 -response to WWI and post-war austerity sometimes rich w/ ornament -condensed several earlier trends: geometry from abstraction, unification from expressionism, embracing of modern materials -adapted well to business needs, unlike avant garde -rid excess details, use modern materials, produce objects appearing cohesively unified and distinctive to remember new materials: aluminum, chrome, bakelite, plastic (also continue using glass) Visual aspects: linear repitition, geometric shapes, symmetry

Reducing

oxygen is cut off, kiln fills with smoke and everything is black

Oxidizing

oxygen is present in kiln: everything is still red

Tempera

paint made from pigment and egg yolk used to paint on wooden panels. Precise detail and edges, luminous glowing depth, permanent and hard when dry

Post impressionism

painters want to structure their vision Want to show what they can do beyond merely recording the world Explore possibilities of color: often secondary rather than local colors

Post impressionism

painters want to structure their vision Want to show what they can do beyond merely recording the world Explore possibilities of color: often secondary rather than local colors Also want to portray religious and personal life with color and brushwork used to convey their response. Color and strokes become symbolic. Beginning of expressionism in art

Encaustic

painting material of color pigment in wax

Regionalism

painting movement in US from 1920-1940 Realistic space and color Subject matter is lives of everyday people or myths Scenes from local specific places, usually rural Subtle political commentary, often anti-modern

Plein air

painting outside - a radical break. Literally means "plain air" or outdoors

Atmospheric perspective

painting technique for backgrounds to suggest they are far away - Outlines not precise, fewer details, subduing colors, hazy grey-blues

Fresco

painting technique using pigment in water on fresh (wet) plaster - Cheap decoration on interior walls - Sends right message of humility and poverty for the church - Works well in the dry climate of Italy - Northern Europe couldn't use this technique very well

ambulatory

passageway for ritual walking in a church/monastery Related: Interior decoration of Santa Constanza, 350 AD

Terms for Greek Temple Architecture

pediment: triangular area framed by roof end frieze: horizontal band of sculpture entablature: lintel above columns capital: top of column column: supporting post stylobate: platform on which temple built

Baroque

period (1600-1700), also style in art - Derived from church's desire to engage in laity again - to win followers back and gain new ones in heavily discovered colonies after Council of Trent (1563) - Church realizes its approach of soughting out heresy was not working, instead turns to telling people the benefits of belief. - Term for catholic art art is: Highly emotional and theatrical Openly propagandistic Stretching classical forms into individual expressions Dynamic, angular Hidden light sources Spatial complexity Use of ovals and other less classical geometric forms Interplay of concave and convex Combination of architecture, painting, and sculpture to create illusions and break boundaries

baroque

romanesque style

period from 1000 to 1137 described by massive and heavy buildings stone masonry becomes dominant building material, even for ceilings and roofs period involves many enclosed experiences in space exteriors have motif of adjoining round arhes - remaining is continuous supporting wall related: Sainte Foy, Conques, France, 1050

Bazaar

permanent enclosed marketplave in arabic countries, often converyed street w/ stalls or shops along both sides isfahan bazaar planned and is in most original state of any

Foreshortening

perspectival view applied to figure that extends back into picture plane at an angle Often achieved by making figure appear compressed In sculpture, meant to suggest one (large) part of figure is closest to the figure

Siheyuan courtyard house

pingyao, China, 20th C

Bayeux Tapestry

political propoganda in medieval world: justifies norman invasion of England in battle of hastings documentation of secular event linen embroidery, female artists comm. by bishop odo

Canon

polykleitos formula for perfect figure

Manhattanism

population growth due to economic opportunity at physically limited site, also offering great availability of information and technology - results in invention and testing solutions of congestion in lifestyle and architecture -optimistic belief in modernity and possibilities that congested space can produce in modern world Related Work: Study for Maximum Mass Permitted by 1916 NY Zoning Law, Ferriss, 1922

Lithography

printing process that exploits repulsion of oil and water to acid etch into greased areas of stone or plate, and not the rest Can produce many copies without degrading a plate Printing process well suited to quick reproduction on mass scale: at moment that large populations concentrated in newly urban places demand news that is up to date Lithography becomes tool for providing news images until photography

Ranch house

single level house popularized in the 1920s, based on spanish colonial era Haciendas Roofs low with wide eaves Became popular after WWII due to adaptability and cheapness 90% of all new housing developments Related work: May, Cliff May House, Brentwood CA, 1953

talud-tablero construction

sloping stone plane alternating with vertical sided platforms (tablero) Trademark of mesoamerican architecture Related Work: Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan, Mexico, 100 BC

radiating chapel

small apse structure built onto main apse to house relic. common in romanesque to disperse religious focus related: Sainte Foy, Conques, France, 1050

Sainte-Chapelle

small royal chapel comm. by Louis IX rayonnant style decorative, painted, light, color

squinch

small single arch build across upper corner of cubic space to smooth hemispherical dome atop that space often built in steps, several overlapping each other Related Work: Mihrah of the Great Mosque, Cardoba, Spain, 786

pinnacle

small tower atop flying buttress often heavy, rectified with lead, counteracts the compressive force pushing sideways/outwards accencuates verticals on cathedral exterior related: nave at strasbourg cathedral, france, 1439

Clerestory window

small window at top of hall Usually in long rows Let light into large space but allows security Related work: Model of Temple of Amon, Karnak, 1294 BC

Dematerialization

production of art resulting in no art object being made Overheated art market in US causes young artists to reconsider whether they want to fuel the frenzy Set of movements in 1960's share common concern to counter art market Challenges were either object not made, object far away Emphasis shifted: act of making was primary (performance), ideas behind work were primary (conceptual), work was remotely located and immovable (earthwork)

organic architecture

promotes harmony between human habitation and natural world - design approaches are sympathetic/well integrated into site -buildings, furnishings, surroundings all become part of unified composition Related work: Fallingwater, Wright, Bear Run PA, 1935

Manifesto

public declaration of values or beliefs. Became popular method of publicly circulating avant garde ideas in early 20th century

Golden Section

ratio felt in ideally balanced forms: a is to b as a+b is to A. Controversial theory that claims facade and other parts of Parthenon establish this standard Related Work: Parthenon, Athens, Greece, 448 BC

postmodernism

reaction against dominance of modernist architecture practice. Isnt always radical break - sometimes simple extends modernist ideas further - tends to make historical references more explicitly than abstracted versions of modernist architects - more willing to take ideas from variety of cultures - fragments designs so they are discontinuous, not "unified" - more likely to use different mediums as well as non architectural media -refuses to think of architecture as seperate from social and polital context Questions concepts such as purity, unity, universal values, authenticity, originality, reality Related work: Vanna Venturi House, Venturi, Chestnut Hill PA, 1962

tracery

regulary patterned curving forms, often in vines, executed in stone to separate panes/sections of stained glass related: Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1140

Woodcutting

relief process - Print made from a block of wood carved so the parts to be inked remain raised, while the parts to remain white are carved away - Advantage: can produce multiple copies of a work - Carving of block results in varied appearance in print, which determines which tools are used, from thick to thin, wedged to flat - Must know your wood grains, which direction to gauge - All effect result in print with thick/thin lines, smooth/course lines Example: Four Horsemen of the Apocolypse

continuous narrative

repetition of one figure to suggest separate moments in a narrative, employed to suggest time unfolding in one static image

Gospel of Otto III

representations of church and state

Bungalow

residential building form originated in indian continent (bengali) Usually one story often with open air space between main floor and ground Includes verandah, rooms organized around central entry hall - no stairs exist within, usually Related Work: Bungalow, Lahore, Pakistan, 1870

Vitruvius

roman architect who studied earlier architecture

pointed arch

round arch variation that comes to a point, distributes weight more effectively and allows for greater flexibility in height/width related: interior of Saint Denis, Paris, 1140 (1137!)

Parts of a mosque

sahn: enclosed courtyard qibla: the wall faced during prayer mihrab: niche to indicate the wall is direction of mecca mosque: congregational space for religious services in islam (small arcs for for daily prayer, large ones for weekly worship)

Bauhaus

school of architecture, art, and design in Germany from 1919-1933 -founded with belief that architecture, art, and design could be united by industrialized crafts -influential on all later art schools in Europe and the US -focused on universal design principals, then move to specialized media Related Work: Bauhaus Shop Block, Gropius, Dessau, 1926

Bauhaus

school of architecture, design, art in germany from 1919-1933 Founded with belief that all 3 could be united by industrializing crafts Teaching focused upon starting with universal design principles, then moving into many specialized media Influential on all later art schools in Europe and US

Crenellation

series of indentations along top of wall - adds variety and pattern but also defensive shield for archers/defenders of city Related work: Ishtar Gate, Babylon, 575 BC

ashlar

smooth finished stone masonry laid so that the joints are visible related: Michelozzo, palazzo medici, florence, 1444

Hypostyle hall

space filled with columns that support flat stone roof Usually largest inner chamber of temple Related work: Model of Temple of Amon, Karnak, 1294 BC

module

standard basic unit of measurement

triforium

shallow arched gallery above the arcaded side aisles of a church related: Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1140

Tenebrism

sharp contrasts of light and dark in painting usually with dark dominating. Often used to suggest heavenly light, effect of God, Christ, the Word example: Conversion of St. Paul

Constructivism

short lived soviet art movement (1917-1930) Make art and architecture that will construct new society Emphasize arts link to industrial: use industrial materials People easily relate to these materials Most work will be abstract Emphasize everyday materials put to everyday use to help construct new society

Structural Rationalism

the belief that architecture should be shaped by a proper understanding of materials and science rather than archaic tradition related: piraseni, from vendute, 1747

ferroconcrete

steel-reinforced concrete (usually rebar embedded) Related work: Bauhaus Shop Block, Gropius, Dessau, 1926

Vanitas

still life painting in Dutch art that shows figures symbolizing things in life that are vanities, transient and fleeting

Qasr

storage fortress for grain supply Provides families protection during war Built with rubble and adobe Qasr, Kabao, Libya, 20th century

Silo

storage structure usually used for storing and protecting grain supply In africa, silos raised off of damp groung, openings only reached by ladders Silos as common as residences Related Work: Adobe Structures, Musgum, Chad, 20th C

Orthogonal Grid Plan

streets plotted to intersect at right angles, despite topography Separate ares for private, public, religions fucntions Imposes order on nature Assigns place to groups of inhabitants Related Work: Plan for Miletos, Turkey, 467 BC

dormer window

structural protrustion on sloping roof to allow light into roof space related: mansart, chateau, maison sur seine, 1642

truss

structure of triangular units and straight members connecting at nodes - most intense pressure of the truss occuring at the node -used in spanning or bracing system Reference Building: AEG Turbine Factory, Behrens, 1908

Membrane structure

structure with thin flexible surface that bears load through tension stress Related Work: Bedouin black Tents, Mali, 1960

Mannerism

style characteristic of 16th century art, conformed to good manners, stylish, elegant - Often assumed vast education to understand - Visual characteristics take renaissance standards and push their limits - Bodies elongated - Figures poses often don't look easy or naturally comfortable - S curves, twisting - Colors aren't always primary Example: Madonna of the long neck

flying buttress

support on exterior of building where greatest load of weight is designed as partial arches to let in light to adjoining wall related: nave at strasbourg cathedral, france, 1439

Automatism

surrealist painting technique. Attempt to draw or paint automatically, directly from unconsious onto paper or canvas. Use Freud's technique of Free association. Initial doodle turned into final drawing. Felt to be close to unfiltered, untrained drawing

linear perspective

system for representing 3 dimensional space realistically on a 2 dimensional space through modular measuring. Human figure is module by which realistic space is measured - created by Brunelleschi around 1420 by staring at the angles of the Florence Babtistry

linear perspective

system for representing 3D space realistically on 2D surface using modular measurement module: standard basic unit of measure orthogonal: lines in perspective drawing that run from foreground to horizon line vanishing point: point which eyes are drawn on horizon line horizon line: furthest boundary in perspective drawing Related: Masaccio, Holy Trinity, Santa Maria Novella, Florence 1428

Roof comb

tall structural temple atop mayan pyramid Meant to be only visible part of pyramid from distance Comb ony interior space one can enter Some structures throughtout have been found to have tombs withing Roof combs interior corbelled vault with stuccoo decorations resting atop stones Related Work: Temple I, Tical, Guatemala, 650 AD

Obelisk

tall tapering 4 sided pillar that ends at the top with pyramid Symbolizes sun god RA as petrified ray of light Used since Roman times to commemorate military victories large sloping wall flanking a building entrance Related Work: Entrance to Temple of Amon, Luxor, Egypt, 1400 BC

Photomontage

technique using collage method, juxtaposing photographs mostly cut from magazines Often chaotic, as if randomly chosen Differences in scale of figures is apparent and startling There is reason: to represent confusing contrasts in modern life and media AND presenting political content When you put two images next to one another, new meaning is created Effect of people experiencing this new media culture

Periteral building

temple with exterior ringed with columns

Reims Cathedral

texture sculptural towers not as distinct coronation cathedral w/ ties to roman and carolingian empires trancept absorbed into structure subdivision of space

Impasto

thick application of paint Adds dimension and expression, grabs light Example: Pastoral Symphony

Pagoda

tower erected over relics over buddhas presence (or sacred writings) Mulitlayered form awes itself to chatra form above stupa Derived from military watchtowers Becomes important also as site to which other buildings can be oriented Oldest wooden pagoda, octagonal Tallest wooden structure in world (220 ft tall) Related Work: Pagoda, Foguang Monastery, Shanxi Province, China, 1056 AD

Mastaba

trapezoid shaped structure (mausoleum) made of mud brick. Enclosed interior space Forerunner of pyramid form Often in groups, necropolis Related Work: Imhotep, the step pyramid, funerary complex at djoser, saqqara, egypt, 2630 BC

Pediment

triangle top of greek temple

Calotype

two step process, produce negative and then use it to produce positive photo. Printed on paper, not metal, can make multiple

Muarna Vault

type of corbelled vault, niches stacked in tiers stalactites for decorative effects

Chiaroscuro

use of shading on figure to suggest its fullness and three-dimensionality - Faces are full of natural light - Literally translated light-dark

Related Term: relieving triangle

use of triangular opening to ease stress on post/lintel doorway, pushing weight down to ends of lintel

International Style

uses modern structural principles and materials, concrete glass and steel most common - occasionally buildings reveal skeleton frame construction, expose structure - reject non-essential decoration -use of ribbon windows and corner windows a hallmark of style as balance and regularity admired and fostered -flat roof without edge - often has thin metal mullions and smooth spandrel panels separating large single pane windows Related work: Seagram Building, van der Rohe, NYC, 1958

Poesias

using indirectness as an approach to representing a theme Based on belief that poetry should be model for painting Example: Pastoral symphony

colossal order

using massive columns that extend across several stories of a facade attempts to resolve ancient one story structure form related : michelangelo, st peters, vatican city, 1546

Ghent Altarpiece

van Eyck, St Bavos Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium, 1432 - Adam and Eve frame all within - Adam is sunburnt so he labors to eat - Eve holds apple of knowledge, belly already swollen with child - Recede back as though stepping up to the edge to allow for our vantage point below when viewing - Van Eyck's light seems more specifically directed and brighter - He uses light to enhance details - Mary and St. John the baptist flank central figure - Central figure is god: father, son and holy spirit combined into one? - Adopts royal pose of Zeus, of kingly dominion - Also pose of judgement and benediction -Adoration of the lamb: - Bloodless sacrifice fills chalice, remind us of christs sacrifice - Fountain reminds us of baptism, first step of salvation - Flanked by apostles and martyrs and angels Example of Polyptych

Ghent altarpiece (Closed)

van Eyck, St Bavos Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium, 1432 - Painted with patrons (vijd) praying to St John (Baptist and evangelist) shown as sculptures - Annunciation above, sibyls, prophets above them - Frame "casts" shadows - Version of perspective is shown - Depict annunciation in grisaille

Seagram Building

van der Rohe, NYC, 1958 - made possible by changes in zoning law about footprint of building in relation to site: becomes model for US corporate architecture related term: International Style

Farnsworth House

van der Rohe, Plano IL, 1950 - effort to connect individual with outdoors, create structured life

vanishing point

vanishing point - Point where our eyes are drawn on horizon line, where orthogonals converge

Iwan

vaulted and domed volume walled on 3 sides and open on the other

Landscape

view of nature shaped by human perception, even if just through art of bracketing the scene. In dutch, means "cultivated ground"

Parts of a Romanesque portal

voussoir: radiating stonework forms top of arch tympanum: semicircular area above door framed by voussoir trumeau: post/column between entry doors cloister: rectangular enclosed open ground adjacent to monasteries that separate monks from commoners

white ground figure painting

white slip used as background, colors could be applied on top. Not very durable technique (as opposed to black figure technique)

Akropolis

wonderous place of offering for patron of athens, athena. Sacked by persians in 430 BCE, left in ruins as a reminder, rebuilt under perikles

Fusuma

wood framed paper covered screens that are moveable and removable in japanese interiors Related Work: Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto Japan, 1616 AD

labyrinth

word used to describe mazes and passageways literally: double axes

Polyptych

work made of many attached panels (diptych is 2, triptych is 3) Example: Ghent altarpiece

Site-specific

work that is designed to be placed at one particular site only; moving it would only destroy it

Tatami

woven straw mat that is module determining of houses Related Work: Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto Japan, 1616 AD

Formalism

approach to art making that emphasizes work's formal visual aspects more than subject matter or how work relates to its culture Every art medium must realize its full potential by getting rid of anything it might share with another art Belief in universal laws governing art, refusal to mix media together, emphasis on abstraction

Beton Brut

architectural concrete left unfinished or roughly finished after pouring and left exposed after finishing - textures of plywood board forms show -can be rough and block like, commonly used for social utopian projects and public housing Related Work: Unified Dwellinghouse, Le corbusier, 1946

Belvedere

architecture and structure built to have a good vista to observe related: palladio, villa rotunda, vincenza, 1566

Dada

art movement 1915-1921 Reaction from WW1 Rejects reason, interested in breakdown, the irrational Rejects all tradition and convention Many works are humorous Chance is used to structure works

Neoclassicism

art movement based on return to classical ideals 1770- 1820 Subject matter tries to be elevated and moral, ethical, serious Male figure is felt to be proper for conveying these values: gender used to reinforce subject and message Some stories taken from antiquity, others from current events Visual Aspects: Sculpture ideal for showing form: hard edged and linear, looks like frieze from antiquity Rectilinear and geometric forms are basis for creating clear structure: space looks stage like, shallow, with figures parallel to picture plane Palette uses much more ochre, deep yellows and browns Many studies done to prepare

Neoclassicm

Surrealism

art movement from 1920-1940 (France) Emerges out of dada, several aspects "Above or beyond reality" Influenced by psychology and ideas of unconsious Two main approaches: 1) naturalistic: paint in highly realistic style, but show something unreal (often jarring contrasts, even in titles) Dali 2) Biomorphic: make images of totally unreal things often suggest odd natural forms. Sometimes these are done using technique familiar in children's art, with outlines and filled in color that doesn't establish form clearly Miro

Pop art

art movement from 1960-1965: reaction against abstract expressionism Visual aspects all determined by their choice of popular media as a source Composition very clear, very little spatial depth, colors are solid and unshaded Subject taken from pop culture, not individual, works often comment on media culture, repetition and serials are important: unique original not of interest Unique commentary on how to resolve clash between individual expression and effort to organize the world

Process art

art movement from 1965-1970 Closely related to minimalism Process/unfolding of time most important Minimalists relied on creating stable and strong material forms in industrial sitting, process artists more interested in creating works themselves, using everyday materials that are difficult to control Explored new orientations for their works (horizontal, vertical, hanging from ceiling, scattered across floor) Scale more closely related to human body than most minimalist work Gravity, weight, balance

Abstract expressionism

art movement in US, 1945-1960 Combined full abstraction (as Kandinsky had done) with expressionism learned through surrealist automatism These artists fused the strand's motivating artists since end of impressionism Universal structure: individual expression

Primitivism

art that mimics appearance of tribal art from Africa and Pacific Islands done for same reasons as orientalism - using won western imagery to represent

Pheidias

artist who created largest and grandest statue in parthenon, oversaw entire rebuild of akropolis and designed much of Parthenon 2.0

Japonism

artists imitating effects they saw in Japanese prints Large solid color areas, odd or oblique views, unusual cropping

Avant Garde

artists who emphasize innovation and challenge accepted conventions Taken from warfare, literally meaning "advance guard" -- military term

Collage

artwork made by pasting of different media on 2D surface or support Introduces impurity to painting (using cheap popular materials) Also introduces indirectness: no need to re-present something

Rose Window, Chartres Cathedral

bar tracery

Battle of Issos

battle at which alexander the great conquers the persians

Centauromachy

battle of lapiths and centaurs (reference to victory over persians)

Nave and Plan Chartres Cathedral

begun 1194 Gothic

Forbidden city

beijing, 1450

Salon

bi-annual exhibit held in Paris of the best in art with painting the dominant medium - helps people assess current state of art Opportunity for young artists to become known to the public Starts to drive trends and tastes in art, propelling contemporary art

megalith

"large stone" Related work: Haqar Qin, Malta, 3600 BC

Pointillism

"painting in dots/points" Divisionism, dividing the colors rather than blending them Eye would blend them naturally from proper distance away

Amphitheater

"round theatre" Audience surrounds stage rather than facing it Audience participates more Related: Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), Rome, 72 AD

bilingual vases

"two different languages" when black figure and red figure techniques are used to portray the same subject/image

Colosseum

(Flavian Amphitheatre), Rome, 72 AD names after nearby statue of colussus (Nero) Combat, death, entertainment Largest monument for public at that point Free admission for Roman citizens Study guide for ancient architecture: bottom tuscan, middle ionic, top corinthian Every floor peripteral, flanking round arch are engaged columns Top uses pilasters and clerestory windows Modified to be able to add canvas roof for hot day 76 entrances Related: Barrel Vaults, Ampitheater

Geometric

(Former half 900-600BCE) figures abstract and triangular, simplified, figures reappear although they are abstract

Orientalizing Period

(Latter half 900-600BCE) open compositions, motifs inspired by east (trade between greeks and east increased)

Olpe

(language: greek) pitcher

Kouros

(language: greek) youth

citadel

(n.) a fortress that overlooks and protects a city; last line of defense related: Carcassone, france, 1240

compound pier

A pier with a group of attached columns where many arches meet, forming one load bearing post Related: interior of Saint Denis, Paris, 1140 (1137!)

Plan of Teotihuacan

, 100 BC

Interior nave, Chartres Cathedral

, Chartres, France, 1140

West façade, Chartres Cathedral

, Chartres, France, 1140

Caracol (observatory)

, Chichen Itza, MExico, 890 AD

Newgrange

, Ireland, 3000 BC

Adobe Structures

, Musgum, Chad, 20th C

Atrium House of the Vettii

, Pompeii, 63 AD

Great Stupa

, Sanchi 250 BC

tripartite division

- Division of the exterior of a building into 3 sections - Done to make interior understood from exterior organization related: Michelozzo, palazzo medici, florence, 1444

Engraving

- opposite of woodblock - Soft metal plate is carved (but this time where lines are to appear) - Ink is poured over and wiped off - Ink only in carved groves - Paper then pressed hard against plate - Copper preferred at first due to its softness for carving - Burin used to carve into metal plate - Each tool leaves distinctive mark - Metal plate registers different pressures used to carve, lines often taper, thick to thin at their ends Example: Adam and Eve

Oil Paint

- paint made from pigment mixed in linseed oil. - - Clear and liquid at first, when dry it is not brittle like tempera - Dries very slowly, artist can rework sections for long times - Build up in layers atop surface for effects - Doesn't yellow and can leave sheen or shiny surface Example: ghent altarpiece

Romanticism

1) national and historical dimensions. Literally suggests romantic languages, basis on Latin (there is nationalist tendency, increasing pride in national traditions) More importantly suggests romances of medieval times, in which hero engages in conflict to win trust of woman or nation Interest in history obsesses Europe for whole 19th century: to relive older styles, especially pre renaissance 2) emphasis on feeling, imagination, individuality: enlightenment ceases to hold its power for thinkers and artists Instead of relying on reason, increased desire for free thought arrived at by each individual through feeling and imagination Also increasing pessimism and skepticism sweeps europe, impending doom and futility Visual aspects: composition: diagonally organized Space: gets expansive and often cluttered Brushwork is looser, more visible Color is still lots of ochers and browns: moody colors

Romanticism

Le Corbusier's 5 Points to New Architecture

1. (columns) supports precisely calculated, regularly spaced, elevated first floor off ground 2. (second levels) flat roof/garden used for domestic purposes 3. (walls) interior walls free to arrange however you please 4. (windows) horizontal windows assure illumination from wall to wall and "admit 8x as much light as vertical windows would allow" 5. (facade) facade can be freely designed

St. Michael's Hildesheim

1001-1033 Ottonian Patron: Bishop Bernward Carolingian elements of towers, westwork, delineated parts, add SCALE and monumentality simplification of shapes: circle and squares basilica plan flat ceiling, flat walls add texture through windows and collonade of arches cohesiveness and rhythm and space columns very cubic and clyindrical arches filled with relieve sculpture

Bronze Doors of Hildesheim

1015 Patron: bishop Bernward revival of Sculpture 16 ft tall: largest northern bronze work german artists excellent metalsmiths based on wooden doors @ santa sabina narrative panels in relation to one another: left old testament, right new fall and rise of man simplification of forms: solid, heavy, blocky hand gestures and eyes direct narrative: continuation of carolingian style extremely high relief: Lost wax process

Church of Saint Genis-des-Fontaines

1020 AD christ in mandala, framed by 6 apostles and arch. elements very stylized individualized faces, proportions off chip carving

Durham Cathedral

1093-1133 Romanesque Framework low, wide, long massive piers, columns wall surface: design, ornamentation rib vaulting!

Modena Cathedral

1099-1120 northern italy has contact with ottonians: architectural sculpture and articulation of wall surface sculpture by Wilgelmo: Adam and Eve - proportions doll like with emphasis on story over subject: northern influence german craftsmen carved these

Abbey of Fontenay

1130-1147 some Religious orders reject large ornate structures Bernard of Clairveux champions this simple design idea small strip buttresses, no decoration pointed arch appears

Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral

1134 portal dedicated to virgin mary figures elongated, drapery showd weight and volume realisticallly faces individualized: push towards realism

Abbey Church of St. Denis

1135 comm. Abbot Suger revival of neoplatonism originally carolingian building, then converted Rib vaulting

Liber Scivias of Hildegard of Bingen

1150 had visions from god, given santion by church to record visions flames of heaven penetrate her brain

Leon Cathedral

1160 additional level added (stacked) to attempt achieving height emphasis on verticality

Canterbury Cathedral

1170 not as tall, longer than french gothic articulation of parts

Reliquary of Sainte-Foy

11th-12th C rich, sumptuous decoration worthy of holy remains roman parade mask transformed into enthroned young woman Frankish: gold, gems, semi precious stones decorate

Wells Cathedral

1220 decoration gothic, but still heaviness architectural decoration with geometric patterning

Amiens Cathedral

1220, Luzarches and Cormonts

Exeter Cathedral

1270 decorated style sturdy appearance punctuated triforium organic, skeletal, living

Betrayal of Judas

1308 (panel of Duccio's Maesta) - Back of Maesta, under largest panel (Crucifixion) - Sienna has gold, heavenly sky, unlike Florence of this time which has moved to blue earthly sky

Sixtus V's plan for Rome

1585

Rococo

1700-1770, artistic style, fairly consistent, means "shell encrusted" Figures shown enjoying entertainments, especially pursuit of love Casual, often outdoor settings Many pastels, tertiary colors Brushwork is feathery and loose, not tightly finished or polished Composition is casual in arrangement, many subtle diagonals Seen as reaction against baroque, but also continuation painterly

Piranesi, from Carceri

1762

Fauvism

1903-1907, melded two directions of impressionism and post impressionism Used color to build forms, not accurately show how color looks Used color and stroke to build forms, color is arbitrary Color directly from tube, brushstrokes visible Subject is classic, everyday life

German Works Federation (Detche Werkbund)

1906 - group of architects and businesses wanting reform in german art and architecture education -felt Germany was late to industrialization with no built-in natural resources to supply itself, design be its niche -goal: develop highest design sophistication, german products could compete with international market. Not interested in luxury, but mass production. - influenced by William Morris's idea of collaboration between designers and craftsmen, but with machine made goods. Reference Building and Architect: AEG Turbine Factory, Behrens

Expressionism

1910's art movement opposed to those in Werkbund seeking norms - emphasized producing forms that suggest/elicit a personal response, not a shared one - use biomorphic forms, distortions, fragmentations -unified materials so building feels monolithic -"total work of art" Reference work: Glass Pavillion, Tout, Koln, Germany, 1914

Synthetic Cubism

1910-1914 Construction, building composition out of various materials Works become jumble of partial elements in need of decoding Borders distinction between real and representation

Minimalism

1960-1968: reducing formal language to its minimal forms Shape and size crucial, simple geometric structure determines whole work As though artist is surrending aesthetic choices to initial form chosen Works usually fabricated according to artists instructions Another reaction againts abstract expressionism and modernism Evades formalism criticism

deconstructivist architecture

1980's visually and spatially fragmented, destabilized, disarticulation of structual/ skin and surface non-rectilinear shapes that distort traditional proportions buildings appear unpredictable, not having purity, unity avoiding functionalism and utopianism of modernism Related work: Tschumi, Folie, Parc deVillette, Paris 1982

gothic revival

19th century effort to reproduce gothic buildings : rejection of classical architecture promoters felt gothic architecture offered solutions and flexibility embodied desirable moral values appropriate for certain building types but not others idiosyncrasies of gothic structure hard to produce with new modern materials

Bracket set

2 part brackets hold beams atop columns Pagoda, Foguang Monastery, Shanxi Province, China, 105

Post and lintel

2 verticals supporting a horizontal beam Most basic form of architectural construction Tenon: projection at top of post, used to secure lintel to post Mortise: socket hole accommodates tenon Related work: Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England, 2800 BC

Case study houses

36 houses designed in 1946-1965 by american architects at request of architecture magazine Meant to be cheap, use local materials Responding to housing shortage after 1945 Housing soldiers returning from war Built in LA for the ideal weather and environment Related work: Case Study House 22 (Stahl House) Koenig, 1960

Coronation Gospels

Aachen, 9th C Palace School St. john author portrait expensive materials comm. by charlemagne arch. framework atmospheric perspective

Interior, Palace Chapel of Charlemagne

Aachen, Germany, 792-805

Villa Mariea,

Aalto, Noormarku , Finland, 1938 Public side is a wall of sorts: more rigid and rectilinear Looking out from main entrance, poles define sides and echo woods surrounding house L Shaped, semi private on one side around courtyard Based on animal/fish form, with head and taik, some curving forms Partly enclosed space leading into woods Established solid wall public face Whole interior laid out geometrically, but altered enough to not appear rigid when inside Brick, masonry, timber: traditional local materials Brick stone tile floors, wratian wrapped columns, wood slat ceilings, brick and stucco walls Floating stairs wooden, frame concrete

Municipal library

Aalto, Viipuri, Finland, 1930 Mixes modern materials and design with local tradition Built in finland after WWII becomes part of USSR, nowadays being renovated Same overlapping rectangular plan @ Robie and Farnsworth house Original design approved but its 5 years before construction begins, continues to alter and modernize Decided it would work best with glass and steel and concrete, still wants to reflect locale Uses metal frames and glass on main entrance Whole area appears sunken, floor for reading room At night, space is lit with retracting spots that shine on walls Light flutters directly into space through tunnel shaped skylights Innovation is pioneered - suited to long dark windows Shifting from reinforced concrete to timber and other natural sources Undulated concrete ceiling sheathed in wooden boards for acoustic purposes Link interior to exterior, added visual lightness to the room Related Term: Nordic Classicism

town hall

Aalto, saynatsalo, finland, 1951 Materials mostly red brick and wooden verticals, some modern glass and steel components, essentially raised town square, surrounded by Town hall, libary, shops, apartments L shaped plan (fish and egg) Library is place of sustenance Hallway with glass opens onto glass square, acting as circle similar to italian piazzas Jagged profile meant to evoke medieval walled fortress community To enliven exterior, asked bricklayers to stagger brickers to light catched dramatically Wooden uprights echo environment Problem with aalto: verges on expressionism, too individualized, tendency to link structures to symbolic meanings. Critics thought his work didn't fit urban needs

AMBULATORY AND APSE CHAPELS

Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, France, 1140-1144 Gothic

PLAN OF THE CHOIR

Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, France, 1140-1144 Gothic

THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT

Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, c. 1140-1144 Gothic

Temple of Ramses II

Abu Simbel, Nubia, 1279, BC

quadruple block plan

4 houses set back within one block, sometimes with space between each for shared private outdoor space -houses at angles, prevent streets from being lined with houses -for middle and working class neighborhoods

archaic

600-480 BCE

RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE SANCTUARY OF APOLLO, DELPHI

6th-3rd century BCE Elaborate complexes, temple in center (home of god/goddess) Offerings given to gods/deities

Godescalc Gospels

781 AD - scriptoriums developing new styles: Carolingian miniscule (lowercase) -roman models of realism: different styles of painting ada style: attempt at classicism: space, depth, reality, but not quite right; fabric lineated but flattened St. John Author page: interlacing design motif (frankish ancestors!) Fountain of Life: 4 waters of paradise: connection to baptism commissioned by charlemagne for baptism of pepin peacock: immortality

Palace Complex at Aachen

789-808AD, Odo of Metz Renovatio: Odo takes physical aspects of roman and byzantine architecture Grid Plan: palace chapel, audience hall: basilica like Centrally Planned Church: octagonal Westwork: emphasis on Monumental Western entrance - becomes part of liturgical services - a place for the emperor: imperial address spot - inspired by Diocletian palace Interior: height, compartmentalization

Lindau Gospels

870 traditions from migratory groups, byzantine crucifixion: christ appears triumphant (defeating cross) depth through ornamentation metalwork correlates with imagery inside reims: sketchy northern line seen on drapery back cover very Frankish: interlacing, gem style, cloisonne

San Miguel de Escalada

913 Melting pot of cultures mozarabic basilica, horseshoe arch,

Morgan Beatus

940-945, Maius named after 8th C monk Beatus commending on the end of the world and St. Gerome's commentary on the Book of David good vs. Evil, popular due to chaos of the collision of cultures adoptionism: heretical branch of Christianity, denial of Christ and the trinity adopted by god coming up on to the turn of the century bright colors, Visigothic element, Islamic art, racing stripes, stylized figures, very abstract

Magdeburg Ivories

962-973 expensive material: byzantine influence christ is center on wreath throne flanked by angels and saints solid heavy forms

Gregory's Letters

983, Gregory the Master writing of pope St. Gregory (Church Reformer) commissioned by Archbishop Egbert Hierarchic Scale, architectural framework dove style is unique: softness in application pastel color scheme

Equestrian Statue, Charles the Bald

9th century Renovatio: creating direct links to Rome - striving for realism - small in scale, sculpture returning

Siheyuan house

: chinese courtyard house with several buildings within Organized north to south, by hierarchy of family and by duty and function Parents at northern end, children on east and west nearest parents, servants and kitchen and things on south end Exterior ringed by wall without windows Control movement toward greater privacy Related Work: Siheyuan courtyard house, pingyao, China, 20th C

barbican

A fortified gatehouse usually positioned away from main defense line usually positioned at bottleneck such as bridge leading in related: Carcassone, france, 1240

keep

A fortified tower in a castle that served as a place of last refuge, often residencies of powerful families Related: Carcassone, france, 1240

Kasbah

Ait-Benhaddou, Morocco, 20th c

ERECHTHEION

Akropolis, Athens. 430s-406 BCE Ionic temple Encompassed sacred shrines for the gods Housed archaic sculpture of athena Tall, delicate, slender column, blue marble in the frieze

Palazzo Rucellai

Alberti, Florence, 1446

west façade of Santa Maria Novella

Alberti, Florence, 1458

APHRODITE OF MELOS (ALSO CALLED VENUS DE MILO)

Alexandros from Antioch-on-the-Orontes c. 150-100 BCE Most famous statue of hellenistic period Venus standing, turned head, curls, contrapposto, slightly erotic

Plan of Timgad

Algeria, 100 BC Wall enclosed, square form NS and EW road public spaces Houses in blocks, roads numbered Related: Castra

ATHENA ATTACKING THE GIANTS

Altar from Pergamon. c. 175-150 BCE Parallelism of battle between pergamon and gauls vs gods and giants Athena comes in to save the day, grabs giant Drama and action huge center of this style, pain, agony, emotion are evident

HERAKLES DRIVING A BULL TO SACRIFICE

Andokides Painter c. 525-520 BCE Red figure

The Ideal City,

Anonymous, ca. 1450

Stoa of Attalos,

Athens, 150 BC Borders NE side of Athenian Agora Double collonnade on 2 floors - space for 42 shops Provides protection Has origin in Hatshepsut Temple Related Work: Agora

Parthenon

Athens, Greece, 448 BC Cella surrounded by ionic columns, outside by doric columns Dedicated to her "virgin" birth Not purely geometric: accounts for vision and perception (entasis of columns, corner column width) Middle 2.5 in taller than rest 8 columns on small side, 17 on long - 4:9 ratio East pediment shows birth of athena, west contest between athena and posiedon for athens Related Terms: Golden Section, Ionic Order

St. Lazare

Autun, France, 1120-1132 Gislebertus last judgement scene again bodies are exaggerated and elongated swirling patterns/movement artist signature under feet

Ishtar Gate,

Babylon, 575 BC

Houses of Parliament

Barry & Pugin, London, UK, 1836

Palladian architecture

Based on the work of Palladio, Italian architect of the 16th century who tried to recreate the style and proportions of the buildings of ancient Rome. understated decorative, rigid, and classical. tripartite divide related: palladio, villa rotunda, vincenza, 1566

MESSENGERS SIGNAL THE APPEARANCE OF A COMET

Bayeux Tapestry, c. 1066-82 Romanesque

AEG Turbine Factory

Behrens, Berlin, 1908 - produce modern aesthetic that still has basis in earlier architecture -AEG factory has roof profile owing its shape to rural German and Dutch Barns -Facade of profile shape due to steel truss within, thus reflecting it -Barn Roofs with wooden truss support often call "gamble roofs" -abstract forms for manufactured products, standardized for ease in production -building was quite large -no pediment, rounded form, no doors --- hard to sense scale -portal structure, same as barn, with parallel structure for gantry crane to move turbines along rail track within -rather that clearly quoting historical style, ends up being symbolic of industry and modernity -side is row of exposed steel columns like a greek temple -columns bow inward, bottom articulation reminds viewer of column base -inner steel base framing strcutures roof: another reason for building shapre -little ornament, large expanses of unadorned stone -corners made of wraparound sheath of stone with steel beneath, not solid blocks of stone - from strictly following function, rid of ornamament -judged for not being "german enough" related terms: German work Federation, truss

David

Bernini, 1623 - David twisting to sling tone - Head opposite of body's pull, as is left arm - Diagonal form from top to bottom - Space implied in front of him, out to his target - Behind feet is armor, structural support - Spectator encouraged to walk around sculture to better understand - Taking three dimensional work to its logical conclusion - theatre - Even breaks distinction between our space and work's space: davis toe steps over edge of pedestal - Depth of psychological portrayal, in concentration - As in theatre, viewer asked to identify with David's emotions

Cornano Chapel

Bernini, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome, 1642 - Private chapel dedicated to St Theresa, Commissioned by a family - Family shown as if in a theater box, witnesses to mystic's vision - Whole space is theatrical - Mystical vision represented as occurring on small stage - Prosiem arch is exploding - Broken pediment at top is common architectural motif in baroque architecture - As though event is shown as dramatic, it causes scene to break apart - Stage how pushing into our space

The Cornaro Chapel

Bernini, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome, Italy, 1645

Baldacchino

Bernini, St Peter's, Vatican City, 1624 - Uses solomonic columns (twisting) - 9stories high, means to look like a parade float, like it just came to rest - Darkness of metal is purposeful, adds drama in its contrast to all else - Placed over St Peter relic - Bears symbols of ruling pope (bee and laurel branch)

Colonnade & Piazza

Bernini, St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, 1657

Colonnade in front of St. Peter's Basilica

Bernini, Vatican City, 1606 - Piazzas are oval and trapezoid, not usual classical choices - Oval piazza built around Vatican obelisk- 2 half circles and square shape - Trapezoid piazza enhances verticality of facade - Collonade descendes in height as it nears church - 2 circles make an oval, attached to trapezoid that meets facade - Arms of church, can hold 250,000 people - Colonnade embraces visitors with open arms and never feels oppressive

Sant'Andrea al Quirinale

Bernini,, Rome, Italy, 1660

How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare

Beuys, 1965 Performance art Act of making is inspiration, theme and material is the body

Chianca Dolmen

Bisceglia, Italy, 4000 BC

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

Boccioni, 1913 Tries to translate Futurisms 2D theories into 3D language Bronze, jagged lines

San Carlino alle Quattro Fontane

Borromini, Rome, Italy, 1638

Sant' Ivo alla Sapienza

Borromini, Rome, Italy, 1640

Garden of Earthly Delights

Bosch, 1505-1510 - Millennial thinking: there is a pending apocalypse - Made during the same period as high renaissance: share the same anxieties? - Doesn't reveal much using Panofsky's method of analysis Left panel shows God with adam, presenting Eve - Clearest panel, depicts garden of Eden: Bosch aware of how species coming in from fountain outside Europe - Fountain is reminder of baptism and salvation? Center Panel shows no christ or religious figure - Clear that although this is a triptych, this is NOT an altarpiece - Perhaps commissioned for some type of civic room? - Hell to the left, eden to the right, gives some context - "World turned upside down" - Emphasis on penitence, forgiveness, the unconscious, inevitable fate of sin - About lust and alchemy - Transforming substances into gold represents transforming souls on earth? - Northern preference for detail evident throughout - Not reality but fantasy - Called the strawberry painting in the 16th century - Outside shows grisaille globe enduring the Deluge as at the time of Noah Right panel: - "Happiness and glass, how soon they pass" - Musical instruments become torture devices - Fire consumes city in the distance - Animals consume people - Body parts take on life of their own - Inanimate objects come alive - Hint of criticism of Church about to occur in Europe

Birth of Venus

Botticelli, 1482 Painted for medici family Direct depiction of mythological story for educated people's personal enjoyment, had nothing to do with christian ideology

Tempietto

Bramante, Rome, 1502

Torso of a Young Man

Brancusi, 1924 Works with contrasts in materials with little transition in between On edge between handmade and manufactured, but meant to represent a natural form, organic form Example of abstraction still meant to represent real thing in world but heading toward full abstraction distilling down to most basic form Organic Brancusi's pedestals and bases become just as important as the sculptures they support Where does art end and world begin?

Return of the Hunters

Bruegel, 1565 - Middle class guy from Antwerp, dresses up as peasant to mix with everyday people to study subjects and sketch them - Viewed at the time as painting in the style of Bosch, sometimes humorously commenting upon foibles of people - Shows earthly scenes of poor people called "genre scenes": people are shown as types, not idealized as might be done in Italy - Hunters return with dead fox and lean looking dogs, while peasants outside inn roast meat on a spit - Landscape organized, perhaps with linear perspective - Place doesn't exist in flanders, no distant mountains - This was on cycle of paintings for wealthy client's dining rooms, snowing seasons of the year - Non religious paintings and series (seasons, time of days, 5 senses) become popular during this period of religious warfare

Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral

Brunelleschi, Florence, Italy, 1420

Glass Pavillion

Bruno Tout, Koln, Germany, 1914 structure and plan appear like earlier historical structures, like centrally planned tombs *expressionism* glass crucial to tout -> symbolic of enlightenment and modernity

St. Etienne

Caen, 1064 patron: Duke William of Normandy additive qualities, heavy and massive, strip buttressing, rounded arches two tower facade tripartite division of wall: arcade, gallery, clerestory also, divided into bays compartmentalization working together with unity

Mosque and Madrassa of Sultan Hasan

Cairo, 1356 cario had pd. of maladies, couldn't leave possessions to descendents

Angkor Wat

Cambodia, 1130 AD

Thomas Carlyle

Cameron, 1867 Earliest well known female photographer, starts at late age Socially well connected Disliked precision of portrait photographs she had seen Decided to exploit potential fuzziness of Talbot's method to express what she felt about the sitters Tended to have sharpest focus on tip of nose Lack of sharpness and use of mechanical method of portraiture actually fits well - this author questioned solidity of truth creating elaborate mixes of fiction and fact while critiquing commercialized mass produced British culture

Baka Pygmy Mongulu

Cameroon,, 1990

Merode Altarpiece

Campin, 1425 - Version of Polyptych, triptych: work of three panels usually physically connected (hinged) - Each panel shows different space connected through narrative to the next - Each space composed differently with different perspective - Middle shows annunciation, right simply shows joseph at work, left shows Engelbrechts in devotion - Couple's coat of arms in stained glass window

Pauline Borghese as Venus

Canova, 1808 Neoclassical only in ideal beauty: some order, not much simplicity Commissioned by Napoleon to show his sister about to be married Wants to be shown as Venus holding apple given by Paris, fairest of all goddesses Also perhaps because Borghese family insisting they descended from Aenas, founder of Rome, son of Venus All marble is carved, white marble in folds as though responding to actual weight of human atop it Greek art was the highest form of art, the best and artist can do now is imitate it

Conversion of St. Paul

Caravaggio, Cerasi Chapel, Santa Madrid del Popola, Rome, 1601 - Another mystical individual vision - Again set in Chapel, with implied light coming from above in the painting itself - Caravaggio made no preliminary drawings unlike Caracci - 2 sharp diagonals into space (Paul's body, horse's body) - Highly emotional, mystical - Light source is out of view - Means to convince us as propaganda, putting us in Paul's place - Symbolically paul's body, whole being, is open to word of Christ blinded by this moment

Arches of the Great Mosque

Cardoba, Spain 786 hypostyle hall bottoms of double arches are columns from churches arches are done in ablaq lower arch is horseshoe shaped, top is semicircular (allows more light and open up space) symbolically shows islams dominant over christianity 610 columns ribbed arches reappear in romanesque churches

Mihrah of the Great Mosque

Cardoba, Spain, 786 used arches and interior space to create a screen regulating access contains mini arch forms within horseshoe arch and entrance to mihrab niches interlaced round arches above mihrab Related: squinch

Development of Church Architecture from Carolingian to Gothic

Carolingian Arch. - emphasis on height (verticality), westwork, articulation of parts Palatine Chapel @ Aachen: working with stone using roman techniques. Stacking levels to achieve height. Towers become critical; detached rather than interior Ottonian: Adds SCALE and monumentality St. Michaels @ Hildeseim: flat timber roofs, return of architectural sculptures

Mother and Child

Cassatt, 1890 Cassatt prefers close up views of her subjects, mostly women Cassatt consistently shows only a woman's domestic world, and the woman and children who inhabit those bourgeois spaces Female artists assumed to be inferior in this period because they could never complete the last stage of art education: studying form of the live model (often the male nude)

The Good Shepherd

Catacomb of SS, Rome Jewish/Early Christian (3rd Century)

Doors of Bishop of Bernward

Cathedral of Assumption of Mary, Germany Early Medieval

WEST FACADE

Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Reims, c. 1225 Gothic

Saltcellar of Francis I

Cellini, 1543 Elements of Mannerism: - Small and portable - Made of showy materials such as gold and marble - Improbable relation between Neptune and Earth and unity of Saltcellar - Patron expected to be well educated to know what this shows - Figures fall back, uncomfortable pose - Arch below earth goddess contained pepper, ship below Neptune contained salt - Cellini trained as goldsmith to work in small scale - Was a braggart and his famous biography still read today

ANNUNCIATION AND VISITATION

Central Portal, Reims Cathedral c. 1250 Gothic

St Riquier

Centula, 799 AD - engraving (17th C) - benedictine monastery Abbot Augibert connected to Charlemagne and construction Towers, again creating height articulated: discrete blocks and towers stacked together Westwork: entrance, space for emperor (altars, chapels, thrones)

Mont Sainte-Victoire

Cezanne, 1885 Builds forms out of patches of purely colored brushstrokes, like faceting, then builds recognizable imagery from them Unifies what is man made with nature Shows method of construction: doesn't try to hide it Breaks down spatial construction then rebuilds it

Large Bathers

Cezanne, 1906 Cezanne works in large scale and embraces traditional genres: nude, still life, landscape Classically inspired structure: geometric, fairly simplified, showing an ideal world. There are anomalies: mysterious figures in back?

Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral,

Chartres, France,

Sacrificial Ball Court

Chichen Itza, Mexico, 850 AD

Christ Pantokrater

Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece Middle Byzantine Art

Crucifixion

Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece Middle Byzantine Art

Virgin and Child Enthroned

Cimabue - 1280 - Altarpiece over 12 ft tall - Byzantine elements: gold background, Christ is a small man rather than a baby, shallow space - Depicted on a throne, suggesting high status, surrounded by angels, seated above notable men from the Old Testament - She and Christ have risen out of the prophets (who predicted his coming) and Christ has redeemed their souls - No back legs on the throne, it is simply floating in heavenly space - Child raising his hand to bless the viewer, Mary gesturing toward child as if to say "look, here is your salvation"

Madonna Enthroned

Cimabue, 1280

ST MATTHEW

Codex Colbertinus, c. 1100 Romanesque

Gero Crucifix

Cologne, Germany 970 6ft wooden, guilded with gems body is affected by crucifixion: humanity byzantine influence commissioned by archbishop gero

Mesa Verde

Colorado, 1100 AD

Sainte-Foy

Conques 1050 scale, height, rounded arch, additive property, westwork with towers integrated heaviness, buttressing decoration and architectural sculpture in the tympanum christ in glory: last judgment scene graphic imagery would have a profound effect on the pilgrim nave and transept becomes more complex ambulatory allows for travelers to access altar and radiating chapels without disturbing mass services. Radiating Chapels house relics masonry vaulting wall surface cannot be punctuated with windows, needs to support heavy vaulting columns, articulated surface emphasizes the vertical

Sainte-Foy

Conques, France, 1050

West portal at Sainte-Foy

Conques, France, 1050

Hagia Sophia Interior

Constantinople Early Byzantine Art

David Composing the Psalms

Constantinople Middle Byzantine Art

Hagia Sophia

Constantinople, 537 palace chapel for court and clergy commissions by Justinian to celebrate suppression of a revolt Architects: anthemius and isidoros first dome fell - this measures 102 ft building make no sense from exterior Related term: pendentive

CRUCIFIX

Coppo di Marcovaldo, c. 1250-1270 Gothic

Saint Vincenta

Cordova, 1020-1040 barrel vault in nave, smaller side isles groin walls surface articulated more, precursors to compound piers, thick and heavy

Ecstasy of St Teresa

Cornaro Chapel, 1645 - Highly emotional, asymmetrical, dynamic and angular, hidden lightsource, interplay of concave and convex - Teresa has a vision she is being sweetly stabbed by arrow of angel, feeling love of god: floats within drapes that echo her experience -Drapes melt into rocks below as she falls back exposing herself to angel and to rays of heavenly light (gilt - Light comes from heaven high above, reflection off guilt - Erotic dimension is justified by her written description of her vision - Inlaid in mosaic on floor below altar wall are 2 skeleton the purgatory and hell - Chapel echos organization on earlier images of last judgement such as Last Judgement, Scrovegni Chapel with patrons in devotion and levels of heaven to hell

St Matthew the Evangelist

Coronation Gospels Early Medieval

Burial of Ornans

Courbet, 1849 Shows simple, unglorified burial in his rural hometown - even used as models The actual locals who had attended real funeral of uncle Used massive scale of history painting for everyday event but didn't have sweet sentiment of ordinary genre scene either Public thought it odd, much fun made of the dog, of the hole at the bottom, the monotonous rows, his huge signature They didn't quite get it, presented just to shock? Courbet said this painting buried Romanticism

Temple Palace at Knossos

Crete 1450 BC story of minotaur originated here open plan with many entrances/exits no hierarchal importance accorded many of spaces columns arranged in colored rows, taper as they descend Related Term: labyrinth

The Artist's Studio

Daguerre, 1837 Finally figures out how to "fix" the image for better clarity

Bent Pyramid

Dahsur, Saqqara, Egypt, 2550 BC

Birth of Liquid Desires

Dali, 1931 naturalistic surrealism

Great Mosque

Damascus, Syria, 714 built on originally Greek-Roman platform for temple also christian church used by muslims rebuilt on that site, using basilica care, but prayer hall to sides columns used from roman buildings fountain in courtyard for ambulations

Rue Transnonian

Daumier, April 15 1834 Lithography Family is massacred in the night by police in retaliation for a killed policeman during recent protests

Oath of the Horatii

David, 1784 David won Prix de Rome, in Rome for years, send this back just in time for 1785 salon 10 by 14 ft David's bid for fame, he builds anticipation for it Based on popular play then People saw it as brutal Horatii must fight their cousins (Curatii) who shall oversee Rome Swear oath to their father while women weep due to their relationships with Curiatii Compressed space conveys claustrophobia, fate of this commitment Moral message: loyal to state overrides loyal to family Painting will be totally reinterpreted four years later during revolution as an early warning of what was to happen

Oath of the Horatii

David, 1784 David won Prix de Rome, in Rome for years, send this back just in time for 1785 salon 10 by 14 ft Davids bid for fame, he builds anticipation for it Based on popular play then People saw it as brutal Horatii must fight their cousins (Curatii) who shall oversee Rome Swear oath to their father while women weep due to their relationships with Curatii Compressed space conveys claustophobia, fate of this commitment Moral message: loyal to state overrides loyal to family Painting will be totally reinterpreted four years later during revolution as an early warning of what was to happen

Death of Marat

David, 1793 French Revolution abolished slavery, legalizes divorce, institutes metric system, even new calendar David becomes Revolutionary propagandist Marat was one of the leaders of the Terror, worst period in the revolution Marat suffered physically from years of hiding from imprisonment Baths were lined in sheets at the time He holds purported letter from Charlotte Corday who has just killed him Consciously suggests roman suicide, slitting one's wrists in a bathtub Also produces a print, hugely popular for those still believing in the Revolution: hits you over the head with a message. Plays on people's fear of being defenseless when being naked, enhancing Marat's victimhood

Death of Marat

David, 1793 French Revolution abolishes slavery, legalizes divorce, institutes metric system, even new calendar David becomes Revolutionary propagandist Marat was one of the leaders of the Terror, worst period in the revolution Marat suffered physically from years of hiding from imprisonment Baths were lined in sheets at the time He holds purported letter from Charlotte Corday who has just killed him Consciously suggests roman suicide, slitting ones writs in a bathtub Also produces a pring, hugely popular for those still believing in the Revolution: hits you over the head with a message. Plays on people's fear of being defenseless when being naked, enhancing Marat's victimhood

The Rehearsal on Stage

Degas, 1874 Degas is only impressionist who admires Ingres - he goes so for ingres' classical structure and follows classical model of making many studies before executing composition Yet compositions are not familiar or usual at all Degas lurks in wings of opera and ballet to make studies, alongside other men who are there for the ladies they keep He paints more indoor spaces than other impressionists - spreads sharply raked floors, vanishing point is far off center, and orthogonals don't lead from our foreground Tends to crop figure at edges, may be due to appearance of photographs Degas figures often alienated from one another, don't interact In this case, they are rehearsing

Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut

Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, 1504 BC

Liberty Leading the People

Delacroix, July 28 1830 Implied diagonal deep into the left side, from which dynamic action comes forth Cluttered and congested space, filled with dead bodies in foreground Very brushy appearance: painterly Light used strategically to highlight key figures Colors subdued, but they are primaries: tricolor Modern history painting important event made image on scale (11 feet long) to match the images of myth and bible Notre Dame in distance establishes location (paris) Figures are typical workers, students, intellectuals Woman is france, holding flag, bare breasted to suggest all nurturing and abundant: mother of them all

Siphnian Treasury

Delphi, Greece, 530 BC sanctuary dedicated to Apollo antis plan, two columns flanking entrance Related Terms: Carytid

Equestrian Monument to Gattamelata

Donatello - 1443 Padua, Italy - Life sized statue atop 12 ft pedestal - Made as if Donatello studied ancient bronzes in Rome, tried to figure out how they were made - Represents Erasmo de Narni, commissioned by his family, but doesn't indicate his name anywhere on the statue - Animated, natural pose unlike medieval equestrian statues - Follows equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius on Capitoline Hill in Rome from 176 AD - Adopts pose of decisive leader - Places orb beneath foot (represents cosmos) - Imitates symbolism on breastplates on statues of military leaders such as Augustus Primaporta

David

Donatello - 1446 Lost wax method First unsupported bronze cast sculpture since antiquity First free standing male nude since antiquity David slaying goliath becomes symbol of florence

From Slavery to Reconstruction

Douglas, 1934 Douglas got BFA at UNL Went to Paris, learned modernist style, returned to Harlem Devoted his work to representing underrepresenting "Aspects of Negro Life" Chooses not to use primitivist style, but modern, streamlined style Embracing modernity rather than African-ness, refusing the burden of representation Owes some of style of cubist ideas Part of Harlem renaissance Regionalism

The Maesta (Virgin and Child Enthroned in Majesty with Saints)

Duccio, 1308 - Made to honor Mary, believing she had helped Siena defeat Florence in battle - Many local saints and patrons flank Mary - Signed by Duccio on Ribbon below Mary on throne "Holy mother of God, be to the cause of peace to Siena and to the life of Duccio because he has painted thee thus" - Artists starting to take credit for their works - Placed at crossing of church, further forward than other altar pieces - meant to act as a rood screen - Predella (bracket altarpiece slides into) painted as well, shows scenes of Christ's childhood, top shows scenes of Mary's life after annunciation - Organized to be continuous narrative - Back shows 32 scenes of the passion - Registers shows on the back in an order intended for reading - Continuous narrative

Nude descending a staircase No 2

Duchamp, 1912 Title suggests something public wanted to ogle, but painting did not resemble nude Had vaguely recognizable form that helped audiences see what abstraction was intended to be Cubists thought it looked too futurist, too active/not static like picassos classical figures

Fountain

Duchamp, 1917 Readymade He asks, what makes art art? Questions skill and technique Discovery or conception of the work is what makes it art

Wall with Torah Niche

Dura-Europos Jewish/Early Christian (3rd Century)

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Durer, 1497 -Artists start thinking of how to use a press to create artwork -Woodcut: relief process - Durer did not simply outline figures - Innovation by shading in prints -Using lines for chiaroscuro, suggest roundness of figures and horses -Parallel hatching used to shade (through thicker or thinner spacing of lines) to suggest movement and direction and distinguish planes and areas - Cross hatching used to shade and break flow of parallel hatching - Woodcuts have strong light-dark contrasts, often suited to more dramatic subjects - Theme: against those lines are four horsemen: death, plague, war, famine - All from st john's visions in book of revelations - Durer presents set of 15 images, text on back, but images are more famous - Expensive to produce (hiring woodcutters) - Very good income for years after, enabling pursuit of other projects - To prevents copyists, Durer begins signing and dating all of his work

Self Portrait

Durer, 1500 - Quickly becomes wealthy enough selling multiple prints and folios - Can choose which commissions he prefers - Has leisure time to create many self portraits for his own pleasure - Christ like, hand posed like benediction - Luxury of robe - Staring frontality

Adam and Eve

Durer, 1504 -Durer is showing off knowledge of Italian art here, the nudes from antiquity -Engraving (intaglio) process

De Stijl

Dutch Art movement from 1917-1928 Use of straight lines and rectangular/square forms Primary colors or black, white, gray Avoidance of symmetry Rejection of spatial depth Art and the world achieves balance through oppositions One could produce a utopian world through art, applied to all things

THE THEATER,

EPIDAURUS Peloponnese, Greece. Fourth century BCE and later Earliest theatres with permanent stone seating built into hillside Semi-circle tiered seats Altar to dionysus at center, backdrop behind

Storage Unit

Eames, 1950 Molds 3D and sculpture Designed to produce affordable objects for everyday use Well informed of early De Stijl history Related Term: Modular Design

Case study house #8

Eames, Pacific Palisades, CA, 1949 De stijl inspired House serves as background for life and work Final plan has second floor, one for loft bedroom, other for darkroom and bathroom Two separate individuals w/ separate but complementary interests Exterior purely geometric cubic forms along back wall Broken up with diagonal cross braces, colors, varied rectangles Promotes coexistence of work, play, daily life Pays attention to setting and landscaping

THE FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER Rome

Early Empire

RECLINING COUPLE ON A SARCOPHAGUS FROM CERVETERI

Early Etruscan

Equestrian Portrait of Charles the Bald

Early Medieval

DURHAM CATHEDRAL

England, 1087-1133 Romanesque

SALISBURY CATHEDRAL

England, 1220-125 Gothic

DYING GALLIC TRUMPETER

Epigonos (?) c. 220 BCE Part of group monument commissioned by attalos 1 Gaul-like features, not ideal greek. Heightened sense of realism

Annunciation and Visitation, Reims Cathedral

Era: Gothic Subject: The Angel visits Mary, Mary visits Elizabeth Characteristics: Medieval Humanism- new focus on realism and the individual Significance: Angel smiling (emotion), body visible under drapery, Mary has Gothic "S-curve", age distinction rayonnant style (left)

Porch of the Maidens

Erechtheion, Athens, Greece, 430 BC Dedicated to Athena Caryatid drapery is fluted, Doric echinus chrowns Balance between real/organic and ideal/abstract

THE DEATH OF SARPEDON

Euphronios (painter) and Euxitheos (potter). c. 515 BCE Red figure punch bowl? Used at banquet/dinner party? Story of demigod killed at trojan war Carried by winged figures Wings echo handles of vessel Horizontals and verticals balanced Hair lightish brown contrasting the beard of Hermes Naturalistic tones possible with red figure technique

Le Petit Trianon

Gabriel, Versailles, France, 1761

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Andrews

Gainsborough, 1748 Widely credited with enlivening portraiture, in ways similar to Hals All are commissioned and convey sense of sitters personality Loose brushwork accents help individualize and enliven his sitters Sill rococo technique setting figure in landscape that is suggestive of character Grand Manner portraiture: individualized yet idealized, suggests elevated class status and elegance Dominant and lifesize, poise is controlled, set in usually idealized landscape, low horizon line (none here though)

Bay of the Gods

Gauguin, 1894 Post impressionism Gauguin paints world outside Paris throughout career Depth is not developed: figures and land outlines, colors enclosed within outlines is saturated, not shaded to suggest roundness Colors don't appeal natural Lighting appears overall, no identifiable source Primitivism

Triumph of the name of Jesus

Gaulli, il Gesu, Rome, 1672 - Typical version of painting figures spiraling upward in dome as if breaking through architecture in order to soar heavenward - All other figures caught in the frey (spiraling up or plummeting down) - The saved disappear near letters Similar to Last Judgment scene: powerful propaganda

Guggenheim Museum

Gehry, Bilbao, Spain, 1997 deconstructivist trademarks: disarticulated surface, fragmentation, destabilized, non-rectilinear forms distorting traditions/proportions, relation between exteriot appearance and interior use is unclear, random seeming curves of titantium shorts arranged to cater sunlight sculptural, almost expressionist form determined by location of Bilbao (port city) ship fish and fish scales benefited from CAD

Gehry House

Gehry, Santa Monica, CA 1977 older traditional bungalow house inside a shell exterior clad in cheap corrugated motal sheets, unpainted timbers, plywood, and chain-link fencing exterior has become radically divorced from its neighborhood

Judith Slaying Holofernes

Gentileschi, 1619 - Uses tenebrism - Not story of martyr or mystic, instead of righteousness and heroism - Judith enters Holofernes' tent the night before his troops were to attack and destroy Jewish people - She gets him drunk and promises sex - While passed out, she and her maid hold him down and sever his head - Light coming from side simply used to pick out details of scene which after all takes place at night lit by lamp - Baroque techniques: variety of diagonals to give depth, pulling against one anothers movement, compressed space close to viewer

Scrovegni Chapel (Arena Chapel)

Giotto - 1305 - Padua, Italy - Building seems to complement the scheme inside, it has been speculate that Giotto designed the chapel as well as the artwork - Interior has complete programme depicting Biblical stories around interior from top to bottom and from side to side - Back wall shows judgement day, side walls show the life of christ - Giotto's register reads top to bottom: Nativity - Ministries - Passion - Also reads side to side, as if to foretell or to foreshadow For instance, dinner with Lazarus side by side with the last supper - Looking toward a very theatrical altar - Mechanical dove (symbolizes holy spirit) connected to a thin wire that descends from a trap door in the ceiling down to the altar - East wall depicts Annunciation (angel Gabriel telling Mary that she will birth Jesus), altar is directly below these scenes - Bottom panels depict seven deadly sins - Blue color scheme - expensive pigment Showed his wealth, but also suggested natural heaven above rather than heaven as other-wordly - Influenced by St Francis' belief that "this world is good"

Madonna Enthroned

Giotto - 1310 - Humanizing and earthly elements - Greater spatial consistency and sculptural solidity than Cimabue's work - Angels project from the foreground - Throne recedes into space, anchored into ground - Figures look more fleshy and full, showing through drapery - Giotto credited as first renaissance painter - Cimabue's apprentice

LAST JUDGMENT

Gislebertus, Saint-Lazare, Autun, France, c. 1120-30 Romanesque

Evangelist Matthew

Gospel Book of Durrow Early Medieval

Christ Washing the Feet of His disciples

Gospels of Otto III Early Medieval

The Third of May 1808

Goya, 1814 Romanticism

The Third of May 1808

Goya, 1814 romantism

Saturn devouring one of his Children

Goya, 1820 sublime

Portland Building

Graves, Portland 1980 first large postmodern building follows a classical organization of facade - tripartite division of base column and capital/pediment, reinforced by color exterior also articulates interior function

Citadel at Mycenae

Greece, 1600 BC home of agamemnon Related Terms: megaron

Grisaille

Grisaille: painting in monochrome, usually in grays to creams. Often done to imitate appearance of sculpture. Example: Ghent altarpiece (closed)

Fagus Factory

Gropius, Alfeld-an-der-leine, Germany, 1911 -glass curtain wall, sectioned by floor, expresses steel supports -corners use no masonry -rectangular solid flat roof -base is short black brick, rest light brick to diminish heavy appearance - lengthened panes on corner windows -bands of spandrel panels wrap around floors to enhance horizontal flow and hide floor edges -building faced railway tracks, expected passengers to view in motion, to confront a competitor across tracks

Bauhaus Shop Block

Gropius, Dessau, 1926 -no clear "front" or proper entrance -workshop: other wings are administration and dorms -complex, not organized symmetrically (3 sections intersect at a meeting hall) - all interiors and fittings manufactured on site Related term(s): ferroconcrete, Bauhaus

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

Grottos of Peter, Vatican, Rome Imperial Christian Art

Wall Hanging

Gunta Stolzl,1926 textiles/weaving workshop taught by women Alber's textiles use same principles of design practiced in other movements relient on geometries and their interpenetrations Make sense with textiles, where shuttle must work back and forth to create forms and patterns Bauhaus wanted to unify art and craft Weaving workshop not ony produced individual tapestries but large number of fabric designs put into industrial production

Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Arts

Hadid, Cincinnati, OH, 2003 stack of polygons, cubes, voids "kit of parts" for customization for each show galleries in long tubes just above ground sees it as unfurling "urban carpot" meant to be antithesis of Mie's parism

LAOCOÖN AND HIS SONS

Hagesandros, Polydoros, and Athenodoros of Rhodes Original of 1st century BCE, or a Roman copy, adaptation, or original of the 1st century CE Carved depiction of priest warning of trojan horse being killed Wild curls, dramatic painful expression, deep set eyes

Malle Babbe

Hals, 1630 - Portraiture: study of individual self. Fits renaissance emphasis - Documents a group the sitter belongs to and what role they play - Documents loved one or deceased person - Memorializes an event - Most made for public display - She faces away at an angle - Figure positions are diagonal overall - Attribute of tankard makes sense: she's a barmaid - Owl may be an actual pet or an ironic comment on her mental well being (known as being a bit crazy)

Utrect Psalter

Hautevillier/Riems, 816 AD no real illumination, just stylus and ink text and imagery working together imagery creates environment with fluid like gradiation of tone grisaille

Ebbo Gospels

Hautevilliers, 816 St Mathew Reim: technique looser, northern quality of agitated dynamic, sketchy line intensity behind eyes, hands oversized

rustication

Heavy stonework with a surface left rough, or with deeply channelled joints related: Michelozzo, palazzo medici, florence, 1444

No title

Hesse, 1969 Process art

EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF MARCUS AURELIUS

High Empire

MAIN HALL, TRAJAN'S MARKET Rome

High Empire

PANTHEON Rome

High Empire

ROMANS CROSSING THE DANUBE AND BUILDING A FORT Column of Trajan, Rome

High Empire

Cut with the Kitchen Knife

Hoch,1919 photomontage

Peristyle garden

House of Venus in the Shell, Pompeii, 79 AD

the step pyramid

Imhotep, funerary complex at djoser, saqqara, egypt, 2630 BC

the Grand Odalisque

Ingres, 1814 More detail shown will lead the viewer to believe they are viewing a document, reality (Reality Effect) though Ingres never traveled to North Africa nor saw a harm Outlining and clarity is neoclassical Body has mannerist taffy-like stretch Orientalist justification for female displaying flesh

the Grand Odalisque

ARCH OF CONSTANTINE Rome

Late Empire

CARACALLA

Late Empire

CONSTANTINE THE GREAT

Late Empire

THE TETRARCHS

Late Empire

modular

Le Corbusier's design for modular system based on human form, mathematics -bridge metric and imperial system -6ft tall man, center is the navel

Unified Dwellinghouse

Le Corbusier, Marseille, France, 1946 -mass production meets post WWII housing shortage -cast concrete used due to steel/labor shortage -337 units, 1600 people, 12 floors, 15 apartment styles -whole building and site based on family needs -basic human needs: light, space, greenery -building measured according to Le Corbusier's modular -city operating "layers upon layers," like an ocean liner - lit walkway around building - ground @ pilotis for circulation/storing vehicles criticism: not eqivalent of dense town street social life Le corbusier assumed this could be universal model, "vertical village" - set in landscaped park, raised pilotis, duplex apartments are floor-through w/balconies @ either end - first use of patterned concrete from wooden forms - windows recessed back into balconies, act as suncreens - pertition between apartments are loa bearing, helping soundproof dwellings Related terms: beton brut, brutalism

Villa Sovoye

Le Corbusier, Poissy, 1929 -white to denote sense of newness, purity, health -composed of simple geometric forms -designed based on principles of New Architecture -ramps, stairs, unconventional things used inside and outside Related term: pilotis

Notre Dame-du-Haut

Le Corbusier, Ronchamp, France, 1951 -no proportional system, no "five point system", no pilotis -rationalism set aside for pure symbolic form - metal frame made to look like masonry -concrete roof -overhang protects exterior pulpit - handpainted colored glass in irregular apertures -thin strip of glass gives illusion of floating ceiling

Gardens at Versailles

Le Notre & Lebrun, France, 1661

Perikles

Leader of Athens, mocked by writers, dynamic leader, patron of the arts. Akropolis rebuilt under his command

Saltpetriere

Ledoux, Chaux, France, 1774

Mona Lisa

Leonardo, 1503 Admires effects in tempera paint and also in oil paint that northern painters are able to achieve Impatient to experiment with their techniques and glazes Figure 3/4 profile and bust length Figure starts to turn out and face viewer and make eye contact Erotic charge understood by artists Personality starts to emerge in portraitures Once had columns and eyebrows, but were erased due to leonardo's experimentation and over time Beauty: never have seen a face quite like this Order: centrally placed, symmetrically placed, surrounded by rivers mirroring her ringlets, triangle rotated 45 degrees in space, matches twists in background Simplicity: no necklaces, adornments, color subdued

Last Supper

Leonardo, Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan, 1495 Order: vanishing point Christ's head (one point perspective, linear perspective) Christ is triangle atop rectangle (table) Christ is stable and balanced 2 groups of 3 apostles talking Hands register effect of claim (full array of study of hands) Movements ripple in waves

January: The Duke of Berry at Table, Very Rich Book of Hours

Limbourg Brothers, 1411 - Last of great illuminated manuscripts of medieval period - Colored ink on vellum (stretched animal skin) - Page from prayer book (prayers for every hour of each month's days) - Shows love for immense details in northern art

Matthew writing his gospel

Lindisfarne Gospel Book Early Medieval

Proun Space

Lissitzky, 1923 Early example of installation work, making viewer part of the work. The work is whole environment, not individual elements Was meant to be experienced by walking through in counterclockwise direction Lissitzky interested in axonometry for defining figured, not interested in setting figures into spatial depth, instead giving sense of each ones proper measurements

Entrance to Temple of Amon

Luxor, Egypt, 1400 BC

HERAKLES DRIVING A BULL TO SACRIFICE

Lysippides Painter c. 525-520 BCE Black figure

MAN SCRAPING HIMSELF (APOXYOMENOS)

Lysippos c. 350-325 BCE Ideal male athlete after workout, combing skin to exfoliate Lysippos - court sculpture of alexander the great 8 headlengths rather than 7 Can be viewed from all angles, isn't just designed to be viewed from the front

SAINT MAURICE

Magdeburg Cathedral, Magdeburg, Germany, c. 1240-1250 Gothic

Bedouin black Tents

Mali, 1960

Haqar Qin,

Malta, 3600 BC

Olympia

Manet, 1863 Accepted in 1865 salon and was scandal of the show Critics think she looks flat: outlined and unrounded Cites comparison to Titian's Venus of Urbino for visible brushwork Dog sleeps in Titian, Olympia's black kitten arches back and hisses at us Maid acts as counterpart to nude figure, helping establish who she is Pricey prostitute Doesn't make any effort to justify her nudity by showing her as mythological or harem in distant land Black maid and black cat as counterparts to prostitutes body Gaze and pose very different: stares directly at us, clamps her hand over her genitals Manet sets up open floral bouquet near genitals, witty display of her sexuality

Luncheon on the Grass

Manet, 1863 Shown at salon of the refused: this event only occurred once (and with government approval) First modern painting Modernism: general term used to describe all art after 1850 As historical period, suggests contemporary Exploits newly available materials Subject material tends to be of everyday, modern life Overall visual aspect is to question premises of art: Acknowledges limits of materials Not concerned with convincing 3D illusion (Manet criticized for having brushy unfinished areas and others with sharp outlines, also having nudes that looked flat) Critics upset for "stolen" composition: similar to Raphaels His stealing a small piece of Raph's larger work hinted that his painting was not classically simple, huge insult Public scandalized by what appeared to be middle class people in park with nude woman and another bathing No attempt to cover illusion by justifying the nude in mythological context BUT there is a source for such figures in works such as Pastoral Symphony by Giorgione, equally baffling painting based on poetry and purposely indirect

Bar at the Folies Bergere

Manet, 1882 Many male painters choose subject matter in public places Manet not technically impressionist, but not realist either Tight structure indicates exhaustion with impressionism is about to occur: this has geometric structure Once again, visual puzzle: about act of looking and being looked at in public setting

Chateau

Mansart,, Maisons-sur-Seine, France, 1642

Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo - Vatican City, 1508- 1512 Before, no ceiling with narratives or figures, only stars Didn't consider himselft a painter, never worked in fresco Had seen giotto's work (chapel), sketched masaccio, he knew importance of creating programme Started at top, near altar As he gets to other end he gains confidence, figures get stronger and more muscular, more sculptural and massive Programme tells story of humans before moses, from creation to fall of man taken from Genesis Sides lined with sibyls and prophets who foretell coming of christ Spandrels above each window show christ and ancestors who will be redeemed by mary and christ Central panels lead up to flood

Laurentian Library Steps

Michelangelo, Florence, 1523

The Last Judgement

Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Vatican City, 1536-1541 Paint wall behind altar Reformation has started, organization seems to suggest this chaos, or at least is following traditional medieval view 3 levels of existence: Heaven at top with angels holding three symbols of passion Saved souls ascending to heaven on left, damned falling on right Saved souls on bottom ascend from graves, damned descend Classical figures: charon ferries souls to hell, Minos entwined by serpents Figures twist and writhe Interpretation: symbolizes chaos starting to sweep through european christianity Christ is younger, beardless: resembles Apollo or some other Greek God Raises hand to heaven, points to wound, welcomes chosen ones Mary turns away, cannot act as intercessor St. Bartholomew holding his skins, said to be self portrait of Michelangelo Figures later draped to cover nudity Amount shocking, perhaps not for nudity as much as for classical time Foreshortening of buttocks Making figure appear compressed, largest part closest to the viewer

St. Peter's

Michelangelo, Vatican City, Rome, 1546

Creation of Adam

Michelangelo- Sistine Chapel, Vatican City, 1512 From ignudi to adam, figures constantly use bold version of contrapposto, not standing but lying or sitting Adam just being given life by touch of God, as Eve (or Mary?) looks over God's shoulder Adam's body lies upon an unformed landscape, just as unanimated as he is before God's touch Adam's pose echo's God's, for he is made in his image

Palazzo Medici

Michelozzo, Florence, 1444

860 Lake Shore Drive

Mies van Der Rohe, Chicago, 1949 - 26 stories - first glass/steel/hi rise residence in US -using concrete slabs thin at edge with attached panels within exterior frame of steel - thinner I beans run up building to increase vertically as window mullions -sits on piers

German Pavillion

Mies van der Rohe, Barcelona, 1929 -represented current german design in 1929 @ design fair -seen as important for later influenced "International Style" -layout similar to Wright's Robie House: two long rectangles staggered in relation to one another on long narrow plot -layout plan in center, elevations top and bottom, left and right - no purpose but exhibition, does set aside space for greeting kind and queen of Spain -plan asymmetrical, flow from space to space, inside and outside

Crown Hall ITT

Mies van der Rohe, Chicago, 1956 - whole site layout conceived as series of interlocking courtyards with interior and exterior walkways, all conform to original street grid - van der Rohe heads architecture department, trains students w/ Bauhaus teaching style - 2 stories, one high, one sunken into ground but still visible - 4 panel girders hold weight of roof, interior free of column - walls adjustable inside Related terms: spandrel panel

Weissenhoff Housing Estate

Mies van der Rohe, Stuttgart, 1927 - part of Deutsche Werkbund exhibit in housing design for mass production -1 out of 16 projects -all unified w/ white exteriors, horizontal windows, flat roofs with terraced gardens, pipe railings on balconies

San Ambrogio

Milan, 11-12th C cite rooted in history construction and materials distinctly northern: coronation church for northern royalty Lombard Catalan style: sturdy, solid, heavy use of brick and stone architectural decor: lombard banding embellishment in form of blind arcade interior matches exterior: lombard catalan style articulation of wall surface into bays (4) emphasis on ROUNDED arch lombard banding

the Gleaners

Millet, 1857 Extremely popular representation of rural poor gleaning for food after harvest Nationally protected right in france Classically composed: 3 figures strung across foreground, headscarves in primary colors, figures have no specific faces Not classical: theme not uplifting nor based on bible or mythology

Composition

Miro, 1930 biomorphic surrealism Automatism

The PROPYLAIA

Mnesikles with the Temple of Athena Nike (Kallikrates) on the bastion at the right. c. 437-423 BCE Doric columns, pediments, small temple front facing city, other temple front looking onto akropolis Inner columns ionic

Tableau II

Mondrian,1921 No implied spatial depth, no tilts Still just as frontal and centrally organized as before De Stijl

Impression: Sunrise

Monet, 1872 Impressionism

Piazza d'Italia

Moore, New Orleans LA 1976 justification for using or mixing styles: context the building fits into, character of particular functions which must be enhanced by style, taste culture of inhabitants site for St Joseph's festivals, rallying pt for Ital-Amer community something for historians, Italians, modernists, architects 5 semicircular colonnades to represent the 5 orders and adds terra cotta color mixed with polished chrome modernist skyscraper next to plaza provides motif for plaza stonework black and white striped lay horizontal not vertical

Sea Ranch Condominium #1

Moore, Sea Ranch CA, 1964 "mineshaft modern" appearing like local weathered barns adapted to winds off pacific ocean, but still open to views and sun ones further inland relate easily to forest, but these had to cluster together and relate to each other as well as harsh landscape leading down to sea grouped around courtyard shed-roofed with towers and blank wall planes, fit older california wood structure traditions appeared both as one solid monumental form, lots of individual parts yet still casual and modest: cluster manages to still feel open modern in styling, insists on adapting to weather conditions

QUEEN BLANCHE OF CASTILE AND KING LOUIS IX

Moralized Bible, 1226-1234 Gothic

Haus am Horn

Muche and Meyer, Weimar, Germany, 1923 - house developed to showcase affordable design using modern industrial materials -built on veggie garden of Bauhaus -clerestory windows to light room -each room designed to meet one specific need -carpet and fabric designed by Stozl in geometric design

the Scream

Munch, 1893 Pervasive influence of expressionist ideas: self no longer feels synced with nature Composition: sharply raked ground, vanishing point off left side Space: each figure is flattened, less real Form: figures are distorted Lighting: bright light above doesn't illuminate figure Color: blues and oranges are complementary, make each other seem more bright Convey meaning through use of color Symbolism: late 19th century art movement basing art as symbolic representations: reaction against realism Subjects stand in for interior state of mind, as does painting technique

Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae

Mycenae Greece, 1250BC - building type tholos - tomb where king is buried with posessions Related Term: relieving triangle

Lion Gate

Mycenae, 1250 BC entry guarded by lammay-sou lions lions pay homage to nature goddess on pedestal lions flank single column Related Terms: cyclopean Masonry

Kaufmann House

Neutra, Kaufmann House, Palm Springs CA, 1946 Establish one end as walled barrier, open out the rest of house to outdoors Links to desert, in materials and form, also geometric form, but quite airy and light Has many links to wright's beliefs in organic architecture, but there is added dimension he brings from home country (austria) Studied with loos, interested in vienna's psychoanalysis Interviewed clients and adapted to their needs

Pulpit of Pisa Baptistery

Nicola Pisano 1260

ANNUNCIATION, NATIVITY AND ADORATION OF THE SHEPHERDS

Nicola Pisano, Pulpit, Baptistery, Pisa, Italy, 1260 Gothic

The Good Shepherd

Oratory of Galla Placidia, Ravenna Imperial Christian Art

Theater of Epidauros, Greece, 350 BC

Originally part of cult of Dionysus Inverted partial cone set into hillside - new architectural type Importance in theater: expression of actors, empathy of audience Floor designs for acoustics

Gripping Beasts

Oseberg Ship Early Medieval

Church of Santa Maria de Naranco

Oviedo, 8th C originally audience hall, transformed into church

Temple of Hera

Paestum, 550 BC Uses doric order Entasis enhanced by column fluting Related Terms: Doric Order, Entasis

Teatro Olimpico

Palladio & Scamozzi, Vicenza, 1579

Villa Barbaro

Palladio, Maser, Italy,

San Giorgio Maggiore

Palladio, Venice, 1565

Palazzo Chiericati

Palladio, Vicenza, 1550

Villa Rotonda (a.k.a. Villa Capra)

Palladio, Vicenza, 1566

Kiss of Judas

Panel of Giotto's Chapel in Padua, 1305 - Rhythm of figures across panel - Reinforced figures with their back to us, first time in 1000 years - Suggests that the back of figures connotes other meaning that front - Makes us want to look further around the figure, suggests that the artist wants us to identify with them - Exciting us to look, creates spatial depth - Figures arranged so they are turned away, however major figures (Peter, Jesus) facing us - Primary colors used - No landscape used, artist wanted us to really focus on the event and people - Figures are shaded using chiaroscuro

Interior, Saint-Denis

Paris, 1140

SAINTE-CHAPELLE

Paris, 1239-1248 Gothic

Nave, Sainte-Chapelle,

Paris, France, 1243

Madonna of the Long Neck

Parmigianino, 1535 - Man in lower right is probably old testament figure but clarity of his link to Mary is muddied - Mary meant to echo column behind her, column of church, she is a support or a pillar - You would have to be literate and widely read to understand the reference to the very obscure poem

LAPITH FIGHTING A CENTAUR

Parthenon. c. 447-432 BCE Doric frieze of mythology Greek vs. other, civilized vs. uncivilized Not focused on violence, more so pair of bodies moving beautifully together

The Crystal Palace

Paxton, London, UK, 1851

Great Altar of Zeus

Pergamon, Turkey, 180 BC 68 ft wide staircase, 30 ft deep Sited and structured for maximum theatrical impact Titans vs. olympians Theatrical effect to gain viewers empathetic identification Realisically entering space Crowded together Strong diagonals Deep relief = shadow Dramatic

Stairway to Apadanda (audience hall) of Darius

Persepolis, 518 BC

Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St Peter

Perugino - 1481 - Sistine Chapel, Vatican City - Early examples of painted perspective appear as studies, trying to work out system. Alberti insisted chapel/church be in the center, main focus of work - Most are urban plazas with paving stones marking orthogonals and transversals - Most say vanishing point is where door to baptistry is - our eyes directed toward redemption or salvation in hereafter, which requires being able to see the world properly (put into perspective, so to speak)

ALEXANDER THE GREAT CONFRONTS DARIUS III AT THE BATTLE OF ISSOS

Philoxenos of Eretria or Helen of Egypt c. 310 BCE First painting we can see (mosaic) Depicts event -> battle that defeats the persians Found in roman pompeii, but this was replica of greek painting Foreshortening of horses, playing with light to show dimension

Les Demoiselles

Picasso, 1907 5 nude women posing with abstract faces Prostitutes displaying themselves for viewer/buyer Marks transition into later abstraction in Picasso's work and throughout avant garde Shading, spatial depth have been eliminated, appears flat Color still close to reality but reality has been reduced to geometric structure

Portrait of Henry David Kahnweiler

Picasso, 1910 Portrait of his german art dealer His works seen publicly in germany, but only seen by invitation in Paris: affects how his ideas filter into other artists works Picasso and Braque have little external contact We have to work hard to locate fragments of sitter, still life, which elements are either outside window or in study analytic cubism

Bottle of Suze

Picasso, 1912 Made with pasted papers, charcoal, gouache Synthetic cubism Made after november18 Possible social/political interpretation based on what articles say

Mandolin and Clarinet

Picasso, 1913 Also synthetic cubist work Picasso also applies ideas of synthesis to 3D materials here Simply composed of wood scraps, some with drawing upon them Not carved, cased modelled, has interior spaces as well Assemblage

Guernica

Picasso, 1937 Mural sized painting produced for spanish pavilion at 1937 Paris exposition. Rare he worked in this scale Commemorated victims of first aerial bombing raid done by Nazis in aid of dictator Franco in Spain - as though test of their air force One of the few overtly political pieces he made (expressing outrage over attack upon his country) Uses many early cubist techniques, also looks similar to Miro's organic shapes/surrealist aethetic

Cathedral Complex

Pisa 1063 imperial support religious structure for mary, but also civic trophy of wealth and success clear articulation, additive qualities huge structure decorative columns and arches (collonades) on facade: 3D texture interior: timber roof, byzantine mosaic apse

Pisa Cathedral

Pisa, Italy, 1053

Battle of the Ten Nudes

Pollaiuolo, 1465 - Engraving - Parallel hatching used to unify overall composition - All the shading lines are parallel to one another

Autumn Rhythm

Pollock, 1950 Abstract Expressionism Action painting

SPEAR BEARER (DORYPHOROS)

Polykleitos c. 450-440 BCE Roman copy survives, original does not Ideal and mathematical, uses formula to create perfect form Asymmetrical balance between arms and legs - contrapposto

Entombment

Pontormo, Santa Felicita, Florence, 1525 - Push limits of figure, spatial depth, color: push classism to the extreme to compete with the legacy left behind of Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael - Painting's center is empty - Bodies are stretched - Pontormo representing chaos after christ's descent from the cross

Landscape with St. Matthew and the Angel

Poussin, 1639 Disegno (line) Louis XIV created bureaucracy to oversee unified french art system Painters attending Royal Academy of Art (1648) competed for Prix de Rome - gave them a few years in Rome to study classicism Poussin wins one year Blurred boundary between landscape and history painting (reserved for most important subjects) Painted biblical and mythological scenes as small theatrical events occurring in huge landscape Setting vaguely resembles place in our world, but is idealized using same techniques over and over again Use trees and rocks, outcroppings as repoussoir Each one is on opposite side from one before it They lead into far distance from where light emanates as if heavenly light related to scene playing out before us Landcare littered with ancient classical architecture

Glorification of St. Ignatius

Pozzo, Sant'Ignazio, Rome, 1691-1694

APHRODITE OF KNIDOS

Praxiteles c. 350 BCE Finally, a nude woman Placed in open shrine, people came from all over to view Humanizing the gods, shown bathing

HERMES AND THE INFANT DIONYSOS

Praxiteles or his followers 4th-century BCE Praxiteles carved Hermes and Infant at temple of Hera Diety performing very ordinary activity, dangling grapes in front of infant dionysus Another image of an ideal standard of male beauty, though more individualized Contrapposto pose, though with s-pose as well

Coalbrookdale Bridge

Pritchard & Darby, Shropshire, UK, 1779

The Small Cowper Madonna

Raphael - 1505 - Mary in primary colors (traditionally symbolized Christ's blood and heavens) - Triangular composition of figures - Interaction keeps our eyes moving from on figure to next, communication between christ and mary

School of Athens

Raphael - Stanza della Segnatura (Signature Room), Vatican City, 1510 - Perfect linear perspective - Ancient themed fresco showcasing antiquity's philosophers - Groups divided by plato and Aristotle: to the left philosophers, to the right scientists and mathematicians - Left overseen by statue of Apollo god of muses and inspiration - Right overseen by statue of Athena goddess of wisdom - Building similar to what Raphael's friend Bramante planned to rebuild St. Peter's, christian architecture and roman architecture combined - Plato's hand vertical, pointing skyward to ideal form, other hand hold Timaeus "this world is false, eternal world is true" - Aristotle's hand horizontal parallel to earth from which he derives his observations, other hand holds Nichomachean Ethics (how humans should live)

Canyon

Rauchenberg, 1959 Part sculpture, part 2D image: made of some paint, but also mix of everyday things Assemblage, or combines

Sam Vitale

Ravenna, 547 planned as church, not mausoleum apse is built in, not added later buttresses here, but dont reappear for centuries byzantine architecture is confusing no clues to interior from exterior denial architecture: visitors didnt believe walls help up ceiling cant tell where youare cant see front door from apse narthex off kilter from apses orientation whole structure is palace-church, combines both functions

Gospel of Otto III

Reichenau, 1000 AD St Luke in ecstasy below: reality above: ecstatic frenzy, the mystery of religion unveiling itself crispness, cleanliness carries into sculpture

The Night Watch

Rembrandt, 1642 - 12 by 14ft tall - Main militia company for amsterdam with leader Fanz Banning Cocq, a social organization really - Shown displaying how they load and fire their rifles as they march through city gate - Each figure is portrait of member of militia and they paid for that - Innovative because everyone is massed around single action - They all have necessary purpose: not static portrait of men in rows - Used light to highlight certain figures - Eye wanders around finding details that explain more - Some members unhappy with indistinct features, especially with emphasis on little girl with dead rooster (cocq) tied to her waist: allegorical figure? - Innovations: mixed genres - portrait with narrative painting and made all figures involved in an activity and adds symbolic figure

Three Crosses (first state)

Rembrandt, 1653 - Still pursues contrast of light and dark, even in this medium - Can rework plate after a run, then reprint so he can continue to offer "new originals"

Self Portrait (R)

Rembrandt, 1658 - Impasto thickness applied with trowel rather than brush - We assign high value to painterliness and drawing, that they - more directly transcribe artist's being and ideas - Paints himself over and over... is he showing self awareness? His own best model? - One of the few artists that are so well known, can be recognized by their first name - Shows awareness of adopting role and image of an artist Rembrandt first to exploit etching to its full potential

Moulin de la Galett

Renoir, 1876 Represented one of most popular dance joints, partially indoors and outdoors Shows outdoor section dappled with light, almost patterned Monet encouraged him to lighten his colors and paint figures outdoors Renoir's brushwork appears soft because he dabs oil out of paint with cloth - very dry when applied

Rottgen Pieta

Rhineland, 1300 passion and lamentation: pieta scene Vesperbuild: object assisting in evening prayer emotional turmoil

Schroder House

Rietveld, Utrecht, Netherlands, 1924 - house makes no attempt to match surroundings - top level was large open space, "attic" to satisfy fire codes - Mrs Schroder insisted on adding removable wall panels - exteriot comprised of planes arranged to look barely attached, sliding into each other -foundation and balconies concrete, walls brick and plaster, windows floors and doors wood. Steel girders form core of structure Related terms: De Stijl

OLD WOMAN

Roman 1st century CE copy of a Greek work of the 2nd century BCE Represent different "types" of society - not a beautiful youthful figure, but a hunched over figure with sagging thin skin. Aged woman w/chicken Also showing small children, exploring all figures of society?

AUGUSTUS OF PRIMAPORTA

Roman Early Empire

IMPERIAL PROCESSION ARA PACIS AUGUSTAE (ALTAR OF AUGUSTAN PEACE) Rome

Roman Early Empire

PERISTYLE GARDEN, HOUSE OF THE VETTII Pompeii

Roman Early Empire

SPOILS FROM THE TEMPLE IN JERUSALEM Arch of Titus, Rome

Roman Early Empire

THE ARCH OF TITUS Rome. c. 81 CE

Roman Early Empire

PORTRAIT HEAD OF AN ELDER FROM SCOPPITO

Roman Republic

Old St Peters

Rome Imperial Christian Art

forum and markets of Trajan

Rome 110 AD strategic and political in site and design

San Clemente

Rome, 1084-1128 revival in classicism and intellectualism abbot desiderius (victor III) antiquity and byzantine influence atrium layers of history dating back to Roman city/pagan cult basilica style: reclaiming of pagan land for christian building apse: crucifixion image, icanthus plant with rood inside 12 apostle as doves/lambs tree of eternal life intellectual depiction of crucifixion christ pantokrater above split within church around this time (1054!)

SAN CLEMENTE

Rome, 1128 Romanesque

Pantheon

Rome, 125 AD temple built to worship all gods Hadrian uses front porch from earlier pantheon porch is etruscan style corinthian columns largest masonry dome ever made: 141 ft across designed as perfect sphere inside weight above arches built into wall to reinforce Related Terms: osculus, dome, coffer

Arch of Constantine

Rome, 313 AD repurposed parts of other works for this spolia 3 arches like aqueduct symbolically associated with Holy Trinity figural sculpture to send message use of spolia cobbles together old ideas to make a message

Interior decoration of Santa Constanza

Rome, 350 not built specifically to be a church - actually mausoleum christianity promises a better life after death - model for a building makes sense Related Term: abulatory

Santa Sabina

Rome, 450 AD oldest church in Rome - basilica, wood rood, colonnades, separate nave from aisles Related: centrally planned building

Arch of Titus

Rome, 81 AD titus adored because he defeats uprising in judea and jerusalem tore down temple on the mount and looted to earn a triumphal arch, victor must parade through city and sacrifice 1-2 people on capital hill Related: Triumphal Arch

basilica ulpia

Rome, 98 AD designed by Apolloderus of Damascus largest covere space in ancient world related: basilica

TEMPLE OF PORTUNUS Forum Boarium (Cattle Market), Rome

Rome, Roman Republic

Lavender and Mulberry

Rothko, 1959 Colorfield painting

PROPHETS AND ANCESTORS OF CHRIST

Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral c. 1145-1155 Gothic

Elevation of the Cross

Rubens, Antwerp Cathedral, Antwerp, 1610 Colorito (color) Altarpiece (triptych) Painted in Catholic flanders, right next to Dutch Republic (Protestant) Studied classical antiquity in Rome Distinction between Poussin and Rubens becomes core debate within French painting

constructivism

Russian avante garde work from 1917-1930 - instead of carving/modeling, emphasized building and constructing -architecture itself symbolizes how to create a new society -art based on construction of everyday materials goal: construct a new society Related Work: Monument to the Third International, Tatlin, 1919-1920

Flower Still Life

Ruysch, 1700 - Genre seen as feminine because: - Flowers are female organs - Domestic in theme - Smaller in size (literally better to hang in house, adapted well for sale of many house interior walls) - Flowers fall to tabletop, some wilting - Bees pollinate flowers - suggest someplace other than this world, these flowers don't all bloom at the same time - Collectors often ask painter to represent their favorite flowers, can't afford bulbs

TWA terminal

Saarinen, JFK airport, NYC, 1956 Terminal designed to directly refer to flight Built with complex cantilevers so space could be as open as possible, with floating ramps First terminals with enclosed passenger ways, closed circuit TV, central PA system, baggage carousels, electronic schedule board, decentralized gate clusters

TOWER OF BABEL

Saint-Savin-Sur-Gartempe, Poitou, France, c.1095-1115 Romanesque

Upper Chapel

Sainte-Chapelle Gothic

Ceiling, Chapter House,

Salisbury Cathedral, England, 1263

Stonehenge,

Salisbury Plain, England, 2800 BC

Great Mosque

Samarra, Irag, 847 early muslims were nomads, so no architecture type mosque form comes from hypostyle hall - adopted across north africa and spain

TREASURY OF THE SIPHNIANS

Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi. c. 530-525 BCE Houses offerings of siphnians "Gem of ionic order" - way of decoration exterior Small front porch, female figures in lieu of columns Painted elements: women, pediment and frieze

NIKE (VICTORY) OF SAMOTHRACE

Sanctuary of the Great Gods, Samothrace. c. 180 BCE "Split second of action" theatrical quality of Nike just landing Commemorate naval victory?

Cathedral of St James

Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain, 1078-1122 Romanesque

Royal Guard House

Schinkel, Berlin, Germany, 1817

Church of Holy Cross

Schwabish Gmund, 1317 Heinbich and Peter Parler crazy vaulting on simple basilica hall "net vault" Peter became royal architect to Holy Roman Empire

Trajan's Aqueduct,

Segovia, Spain, 100 A.D. related term: aquaduct

Sunday on La Grand Jatte

Seurat, 1884 Subject matter changed subtly - these are places where working class and middle class mix and enjoy leisure Seurat politically very far left of most impressionists Seurat did numerous studies in classical approach Scale alone tells you this was intended to be important Appears in last impressionist show of 1886 - results in many others refusing to exhibit (Renoir and Monet) Felt his work lacked directness crucial to them Freezes every figure, adds sense of motion through repetitions of colors and shapes across canvas

Armored Train in Action

Severini, 1915 Abstracted from recognizable forms, jagged lines, much repetition of forms and shapes, bright colors, often centrally organized Cubist were contemplative, static, suggestive but not blatant. More optical. Futurists interested in politics, how art could affect society, exploring time and motion.

Untitled Film Still 21

Sherman, 1978 Sherman adopts multitude of personas of woman from different eras in different situations, whose lives are connected but not necessarily consistent with one another All the image drawn from pop culture, mostly film As if to say: woman learn to present themselves through representations they see in mass media

Spiral Jetty, Utah

Smithson, 1970 Earthwork: large scale outdoor works, natural materials immobile, remotely located Site-specific

Terra Amata

Southern France, 400,000 BC

Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux

St Denis, 1339 gilt silver, podium decorated with enamel human mother rayonnant holding fleur de lis: aristocracy and purity

Plan of Ideal Monastery

St. Gall, early 9th C - designed by Abbot Hatio as intellectual exercise to imagine what perfect monastery would include - hospitality for travelers, pilgrims, royal family modelling after St. Peters in Rome

WOMAN AND MAID

Style of the Achilles Painter c. 450-440 BCE Simple domestic scene

Hinged Clasp

Sutton Hoo Burial Ship Early Medieval

Model of monastery at St. Gall,

Switzerland, 820

the Open Door

Talbot, 1843 Very carefully stage still life, just like Daguerre Refers to earlier Dutch paintings and his book says how to interpret the photo and that the image is not radical rupture in art

Corner Counter Relief

Tatlin, 1915 constructivism

Monument to the Third International

Tatlin, 1919-1920 -design for public government building for St Petersberg - double helix exoskeleton, which would contain mean for ascending as a whole - four volumes each made of glass and steel: cube, pyramid, cylinder, hemisphere - rotating pieces: bottom once a year, middle a month, top once a day - would have required all the steel in Russia to make Related Terms: constructivism

TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS, ATHENS.

Temple designed by Cossutius begun 175 BCE Large, columns 55 feet tall (corinthian order)

NIKE (VICTORY) ADJUSTING HER SANDAL

Temple of Athena Nike, Akropolis, Athens. Last quarter of the 5th century (perhaps 410-405) BCE Ordinary, natural pose, not strong or "god-like" Drapery thin, clingy, revealing body... moving closer and closer to nude

Pyramid of the Sun

Teotihuacan, Mexico, 100 BC

Casa del Fascio

Terragni, Como, 1932 - rationalism in arch. approached new forms, rejected baroque and classical ideals -attempting to integrate conceptual, structural, symbolic form; uses golden ratio on facade was a mass meeting hall: palazzo model, cultural on glass atrium - was perfect geometry, cube half as high as it's base's width - facade tells where atrium is - unfenestrated wall would project propaganda related: italian rationalism

Saint-Martin-du-Canigou

The French Pyrenees. 1001 religious community monastery setting self apart from the world in the mountains done exclusively in stone, using barrel vaulting to construct the space itself tiny slits into the wall surface due to MASONRY

Isle Shrine

Uji Yamada Japan, 690 AD

Carved Panels

Urnes, 11th C less complicated, carving on the sides, skilled, thick to thin lines, organizing the lines, patterning on engaged column gripping animal motif, vines into serpent creatures high and low relief contrast

Sydney operahouse

Utzon, Sydney 1957 Impressed by mexican pyramids: reaching for the heavenly Appreciated organic basis for architecture, not just use of natural materials and site, but that design could adapt over time True building meant to emerge on its own Opera house had little precedent for construction and drawings preliminary to convince public of project, complexities resolved over time, took so long that Utzon was sacked when new government comes in Ironically, most costs occur under new government Original shells thought of ellipsis, instead decided to make each wedge part of sphere, "orange peels" 3 part vaults Concrete cast on site Forms variously seen as sails of ships, waves crashing on shore Whole is build on platform that extends into harbor Acoustics crucial

INITIATION RITES OF THE CULT OF BACCHUS (?),

VILLA OF THE MYSTERIES Pompeii, Roman Republic

Chrysler Building

Van Allen, New York, 1929 -Art Deco

Flowering Plum

Van Gogh, 1887

Starry Night

Van Gogh, 1889 Horizon line relatively low, composition blocked out into organized sections, horizontals crossed by verticals Curving lines form circles and patterns echos Deep blues and yellows Believable spatial depth ruined by paint on surface Natural world is animated - active, not chaotic, but rhythmic as if this is a pattern if only we pay attention Human world is subordinate to nature, sky, and cosmos Painted to feel his interior feelings, not optic reality

Las Meninas

Velazquez, 1656 Allegory, group portrait, narrative all at the same time Group portrait of princess surrounded by her maids of honor Follow who is moving in and out of image Velazquez at left leans over to look at us Infant Margarita Velazquez wears red cross emblem of Order of Santiago (knighted) Symmetrical/geometric Figures spread across parallel to picture place Also implied diagonal, back to knight leaving through door Ambiguities of space employed to pique our interest Uses repoussoir on left: not just any old repoussor, it is the canvas we are looking at, but from behind Form: defines forms in foreground much more than in back (atmospheric perspective) even though this is shallow space Tone: lighting comes from side, as with Vermeer, but not a mystical light In spain, painting still considered handcraft, not fine art Painter showed himself in act of painting, wearing symbol of his knightly status Placed himself in company of royals and court showed his cleverness: back and front of painting, viewers and patrons, puzzle and portrait

Guild House

Venturi and Rausch, Philadephia, 1960 retirement home in old neighborhood where seniors will be moving from building is contextual - respects neighborhood design, building facade directly on sidewalk, made of cheap red brick, double hung window, 6 stories high front conceals, doesnt define function used ordinary decorated metal screen raisings above, loud advertising sign for community anti modernist tendencies: slit in masonry hints that facade doesnt reveal interior function, white brick running around building broken up by windows, suggesting dimension between floors, white brick @ base only defines building function in front

Vanna Venturi House

Venturi, Chestnut Hill PA, 1962 referential/imageful, general/iconic facade has applied ornament and makes historical allusions, especially broken pediment and multi-paned windows sources note: 1) aesthetic layering from villa savoye, also @ end of lane 2) split pediment from Blenheim Palace in England 17th century 3) overall configuration of pediment taken from low house, Bristol RI 4) applied ornament from Casa Grasole "not striving to be original, but to be good" symmetry of plan in distorted to acknowledge and accommodate functions of various parts of those Related term: postmodernism

Woman Holding a Balance

Vermeer, 1664 - Art market developed due to increased wealth and greater specialization in genres catering to new thing called "taste" - Individuals exercise their taste as a form of personal expression and mark their identity with a group - Church and King no longer guiding them - Uses repoussoir at left edge (cluster of fabric at shadows) - Diagonals not as evident in Vermeer's work, also he clearly organizes the orthogonals to help establish realism of space - Space overall is shallow, like small stage - Light source indirect, out of view - Uses local color - Gives theatrical experience too, but very quiet and subdued, unlike Italians - Not dramatic. Instead, we are allowed to glimpse inside private world - Repoussoir and objects between us and subject establish restrained distance - All figures are contemplative - we see them, they don't see us - Northern painting - all details emphasized, every detail is crucial - Woman weighs jewels from jewelry box, wears fur lined jacket - Natural light illuminates and picks out shine of pearls and gold - Painting on wall shows last judgement scene - Christ judges and weighs souls, she weights jewels on earth - Textures of fabrics, jewels, fur lined robe all suggest wealth in this time - National pride - Calvinist belief that you should take your faith lightly because you have no idea if you are saved or damned - Dutch prone to uncertainty: new wealth and power demand they take stock of who they are, they examine their lives in paintings - Subtle, sometimes humorous morals in paintings: not angry or authoritative

Il Gesù

Vignola & della Porta, Rome, 1568

il Gesu

Vignola and Della Porta - Rome, 1568 -Facade is more animated than previous churches with similar facades -Inside, transepts are eliminated to help acoustics -Becomes template for all Jesuit Churches, its plan copied throughout the world to spread the Word -IHS appears in the middle of ceiling: Ieus Hominiem Savior

Strawberry Hill

Walpole, Twickenham, UK, 1749

Marilyn Diptych

Warhol, 1962 Pop art

Departure from Island of Cythera

Watteau, 1717 Fete galantes (gallant events) : could not be categorized into existing genres when submitted as masterpiece Cythera is island Venus arrives when she is born These people have spent a day cavorting on the island of Love and are going back where? Watteau sets up figures to lead toward boat, but to yearn back as well Everyone is coupled and cupids swirl through the sky Allegory for love

Departure from Island of Cythera

Watteau, 1717 Fete galantes (gallant events) : could not be categorized into existing genres when submitted as masterpiece Rococo: 1700-1770, artistic style, fairly consistent, means "shell encrusted" Figures shown enjoying entertainments, especially pursuit of love Casual, often outdoor settings Many pastels, tertiary colors Brushwork is feathery and loose, not tightly finished or polished Composition is casual in arrangement, many subtle diagonals Seen as reaction against baroque, but also continuation painterly Cythera is island Venus arrives when she is born These people have spent a day cavorting on the island of Love and are going back where? Watteau sets up figures to lead toward boat, but to yearn back as well Everyone is coupled and cupids swirl through the sky Allegory for love

al-Bazaar

Wevsla, Cairo, 1600 foreign traders werent allowed in cairo, only alexdrandia had to live in fonduks: living space about bazaar 6 stories Related: fonduk, mashrabiyya

House

Whiteread, London 1993 casts empty space within structures, cast in concrete negative space of townhouse in London's East End has poor neighborhood that was torn down

American Gothic

Wood, 1930 Regionalism

St. Paul's

Wren, London, UK, 1675

Fallingwater

Wright, Bear Run, PA 1936 *organic architecture* whole design based around levels of water and stone at site -Wright chose house location carefully within large site: inhabitants occupy waterfall -striations of masonry echo rocks of waterfall -4 main piers using granite from site -2 horizontal living areas laying perpendicular to/atop one another -each floor has stucco ceiling and slate floors with glass overlooking falls

First Jacobs House

Wright, Madison WI, 1936 - built on graded slab, flat roof, small kitchen, continuous with dining area, both spaces flowing into living room -bedrooms small in corners, minimize individual privacy and promote socialability -heated floors, carport, built-in tables, seats, bookcases, sandwich walls, layers of plywood and panelling -fireplace focal of living room -glass crucial to all wright buildings, functioning to open spaces as open layout plan had

Solomon Guggenheim Museum

Wright, New York NY, 1959 - wider at top than bottom, breaks boxy street grid of NY neighboring buildings - single walkway on ramp to view works, fits usonian ideals of breaking down distinctions between spaces: spatial compression, release for special effect Cons: artwork competing with building? - hard to hang 2D art - hard to display/interact with 3D art - poor lighting on ramp

Temple I

Tical, Guatemala, 650 AD

The Last Supper

Tintoretto, San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, 1594 - Composed of strong diagonals - Open space implies that servants at right are unaware of events at table and above them - real light meets divine light - Meets requirements of inquisition's counter-reformation: show mystical light of Christ - Art should appeal to EMOTION, not reason. - - - Anti-humanist approach - More miracles and visions depicted - Old/new testaments compared and little of classical art - If painting didn't match this, artist could be tried for heresy

Venus of Urbino

Titian, 1538 - Becomes so good at blending colors that he later becomes unafraid to show brushstrokes, colors become more vivid - Commissioned for private patron (Duke of Urbino), not church or king - Just for pleasure, not to show religious devotion - Private commissions and collecting become quite common during this period and onwards - Leads to artists exploring representation and invention - Might be dukes wife to be, but not clear - Maids look in wedding chest (cassone) in the back - Could be mythological figure - Holds bouquet of flowers in one hand while other covers genitals, one displaces the other - Makes direct eye contact, come hither look suggests availability - Dog at feet reminds fidelity: but is sleeping - Space partly enclosed and private, but other figures police it - Body proportions start getting stretched, almost taffy like - Pushing limits of classical beauty - At the same time, fabric becomes more natural in its draping that Giorgione

Dancers and Diners

Tomb of the Triclinium, Tarquinia, Italy, Early Etruscan

Jane Avril

Toulouse-Lautrec, 1893 Color lithography achieved same as lithography, but different stone used for every color used Color lithos explored post 1870 in packaging and advertising Text gets integrated into overall visual design Fauvism

Vivian Bible

Tours, 845 AD made by monastery commissioned by vivian (city figure) -given to charles the bald: representation of this act Documentation of Real event: secular, ROMAN

Church Terms to know

Transcept: arms of the cross (chapels) Apse: top of church Altar: table where mass is conducted Nave: main section for public attendance Narthex: enclosure before entry (like a Roman porch)

Folie, Parc deVillette

Tschumi,, Paris 1982 one set of several buildings intended for public use (open air cultural center) in largest urban Paris park designed for the public with no set use in mind each building is part 2-dimensional, part 3-D each building intended as object in space, meant to relate to its setting, but also challenge normal park usage Tschumi doesnt intend buildings as visual and static, ,but as spaces for events, to reinvent living and social relations he sees buildings as responsible for reinforcing social rules (politically radical) russian constructivist challenges to norms of how we weave together space, event, and monument russian constructivist architect often challanged viewers to establish location in relation to building adoption of Cubist collage through film and photomontage social message, political intent urgency in Russia Related term: deconstructivist

Plan for Miletos

Turkey, 467 BC Designed by Hippodamus as template for colonial cities Related Term: Orthogonal Grid Plan

Catalhoyuk,

Turkey, 6500 BC

Hogaku

Japanese method for locating buildings based on zen buddhism Based on compass directions and astrology Five elements, sit c shape, location of house center, feminine/masculine sides of yin/yang Related Work: Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto Japan, 1616 AD

Book of Hours

Jeanne D'evreux, St. Denis, 1339 private patron international style grisaille secular imagery and details

University of Virginia library,

Jefferson,Charlottesville, VA, 1817

Dome of the Rock

Jerusalem, 690 before mecca was conquered, Mohammed insisted on directing all prayer to Jerus. Patron hired Byzantine architecture and mosaic artists from constantinople central plan octagonal building built over sacred rock - NOT mosque synthesizes Byzantine and persian architecture and decoration Exterior covered in 700 ft of Koran test Related: ablaq

Target with Plaster Casts

Johns, 1955 Encaustic Johns uses encaustic because it dries quickly and is hard to work with: he cant do gestural action He paints target because it consists of large solid color areas not resembling gestural painting, also because it is broadly understood from, not individuals spirit Anti expressive Not flat surface, has plaster casts above painting

AT&T Building

Johnson and Burgee, New York NY 1984 appropriation often used to discuss postmodern architecture: taking directly from another source, quoting another work but not altering.. but at what point does quotation become stealing? Seen as reminder of heyday of classic NYC skyscrapers before van der Rohe's curtain-wall box Appropriates sullivans tripartite division, Mckim, Mead and White's Municipal Building's entrance, bands grouping of windows and little decoration around them Brundleschi's entrance flanked by arcade, first floor windows Romanesque lobby, scaled to accomodate earlier AT&T building statue

Untitled

Judd, 1969 Minimalism

Qasr

Kabao, Libya, 20th century

the Two Fridas

Kahlo, 1939 Melding local symbolist and surrealist interest in psychological themes Many self portraits examine her position socially and personally One of few in mexico who is easel painter, not muralist Her works have taken on new meanings and urgency in recent years, addressing issues of identity and its intersection with politics Shows herself divided, barely connected, between westernized and middle class and indigenous and peasant, closed and exposed or vulnerable

Trenton Bath House

Kahn, Ewing NJ, 1954 conceptual breakthrough: starting to work with monumental and monolithic forms, although modest project separation between serving and served spaces pool and locker room: surburban community centre 4 open-air buildings arranged geometrically around central space - 2 are changing rooms, 1 lockers, one entrance to pool area each roof pyramid with occulus, rests on concrete block corners attached by metal bracket historical references spare and understated each rook several feet above walls entrances allow not view into changing rooms materials course, untreated textures (like cinderblocks) distinctions between serving and served spaces trained in Ecole style: concerned with spacial hierarchy and axial order - uses geometries to express that trademark ability to work in monumental forms, yet buildings are human scaled

Richards Laboratory

Kahn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1957 set near older buildings that mimic tudor castles, respond to them by echoing them committed to geometric structure in forms and plan building required vast extract flues and flexible interiors (able to reconfigure labs easily) reversed expectations that labs are central element: made them cellular, while making stair towers and flues monumental architectural reference: medieval fortress town visible distinction between serving and served places clearly showed articulation of parts by accenting joints and connections primary stress in weight is born by exposed concrete shafts, so many labs had joinery of windows similar to Gropius and Neutra structures, created primary entrance with no support posts doesn't attempt to offer lightness in Mies word, instead embraces Le Corbusiers emphasis of mass building is pinwheel design, with 3 sections connected to central core towers designed to be in intermediate scale between the cells (labs) and larger building areas all made with precast concrete to show structure on exterior while some parts sheathed in red brick shafts cast on site, rest ferroconcrete, cast elsewhere, fitting onsite using cables lack on sun protection for some labs main goal: uncover central meaning of institution housed there. once this was ascertained, architecture would move on to form coherency expressed through all parts

VIEW OF THE PARTHENON

Kallikrates and Iktinos Akropolis, Athens. 447-432 BCE Been damaged and converted many times Mathematical ratio of short to long sides of temple

Improvisation 28 (second version)

Kandinsky, 1912 part of The Blue rider group Kandinsky names many paintings like musical works Wants to return to simplicity of folk tales and children's art First artist to go fully abstract

Model of Temple of Amon

Karnak, 1294 BC

Katsura Imperial Villa

Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto Japan, 1616 AD

Holkham Hall

Kent, Norfolk, UK, 1734

Sargon II palace Dur Shakkurin,

Khorsakad, Iraq, 705 BC

Easter Pendle Chief's House

Kipoko, Congo, 1987

Street, Berlin

Kirchner, 1913 German expressionism Die Brüke (the Bridge)

Klosterneuburg Altarpiece

Klosterneuburg, Nicholus of Verdun techniques of north, flemish, classical, revival old and new testament imagery byzantine inspo champleve and niello

Case Study House 22 (Stahl House)

Koenig, 1960 L shaped, childrens room could be divided Corner of L is for utilites, masterbath, dressroom Related Term: Case Study Houses

One and Three Chairs

Kosuth, 1965 Material was the concept: ideas are of prime importance Conceptual Dematerialization

Reading Room at Bibliotheque St.-Genevieve

Labrouste,, Paris, 1845

Bungalow

Lahore, Pakistan, 1870

centrally planned building

built around a central point, usually round (sometimes) based on greek/roman structures used at first for mausoleums and babtistries Related Work: Santa Sabina, Rome, 450

Stourhead bridge & Pantheon

Flitcroft, UK, 1741

Pagoda

Foguang Monastery, Shanxi Province, China, 1056 AD

TEMPLE OF HERA I, POSEIDONIA (ROMAN PAESTUM)

Italy. c. 550-540 BCE Early example of archaic architecture Doric order: rest on stylobate, capitals flare, triglyph metope, stocky

YOUNG WOMEN AND MEN

Ionic frieze Parthenon c. 447-432 BCE Men and women walk in file

Corbelled Vaulting

built by balancing each stone layer overhanging last layers projection. Stones met to form arch or arched ceiling enclosure Related work: Newgrange, Ireland, 3000 BC

Study for Maximum Mass Permitted by 1916 NY Zoning Law

Ferriss, 1922 - first in the set, responding to Manhattanism

AJAX AND ACHILLES PLAYING A GAME c. 540-530 BCE

Exekias (Potter and Painter) Signed by artist, so very important Black figure technique Some details of anatomy and costume have extremely fine lines, highlighted with purple and white Archaic body detail, "egyptian eye" Drawing red on red on a curved surface, requires intense skill

Barrel Vaults

Extended round arches: etruscans already using these at this time Related: Colusseum, Rome, 72 AD

NOTRE-DAME

Fontenay, Burgundy, France, 1139-47 Romaesque

Carcassone

France, 1240

Raft of the Medusa

Gericault, 1819 We have to wade through corpses to be redeemed above: there is not much dignity in achieving hope Outrageous scandal right after napoleon's defeat Medusa part of slave trade (even though outlawed in France), captain and crew construct raft for 150 passengers which they will tow. Then abandon it, it drifts for 13 days, men resort to cannibalism to stay alive Increasing demand for reportage that images show us facts, our daily lives More realistic imagery about to surface? Uses classical strategies to represent an event: history painting

Sacrifice of Issac

Ghiberti - 1401 - Baptistry, Florence - Relief sculpture: figures emerge from flat plane behind Low relief means figures are very slightly protruding, high relief means figures are protruding greatly - Competition to see who could make the Baptistry doors, obviously Ghiberti won His peace was more graceful that Brunelleschi's Cast in only two pieces of bronze, cheaper to make Both used motifs from Giotto: landscape, receding of altar in space, foreshortening

Gates of Paradise

Ghiberti - 1425-1452 - Baptistery, Florence - 10 panels depicting scenes from Old Testament

Essau and Jacob

Ghiberti - 1435 - Narrative from back to front - Conflict between twin sons of isaac, explains division between master and slave, servant and free

Pastoral Symphony (Fete Champetre)

Giorgione or Titian, 1510 - Subject matter famous for being ambiguous - No clear source for its theme - Venetians prefer indirectness - Theme: two men play instruments outdoors, one dressed as venetian noble, other as rustic country guy - 2 mostly nude women accompany but appear unseen by men - muses of inspiration? - Landscape is lush, like paradise, shepherds tend land and flock so others may have leisure - Senses are being provoked, solicited, sound of music, refreshment of water, sound of water being poured - Giorgione died very soon, works only with oil on canvas - Canvas has tooth: rough surface that grabs paint in variety of ways, artists start exploring this to get texture and build up paintings surface

Betrayal

Giotto

Masjid-i-shah mosque entrance

Isfahan, Iraq, 1630 Related Work: iwan, muarna vault, bazaar

HORSEMEN

Ionic frieze Parthenon c. 447-432 BCE Attention to detail, naturalism

CHURCH OF ST. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY

Marburg, Germany, 123 Gothic

Large Blue Horses

Marc, 1911 Colors have symbolic importance: blue was masculine, yellow was feminine, red aggression Curved Lines of animals and landscape echo each other, unify the two

Expulsion of Adam and Eve

Masaccio - 1425 - First large scale painted nude since Roman times (500 AD) - Chiaroscuro used again, realistic light helping establish fullness of bodies and musculature - Also reinforces idea that they are walking toward earthly light, cast away from Eden - Masaccio shows he is aware of famous ancient example of modesty/lack of innocence - makes this a pose of shame - Artist returns to antiquity for examples of how to represent the body correctly in relation to space - Masaccio chose venus, goddess of love as Eve's motivation, linking Eve's sin to the sensuality of Venus - History of vilifying the body - Work emphasizes their shame, rather than the act of their sin

Tribute Money

Masaccio - 1427 - Chapel dedicated to St Peter, showing his life - 32 giornata (days of work) - Continuous narrative: repetition of one figure to suggest separate moments in a narrative, employed to suggest time unfolding in one static image - 3 narratives: Christ tells Peter to retrieve coins from mouth of fish to pay tax collector, peter retrieves coins, Peter pays tax collector (only figure without a halo) - Spatial depth becoming more believable - Christ is center figure of work - Masaccio is first person since roman times to show figures casting shadows - use of Atmospheric perspective

Holy Trinity

Masaccio - 1428 Santa Maria Novella, Florence - Fresco, imitated appearance of actual chapel - Shows holy trinity, Mary and St John the Baptist below, Lenzis kneeling - skeleton at the bottom: I was once as you are now, you will be as I am now -Earliest painting with depth defined using linear perspective - Organized symmetrically and geometrically (triangle set within rectangle) - Primary colors, representing celestial heavens and blood Spatial depth seen in altar

The Holy Trinity

Masaccio,, Santa Maria Novella, Florence, 1428

Apollo

Master Sculptor Vulca, Early Etruscan

Kaaba

Mecca, Saudi arabia, 630 mecca holy site before mohammed - his tribe protected the site cubic granite house for block meteorite - belonged to abraham after 690, a black silk drape placed as shroud over building pilgrims circle 7 times on hajj building is hidden but focus of Muslim prayer, symbolizing unity of all islamic followers

House and Studio

Melkinov, Moscow, 1927 - brick core with plaster atop exterior - hexagonal/lozenge windows -overall made of 2 interlocking cylinders with flat roofs - entrance mostly glass, framed by two colossal pilasters - first floor has couple of walls seperating space and traditional furnishings - second floor contained studio

Albert Einstein Observatory

Mendelson, Potsdam, 1919 - designed for Einstein to study theory of relativity -Einstein thought it was too organic, not logical -made of brick and stucco, concrete around window frames -concrete base, Germany couldn't spare excess concrete for rest of building at end of WWI - Expressive elements: form suggests personal response -> biomorphic, distorted, phallic - unified, monolithic materials "total work of art" Related terms: Expressionism

David

Michelangelo - 1501 14ft tall, meant to be viewed from afar Had to work with block already partly carved Followed classic ideal of finding form within the stone Also out of proportion in anticipation of point of view of spectators Abides by 3 tenets of classicism Even storytelling now following simplicity and order Poised between thought and deed Poised to indicate either he had just acted or that he is about to act

Maison Castee

Nimes, France 20 BC Pseudoperipteral: false row of columns around temple exterior: due to use of supporting walls Engaged columnL column best imbedded in wall Projects outward Acts partially as buttress Surrounds cella

Masks

Nolde, 1909 primitivism inspired by tribal art but used for modern theatre

Emperor Justinian and his attendants

North Wall of Apse, Church of San Vitale, Ravenna Early Byzantine Art

Inuit Iglu,

Northern Alaska, 1960's

THE FICORONI CISTA

Novios Plautios, Late Etruscan

Reoxidizing

O2 reintroduced, vessel turns red again, where slip was applied stays black

Pergamon

breakaway kingdom where anti-classical ideas are popular, commissioned many great works

Carytid

a female figure that functions as a supporting column Related work: Siphnian Treasury

Contrapposto

at rest naturally Counterpose: each rigid limb is opposite a relaxed limb Harmonious balance

Stupa

buddhist burial mound of rubble over relics and almost no interior space First were hemispherical, representing symbolic associations with cosmos Related Work: Great Stupa, Sanchi 250 BC

folly

building constructed to be decorative, appearing like ruins but not usable or functional related: kent, holkham hall, norfolk, 1734

dome

building from created by rotating arch 365 degrees Related: Pantheon, Rome, 125 AD

Adobe

building material made from sand, clay, water and reeds, then shaped Pros: offers thermal protection, used in hot climates Cons: more prone to earthquake damage Related Work: Adobe Structures, Musgum, Chad, 20th C

Pilaster

flat vertical on building representing a column Related: Model of Temple at Veii, ca 515 BC

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