Dual Credit Microbiology Final: Chapters 1-10

Darwin proposed the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. Darwin used the term natural selection to mean

some heritable traits of a population are selected for (or against) by environmental conditions.

Which is an example of a polysaccharide?

starch

If you found an RNA floating in the cytoplasm of a cell connected to one amino acid, you would have found what kind of RNA?

tRNA

What is the value of pedigree analysis?

for discovering how human genetic diseases work

Which form of exercise would burn the calories in a cheeseburger?

jumping rope

The fluidity in membranes is due to which molecule(s)?

lipids

You have discovered a new kind of cell with a strange new organelle that contains a highly hydrophobic compartment. Which will mostly certainly be abundant in this organelle?

lipids

At an acidic pH of 2.5, which of the following amino acids carries a charge on its "R" group?

lysine

Which of these are signs that a work is truly scientific?

many cited references

This figure diagrams one of the genetic crosses that helped Mendel form his theories of inheritance. Which process distributes the P allele to approximately one-half of the F1 gametes and the p allele to the other half?

meiosis

If you found a cell dividing, and you found that its daughter cells were haploid, you would have been observing

meiosis II.

If you were observing a cell during mitosis and you saw that there were chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell, you would be looking at

metaphase.

An atom with a negative charge has _________.

more electrons than protons

At the molecular level, genetic material must account for three important properties of inheritance. The genetic material must be able to copy itself. be able to direct the expression of an organism's phenotype. generate variation in some manner. Which process accounts for each of these properties?

replication translation mutation

Which would be more abundant in a muscle cell immediately after exercise?

a. ATP b. ADP c. phosphate d. a. and c. E. B AND C

What form of energy is ATP? a. potential b. kinetic c. ionic d. thermal

a. potential

Which organelle is not defined by a membrane? a. ribosome b. mitochondrion c. chloroplast d. nucleus

a. ribosome

Which of the following is a product of the Calvin cycle? a. sugar b. oxygen c. ATP d. All of the choices are correct.

a. sugar

_________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes. a. Triglycerides b. Phospholipids c. Fatty acids d. Steroids

b. Phospholipids

This figure shows the different processes of cellular respiration. Which correctly identifies the different processes?

1. glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle, 3. electron transport

Fat molecules store 9 kcal per gram. There are about 454 grams in a pound of fat, so one pound of fat stores about 4,000 kcal of energy. If running at a moderate pace for one hour burns about 800 kcal of energy, how many hours must a person run to burn the energy stored in one pound of fat?

5 hours

An uncharged atom of gold has an atomic number of 79 and a mass number of 197. This atom has _________ protons, _________ neutrons, and _________ electrons.

79; 118; 79

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A single cell divides into two cells in mitosis but into four cells in meiosis.

A duplicated chromosome has two sister _________. a. centromeres b. centrosomes c. chromatids d. chromatins

c. chromatids

When an electron is passed from the primary electron acceptor in the first photosystem to the second photosystem, it travels through an electron transport chain. What is produced as the electron travels through this electron transport chain?

ATP

Which molecule would be found after the action of the enzymes in cellular respiration?

ATP

Some prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells use oxygen to harvest energy from food molecules. In what form is that harvested energy available to power cell work?

ATP molecules

What will happen to the process of aerobic cellular respiration if no O2 is available in the cell?

Aerobic cellular respiration will stop.

Not all science discoveries are based on experiments. Which would be best described as science based on exploration?

All of the above

When a photon of the correct energy is absorbed by a photosystem, an electron is energized and transferred to a primary electron acceptor. How is the missing electron replaced?

An electron from hydrogen made available by splitting water replaces the missing electron.

How can an antibiotic target infecting bacterial cells but not the human cells of a patient's body?

Antibiotic medicines target structures, such as cell walls, that bacteria have but human cells do not.

This is the general equation for photosynthesis—the process of capturing energy from sunlight and converting it to stored chemical energy. Which are the reactants?

CO2 and H2O (carbon and water)

Earth's oceans are immense. Small floating organisms in the oceans, called phytoplankton, perform photosynthesis. If oceanic photosynthesis were to increase, what should happen to global CO2 levels?

CO2 levels should go down.

Compared to a water molecule, about how many times larger is a typical animal or plant cell (about 100 μm in diameter)?

Cells are 1 million times larger (in diameter) than a water molecule.

An organism's genetic information is stored within the sequence of _______. This information is transcribed into a sequence of _______, which are then translated into a sequence of _______.

DNA bases; RNA bases; amino acids

The information in a living organism flows from

DNA to proteins.

You have discovered a new cell and see that it has a Golgi apparatus. It could be a member of

Eukarya

A cell's cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that help a cell keep its shape. What other important function does the cytoskeleton serve?

The cytoskeleton guides organelles that must move from place to place within the cell.

The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. What is the principal difference between eukaryotes (Eukarya) and prokaryotes (Archaea and Bacteria)?

In eukaryotes, the interior of the cell is divided by internal membranes into specialized compartments.

A friend excitedly tells you of having inserted the sequence of the green fluorescent protein into an intron from a milk protein gene, planning to get rich by selling glow-in-the-dark milk. What should you say?

It won't work since introns are not expressed.

Artificial snakes in area one experience a 65% attack rate, but those in area two experience a 7% attack rate. Which prediction is most logical?

King snakes living with coral snakes will resemble coral snakes more than king snakes living without coral snakes.

Based on these data, which of the following is a logical prediction?

King snakes outside of the range of coral snakes will not resemble coral snakes as closely as populations of king snakes that live within the range of coral snakes.

If a cell is unable to perform aerobic cellular respiration, what will then happen?

No ATP will be produced, causing all energy-requiring cell functions to cease.

Diurnal temperature variation describes the difference between a location's daytime high temperature and nighttime low temperature. Given how water moderates temperature, which location would have the greatest diurnal temperature variation?

Phoenix, Arizona, with an average humidity of 37%

Scientists plan an experiment to test hypothesis 3: The protection that king snakes receive by mimicking coral snakes will depend on the presence of coral snakes. They place artificial king snakes in one area where coral snakes live and in a second area where coral snakes do not live. The artificial snakes in area one experience a 65% attack rate, while the artificial snakes in area two experience a 7% attack rate. This data _______ hypothesis 3.

Supports

The figure shows an overview of the different entry pathways to cellular respiration for different macromolecules. Why are none of the digestive products entering the electron transport chain directly?

The electron transport chain only receives electrons carried by reduced electron carrier molecules such as NADH.

Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis rely on electron transport chains embedded in membranes to produce ATP molecules. Which correctly describes the difference between the two types of electron transport chains?

The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is water, while the final electron acceptor in photosynthesis is molecular oxygen.

The scale on this chart is logarithmic. Each line represents a factor of 10. Compared to a typical animal or plant cell (about 100 μm in diameter), how much smaller is a mitochondrion?

The length of a mitochondrion is about 1/100 the diameter of an animal cell.

When proteins are heated, they usually denature. If this molecule of DNA were heated, what part would break apart first?

The nitrogen base pairs would separate in the interior of the molecule.

Sometimes a DNA mutation changes which nucleotide sits at a given position in a gene. How can this still result in a protein that is constructed correctly?

The nucleotide substitution creates a "new" codon that calls for the same amino acid as the "old" codon.

Enzymes catalyze the many reactions in a cell. There are hundreds of different enzymes in a cell—each with a unique three-dimensional shape. Why do cells have so many different enzymes?

The shape of the enzyme's active site generally fits a specific substrate.

The traits studied by Mendel were mostly discrete traits with two phenotypes. However, many traits, such as human height, vary continuously to produce many phenotypes. Which of the following describes the inheritance of continuously varying traits using Mendel's rules of inheritance?

Two or more genes interact to produce the variation in physical character within the population.

This graph illustrates how an enzyme catalyzes reactions in biological systems. To start a reaction, a certain amount of energy must be absorbed by the reactants. This is called the energy of activation. Which of the following is the normal energy of activation?

a

Which organism probably shows a flow of information?

a bacterium b. a rose bush c. an elephant (d. All of the choices are correct.)

In science, a proposed explanation for several observations is called what?

a hypothesis

You are given a sample taken from a living organism but are not told what kind of organism, only that it was denied oxygen in the container which held it. If you did a biochemical analysis, what would most likely be present in a sample of this organism?

a. NAD+ b. alcohol c. oxygen d. lactic acid e. B) OR D)

Which enzyme synthesizes RNA? a. RNA polymerase b. RNA ligase c. RNase b. DNA polymerase

a. RNA polymerase

The cell is sometimes described as a protein factory. If that is true, which accurately describes the functions of the endomembrane system?

a. The ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are analogous to a production line in a factory. b. The Golgi apparatus is analogous to the packaging and shipping department. c. The nucleus is analogous to management offices. d. ALL OF THE ABOVE

Pyruvic acid be converted to what before it can enter the citric acid cycle? a. acetyl CoA b. lactic acid c. ethyl alcohol d. NADH

a. acetyl CoA

Mendel's principle of independent assortment holds true only for traits with genes that

a. are close together on homologous chromosomes (linked). b. are on separate chromosomes (unlinked). c. have loci far apart on homologous chromosomes. d. BOTH B AND C

This table indicates how the charge on an amino acid R group can be altered by the pH of a solution. At neutral pH, which of the following amino acids carries a charge on its R group?

a. aspartic acid b. glutamic acid c. lysine d. ALL OF THE ABOVE

At a basic pH of 10.5, which of the following amino acids carries a charge on its "R" group?

a. aspartic acid b. glutamic acid c. lysine d. BOTH A AND B

Homologous chromosomes _________. a. carry the same genes except if certain kinds of mutations have occurred b. are all received from one parent c. are formed when chromosomes separate during anaphase d. All of the answer choices are correct.

a. carry the same genes except if certain kinds of mutations have occurred

In which organelle does photosynthesis occur? a. chloroplast b. mitochondrion c. nucleus d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

a. chloroplast

In all cells, organelles are suspended within the _________. a. cytosol b. gene c. nucleoplasm d. phospholipid bilayer

a. cytosol

Which property or properties of water are critical for life?

a. decreased density when floating b. cohesion c. hydrogen bonding d. A-C ARE ALL CORRECT

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by _________. a. decreasing activation energy b. changing the pH c. increasing the temperature of the substances d. contributing water to the reaction

a. decreasing activation energy

Which of the following is a measure of disorder? a. entropy b. kinetic energy c. potential energy d. respiration

a. entropy

What contributes to variation in offspring in sexually reproducing organisms?

a. independent orientation of tetrads during meiosis b. crossing over of homologous chromosomes during tetrad formation c. sexual reproduction d. ALL OF THE CHOICES ARE CORRECT

An individual who is heterozygous for cystic fibrosis _________. a. is a carrier of cystic fibrosis b. has normal lungs c. has cystic fibrosis d. cannot have children with cystic fibrosis

a. is a carrier of cystic fibrosis

Consider the radioactive isotope fluorine-18. Fluorine-18 differs from fluorine-19 in

a. its atomic mass. b. the number of neutrons found in the nucleus. c. the stability of its nucleus. d. ALL OF THE ABOVE

Information is transferred from the cell nucleus to ribosomes via _________. a. mRNA b. rER c. sER d. DNA

a. mRNA

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? a. outside the mitochondria b. in the ER c. in the fluid of the mitochondria d. on the outer mitochondrial membrane

a. outside the mitochondria

This diagram represents osmosis of water across a semipermeable membrane. The U tube on the right shows the results of the osmosis. What could you do to level the solutions in the two sides of the right-hand U tube?

add more solute to the left-hand side

Which of the following represents the energy of activation in the presence of an enzyme?

b

If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA helix, what percent of the bases are guanine? a. 20% b. 30% c. 60% d. 80%

b. 30%

_________ is the main energy source for cellular processes. a. Lactic acid b. ATP c. Carbon dioxide d. Sunlight

b. ATP

_________ is the source of the oxygen gas released as part of photosynthesis. a. NADPH b. Water c. Carbon dioxide d. Chlorophyll a

b. Water

What kind of reaction is represented below? sucrose + water glucose + fructose a. dehydration synthesis b. hydrolysis c. denaturation d. gluconeogenesis

b. hydrolysis

During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose _________. a. is transferred to energy in starch b. is used to manufacture ATP molecules c. is released all at once as carbon dioxide d. is used to produce oxygen

b. is used to manufacture ATP molecules

What is the name given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome? a. phenotype b. locus c. site d. allele

b. locus

DNA and RNA are polymers of _________ monomers. a. carbohydrate b. nucleotide c. fatty acid d. amino acid

b. nucleotide

The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is _________. a. ATP b. oxygen c. carbon dioxide d. lactic acid

b. oxygen

Which event occurs during telophase in an animal cell? a. Chromosomes align on the midline of the cell. b. The cleavage furrow forms. c. Tetrads form. d. Centromeres divide.

b. the cleavage furrow forms.

Osmosis can be defined as _________ across a semipermeable membrane. a. the diffusion of nonpolar materials b. the diffusion of water c. the diffusion of a solute d. active transport

b. the diffusion of water

The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the _________. a. stroma b. thylakoid membrane c. cytosol d. cristae

b. thylakoid membrane

Which wild canine are domestic dogs most closely related to? a. coyotes b. wolves c. foxes d. African wild dogs

b. wolves

Which is the largest unit of organization in living things?

biosphere

Scientists test hypothesis 1: The coral snake's coloration warns off predators. They place artificial snakes where coral snakes live to determine which ones are attacked least. Which colors of artificial snakes should the scientists use?

brown artificial snakes and artificial snakes with red, yellow, and black rings

The image on the right is the summary equation for the process of photosynthesis. This reaction

builds food for the organism.

What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples? a. DD b. dd c. Dd d. dimples

c. Dd

Which event occurs during prophase? a. Chromosomes line up on the cell's midline. b. The sister chromatids separate. d. The mitotic spindle begins to form. d. Cytokinesis occurs.

c. The mitotic spindle begins to form.

A cell will use the process of _________ in order to transport very large items such as proteins out of itself. a. active transport b. passive transport c. exocytosis d. endocytosis

c. exocytosis

Gregor Mendel was a monk known for his work on inheritance using what organism? a. dogs b. humans c. garden peas d. horses

c. garden peas

The most abundant element in bone, from the list below, is _________.

calcium

Within all living organisms, a series of chemical reactions known as metabolism allows these organisms to

convert energy from one form to another. recycle matter from one form to another.

When two atoms share one or more pair of electrons, the bond formed is known as a(n) _________ bond.

covalent

Which is most like the winner of an arm-wrestling contest?

covalent bond

Which organism probably uses cellular respiration? a. a mushroom b. a fern c. a cat d. All of the choices are correct.

d. All of the choices are correct.

Examine this micrograph of an onion root tip. The outlined cells are in mitosis. Which list correctly identifies the mitotic phases for the outlined cells?

d. a: metaphase, b: anaphase, c: telophase, d: prophase

A _________ is a unicellular prokaryote. a. protist b. pine tree c. fish d. bacterium

d. bacterium

Chloroplasts absorb light mainly in the _________ part of the light spectrum. a. orange-yellow b. yellow-green c. green-blue d. blue-violet

d. blue-violet

Genes are carried on _________. a. centrosomes b. histones c. nuclei d. chromosomes

d. chromosomes

What type of bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands? a. ionic b. covalent c. hydrophobic d. hydrogen

d. hydrogen

With what are saturated fats saturated? a. phosphorous b. nitrogen c. carbon d. hydrogen

d. hydrogen

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called a(n) _________. a. double helix b. intron c. termination sequence d. mutation

d. mutation

Each different protein is unique due to its _________. a. arrangement of monosaccharides b. number of nucleotides c. saturation d. sequence of amino acids

d. sequence of amino acids

What could be produced by hydrolysis of a large carbohydrate molecule?

disaccharide

Water molecules are polar. A polar molecule is one in which the _________.

electrons are unequally distributed around the molecule

The ability of an atom to chemically react mostly depends on the number of

electrons in the outer electron shell of the atom.

If you were using a light meter beneath a canopy of leaves, which color would you detect most?

green

Which is an example of a variation from Mendel's Laws?

human blood groups

If you wanted your experimental work to be approved by other scientists, you should submit it for ________.

peer review

Your friend participates in a medical study but feels no effect of the test medicine. Your friend may have received a(n) _________.

placebo

In order to transform the _______ of ATP into _______ available to do work, the bonds of ATP must be broken into ADP and an available phosphate group.

potential energy; kinetic energy

Enzymes are almost always _________.

proteins

One of the products of the citric acid cycle is CO2. This molecule is considered a waste molecule, since organisms performing aerobic cellular respiration will release it into the atmosphere. What reactant provided the carbon atoms used to produce this CO2?

pyruvic acid

It was through Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin's discovery of DNA structure that they and other scientists were able to develop a deeper understanding of

the function of DNA in living organisms.

A person with lactose intolerance will suffer from digestive discomfort if milk products are consumed. This occurs because

the lactose molecules are not being hydrolyzed.

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds because

the water molecule is polar.

Oxygen as O2 is required for aerobic cellular respiration. The function of O2 in this process is

to accept the spent electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

Life can be described as including _______.

transformation of energy

Which is an example of a variable?

using different amounts of salt in different treatments

If you were designing a space station to produce its own food by shining LED lights onto plants, which LED color could be omitted from the space station?

yellow