EAQ Ch. 4 Theoretical foundations

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted to the hospital after complaints of chest pain and shortness of breath. She remained in ICU for two days due to her elevated blood pressure of 190/100 mm Hg but has since been placed on a medical floor. According to systems theory, what factors constitute the input component?

Blood pressure of 190/100 mm Hg History of chest pain History of shortness of breath According to systems theory, the nursing process has four components including input, output, feedback, and content. Input is any information or data obtained after assessing the patient's health. This includes information about the patient's physiological function or information about the interaction between the patient and the environment. Therefore, the information about blood pressure, history of chest pain, and breathlessness constitute input data. Antihypertensive drugs and the interventions that were given to the patient are the data included in the content information.

The nurse is using Orem's theory while delivering care to a patient. According to this theory, what should be the goal of the nursing interventions?

Care for and help the patient attain complete self-care. Helping a person to adapt to changes in physiological needs is the goal of Roy's theory. According to King's theory, the nurse should use communication skills to help a patient reestablish positive adaptation to the environment. Henderson believed that nurses should work with other health care workers to assist the patient to do activities independently and help to gain strengths that the patient is lacking.

What component of a nursing theory can be either abstract or concrete and is used to communicate meaning?

Concepts

A senior nurse is teaching nursing theories to a group of nursing students. What are the components of nursing theories that explain a nursing phenomenon?

Concepts Definitions Assumptions Nursing theory contains a set of concepts, definitions, and assumptions or propositions that explain a phenomenon. These elements help to make the theory practice based and contribute to effective nursing care. Corrections and compositions are not nursing theory components.

What are the links of the meta-paradigm of nursing?

Person Nursing Environment A paradigm is a pattern of thoughts that describes the domain of a particular discipline such as nursing. The meta-paradigm of nursing has four links including person, health, nursing, and environment or situation. Research and knowledge development are not links of the nursing meta-paradigm; they are elements of the nursing paradigm that direct the activity of the nursing profession.

Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which patient need is an immediate priority?

Physiological

What are the demands of Roy's adaptation model that can be useful in helping the patient?

Physiological Psychological Dependence-independence Roy's adaptation model is an example of a grand theory and is based on the physiological, psychological, sociological, and dependence-independence adaptive modes. Economical and pathological adaptive modes are not part of Roy's theory.

A senior nurse is explaining the importance of nursing theory to a group of nursing students. What statements are true about prescriptive theories?

Prescriptive theories are action-oriented. Prescriptive theories test the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention. Prescriptive theories guide nursing research to develop specific nursing interventions.

A theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions. What does a theory do?

It explains a phenomenon. p. 41

The nurse is caring for a patient who has electively terminated a pregnancy. During the caring process, the patient shares her feelings and emotions with the nurse, which results in the nurse developing a bond with the patient. Which nursing theory would be most appropriate to help develop an interpersonal relationship?

Peplau's theory

The nursing student is studying Neuman's system model of nursing. Including the physiological, how many concepts interact with each other to form this system? Record your answer using a whole number.

5 Betty Neuman's theory is based on stress and the patient's reaction to it. This theory has five components: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual. These concepts interact with internal and external factors at all levels of prevention and with each other to achieve optimal wellness.

As an art, nursing relies on knowledge gained from practice and reflection on past experiences. As a science, what does nursing rely on?

Experimental research Nonexperimental research Research from other disciplines

What is descriptive theory?

It is the first level in theory development and describes a phenomenon. A grand theory is systematic and broad in scope and provides a structural framework for nursing practice. A middle-range theory focuses on a specific field or phenomenon rather than the broad scope of nursing. A prescriptive theory details nursing interventions for a specific phenomenon and the expected outcome of the care.

What is true about a prescriptive theory?

It is linked to outcomes (consequences of specific nursing interventions).

Which statement about theory-based nursing practice is incorrect?

It is not linked to nursing outcomes. It provides a systematic process for designing nursing interventions. It provides a systematic process for delivering nursing care. It contributes to advancement of the medical profession.

Which statement is true regarding the nursing process?

It is the product and information obtained from a system. The nursing process includes the product and information obtained from the system. It is the information about the nursing interventions for patients with specific health problems. Output is the end product of a system (result). Input is the information that comes from a patient's assessment (data that are obtained after examining the patient). Feedback serves to provide information to a system about its functions.

A patient with leukemia is admitted to a hospital. The nurse is developing strategies to help the patient cope with the prognosis. Which theory could help the nurse in developing the strategies?

Mishel's theory

Why is nursing research important in the profession of nursing?

Research can lead to new theories. Research determines the accuracy of a theory. Research helps in testing a theory before it is implemented. Research that tests nursing theories determines how accurately a theory describes a nursing phenomenon. Testing helps to develop evidence for describing or predicting patient outcomes. The researcher has a theoretical idea of how patients describe or respond to a phenomenon and subsequently generates research questions or hypotheses to test the assumptions of the theory. Research is useful to test a theory before it is implemented. No single study tests all components of a theory.

What is middle-range theory?

It addresses specific phenomena and reflects practice.

Which statement about theory-based nursing practice is correct?

It defines the uniqueness of nursing practice from other disciplines.

While working in a community health clinic, it is important to obtain nursing histories and get to know the patients. Part of history taking is to develop the nurse-patient relationship. Which statements apply to Peplau's theory when establishing the nurse-patient relationship? An interaction between the nurse and patient must develop. The patient's needs must be clarified and described. The nurse-patient relationship is influenced by the patient's and the nurse's preconceptions. The nurse-patient relationship is influenced only by the nurse's preconceptions. The nurse-patient relationship should not establish trust.

An interaction between the nurse and patient must develop. The patient's needs must be clarified and described. The nurse-patient relationship is influenced by the patient's and the nurse's preconceptions.

What is the goal of Watson's theory?

To promote health, restore the patient's health, and prevent illness

The nurse finds that an elderly patient is underweight, malnourished, and cachexic. The patient does not have a family but does have a close friend who visits often. The patient appears depressed and complains about not achieving enough during life. Which of the patient's needs falls under the third level of Maslow's hierarchy?

Need for the visiting friend Maslow's hierarchy involves five levels. The first level involves basic needs including food, air, and water. The second level includes safety and security needs. The third level includes love and belonging needs such as friendship. The fourth level includes self-esteem needs such as self-confidence, sense of achievement, usefulness, and self-worth. The final level includes the need of self-actualization. Therefore, the need for meeting the friend comes under the third level of hierarchy. Nutritional needs come under the first level and the need for a sense of achievement and usefulness are fourth-level needs.

The nurse is discussing Orem's nursing theory with a colleague. Which statements about this theory are true?

Orem's theory focuses on the patient's self-care needs. The goal is to help the patient perform self-care and manage his or her health problems. Nursing care aims to increase the patient's ability to independently meet his or her own needs.

What are the phases of Peplau's theory?

Orientation Termination Working phase Peplau's theory states the importance of developing a good nurse-patient interpersonal relationship in caring for a patient. This theory has four phases including orientation, working phase, and termination. Propositions or assumptions are not phases of Peplau's theory. These refer to the taken-for-granted statements that explain the concepts, definitions, and purposes of a nursing theory.

A patient is bedridden after an accident and she needs to adapt to her surroundings for physiological, sociological, and psychological needs. The nurse has decided to apply Roy's theory to the patient's condition. Which statements apply to Roy's theory when establishing patient adaptations?

The nurse will determine which demands are causing problems for the patient. The nurse assesses how well the patient is adapting to problems. Nursing care should be directed toward helping the patient adapt to changes.