Early Childhood: Biosocial Development
C
A child's insistence on routine typically peaks at around age: A. 6. B. 1. C. 3. D. 8.
Kinship care
A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent becomes the approved caregiver.
vitamins
A large issue for Ms. Anderson's second grade class is malnourishment, because in industrialized nations, young children's small appetites are often satiated with unhealthy foods that crowd out needed _____.
D
With regard to social skills, maltreated children are: A. more trusting of others. B. more friendly. C. less aggressive. D. more isolated.
tertiary
_____ prevention begins after an injury, limiting the damage it caused.
Adoption
a legal proceeding in which an adult or couple is granted the joys and obligations of being that child's parent(s).
foster care
a legal, publicly supported system in which a maltreated child is removed from the parents' custody and entrusted to another adult or family, which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child's needs.
hypothalamus
A brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body.
hippocampus
A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory of locations.
B
A call to poison control is an example of ___________ prevention. A. unitary B. tertiary C. secondary D. primary
corpus callosum
A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them.
amygdala
A tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.
anticipatory
According to the text, it is important for pediatricians to provide parents with _____ guidance so they know how to ensure their child's health.
Secondary prevention
Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian.
Primary prevention
Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse.
Tertiary prevention
Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as illness or injury) and that are aimed at reducing harm or preventing disability.
permanency planning
An effort by child-welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful to the child.
A
An example of a fine motor skill is: A. drawing a circle. B. kicking a ball. C. riding a bicycle. D. pumping a swing.
B
Angela's parents take her to the dentist when she is six and are shocked to discover that she has three cavities that need to be filled. They should not be overly surprised because: A. they should know they give her too much candy. B. tooth decay is the most common disease among young children in industrialized nations. C. a healthy diet can lead to cavities. D. her friends also have cavities.
adoption
Annie and Enrico had taken Mia into their home as a foster child when she was 3 years old. Just after her sixth birthday, they went to court to have her legally declared their child with all of the joys and obligations that involves. This process is called _____.
prefrontal cortex
As Mark gets older, the development of his _____ gives Mark the ability to think before acting when he is trying dangerous jumps on his bike.
tertiary
At a daycare center, a little boy has gotten past the safety latch under the kitchen sink and put his mouth onto a bottle of cleaning solution. The daycare director immediately calls poison control and takes all of the steps they suggest. This is an example of _____ prevention.
C
At age two, a child is most likely still quite clumsy and may fall down frequently or bump into stationary objects. This is because gross motor skills: A. are related to muscle development, but not brain development. B. are now well developed. C. are still quite immature and will improve dramatically over the next few years. D. do not exist at two years of age.
weight
Because axons are becoming coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses, brain _____ increases significantly in early childhood.
hippocampus
Betsy was abused as a small child and as a result suffers from permanent learning and memory deficits. This is MOST likely because excessive amounts of the stress hormone cortisol destroyed parts of her _____.
A
Blake is 6 and his pediatrician needs to provide his parents with "anticipatory guidance" in regards to "just right" eating because: A. it is better than putting him on a diet. B. children at this age tend to eat anything that is put on their plate. C. his parents had mentioned that the doctor should do this. D. that is the law.
D
Brain maturation, motivation, and guided practice make __________ skills possible. A. cognitive B. cultural C. social D. gross motor
D
By about age _____ the rigidity has faded a bit. A. 4 B. 6-8 C. 3 D. 5-6
90
By age 6 the human brain weighs about _____ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.
C
Caroline is 15. After a severe head injury, she begins to have temper tantrums, which is out of character for her. It is MOST likely that her _____ was injured. A. parietal lobe B. corpus callosum C. prefrontal cortex D. temporal cortex
child abuse
Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.
A
Developmentalists advise against switching a child's handedness, not only because it causes conflict but also because it interferes with _______________. A. lateralization which can be an advantage B. the corpus callosum C. mental combinations D. cognitive processing
prevention
Experts prefer the term "injury control" to the term "accident _____" because they want to discourage the idea that some events are inevitable.
Child neglect
Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.
D
Four-year-old Jessica is experiencing both brain growth and physical growth. This illustrates the role of: A. childhood. B. nature. C. nurture. D. epigenetics.
D
Georgia's teacher notices large bruises on her arms and legs over a period of a few weeks. When she asks Georgia about these marks, Georgia refuses to talk about it. Georgia's teacher contacts a family services agency and tells them that she suspects the girl is a victim of abuse. Before an investigation takes place, this is known as: A. suspected maltreatment. B. neglected maltreatment. C. substantiated maltreatment. D. reported maltreatment.
reported maltreatment
Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities.
C
In the United States, MOST foster children are from _____ income families. A. the highest B. high C. low D. middle
child maltreatment
Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.
C
It is important that parents and caregivers allow time for all types of play so children can hone their ________. A. cognitive skills B. social skills C. All of these answers are correct. D. fine motor skills
gross motor
Jenny and James are parents to 4-year-old Tracey and 2-year-old Dylan. They live in a poorer area of a large city and are frightened to allow their children to play outside too much because of pollution and crime. The two children spend most of their time indoors playing with each other. This could lead to a problem in their development of _____ skills.
6
Jessica has begun to "slim down." She has lost the chubby toddler look and is now lean. She weighs 42 pounds and is 43 inches tall. Jessica is MOST likely around the age of _____.
fine motor
Joshua is 5-years-old and will begin kindergarten this year. His parents have patiently been working with him as he buttons his shirt, and they allow him to cut his own food at dinner with a knife, giving help when he needs it. It is MOST likely that Joshua will soon master these _____ skills.
brain
Kendra lives next to a fairly dirty factory and breathes heavily polluted air. There is a chance she could suffer from impaired _____ development.
B
Laws limiting the number of baby aspirins per container are an example of _____ prevention. A. unitary B. primary C. secondary D. tertiary
A
Laws limiting the number of baby aspirins per container are an example of ___________ prevention. A. primary B. unitary C. tertiary D. secondary
lateralization
Literally, sidedness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.
tertiary
Malcolm is removed from his mother's care and placed with a foster family after a social services agency conducts an investigation and determines that he has been physically abused by her. This is an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment.
corpus callosum
Many fine motor skills require two hands and thus two sides of the brain. Therefore, it is MOST likely that an immature _____ and less myelination may underlie many of the problems that children have in developing these skills.
primary
Outside the school that Mary's children attend, there are speed bumps in the road and a sign stating the 15 mph speed limit and the fine associated with speeding. This is an example of _____ prevention.
A
Perseveration is the opposite of: A. impulsiveness. B. self-control. C. emotional regulation. D. intelligence.
injury control / harm reduction
Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place.
impulse control
The ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior.
D
The body mass index (BMI, the ratio of weight to height): A. is generally high at age 6. B. peaks at age 5. C. peaks at age 3. D. is lower at age 5 than at any other age in the life span.
gross motor
The crowded streets in Marshall's neighborhood may impede his development of _____ skills.
neglect
The failure to provide food for young children at home is an example of child _____.
D
The prefrontal cortex is involved in: A. auditory and visual processing. B. voluntary movement and balance. C. emotional and creative impulses. D. appropriate emotional responsiveness and goal-directed behavior.
D
The process by which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron is: A. lateralization. B. reticular formation. C. amygdala. D. myelination.
myelination
The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.
B
The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is: A. limbic processing. B. lateralization. C. associated tasks. D. integrative processing.
perseveration
The tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time.
4
The typical child is able to catch a ball by about age _____.
academic
Traditional _____ learning depends on fine motor skills and body control.
B
Two-year-old Ali is quite clumsy, falls down frequently, and often bumps into stationary objects. Ali MOST likely: A. has an underdeveloped right hemisphere of the brain. B. is a normal 2-year-old whose gross motor skills will improve dramatically during early childhood. C. has a neuromuscular disorder. D. is suffering from an iron deficiency
C
We recognize today that child abuse or maltreatment is: A. most often the work of mentally ill strangers. B. accidental or intentional. C. usually perpetrated by the child's parents. D. rare and sudden.
B
When Gabe was 3 years old, the pictures he would draw were indecipherable because he had yet to master his: A. gross motor skills and emotions. B. fine motor skills and perceptual abilities. C. gross motor skills and social skills. D. fine motor skills and social skills.
just-right
When a young child insists that his or her potatoes be placed on a certain part of the dinner plate, he or she is exhibiting the _____ phenomenon.
A
When does a child's appetite decrease in childhood? A. between ages 2-6 B. between ages 5-9. C. between ages 1-2 D. between ages 3-4
C
When many ethnic groups live together in a nation with abundant food and adequate medical care, children of ________ descent tend to be tallest. A. Asian B. Latin C. African D. European
secondary
When walking with his children, Mark always crosses with the light in a clearly marked crosswalk, while holding their hands. This is an example of _____ prevention.
A
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention of child maltreatment? A. decreasing family isolation B. home visits by a social worker C. high-quality day care D. emergency medical treatments
B
Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention of child maltreatment? A. removing an abused child from the home B. home visits by a social worker C. decreasing family isolation D. preventing teen pregnancy
B
Which of the following is controlled by the right half of the brain? A. detailed analysis B. emotional and creative impulses C. logical reasoning D. basics of language
B
Which of the following is crucial for the overall expression and regulation of emotions? A. thalamus B. limbic system C. corpus callosum D. prefrontal cortex
D
Which of the following statements about left-handedness is TRUE? A. Left-handedness is favored over right-handedness in ALL societies. B. There is no bias evident for right-handedness in language. C. Left-handedness is considered a developmental abnormality. D. Although a genetic preference, left-handedness can be modified by experience.
A
Which of these statements is consistent with the notion of injury control? A. Appropriate controls can minimize harm. B. Injuries result from careless parenting or accident-prone children. C. Accidents are random events. D. Fate determines the frequency and consequences of accidents.
B
Which skills are harder to master? A. pedaling a tricycle B. fine motor C. social D. gross
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
an anxiety disorder that develops as a delayed reaction to having experienced or witnessed a profoundly shocking or frightening event, such as rape, severe beating, war, or natural disaster. Its symptoms may include flashbacks to the event, hyperactivity and hypervigilance, displaced anger, sleeplessness, nightmares, sudden terror or anxiety, and confusion between fantasy and reality.
substantiated maltreatment
harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verfied.
