EARTH 206 Test 1

Assume that you have a specific water with a pH of 8.35. Using the equilibrium equation on slide 8 of the first acid rain lecture, what would be the ratio between bicarbonate (HCO3-) and carbonic acid (H2CO3)

(H+) * (HCO3) / (H2CO3) = 10^-6.35 - 10^-6.35 = 10^-8.35 (HCO3) / (H2CO3) - 10^8.35 - 6.35 - 10^ 2 - = 100

The energy (or power to be precise) transferred by the gulf stream from the American to the European continent - is comparable to the power produced by about 1.5 million nuclear power plants - only has a negligible influence on the climate in Northern Europe - is spread over too wide of an area to be captured in an economic and efficient way - A & C - all of the above

- A & C -- is comparable to the power produced by about 1.5 million nuclear power plants -- is spread over too wide of an area to be captured in an economic and efficient way

Which of the following statements is true? - Ocean currents in the surface zone are relatively fast and this zone is rich in nutrients - ocean currents in the deep zone are relatively fast and this zone is rich in nutrients - ocean currents in the surface zone are relatively fast and this zone is poor in nutrients - ocean currents in the deep zone are relatively fast and this one is poor in nutrients

- ocean currents in the surface zone are relatively fast and this zone is poor in nutrients - surface is poor in nutrients because of plants and animals in-taking, and also it sinking - the deep zone is slow, not fast

Which of the following statements is true about the size of ions? - the size of an ion increases with the number of negative charges on the ion - the size of an ion increases with the number of positive charges on the ion - for the same charge, ionic radium increases as you go down the periodic table to higher atomic numbers - the ionic radius of bromide is bigger than that of H+

- the size of an ion increases with the number of negative charges on the ion - electrons hate each other and repel each other so they spread apart and become wider - the more positive they become, the smaller they get

What is the approximate ratio of water that precipitates into the ocean divided by the river runoff into the ocean (use the drawing in slide 18 in the Water Resources presentation).

10

Using Table 13.2 (slide 20 on the water cycle presentation), what is the approximate water (Darcy) velocity if the relief of the groundwater table is 10 m over a distance of 1 km in a soil consisting of sand.

3.2 m/day - how to calculate: the flow velocity depends on slope (10m/1,000m) . Then look at soil = sand. (distance / relief x hydraulic conductivity)

What is the approximate number of days that a water droplet spends in the atmosphere?

9

An aquifer that consists of sand from the top of an aquiclude to the surface of the ground is called

An unconfined aquifer - the water was on top of the aquiclude (lid)

Which ocean gets the most freshwater input?

Atlantic Ocean

Which one of the following is NOT one of the four major ions in the ocean (this question is in terms of concentration NOT in terms of importance) A. Sodium (Na) B. Calcium (Ca) C. Magnesium (Mg) D. Chloride (Cl) E. Sulfate (SO4)

B - calcium (Ca)

Which of the following is most likely to be carved by submarine canyons? A. Continental shelf B. Continental slope C. Continental rise D. Ocean floor

B - continental slope (the transition between the gently descending continental shelf and the deep ocean floor)

the main weathering process for granite is A. salt wedging B. frost wedging C. chemical dissolution D. destruction by lightning

B. frost wedging

Bowen's reaction series (olivine,single chain, double chain, sheet, feldspars, quartz) can also be understood in terms of another property where olivine A. .. is the easiest to undergo physical weathering B. is the easiest to be dissolved in water C. has the highest gem quality of them D. has the highest Mohs hardness and then the hardness goes down towards quartz.

B. is the easiest to be dissolved in water (olivine is made in magma and is a silicate)

We have a neap tide when A. The gravity from the sun and the moon pulls from the same side B. moon, earth and sun form a right angle C. The gravity from the sun and the moon pull from opposite sides D. the wind is blowing from the continent to the ocean

B. moon, earth and sun form a right angle (produce lowest high tides and highest low tides)

Which of the following statements is not true about the size of ions A. the size of an ion increases with the number of negative charges on the ion B. the size of an ion increases with the number of positive charges on the ion C. For the same charge, ionic radius increases as you go down the periodic table to higher atomic numbers. D. The ionic radius of bromide is bigger than that of H+

B. the size of an ion increases with the number of positive charges on the ion

Which of these acid causing compounds can be removed/reduced using a catalytic converter A. CO2 B. SO2 C. NO D. O2

C - NO (takes NO away, forms into O2 and N2, also oxidizing carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons into CO2 and H20 but requires heat energy.)

A water analysis would reveal the following result: carbon (C) = 212 mmol/l, nitrogen (N) = 32 mmol/l, phosphorus (P) = 1 mmol/l . What is the growth-limiting factor/element for plankton growth? A. C B. N C. P

C - P (C:N:P = 106: 16:1) -- the plants need this ratio and phosphorus is the growth controlling factor)

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about igneous rocks A. Gabbro is a dark-colored, coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock B. Granite is a light-colored, coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock C. Rhyolite is a light-colored, fine-grained, intrusive igneous rock D. Basalt is a dark-colored, fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock

C. Rhyolite is a light-colored, fine-grained, intrusive igneous rock

Which of the following is NOT true about salt minerals A. Halite or rock salt consists of sodium chloride B. The cubic morphology of a salt crystal is a reflection of its internal cubic structure C. Salt can be easily dissolved because it's held together by covalent bonds. D. Salt starts precipitating out once a solution gets supersaturated with Na+ and Cl- ions.

C. Salt can be easily dissolved because it's held together by covalent bonds. It is ionically bonded together.

Bowen's reaction series describes A. How minerals sit on top of each other when they cool down B. How minerals react with the environment C. What the sequence is for minerals to precipitate out as magma cools down D. What the structure of minerals is

C. What the sequence is for minerals to precipitate out as magma cools down

The pH of natural rain water is 5.6 due to the absorption of what gas?

CO2 ----- (When carbon dioxide is bubbled through water, some of it dissolves in the water. A small proportion of the dissolved CO2 forms carbonic acid H2CO3. The hydrogen atoms in the carbonic acid behave like hydrogen ions and are available for chemical interactions with other substances. The hydrogen ions cause the acidic behavior.)

What are the major ions that water picks up running through an aquifer consisting of limestone?

Ca2+ and carbonate (CO3 2-)

Feldspars are the most common minerals A. In the inner core B. In the outer core C. In the lower mantle D. In the Earth's crust

D - in the Earth's crust

Forests are dying from which of the following? A. Direct acidity effects B. Release of Al3+ C. Depletion of Mg2+ D. All of the above

D all of the above

The density of ocean water is dependent on A. temperature B. salinity C. depth D. all of the above

D- all of the above

The energy (or power to be precise) transferred by the gulf stream from the American to the European continent A. Is comparable to the power produced by about 1.5 million nuclear power plants B. Only has a negligible influence on the climate in Northern Europe C. Is spread over too wide of an area to be captured in an economic and efficient way D. A. and C. E. all of the above F. none of the above

D. A. and C.

Potholes and cracks in Michigan road are mainly caused by A. chemical dissolution B. salt wedging C. frost wedging D. B and C E. A through C

D. B and C

The softest mineral in Mohs' hardness scale is A. diamond B. calcite C. galena D. talc

D. Talc

Which of the following is NOT true about the periodic table A. The first column of the periodic table is called alkali metals and its cations typically have a charge of +1. B. The second column of the periodic table is called alkaline earth metals and its cations typically have a charge of +2. C. The 7th column of the periodic table is called halogens and its ions typically have a charge of -1. D. The 8th column of the periodic table is called nitrogens and its ions typically have a charge of 0.

D. The 8th column of the periodic table is called nitrogens and its ions typically have a charge of 0.

Physical weathering comprises A. frost wedging B. Salt wedging C. Chemical dissolution in D. a, b

D. a,b

Which of the following types of rocks can be metamorphosed? A. Igneous rocks B. metomorphic rocks C. sedimentary rocks D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is not a mineral A. ice in a glacier B. calcite C. granite D. ice cubes in your freezer E. c and d F. a,c and d

E - C & D

The chemical formula for K-spar (the pink material in some granites) A. is KAlSi3O8 B. is NaAlSi3O8 C. is SiO2 D. can be derived from using 4 formula units of quartz, replacing one Si(4+) by Al(3+), and charge-compensate the loss of one positive charge by the addition of a K+. E. a.) and d.)

E. a and d

Which of the following statements on grain size are correct A. silt defines grain sizes between 2 and 63 micrometers. B. clay can be detected in the field depending on whether or not it grinds between your teeth C. Loess is transported by wind and must therefore be the smallest grain size, i.e., clay D. gravel is the fraction > 2 mm E. a, b, d F. a,b, c

E. a,b,d

What is true about the igneous rock that has the same mineral composition as gabbro but is more fine-grained A. It is called basalt B. It is called rhyolite C. It had less time to cool down and crystallize than gabbro D. It can be found a lot at the bottom of the ocean E. all of the above F. A, C, D

F. A,C,D

The concentration of which of the following ions determines the pH of water

H+ (The outcome of a pH-measurement is determined by a consideration between the number of H+ ions and the number of hydroxide (OH-) ions. When the number of H+ ions equals the number of OH- ions, the water is neutral. It will than have a pH of about 7)

What is the major problem with using CaO (lime) as an acid-neutralizing compound in scrubbers?

If I mix CaO with SO2/SO3 I obtain a lot of CaSO4 and I don't know where to put all of this. (Dry scrubbing involves a chemical such as lime, which reacts with the gases without the use of water. The sulfur will react with the water or chemical and fall out. All types of scrubbing do pose a problem; we must find an environmentally acceptable way of disposing of the sulfur after we have removed it.)

Which ocean gets the most sedimentary input?

Indian ocean

What is true for natural rainwater

It is slightly acidic

Which of the following is not a mineral class? A. Carbonates B. Sulfates C. Silicates D. limestone

Limestone (it is a hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate or dolomite, used as building material and in the making of cement.)

Which is the deepest point of the ocean

Mariana Trench (about 11 km)

Rain that falls down on Southern Ohio ultimately ends up in

Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico

What is the main pollutant(s) responsible for increased acidity?

NOX and SO2 (mono-nitrogen oxides NO and NO₂ & Sulfur dioxide)

The main acids causing very acidic rain are

Nitric acid and sulfuric acid

Which one of the oceans has the most tectonically active margins around the edges

Pacific Ocean

Which ocean is the deepest

Pacific ocean

Water is the process called that transforms ice into water vapor?

Sublimation

What does ANC stand for in the context of acid rain

acid neutralizing capacity (how well the strong base cations balance the strong acid cations)

Why would Al typically not go all the way through the soil into the ground water a good hundred years ago? Where would it stay?

it gets absorbed to mineral surfaces

Acid rain has been found to _____natural decay of stone monuments

speed up

Gypsum (plaster, drywall) is a A. silicate B. sulfate C. carbonate D. limestone

sulfate