Earth Science 1121 -tOSU - Alsdorf
porosity
% of total volume of pores
Change in storage
(P - E) + (Qin - Qout)
Probability of one year for 10 year flood
10%
Amazon
10-20% of world's run off to oceans enough water to elastically compress crust by 10 cm 10x the Mississippi
daily use of water - drinking
100 GPD - reduce to 72 gps - water for everyone
daily use of water - everything
1000 gpd - reduce to 72 - water for only 60,000
Ashkelon
100M m^3/year disrupt marine ecosystems
how long left for oil?
15 years not 60
how many years of coal left in ground?
164 years
Amazon recycled every ___________ years
5000
how much natural gas in US?
651T
petroleum cannot form beneath ____________
7000 m
worldwide we use ______ barrels of oil a day
90 million
A. small micro to macroscopic animals that build calcareous shells; a limestone
A coral reef, like that surrounding Bora Bora, is formed by ________ and becomes __________. A. small micro to macroscopic animals that build calcareous shells; a limestone B. a tectonic plate moving over a hotspot; a basalt C. erosion of the island interior D. None of the above
B. 40 degrees from the earthquake
A seismogram with a P minus S travel time difference of 6.5 minutes is recorded from a seismometer located ______________. A. 20 degrees from the earthquake B. 40 degrees from the earthquake C. 60 degrees from the earthquake D. Not possible to determine
A. the mass of snow being added is less than the amount of ice being melted
Alpine glaciers always flow down the topographic slope, so why does the end of the glacier actually retreat back up the valley? Because ____________. A. the mass of snow being added is less than the amount of ice being melted B. the mass of snow being added is greater than the amount of ice being melted C. the mass of rocks being carried in the glacier exceeds its carrying capacity D. the mass of rocks being carried in the glacier is less than its carrying capacity
B. are melting and receding
Alpine glaciers around the world __________. A. have an ice mass that is essentially in balance B. are melting and receding C. have growing accumulation zones, thus moving forward D. are not significant indictators of global climate
Amazon - carbon
Amazon river outgas just as much carbon dioxide as they take out of air carbon neutral carbon from organic materials in river
B. well within the crust
At what depth did the deformation in the photo, left, occur? A. at the earth's surface B. well within the crust C. at the crust-mantle boundary D. in the upper mantle
Atchafalaya and Mississippi
Atchafalaya will take water from MIssissippi
dry season
August, September
C. remain the same
Based on climate model simulations, the temperature of Europe will ____________ if thermohaline circulation collapses (i.e., shuts down and stops). A. decrease B. increase C. remain the same D. none of the above
D. match measured temperatures best when accounting for human and natural influences
Climate model simulations over six continents and from 1900 to 2000 __________________. A. match measured temperatures best when not accounting for human influences B. match measured temperatures best when accounting for human influences only match measured temperatures best when accounting for natural influences only D. match measured temperatures best when accounting for human and natural influences
Evaporation over land ->
Clouds move over land to create precipitation
B. at the same time as
Given two earthquakes in the same location of California and a seismometer located here in Ohio: a magnitude 8 earthquake produces P-waves that arrive here ______ P-waves from a magnitude 6 earthquake. A. faster than B. at the same time as C. slower than D. None of the above
D. all of the above
In the above figure, the plot on the left shows the annual temperature anomalies for the State of Ohio and on the right for the entire Globe, including land and oceans. Degrees Celsius are on the left-side Y-axis. The X-axis shows dates extending from the 1890 to 2012. Trend lines are drawn in both plots. The slope of the line for State of Ohio is .32 degrees C/100 years and the slope of the line for the Globe is .72 degrees C/100 years. Using the above figure, the following can be concluded: A. Temperatures for the past ~120 years have a greater range for Ohio compared to the globe. B. Temperatures for the past ~120 years in Ohio are rising slower than across the entire Globe. C. Any given location on Earth may not necessarily have temperature changes like those found for the entire Globe. D. all of the above
B. about 6 kilometers per second; about 3.5 kilometers per second
In the crust, P waves travel at a velocity of _____ whereas S waves travel at velocity of _______. A. about 6 meters per second; about 3.5 meters per second B. about 6 kilometers per second; about 3.5 kilometers per second C. about 12 kilometers per second; about 7 kilometers per second D. None of the above
C. from the coalescing of at least three glacial cirques
In the photo above, how did this mountain peak form? A. from wind and stream erosion B. by tectonic faulting C. from the coalescing of at least three glacial cirques D. by the progressive accretion of end moraines
C. an example of a location where a minor alpine glacier once joined a major alpine glacier
In the picture above, the water fall is ___________. A. an example of a V-shaped valley B. formed by the constant erosion of a flowing stream C. an example of a location where a minor alpine glacier once joined a major alpine glacier D. a result of global warming
C. about 2,500,000; about 60,000 square kilometers
In the southeastern United States, the approximate number of people and amount of area at risk from a one meter rise in sea level are _________________ and __________, respectively. A. about 25,000; about 60 square kilometers B. about 250,000; about 600 square kilometers C. about 2,500,000; about 60,000 square kilometers D. about 250,000,000; about 6,000,000 square kilometers
C. No, because the drivers of climate change, such as the movement of ocean waters, operate on multi-decadal to multi-millennial time scales
Is a decade or less enough time to determine climatic changes in temperature, i.e., to determine if global warming has stopped? A. Yes, because thermometer based temperature records show no temperature increase from 1998 to 2007. B. Yes, because atmospheric water vapor circulation operates on time scales less than a decade. C. No, because the drivers of climate change, such as the movement of ocean waters, operate on multi-decadal to multi-millennial time scales D. No, because the California drought is clearly caused by global warming.
RN = G + LE + H
LE = Latent heat flux energy used to create E or P
wet season
March, April, May
desalination a solution for US?
No. maybe for coastal $112
B. increases, increases, and decreases (respectively) from the surface to about 500 m depth
Ocean density, salinity, and temperature _________. A. change mostly in the lower depths of the oceans B. increases, increases, and decreases (respectively) from the surface to about 500 m depth C. increases, decreases, and increases (respectively) from the surface to about 500 m depth D. increases, decreases , and decreases (respectively) from the surface to about 500 m depth
D. All of the above
Oceans and the salinity causing process have existed for at least a billion years, so why are the ocean not more salty than the amount noted in question 9? A. Because some biological processes such as the formation of shells by organisms remove salts from the ocean. B. Because some chemical reactions of basalt with ocean water removes salts. C. Because some salts are deposited with sediments at the bottom of the ocean. D. All of the above
Marcellus Shale
Ohio, Penn, WV
OECD
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
A. generally increase with depth, then abruptly decrease at the core-mantle boundary
Seismic P-wave velocities ______. A. generally increase with depth, then abruptly decrease at the core-mantle boundary B. generally decrease with depth, then abruptly increase at the core-mantle boundary C. generally increase with depth, then abruptly increase at the core-mantle boundary D. generally do not change with depth
D. inertia and the resistance of mass to motion, and electromagnetic force laws
Seismometer physics is based on ______. A. light optics and lens principles B. the motion of seismic waves C. the elasticity of rocks D. inertia and the resistance of mass to motion, and electromagnetic force laws
C. atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature; sea level rise
Since 1990, global climate models used in the IPCC reports reasonably accurately predict ____________ but are below the measured amount of ____________. A. climate change and population drift; sea level fall B. temperature and sea level rise; atmospheric carbon-dioxide C. atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature; sea level rise D. atmospheric carbon dioxide and sea level rise; temperature
C. Because the large earthquakes that generate tsunamis generally occur more often in the Pacific basin than in the Southern Atlantic basin.
Since a couple thousand years ago, why does there appear to be fewer tsunami run-up events along the eastern coast of South America compared to its western coast (see pink + signs in above graphic)? A. Because tsunamis require a bathymetric to shoreline profile that abruptly shifts from deep to shallow, which is found more often on the western coast than the eastern coast of South America. B.Because subduction zones produce tsunamis, whereas mid ocean ridges so not. C. Because the large earthquakes that generate tsunamis generally occur more often in the Pacific basin than in the Southern Atlantic basin. D. None of the above
C. Because the rocks that we find at the earth's surface have a density that when multiplied by the volume of the earth yields a mass less than the total mass of the earth.
Starting in the early 1800's, how have we known that the rocks deep inside the earth (e.g., in the mantle and core) are not the same as the rocks that we find at the surface of the earth? A. Because the earth has spherical shape. B. Because erupted lavas from volcanoes have a chemistry that differs from other crustal rocks. C. Because the rocks that we find at the earth's surface have a density that when multiplied by the volume of the earth yields a mass less than the total mass of the earth. D. Because the rocks that we find at the earth's surface have a density that when multiplied by the volume of the earth yields a mass greater than the total mass of the earth.
D. fossils from a couple species that coexisted for a few million years and which are found in only a few rock formations around the globe.
The Earth's geologic history can be determined by correlating strata from one continent to another continent using ______. A. rock layers made up of limestones which are always from the same environment of deposition and thus correlate across the globe B. rock layers made up of shales which are always from the same environment of deposition and thus correlate across the globe C. fossils from a single species that existed for 100s of millions of years and which is found in many formations around the globe D. fossils from a couple of species that coexisted for a few million years and which are found in only a few rock formations around the globe.
C. seismic waves phases such as P, PP, PKP, PcP, etc
The hypothesis that the Earth has a spherical structure with layers (e.g., crust, mantle, core) of differing physical and chemical properties is based on A. the temperature of volcanic lavas and the associated gravitational field B. deep drilling projects with bore holes on several continents C. seismic waves phases such as P, PP, PKP, PcP, etc D. None of the above
C. occurs about 100 degrees to 180 degrees from any earthquake
The seismic shadow zone of the Earth ________. A. occurs near seismically active regions. B. occurs approximately 100 km from active faults. C. occurs about 100 degrees to 180 degrees from any earthquake D. occurs about 100 degrees to 180 degrees from subduction zone earthquakes
A. is curved because of refraction
The travel path of a seismic wave from the focus, into the body of the earth, and to the seismometer 5000 km away _________. A. is curved because of refraction B. is curved because of reflection C. is straight because of refraction D. is straight because of reflection
C. both A and B
The type of a fault in California (i.e., reverse fault, normal fault, strike-slip fault, etc.) can be remotely determined without having to actually visit the fault. This is done on active faults and with seismometers not located in California _______. A. because seismometers record first motions which represent motions along the fault B. because seismometers are located around the world C. both A and B D. none of the above
A. limestone; sedimentary rocks (shale, limestone)
The types of rocks we would expect to find while walking along an outcrop in Florida are _____ whereas here in Ohio we should find _______. A. limestone; sedimentary rocks (shale, limestone) B. granite; sedimentary rocks (shale, limestone) C. sedimentary rocks (shale, limestone); granite D. sedimentary rocks (shale, limestone); basalt
D. can be driven by surface waters sinking in the North Atlantic and takes 1000 years to circulate throughout all oceans.
Thermohaline circulation ____________. A. can be driven by deep waters rising in the North Atlantic and takes 100 years to circulate throughout all oceans. B. can be driven by deep waters rising in the North Atlantic and takes 1000 years to circulate throughout all oceans. C. can be driven by surface waters sinking in the North Atlantic and takes 100 years to circulate throughout all oceans. D. can be driven by surface waters sinking in the North Atlantic and takes 1000 years to circulate throughout all oceans.
C. right-lateral strike-slip faulting
This picture is an example of _____. A. normal faulting B. reverse faulting C. right-lateral strike-slip faulting D. left-lateral strike-slip faulting
B. At some point in the past, the average annual temperature of Ohio must have been less than zero degrees Celsius.
This rock is found in Sunbury Ohio just a few miles north of Columbus. It is a granite. Which of the following can you reasonably conclude? A. The rock formations around Sunbury Ohio are all made of granite. B. At some point in the past, the average annual temperature of Ohio must have been less than zero degrees Celsius. C. A large flood covered this location in Sunbury at some point in the past. D. All of the above
C. stratigraphically alternating sequences of sandstones, shales, and coals
Transgression and regression of the oceans upon the lands, typically yields _____. A. stratigraphically alternating sequences of sandstones, granites, and basalts B. stratigraphically alternating sequences of sandstones, granites, and gneiss C. stratigraphically alternating sequences of sandstones, shales, and coals D. stratigraphically alternating sequences of sandstones, conglomerates, and coals
Tigris and Euphrates
Turkey in control > Syria or Iraq Southeastern Anatolia Project - water no longer freely flowing down river
B. B
Two hydrographs are shown in the graphic, above. Recall that these show river flow over time. Time periods are labeled with A, B, C, and D. Which of these has the greatest potential to cause a flood? A. A B. B C. C D. D
C. C
Two hydrographs are shown in the graphic, above. Recall that these show river flow over time. Time periods are labeled with A, B, C, and D. Which of these is where you would expect the river storage to decrease? A. A B. B C. C D. D
Who uses energy?
US, India, China
A. Anthropogenic forcings such as the burning of fossil fuels, which greatly increased during the Industrial Revolution, have produced these gases
Why have levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide increased in the past 200 years? A. Anthropogenic forcings such as the burning of fossil fuels, which greatly increased during the Industrial Revolution, have produced these gases B. The earth's natural orbital variability, the angle of its axis of rotation, and precession have all changed, resulting in climate change that helps to produce these gases. C. Both A and B D. None of the above
B. The earth's natural orbital variability, the angle of its axis of rotation, and precession have all changed, resulting in climate change that helps to produce these gases.
Why have levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide varied over the past 800,000 years (but not counting the past 200 years)? A. Anthropogenic forcings such as the burning of fossil fuels, which greatly increased during the Industrial Revolution, have produced these gases B. The earth's natural orbital variability, the angle of its axis of rotation, and precession have all changed, resulting in climate change that helps to produce these gases. C. Both A and B D. None of the above
A. because continental scale glaciers covered northwest Ohio but not southeast Ohio
Why is northwest Ohio flat and southeast Ohio hilly? A. because continental scale glaciers covered northwest Ohio but not southeast Ohio B. because alpine glaciers covered northwest Ohio but not southeast Ohio C. because continental scale glaciers covered southeast Ohio but not northwest Ohio D. because alpine glaciers covered southeast Ohio but not northwest ohio
D. The longer the residence time, the greater the potential for the gas to increase atmospheric temperatures
Why is the residence time in the atmosphere of a greenhouse gas important? A. The shorter the residence time, the greater the potential for the gas to increase atmospheric pressures B. The longer the residence time, the greater the potential for the gas to increase atmospheric pressures C. The shorter the residence time, the greater the potential for the gas to increase atmospheric temperatures D. The longer the residence time, the greater the potential for the gas to increase atmospheric temperatures
Atmosphere in balance?
Yes, atmosphere in balance
^ base level
^ deposition
v base level
^ erosion
slope of water ^
^ gradient
A. A
____________ is the youngest end moraine. A. A B. B C. C D. D
D. Increased glacier flow velocities in Greenland; 6 km
____________ would cause the present rate of sea level rise to accelerate and would cause sea level to rise by about _______ if all of Greenland's ice melted. A. Decreased glacier flow velocities in Greenland; 60 km B. Decreased glacier flow velocities in Greenland; 600 km C. Increased glacier flow velocities in Greenland; 60 km D. Increased glacier flow velocities in Greenland; 6 km
organic matter to oil and gas
a specific range of depth and temperature, not too low, not too high
unsaturated
air/water
fracking
allow us to access shale oil
bedload
along bottom
natural gas and coal switched direction
around 2005
floodplain - sediment closer
bigger
aquifer
body of water - saturated, porous, permeable rock
what era does coal come from?
carboniferous periods
how long does it take to consume the first trillion barrels of oil vs the last trillion?
century to 5 years
Colorado River 1500 m deep canyon Mississippi - higher discharge
closer to base level
hydraulic fracturable
crack and fracture the shale layer horizontal bore hole, blast the shale eock
cones of depression
created by wells, lowers water table
Oxbow Lake
cut off meander loop from river
natural gas price
decreased
regional water
deep, long distances
To detonate part of levee or not?
detonate levee to prevent flooding
secondary porosity
developed after formation, fracturing, faulting, dissolution
rainfall from model
did not match observation models have improved
dissolved
dissolved in water
aqueducts
drain snow melted, transport
drill below ________
dry season water table
pore connectedness
east of water to flow
^ permeability
east water flow large and straight flow paths
most balanced in terms of its sources
electricity price of one increases, just switch to another
90% of coal usage
electricity some to industrial
Water is not ___________ distributed
evenly
water usage ^ since 1980
eventually became more efficient
Outside of river
faster, erosion, CUTBANK
shale
fine - no pore space
floodplain - sediment further out
finer
Qin > Qout
flood channel will not be big enough to hold all water
number of earthquakes increase
fracking overpressurized pore space caused earthquakes due to any stress
beneath coast
fresh water floats on salt pumping, ^ boundary salt water will enter well
Water 2.5 % ______ 97.5% ________
freshwater; salt water
impound sediments
from easily eroded mountains into water (bad)
74% of freshwater in __________
glaciers and groundwater
Niger River
goes through 5 continents upstream countries are not forthcoming about flooding to downstream
high carbon content
greater the rank of coal low - lignite intermediate - bituminous high - anthracite
Relationship between energy being consumed
greatest - petroleum natural gas less - coal
50% recovery for every gallon
half a gallon of fresh, half really salty
Just a little bit of ________ to create a high grade coal
heat too much causes coal to burn
thermoelectric
heat -> water -> steam -> pressure -> turbine -> electricity
Evaporation
heats surface, warms air, evaporate
spoil bank
high amount of iron, rusts, acidic water 3 m of clay on top to fix problem
gravel
high permeability
Warmer atmosphere
holds more water
horizontal drilling
horizontal access through the shale pore spaces
permeability
how easily fluids pass through rock
Canada
huge exporter of oil
granite
impermeable
Atchafalaya
important to New Orleans If A and M intersect, water will flow down A and cause NO to dry up.
West of Miss
irrigation
easier to know how much coal than natural gas
it is solid, does not move.
Local base level
lake level
coal
layers of peat are compressed and heated
Aral Sea
lost nearly all water large areas of lake bed creates respiratory/agricultural problems collapse of fishing industry
shale
low permeability
Disappearing Arctic Lakes
melting of permafrost - water drained into ground, driving the process not evaporation
High plains aquifer
mining has caused water level to drop most water - Nebraska 370 years left, actually 200 years left
intermediate water
moderate flow/time
today, domestic oil
more efficient, providing a lot more of our own oil
war over water?
most likely, no
electricity
moving away from coal toward natural gas
California drought
natural storage of snow on mountains, have water later in the season higher temps - more rain - loss of water
unlimited supply of oil?
no
Fluvial floods
not distributed in log normal fashion, changes urbanization
Balbino Reservoir
not enough energy to generate 5 turbines overbuilt dam slightly acidic water producing CO2 that was not there before
water table
not flat, sloping surface topography similar always moving slowly toward river
Pumping rate of well < regional
not reversed
floodplain
nutrient rich large products fall out first, so finer is further away
HAB
nutrients and warm water algae in water supply
100 year flood
one in 100 years
confined
overlain by impermeable rocks - aquicludes source of fresh water
where oil is located
oxic water - oxygenated water anoxic water - nonoxygenated water
where does peat occur?
passive margin, cold, low-land area, anaerobic conditions in the water
oil need
plankton - need oxygen to live
peat
plant remains with carbon content shallow, wetland areas
sandstones
porous
non-OECD
predicted to use more energy than OECD
global warming
rain, not snow
ground water
replenished in days-centuries deeper - longer to replenish
surface water
replenished within hours within season
Pumping rate of well > regional
reversed flow
3 types of sedimentary basins
rifted, passive margins edges of mountain ranges strike-slip pull-apart basins
well-sorted
same size - big pore spaces
which rocks would you look for when prospecting for oil in the US?
sandstones
applied hydrology
science and society
Ultimate base level
sea level
lake can only get as deep as ___________
sea level
pollutants in ground
septic tanks
where would you find coal?
shallow sea, carboniferous era pennsylvania, WV
local water
shallow, short
petroleum
slow conversion of sediments into shale to create oil and natural gas
Inside of river
slower, deposition, POINT BAR
coal price
stayed the same
Owens Valley
surface, groundwater, snow melt
suspended
suspended in water
natural gas
swamp environment of trees and shrubs
Where should we look for oil?
thermal depth and temperature window - sedimentary rock, shallow sea not at mountains
ways of removing salt from water
thermal distillation - evaporation, leaves salts reverse osmosis - pressure to overcome gradient between salt and freshwater
East of Miss
thermoelectric coal and natural gas
oil moves
through aquifers and can become trapped in reservoirs
water table
top of saturated zone high in mountains, low in valleys
70% of petroleum usage
transportation
doubled population
v in water withdrawals
oscillation
warm than cold, decade
northward moving temperature gradient
warmth of south moves northward
saturated
water
poorly sorted
water can't get through
unconfined
water is free to rise to natural level
spring
where water table hits surface
petroleum forms
within a specific range of depth and temperature
Where to build house near floodplain?
Don't build house on floodplain
B. compressional upward P-wave first motions in 2 quadrants, compressional upward P-wave first motions in 4 quadrants
Earthquakes cause ________ and nuclear explosions cause ________________ in a focal mechanism. A. compressional upward P-wave first motions in 4 quadrants, compressional upward P-wave first motions in 2 quadrants B. compressional upward P-wave first motions in 2 quadrants, compressional upward P-wave first motions in 4 quadrants C. No P-wave first motions, only P-wave first motions D. only P-wave first motions, No P-wave first motions
A. the build-up of stress has exceeded the local rock strength
Earthquakes in Ohio occur because ___________. A. the build-up of stress has exceeded the local rock strength B. of the abundance of basaltic rocks C. ground accelerations exceed the force of gravity D. the San Andreas fault has become locked
A. brittle and cold
Earthquakes occur in rocks that are ______________. A. brittle and cold B. ductile and hot C. only in the upper 15 km of the Earth's crust D. deep in the Earth's mantle
B. has an accelerating amount of ice discharged to the ocean
Greenland's glaciers measured over time from interferometric SAR ________. A. has a decelerating amount of ice discharged to the ocean B. has an accelerating amount of ice discharged to the ocean C. has a constant, non-changing amount of ice discharged to the ocean D. interferometric SAR does not measure ice velocities
B. has an increasing mass in the zone of accumulation and has a decreasing mass in the zone of ablation
Greenland's ice measured over time from the GRACE satellites ___________. A. has a decreasing mass in the zone of accumulation and has an increasing mass in the zone of ablation B. has an increasing mass in the zone of accumulation and has a decreasing mass in the zone of ablation C. has a decreasing mass in the zone of accumulation and has a decreasing mass in the zone of ablation D. is essentially in balance when comparing the masses of the zones of accumulation and ablation
C. three or more
How many seismic stations are needed to determine the location of an earthquake? A. only one B. just two C. three or more D. None, seismic stations can not be used to determine earthquake locations
C. The small ridges are a result of a glacier and its lateral moraines.
I took the photo (above) when I was in TIbet. There is a small mountain. There is a small mountain range behind me as well as the one in front, across the valley. There is also a valley in the tall mountain range behind me. Notice the boulders in the foreground and that boulders form the small ridges extending away from me. Which of the following is most likely? A. The small ridges are a result of a flood that washed the boulders out of the valley behind me. B. The small ridges are examples of eskers. C. The small ridges are a result of a glacier and its lateral moraines. D. All of the above
B. B
If the earth had no core and instead was filled with mantle material to its center, then which of the above travel time charts correctly shows the new P-wave arrival times? The existing P-wave travel-times for the earth are shown in blue for each of the four cases, so choose the red line that is the correct answer. A. A B. B C. C D. D
C. 300 years
If the present rate of sea level rise continues without accelerating or decelerating, then about how long will the oceans take to rise one meter? A. 3 years B. 30 years C. 300 years D. 3000 years
B. 4, 40 million years old
If the ratio of daughter to parent atoms in a rock is 93.75 to 6.25 and the half-life of decay is ten million years, how many half-lives have occurred since the rock was formed and how old is the rock? A. 4, 20 million years old B. 4, 40 million years old C. 5, 25 million years old D. 5, 50 million years old
C. a river with intervals of normal water flow interleaved with flooding
Imagine that you are at a rock outcrop and see a stratigraphic sequence of silts and gravels. What do you think is the most likely process that produced this sequence of rocks? A.transgression and regression of the oceans on the lands B. a series of volcanic eruptions like that of Mt. St. Helens C. a river with intervals of normal water flow interleaved with flooding D. the subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate
C. Place all five seismometers in a line, with the first seismometer located the closet to the cluster of earthquakes, the second further away, and so on until the fifth is placed the greatest distance away.
Imagine that you have landed on a previously unknown planet and have five seismometers. You have noticed a cluster of earthquakes occurring in one particular location. Where would you place these seismometers in order to understand the planet's deep interior structure? A. Place all five seismometers very near the cluster of earthquakes. B. Place all five seismometers the same distance, but in different directions, away from the earthquake. C. Place all five seismometers in a line, with the first seismometer located the closet to the cluster of earthquakes, the second further away, and so on until the fifth is placed the greatest distance away. D. Place all five seismometers in a star pattern on the opposite side of the planet compared to where the earthquake cluster is located.
Rain in Ohio
Scioto - Ohio - Mississippi
B. greater than; models may over predict the amount of sea level rise
Regional climate models suggest that water flowing off Greenland's ice and into the ocean during June is _______________ the amount of measured water flowing in Greenland's rivers that drain to the ocean. This implies that ____________. A. less than; models may under predict the amount of sea level rise B. greater than; models may over predict the amount of sea level rise C. the same as; models may correctly predict the amount of sea level rise D. none of the above
C. both A and B
Regions of earthquakes risks _______. A. occur mostly at plate boundaries B. can occur within plates C. both A and B D. neither A or B
D. None of the above
Samples from ice cores provide direct measurements of past ______. A. temperature, carbon dioxide, and atmospheric dust B. temperature, carbon dioxide, and entrapped micro-organisms C. temperature, atmospheric dust, and net accumulation D. None of the above
who has the oil?
Saudi Arabia
A. Because vegetation in the northern hemisphere removes CO2 from the atmosphere during its annual growth cycle
The above plot shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as measured in Hawaii and is known as the "Kneeling Curve." Why does the concentration of CO2 vary each year, going from a high level in each May to a low level in each October? A. Because vegetation in the northern hemisphere removes CO2 from the atmosphere during its annual growth cycle B. Because plate tectonics in the southern hemisphere removes CO2 from the atmosphere during its subduction C. Because the earth's rotation causes sun light to preferentially warm the atmosphere around the Pacific Ocean. D. All of the above
D. None of the above
The above plot shows the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as measured in ice cores and at Hawaii. Note the total variation in CO2 from today and into the past 800,000 years, What can be reasonably concluded from this plot? A. Climate cycles are typical and natural, thus today's CO2 concentrations are also normal B. Climate cycles show periodic decreases in CO2 concentrations, thus today's CO2 concentration will also decrease in your lifetime C. Climate cycles show sharp increases in CO2 concentrations, thus today's increased CO2 concentration is also natural. D. None of the above
C. 4.6 billion years, radiometric dating
The age of the Earth is approximately __________ which is determined by ____________. A. 15 billion years, red shifts in the light spectrum B. 15 billion years, gravitational forces from black holes C. 4.6 billion years, radiometric dating D. 4.6 billion years, fossil evidence
A. the difference between the amount of water flowing into and out of a given location and equates this to the volumeric change in water for that location
The basic form of the continuity equation expresses ____________. A. the difference between the amount of water flowing into and out of a given location and equates this to the volumeric change in water for that location B. the summation of the amount of water flowing into and out of a given location but does not equate this to the volumeric change in water for that location C. the multiplication of the amount of water flowing into and out of a given location and equates this to the volumeric change in water for that location D. the division of the amount of water flowing into and out of a given location and equates this to the volumeric change in water for that location
C. new grey sandstone deposited; new grey sandstone folded; erosion causing the unconformity and deposition of old red sandstone; slight folding of all rock layers
The correct sequence of events that led to the displayed rock strata is ___________. A. new grey sandstone deposited; erosion causing the unconformity and deposition of old red sandstone; folding of new grey sandstone; folding of old red sandstone B. new grey sandstone deposited; erosion causing the unconformity and deposition of old red sandstone; folding of old red sandstone; folding of new grey sandstone C. new grey sandstone deposited; new grey sandstone folded; erosion causing the unconformity and deposition of old red sandstone; slight folding of all rock layers D. new grey sandstone deposited; new grey sandstone folded; erosion causing the unconformity and deposition of old red sandstone; folding of only old red sandstone
B. larger
The crustal root beneath mountains created by continent-continent collision is _______ when compared to the root beneath rifted terrains. A. smaller B. larger C. the same size as D. none of the above
Energy budget
Water budget
A. P-waves are transmitted through the outer core, but S-waves are not
We know that the Earth's outer core is liquid because ________. A. P-waves are transmitted through the outer core but not S-waves B. S-waves are transmitted through the outer core but not P-waves C. surface waves retract into the outer core D. surface waves reflect off of the outer core
C. thermal expansion of ocean waters, melting of mountain glaciers, melting of Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets, and an unknown source of terrestrial water
What are the major factors that account for today's rise in sea level? A. thermal cooling of ocean water, the growth of mountain glaciers, the growth of Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets, and groundwater mining B. thermal expansion of ocean waters, melting of mountain glaciers, melting of Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets, and the filling of reservoirs behind dams C. thermal expansion of ocean waters, melting of mountain glaciers, melting of Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets, and an unknown source of terrestrial water D. None of the above
D. 10,000 times more often
When considering all earthquakes around the world per year, earthquakes with a magnitude of 3 occur ___________ as earthquakes of a magnitude 7. A. about the same number of times B. about twice as often C. 10,000 times less often D. 10,000 times more often
C. 3.5% of ocean water volume, runoff from the continents delivering dissolved ions to the oceans
When considering typical ocean salinity, chlorides, sodium, and several other "salts" make up _________ and are a result of ____________. A. 3.5% of ocean water volume; evaporation from the oceans B. 0.35% of ocean water volume; evaporation on the oceans C. 3.5% of ocean water volume, runoff from the continents delivering dissolved ions to the oceans D. 0.35% of ocean water volume, runoff from the continents delivering dissolved ions to the oceans
D. At the transition from brittle rock to ductile crust
When tracing a fault from the surface into the depths of the crust, where will it likely end? A. Where hydraulic fracturing has occured B. In an igneous basement rock C. Within 3 km of the Earth's surface D. At the transition from brittle rock to ductile crust
C. C
Which of the above graphics most closely shows the travel-times for P and S waves if the core-mantle boundary (CMB) was half as deep as it is now, i.e., 1450 km deep instead of 2900 km deep? The existing P and S waves travel-times for a 2900 km deep CMB are shown in blue for each of the four cases, so choose the pair of red lines that most closely matches what might be expected for a CMB depth that is half of its present position. Assume that the physical properties of the crust, mantle, and core remain the same. A. A B. B C. C D. D
D. carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor
Which of the following is arrange in the correct order, from the longest to shortest residence time in the atmosphere (i.e. how long the molecule will stay in the atmosphere). A. water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane B. methane, carbon dioxide, water vapor C. carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane D. carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor
A. surface waves, which arrives after body waves
Which seismic waves types cause the greatest damage to buildings ________. A. surface waves, which arrives after body waves B. body waves, which arrive before surface waves C. P waves, which have the greatest amplitude D. S waves, which have the greatest amplitude
D. body waves
Which types of earthquake waves travel fastest? A. exterior waves B. Rayleigh waves C. surface waves D. body waves
C. They are indicative of natural causes for variations in climate.
Why are landscape features like 1 and 2, in the above graphic, important? A. They are rare features in mountain environments and are thought to result from climate induced river floods. B. They are indicative of man-made causes for variations C. They are indicative of natural causes for variations in climate. D. All of the above
