ECOL 302 Exam 3 Quizzes

Which of the following is NOT a disease that is horizontally transmitted by a vector? Question options: Syphilis. Malaria. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. West Nile Virus.

Syphilis.

ANTAGONISTIC INTERACTIONS (antagonisms) include: Question options: Commensalism, amensalism, and neutralism Parasitism and predation Mutualism and competition Republicans and Democrats

Parasitism and predation

An example of a SERVICE within a mutualism is: Question options: Nectar, which is fuel for pollinators. Pollen transfer between flowers. Nitrogen, provided by Rhizobium bacteria to plants. Carbon, provided by plants to Rhizobium bacteria.

Pollen transfer between flowers.

Which of the following interactions involves COMPLETE consumption of one organism by another organism? Predation Parasitism Herbivory All of the above

Predation

Which of the following lists are all types of antagonism? Question options: Mutualism, competition, and commensalism. Predation, parasitism, and herbivory. Commensalism, amensalism, and neutralism.

Predation, parasitism, and herbivory

What does the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model predict? Question options: Predator and prey numbers undergo cycles, with predator numbers always peaking before prey numbers. Predator and prey numbers undergo cycles, with prey numbers always peaking before predator numbers. Predators consistently, and quickly, drive prey extinct. Predators and prey are able to coexist, each stably at their own carrying capacity.

Predator and prey numbers undergo cycles, with prey numbers always peaking before predator numbers.

Do we expect natural selection to be stronger on consumers (traits involved in catching food), or or victims (traits protecting them from being eaten)? Question options: Predators Prey We expect natural selection to be equally strong on both. We don't expect to see natural selection on either of them.

Prey

Which kind of herbivore is most likely to coevolve with the plant it eats? Question options: A specialist herbivore. A generalist herbivore.

A specialist herbivore

We can expect to see organisms have very broad (generalized) diets when: Question options: Many victims can be obtained the same way. Many victims can be digested the same way. Different victims are pretty similar in their quality as food. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is a reason why a species like red lionfish might become so invasive? Question options: Effective adaptations to avoid predators. Very few parasites. Broad, generalized diets. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is evidence that species involved in a generalized pollination mutualism don't have a vested interest in the success of their partner? Question options: Pollinators abandon a given plant species if they find richer nectar rewards elsewhere. Plants offer less pollinators less nectar per flower than pollinators would like to find there. Some pollinators cheat plants by switching to a feeding mode (nectar-robbing) that is efficient but that doesn't result in pollen transfer. All of the above.

All of the above.

What question does the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model attempt to answer? Question options: What do the dynamics of a coevolutionary race between predator and prey look like? Are predators and their prey able to coexist, and how do their relative numbers change over time? Under what conditions are competing species able to coexist?

Are predators and their prey able to coexist, and how do their relative numbers change over time?

As defined in lecture, mutualisms are interactions that: Question options: Benefit both members of a single species. Benefit two different species. Benefit one species, but not necessarily a second species.

Benefit two different species

Which is a mechanism by which competitors are able to successfully coexist? Question options: The competitors partition limiting resources. Populations stay so small that resources don't run out. Both A and B. Neither A nor B.

Both A and B

Which of the following examples of competition that we covered in lecture involves coevolution? Question options: Competition between two barnacle species in the California rocky intertidal zone. Competition between roseate spoonbills for nesting space. Competition between mussels and sea palms in the Oregon rocky intertidal zone. Competition for seeds between Darwin's Finch species in the Galapagos Islands.

Competition for seeds between Darwin's Finch species in the Galapagos Islands.

The competitive exclusion principle states: Question options: Only complete competitors exist. Complete competitors interact in commensalisms. Complete competitors cannot coexist. Complete competitors cannot exist.

Complete predators interact in commensalisms

In the absence of vaccination, the best way to stop the spread of Covid-19 are measures that include masking, social distancing, and washing one's hands frequently. These control measures are typical of: Question options: Vertically transmitted diseases. All horizontally transmitted diseases. Diseases that are transmitted horizontally with the involvement of a vector. Diseases that are transmitted horizontally without the involvement of a vector.

Diseases that are transmitted horizontally without the involvement of a vector.

The following would be MOST likely to be a highly SPECIALIZED consumer: Question options: An endoparasite An ectoparasite A carnivorous plant An actively hunting predator

Endoparasite

Which statement is TRUE? Question options: Diseases persist longer in very small populations. Horizontally transmitted diseases with vectors tend to be more severe than horizontally transmitted diseases without vectors. Diseases tend to evolve to be more and more severe.

Horizontally transmitted diseases with vectors tend to be more severe than horizontally transmitted diseases without vectors.

Competition for limited parking spaces in a UA parking garage is (usually!): Question options: Interspecific interference competition. Interspecific exploitation competition. Intraspecific interference competition. Intraspecific exploitation competition.

Intraspecific exploitation competition

A coevolved species interaction: Question options: Involves no evolution of either partner species. Involves evolution only by one of the two partner species. Involves evolution by both partner species. In unknown in nature.

Involves evolution by both partner species

From the perspective of one partner, an obligate species interaction: Question options: Is one necessary for its survival or reproduction. Must involve only one other species. Both A and B. Neither A nor B.

Is one necessary for its survival or reproduction

Which microbes predictably cause NO negative effects when they are inside you? Question options: Microbes that are only transmitted vertically. All horizontally transmitted microbes. Microbes that are transmitted horizontally with the involvement of a vector. Microbes that are transmitted horizontally without the involvement of a vector.

Microbes that are only transmitted vertically.

Boxes on the interaction grid are defined by: Question options: Pairwise combinations of plus, minus, and zero. Pairs of species names. Pairs of habitat names

Pairwise combinations of +,-,0

Before Huffaker added a bit of complexity to his "orange universe" test of predator-prey dynamics, what did he find? Question options: Predator populations were completely unable to start growing. Prey populations were completely unable to start growing. Prey numbers rose, followed by a rise in predator numbers, but then first prey and then predators went extinct. Predator and prey coexisted for a long period of time, with their numbers cycling

Prey numbers rose, followed by a rise in predator numbers, but then first prey and then predators went extinct

Which of the following relationships we talked about this week is NOT a mutualism? Question options: Lichens, which are formed by an interaction between a fungus species and an algae species. Pollination of ocotillo by nectar-seeking hummingbirds. Protection of honeydew-producing aphids by ants. Seed dispersal of Devil's Claw by large mammals.

Seed dispersal of Devil's Claw by large mammals.

As discussed in lecture, if you want to understand why snowshoe hare numbers undergo cycles, what species must you study? Question options: Snowshoe hare only. Both snowshoe hare and their predator, the lynx. Snowshow hare, the food they feed on, and their predator the lynx.

Snowshow hare, the food they feed on, and their predator the lynx.

What's the relationship between MUTUALISM and SYMBIOSIS? Question options: They are synonyms. All mutualisms are symbioses but not all symbioses are mutualisms. All symbioses are mutualisms but not all mutualisms are symbioses. Some mutualisms are symbioses, and some symbioses are mutualisms.

Some mutualisms are symbioses, and some symbiosis are mutualisms.

What do S, I and R stand for, in the SIR model? Question options: Sick, Irrelevant, and Recovered. Susceptible, Infected, and Recovered. Susceptible, Infected, and Reoccurring. Stupid, Idiotic, and Ridiculous.

Susceptible, infected, and Recovered.

In a coevolutionary arms race between plants and herbivores, what happens AFTER herbivores evolve to be able to eat a well-defended plant? Question options: The herbivore drives the plant extinct. The plant evolves a defense so good that the herbivore is completely unable to consume it. The plant evolves a better defense, which selects for adaptations allowing the herbivores to eat it anyway, leading the plant to evolve an even better defense ... and this continues.

The plant evolves a better defense, which selects for adaptations allowing the herbivores to eat it anyway, leading the plant to evolve an even better defense ... and this continues.

Which of these is a service-for-reward relationship? Question options: The seed-dispersal mutualism between saguaro and white-winged doves. A mutualism in which different bird species forage together in a flock, and all get protected because there are more eyes looking out for predators. The predator-prey relationship between Venus fly trap and insects that it feeds upon. The nutritional mutualism between plants and Rhizobium bacteria.

The seed-dispersal mutualism between saguaro and white-winged doves.

Plants produce chemicals that are very useful to us. For example, quinine, found in the bark of a single tropical tree species, is used to treat malaria. Why do scientists think that plants produce chemicals like these? Question options: They are adaptations evolved to benefit humans. They are adaptation evolved to benefit herbivores. They are adaptations evolved to as defenses against herbivory. Scientists actually have no idea whatsoever why plants produce chemicals like these.

They are adaptations evolved to as defenses against herbivory.

Which of the following do you think is NOT a characteristic of an antagonist that would be good to introduce for biological control? Question options: Needing to eat a lot Very broad diet Very efficient at finding food items Easy to establish it in the area with the victims you want to get rid of

Very broad diet

Humans, when they act as predators, have many highly unusual behaviors. Which is NOT one of these behaviors? Question options: We have very powerful weapons for killing animals. We can think ahead and worth with others to plan how we will go about our predatory actions. We tend to kill the youngest, weakest, and sickest individuals in a prey population. We are unusually successful at killing our own predators, large carnivores.

We tend to kill the youngest, weakest, and sickest individuals in a prey population.

Which statement about the classic competition experiments involving two Paramecium species is FALSE? Question options: The experiment involved interspecific competition. The experiment involved exploitation competition. Each species, when grown alone, exhibited logistic growth. When grown together, the species exhibited logistic growth, but each reached a lower carrying capacity than when it was grown alone.

When grown together..