Ecology Exams Master study set revised

Rate off growth at plateau/ carrying capacity

0

Match the scenario with the correct type of population regulation. 1. A tornado in Mississippi wipes out a population of southern magnolia trees. 2.A pack of lions preys upon a herd of zebras. 3. A pair of ospreys in unable to lay eggs because all of the nesting sites have been taken by other ospreys.

1. Density independent 2.Density dependent 3.Density dependent

The association between bees and flowering plants is a well-known mutualism. What benefit do bees provide flowering plants? A) Bees spread pollen from one flower to the next. B) Bees lay eggs on the flowers. C) Bees disperse the plant's seeds. D) Bees allow plants to fix nitrogen.

A) Bees spread pollen from one flower to the next.

What role does disturbance play in the recently discovered mechanism of pond succession that isn't found in the classical mechanism of succession? A) Droughts lower water levels so that plants can colonize lake sediments. B) Rushing water scours the bottom of the lakes, allowing diatoms to colonize. C) Glaciers scour the land, leaving depressions that can fill up with melting water. D) Peat fires remove the vegetation, allowing secondary succession to proceed.

A) Droughts lower water levels so that plants can colonize lake sediments.

Why are there no spruces in the early seral stages of succession at Glacier Bay? A) Spruce seeds are not likely to disperse to the pioneer and low-shrub stages. B) Spruce seedlings are inhibited by the presence of low shrubs. C) Spruce seedlings are not tolerant to the environmental fluctuations in the pioneer stage. D) There are few alder trees in the early seral stages to facilitate spruce establishment.

A) Spruce seeds are not likely to disperse to the pioneer and low-shrub stages.

(Figure 19.11) Given the results in the figure, what might prevent a tree with large seeds, like a chestnut, from establishing in a forest with high densities of sweet birch seeds, an early-succession species? A) The sweet birch seeds would germinate and grow faster, crowding out the chestnut saplings. B) A chestnut seed would never be transported a large distance to the sweet birch forest. C) Sweet birch seedlings exude chemicals that block the germination of chestnut seeds. D) Chestnut seeds, being large, are more likely to be attacked by insects than sweet birch seeds.

A) The sweet birch seeds would germinate and grow faster, crowding out the chestnut saplings.

Which of the following is a pioneer species? A) annual plants with small, light seeds B) plants with large, heavy seeds C) animals that stay affixed to a substrate, like sea anemones D) animals that tend to stay very close to where they were born

A) annual plants with small, light seeds

How could you tell for certain if a plant lived 2000 years ago in a pond sediment sample? A) carbon dating of pollen B) tree rings C) construction of a pond followed by direct observation. D) observation of a chronosequence near the pond

A) carbon dating of pollen

A species that interacts with many other species is a A) generalist. B) specialist. C) mutualist. D) parasite.

A) generalist.

Experimental removal of a single species in a succession would: A) help determine whether that species facilitated the growth of a later-succession species. B) usually have very little effect on succession. C) can happen only in the intertidal zones. D) always increase the energy available for climax species.

A) help determine whether that species facilitated the growth of a later-succession species.

Whitebark pine seeds are dispersed through a mutualism with Clark's nutcracker birds. If Clark's nutcracker went extinct, what is the most likely immediate outcome for pines? A) increased competition between seedlings and parents B) increased photosynthesis by pines C) reduced pollination of pines D) reduced benefits from mycorrhizal fungi

A) increased competition between seedlings and parents

Why do plants in early seral stages exhibit high levels of tolerance? A) Early plants cannot inhibit the growth of other plants. B) Early plants must deal with harsh conditions, such as fluctuating temperatures. C) Early plants are poor competitors and thus must tolerate other plants. D) Early plants have small and light seeds that germinate well under shade.

B) Early plants must deal with harsh conditions, such as fluctuating temperatures.

How do herbivores affect the outcome of succession in intertidal zones? A) They alter the abiotic environment with their waste products. B) They forage on particular types of algae, allowing others to dominate. C) They trample algae, allowing sea anemones to colonize. D) They have little effect on the outcome of succession.

B) They forage on particular types of algae, allowing others to dominate.

Why does stream succession rely less on how fast organisms can move themselves than terrestrial succession? A) Most streams are short. B) Water can carry organisms from less disturbed to more disturbed sites. C) Most stream organisms are algae. D) Succession happens very slowly in streams.

B) Water can carry organisms from less disturbed to more disturbed sites.

What kinds of disturbances might change climax communities on the steep slopes of the Rocky Mountains? A) tornados B) avalanches C) snowstorms D) human hunting of bears

B) avalanches

Changes in North American forest climax communities A) never occur. B) can occur but may happen very slowly. C) don't occur unless there is a gap in the canopy. D) don't occur unless there is an environmental gradient.

B) can occur but may happen very slowly.

What is the clearest way to document succession? A) pollen sediments from a pond B) direct observation C) tree rings D) carbon dating of wood

B) direct observation

In the Sonoran desert of Arizona, young saguaro cacti often begin life in the shade of mesquite trees; they usually die if they begin life in out in the open. This is an example of A) tolerance. B) facilitation. C) a disturbance. D) inhibition. E) a gap-maintained climax community.

B) facilitation.

When two species provide fitness benefits to each other but do not require each other to persist, they are A) obligate mutualists. B) facultative mutualists. C) parasites. D) predators and prey.

B) facultative mutualists.

The seeds of plants are moved to new areas by many animals, including birds, mammals, and insects. What benefit do animals gain from the plant in this mutualism? A) defense against predators B) food C) shelter from the elements D) removal of parasites

B) food

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is a common invasive species in the eastern United States. One mechanism that allows it to dominate in some areas is the production of chemicals that interfere with the ability of other plants to gain nutrients through mutualistic fungi. This mechanism is an example of: A) tolerance. B) inhibition. C) the priority effect. D) facilitation.

B) inhibition.

A specialist is a species that A) interacts with many other species. B) interacts with one of a few closely related species. C) provides fitness benefits to another species. D) receives fitness benefits from another species

B) interacts with one of a few closely related species.

Consider a species of fig tree that is pollinated by a single species of wasp. Without the wasp, the fig tree will not produce seeds. Without the fig tree, the wasp will not produce offspring. The relationship between these species is an example of A) parasitism. B) obligate mutualism. C) facultative mutualism. D) negative interaction.

B) obligate mutualism.

In the logistic growth equation dN/dt=rN(1-N/K), the variable r represents A. the carrying capacity. B. the intrinsic growth rate. C. the size of the population. D. the competition coefficient.

B. the intrinsic growth rate.

How are floods that remove organic matter on the surface of rocks similar to gaps observed in forests? A) Both scour the landscape clean. B) Both uncover seeds in the soil. C) Both allow early-succession species to colonize. D) Both happen only in climax seral stages.

C) Both allow early-succession species to colonize.

Why might a forest contain both climax tree species and a few early-succession species? A) Grazers ate most of the grass species in the area. B) Legumes have not established everywhere in the forest. C) Disturbances have produced gaps of intense sunlight. D) Fire has removed most of the understory species.

C) Disturbances have produced gaps of intense sunlight.

Why is tolerance a mechanism that can be found in both early and late seral stages? A) Both early and late seral species need to be tolerant to low levels of moisture. B) Both early and late seral species require high temperatures to germinate. C) Early seral species need tolerance of stressful environments, while late seral species need tolerance of deep shade. D) Early seral species are tolerant to insects and late seral species are tolerant to fire.

C) Early seral species need tolerance of stressful environments, while late seral species need tolerance of deep shade.

In some areas of the western United States pines are an important part of the climax community. Fires occur at regular intervals in these areas. How could fire maintain these pine populations? A) Fires allow pioneer species like annual grasses to colonize. B) Fires cause gaps in the canopy that allow early-succession species to thrive. C) Fires kill understory species, allowing pine seedlings to thrive. D) Fires make it easier for legumes to colonize, increasing soil nitrogen

C) Fires kill understory species, allowing pine seedlings to thrive.

Which of the following are specialists that form a mutualism? I. Honeybees pollinate many species of flower. II. The crayfish snake eats only crayfish. III. The yucca plant is pollinated by a single species of moth. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) II and III only

C) III only

Ants are often observed with aphids, small insects that feed on plants. The ants obtain nutritious nectar from the aphids. A biologist wants to test whether ants and aphids are mutualists. She removes ants from groups of aphids and compares them to controls. Which of the following outcomes is consistent with a mutualistic relationship between ants and aphids? A) Aphids consume more of the plant. B) Plants with aphids produce fewer seeds. C) More aphids are eaten by herbivores. D) Fewer aphids are eaten by herbivores.

C) More aphids are eaten by herbivores.

Can you tell what plant seral state you are in by looking at the bird species in a given area? A) Yes, because bird species are usually associated with a particular seral stage. B) Yes, because each bird species eats only a particular type of plant. C) No, because some bird species are associated with many plant seral stages. D) No, because birds eat a wide variety of insects as well.

C) No, because some bird species are associated with many plant seral stages.

Why does secondary succession occur faster than primary succession? A) Direct observation of secondary succession is easier than for primary succession. B) Lichens are better able to colonize soil than bare rock. C) Soil in secondary sites can contain plant seeds and roots. D) Primary succession areas get too much sunlight for succession to happen quickly.

C) Soil in secondary sites can contain plant seeds and roots.

A biologist is studying three species of small fish (sp 1, sp 2, and sp 3) that cling to the bodies of bigger fish and consume parasites on the larger fish. He conducts an experiment with three treatments. In each treatment, he removes a different one of the small fish species from a large fish and examines the number offspring produced by the large fish. Which of the following conclusions are supported by the data shown in the figure? A) Species 1 is a mutualist. B) Species 2 is a mutualist. C) Species 3 is a mutualist. D) Species 1 and 2 are mutualists. E) Species 2 and 3 are mutualists.

C) Species 3 is a mutualist.

Why does succession in intertidal communities tend to happen faster than succession after a disturbance in terrestrial communities? A) The ocean has a higher concentration of organisms than soil. B) There are many more disturbances in the intertidal zones than in terrestrial areas. C) The generation time of dominant species in the intertidal zone is shorter than that of the dominant species in terrestrial habitats. D) The generation time of dominant species in terrestrial habitats is shorter than that of the dominant species in the intertidal zone.

C) The generation time of dominant species in the intertidal zone is shorter than that of the dominant species in terrestrial habitats.

You are studying a plant species that has a fungus growing in its roots. You remove the fungus and evaluate what happens to the plant. Which outcome indicates a mutualistic relationship? A) The plant becomes toxic to herbivores. B) There is no change in the toxicity of the plant. C) The plant becomes less toxic to herbivores. D) The plant can acquire atmospheric nitrogen.

C) The plant becomes less toxic to herbivores.

Why does the species richness level off? A) There isn't enough energy left in the system to allow for more species. B) There are only five or six species of algae and invertebrates in southern California. C) There isn't enough space on the boulders to accommodate more species. D) The boulders have been exposed to the sun for too long, limiting the colonization ability of algae and invertebrates.

C) There isn't enough space on the boulders to accommodate more species.

A sequence of communities that exist over time at a given location is A) a transient climax community. B) never found without soil or organic material. C) a chronosequence. D) an example of secondary succession. E) always showing the same sequence in intertidal areas.

C) a chronosequence.

During succession, communities A) do not change. B) always have a fixed trajectory to the climax stage. C) are always changing. D) are usually shaped by abiotic factors only.

C) are always changing.

(Figure 17.20) Researchers experimentally removed cleaner fish from some coral reef communities and left cleaner fish present in other communities. Their results are shown in the figure. Based on these results, extinction of cleaner fish would result in _____ fish species, and each species would be _____ abundant. A) fewer; more B) more; more C) fewer; less D) more; less

C) fewer; less

(Figure 19.10) These graphs show that succession is associated with a rapid increase in species richness that slows and levels off over time. How might you explain a graph showing succession with an initial increase in species richness followed by a decline in species richness over time? A) a disturbance such as fire B) facilitation C) inhibition D) tolerance

C) inhibition

If you were assigned the task of starting a plant community that could thrive on Mars, where there is no soil on the surface, which might be good to bring for the initial colonization? A) alders B) pines C) lichens D) low-growing bushes E) cacti

C) lichens

To apply the concept of chronosequence, ecologists assume that: A) most terrestrial communities go through the same seral stages. B) the layers in pond sediments are stacked from youngest at the top to the oldest at the bottom. C) older sites and younger sites have undergone the same disturbances. D) wider tree rings represent periods of rapid population growth.

C) older sites and younger sites have undergone the same disturbances.

Of the following types of mutualisms, which would likely have the largest impact on other species if one member of the mutualism went extinct? A) generalist obligate B) generalist facultative C) specialist obligate D) specialist facultative

C) specialist obligate

The association between bees and flowering plants is a well-known mutualism. What benefit do flowers provide bees? A) Parasites are removed during the visits. B) Bees are sheltered from predators in flowers. C) Bees are fertilized by visiting flowers. D) Bees obtain nutrients from the flowers.

D) Bees obtain nutrients from the flowers.

Why might direct observation of succession be easier in intertidal communities than in terrestrial communities? A) It is easier to see all of the organisms in an intertidal area. B) Facilitation happens less easily in terrestrial communities, which makes it more difficult to see transitions among seral stages. C) There are many more organisms in a forest than in an intertidal area. D) Organisms in an intertidal area have shorter generation times than organisms in terrestrial communities.

D) Organisms in an intertidal area have shorter generation times than organisms in terrestrial communities.

(Figure 19.14) If you excluded deer from the forest represented by the graph, what changes in importance would you likely see? A) Sugar maple's importance will increase both in the understory and in the canopy. B) American beech's importance will increase in the understory. C) Tulip poplar's importance will increase in the canopy. D) Tulip poplar's importance will increase in the understory.

D) Tulip poplar's importance will increase in the understory.

Over the course of terrestrial succession, what is the general pattern of species richness? A) a constant increase over time B) an increase followed by an abrupt decline C) no change over time D) an increase that plateaus, followed by a slight decline E) a decline followed by an abrupt increase

D) an increase that plateaus, followed by a slight decline

You observe three beech-maple forests in Indiana that began as ponds. How might you determine whether they all started succession with the same community composition? A) carbon-date the maple and beech trees to see how long they have been living; older trees would suggest a more diverse starting community B) calculate the species diversity of lichens found on the trees C) try growing different types of pioneer species at each site D) sample the soils at each site for pollen and carbon-date them to get an estimate of the species that appeared first at the site

D) sample the soils at each site for pollen and carbon-date them to get an estimate of the species that appeared first at the site

Primary succession A) begins with soil containing organic matter. B) lasts much longer than secondary succession. C) has rarely occurred in terrestrial environments. D) usually begins with lichens and mosses.

D) usually begins with lichens and mosses.

Plants _____ should be used for initial seeding of abandoned strip mines. A) with few large seeds B) that are adapted to fire C) with high tolerance to shade D) with long seed viability E) with high root-to-shoot ratios

D) with long seed viability

Which of the following are benefits that many mutualists provide one another? I. shelter II. protection from predators III. nutrients A) I only B) I and II only C) I and III only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III

E) I, II, and III

Which of the following three interactions are mutualisms? I: Wasp and butterfly larvae. The wasp lays its eggs inside the body of a butterfly larva. The eggs hatch and the wasp larvae feed on the body of the butterfly larva. By the time the wasp larvae metamorphose from the butterfly larva, the butterfly larva is killed. II: Fig and fig wasp: The adult wasps crawl into the cluster of fig flowers to lay eggs. By moving around, the adult wasp pollinates the fig flowers, allowing them to produce fruit and seeds. As the fig fruit develops, it provides shelter for the wasp larvae. III: Ants and acacias: Acacia plants develop hollow thorns that provide shelter for ant colonies and produce nectaries on their leaves that provide food for ants. The ants defend the acacia plant from herbivores. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II E) II and III

E) II and III

Which panel illustrates a stable limit cycle?

Equal sized oscillation over time

A disadvantage of static life tables is that they can never be used for long-lived organisms. Select one: True False

False

Gene flow increases genetic differences between populations. Select one: True False

False

Salmon reproduce when many males and females release large quantities of their gametes into a stream. This process, spawning, is a type of polyandry. Select one: True False

False

When determining whether to feed on small, medium, or large prey, according to optimal foraging theory what should predators evaluate? Make sure to include the appropriate vocabulary and associated definitions in your answer.

When deciding on which prey to eat one thing that has to be considered is energy intake versus energy expenditure. In other words, the predator has to weigh how much energy it will take to catch the prey compared to how much energy the consumption of the prey will provide. One factor that influences this is the distance traveled to obtain the prey. For example, if a fox only has to travel a mile to catch 15 mice but has to travel 10 miles to catch one rabbit, the mice may be a more beneficial prey even though they are smaller. Handling time which is the amount of time needed to consume the prey is also considered. A long handling time would increase the risk of the predator becoming prey to another animal or increase the risk of competition between it and other predators for its prey. Larger prey often means a longer handling time and therefore an increase in risk.

At what time point has the population reached its carrying capacity?

Where graph levels off

A biologist is developing models to describe the population dynamics of the species he studies. Four models are listed. Each model is based on the logistic model, with r equal to 1 and K equal to 100. The initial population size is given by N0. In which of his models of population growth would the population be most likely to go extinct? a. stochastic model, N0 = 10 b. deterministic model, N0 = 100 c. deterministic model, N0 = 5 d. stochastic model, N0 = 150

a

A fox that catches prey in several fields but brings the prey back to a single den to feed its young is an example of a. central-place foraging. b. risk-sensitive foraging. c. optimal diet composition. d. diet mixing.

a

A type of dormancy found in insects in response to unfavorable environmental conditions is called a. diapause b. aestivation. c. hibernation. d. torpor

a

According to Lotka and Volterra, what information was required to calculate the change in population size of the prey over time (dN/dt)? a. how efficient the predator was in capturing the prey b. the intrinsic rate of growth of the predator c. the number of parasite species impacting the prey d. the population size of the prey's closest competitor

a

According to the exponential growth model, which would reduce a population's doubling time? Select one: a. an increase in the intrinsic growth rate b. a decrease in the initial population size c. an increase in the initial population size d. a decrease in the intrinsic growth rate

a

An organism at times mates by outcrossing and other times mates by self-fertilization. What is the the organism most likely responding to? Select one: a. changes in mate availability b. changes in daily temperature profile c. changes in age of the organism d. changes in predation

a

Aquatic organisms have developed streamlined shapes to adapt to the a. viscosity of water b. none of the choices provided are accurate c. polarity of water d. density of water

a

Consider a biologist studying a population of elephants. At the beginning of the year, there are 100 adult elephants in the population. Over the course of the year, 15 adult elephants die, and an additional 25 are born. What can we conclude about λ for this year? Select one: a. λ >1 b. λ<0 c. λ =0 d. λ =1

a

Consider a population with the following numbers of individuals over time. year 1: 10 year 2: 25 year 3: 30 If the population size in year 4 is determined by a logistic model with delayed density dependence from a 1-year time lag (i.e., τ = 1) and K = 50 individuals, what value of r would lead the population size to exceed carrying capacity in year 4? a. r = 2.0 b. r = 0.2 c. r = 1.0 d. r = 0.5

a

Consider a situation in which overharvesting causes the number of fish in a population to become drastically smaller, which causes genetic variation in that fish to decrease over a few generations. This is an example of a. bottleneck effect b. recombination. c. founder effect.

a

Consider three populations of a plant species, each isolated from other populations of the same species. Population X has contained approximately 100 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. Population Y has contained approximately 10,000 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. Population Z has contained approximately 1 million individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. If genetic drift is the only evolutionary process acting on these populations, how can we expect the amount of genetic variation to differ among these populations? a. X will have the lowest variation, Y will have intermediate variation, and Z will have the highest variation. b. X will have the highest variation, Y will have intermediate variation, and Z will have the lowest variation. c. X and Z will have high variation, while Z will have low variation. d. All three populations will have the same amount of genetic variation.

a

Delayed density dependence a. occurs when density dependence is based on population density in the past. b. is a form of environmental stochasticity. c. is the observation that populations increase and decrease over time. d. occurs when a population is larger than the carrying capacity.

a

Differences in domesticated animals over relatively short periods of time occurs through: a. artificial selection b. none of the answer choices are correct c. natural selection d. experimental selection

a

Dispersal limitation occurs when Select one: a. there is a barrier to dispersal into suitable habitat. b. there has not been sufficient time for a species to disperse into suitable habitat. c. the new habitat is unsuitable for the species. d. the new habitat is already occupied by a competing species.

a

Grime proposed that combinations of life history traits in plants are mainly determined by three factors. Which is NOT one of these factors? a. herbivory b. stress c. disturbance d. competition

a

How do dispersal and migration differ? a. Dispersal is permanent, and migration is seasonal. b. Migration is movement to colonize a new habitat and dispersal is seasonal movement. c. Dispersal is seasonal and migration is permanent. d. Dispersal is back and forth movement between two areas and migration is uni-directional

a

If a population has relatively few individuals in the young classes but many in the medium-aged and old classes, what can we conclude about population growth? a. The population is declining. b. The population is stable. c. The population is below carrying capacity. d. The population is growing.

a

If the geographic range of a population is decreased, it is generally considered that the a. size of the population will decrease. b. population will go extinct. c. the size of the population will remain the same. d. size of the population will increase.

a

In Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions, c represents the a. probability of an encounter leading to prey's capture. b. efficiency of converting consumed prey into predator offspring. c. intrinsic growth rate d. per capita mortality rate of predators.

a

In most species, what process is responsible for sex ratios of approximately one to one? Select one: a. frequency-dependent selection. b. selective abortion. c. environmental sex determination. d. genetic sex determination.

a

In population dynamics following the logistic model, an overshoot occurs when a. N > K b. N > r c. N = K/2 d. N = r/2

a

In sexual reproduction, meiosis produces _____ cells from one parent that join with _____ cells from the other parent to form a _____ zygote. a. haploid; haploid; diploid b. haploid; diploid; haploid c. diploid; diploid; haploid d. haploid; diploid; diploid

a

In the logistic growth model with time delays, the product of r and τ indicates the a. extent of oscillations in population size. b. carrying capacity of a population. c. amount of demographic stochasticity. d. amount of environmental stochasticity.

a

In the logistic model with delayed density dependence, an increase in the length of the time delay will affect population dynamics by a. making it more likely that the population will oscillate. b. decreasing the mean population size. c. making it more likely that the population approaches K without oscillations. d. increasing the mean population size.

a

Small intervening patches that dispersing organisms can use to move between large favorable habitats are called a. habitat corridors. b. stepping stones. c. glades. d. matrix pathways.

a

Suppose a team of scientists uncovers a new species of small, carnivorous mammals deep in the jungles of South America.To better understand the organism each member of the scientific team investigates a different aspect of the animal's ecology. What type of the ecological system is Leo investigating if they are studying the acute sense of hearing to navigate its surroundings? Select one: a. individual b. community c. species d. ecosystem

a

That a predator finds itself in an environment with increased prey, yet does not immediately convert the prey consumed in such a resource-rich environment into offspring is the foundation for the idea of a. delayed density dependence. b. overshoot and die-off. c. metapopulation dynamics. d. extinction modeling.

a

The color pattern and texture of the body of a horned lizard (Phrynosoma platyrhinos) allows it to blend into the ground of the desert in which it lives. This is an example of a. crypsis b. a behavioral defense c. spatial avoidance d. a structural defense

a

The females of a certain species of fish produce on average 1,000 eggs each year. By chance some females produce a few more eggs than average, and others produce slightly fewer eggs than average. This is an example of a. demographic stochasticity. b. population cycles. c. environmental stochasticity. d. damped oscillations

a

The field capacity of the soil is the a. amount of water held against gravity. b. the amount of nutrients the soil can hold. c. the nutrients accessible to plants. d. number of plants it can support.

a

Transpiration is the a. evaporation of water from a leaf. b. loss of energy due to respiration. c. movement of water from the soil to a plant's roots. d. absorption of carbon dioxide.

a

Two species of spider cannot copulate due to incompatibles in the shape of their genitalia. The is an example of a. prezygotic reproductive isolation b. postzygotic reproductive isolation c. hybrid vigor d. None of the choices are correct.

a

What is not true about a species' geographic range? Select one: a. The geographic area is always contiguous. b. Individuals may be absent from some regions of a species' geographic range. c. The geographic range may span more than a single biome. d. The geographic range may have variable vegetation types, soil types, and topography within its border.

a

What is true about the Lotka-Volterra model for predator and prey? a. The model results in oscillating populations of predator and prey with the predator population lagging behind the prey population. b. The model includes recognition of the carrying capacity for prey. c. The model results in oscillating populations of predator and prey with the prey population lagging behind the predator population. d. The model includes recognition of the carrying capacity for predators.

a

Which is an example of demographic stochasticity? I. increased moose mortality when the population exceeds carrying capacity II. variation in death rate of mice due to chance differences between individuals III. increases and decreases in seed production due to changes in rainfall a. II only b. I only c. II and III only d. III only e. I and II only

a

Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines whether a patch is likely to be occupied by a species? Select one: a. history of extinction in the patch b. resource availability in the patch c. size of the patch d. proximity to other occupied patches

a

Which shows the order of phenotypically plastic traits from those that typically respond most rapidly to those that typically respond least rapidly? a. behavior, physiology, morphology b. morphology, physiology, behavior c. behavior, morphology, physiology d. morphology, behavior, physiology e. physiology, morphology, behavior

a

Consider these two populations, which exhibit variation in population size over time. In which population is the fluctuation most likely due to environmental variation, and in which population is fluctuation most likely due to density dependence? Choose either environmental or density-dependence for each graph. a) stable oscillation b)varied unpredictable oscillation

a)density-dependence b)Enviormental

Water is conducive to maintaining life on earth because (choose all that apply) ______________. a. is a good medium for chemical processes b. can reach high acidity levels which are important for the physiological processes of organisms c. it resists changes in state well d. has an immense capacity dissolve inorganic compounds

a,c,d

As a rule of thumb, ecologists use _____ as a value for food chain efficiency. a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 15 percent d. 20 percent

a. 10 percent

The pesticide DDT in a body of water increases about _____ in concentration when it binds to particles such as algae. a. 10-fold b. 5-fold c. 50-fold d. 30-fold

a. 10-fold

How many mass extinctions have occurred? a. 5 b. 15 c. 10 d. 3

a. 5

The most recent mass extinction event occurred a. 65 million years ago. b. 200 million years ago. c. 35 million years ago. d. 450 million years ago.

a. 65 million years ago.

A mass extinction event is one in which _____ percent of the existing species go extinct. a. 75 b. 95 c. 55 d. 25

a. 75

Which is an example of a trait-mediated indirect effect? a. A predator causes a consumer to change its foraging pattern, affecting the amount of food consumed. b. Predators consume most of their main prey, then switch to omnivory. c. Herbivores migrate in and out of communities depending on perceived predation risk. d. Herbivores consume vegetation, which reduces hiding places for predators stalking their prey.

a. A predator causes a consumer to change its foraging pattern, affecting the amount of food consumed.

How would adding resources such as fertilizer to an area affect the species in a community? a. It would reduce richness. b. It would increase richness. c. It would increase the abundance of all species. d. It would reduce the abundance of all species.

a. It would reduce richness.

Which of the following equations is a zero growth isocline? a. N2 = K1 ÷ α b. N2 = α ÷ K2 c. N1 = α ÷ K1 d. N2 = K1 ÷ α

a. N2 = K1 ÷ α

In Morin's competition experiment, ponds contained tadpoles of three species and a species of newt. Newts in increasing numbers were added to ponds containing the tadpoles. How did the number of newts affect competition among tadpoles? a. Predation by newts reversed the outcome of competition between the tadpoles. b. Predation by newts extirpated tadpoles in the ponds. c. Predation by newts had no effect on tadpoles in the ponds. d. Predation by newts equalized tadpole survival between the tadpoles.

a. Predation by newts reversed the outcome of competition between the tadpoles.

Which of the following equations describes the species-area curve? a. S = cAz b. A = cSz c. S = czA d. SA = cz

a. S = cAz

Which of the following is NOT an effect of fragmentation of a large contiguous habitat? a. The amount of edge habitat decreases. b. The total amount of habitat decreases. c. The number of habitat patches increases. d. Patch isolation increases.

a. The amount of edge habitat decreases.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a trait-mediated indirect effect? a. The presence of raptors causes squirrels to forage at night instead of during the day. b. Greater numbers of aspen trees grow in areas where predation risk from wolves prevents elk from browsing. c. Grasses increase because the presence of spiders has reduced grasshopper foraging. d. Zooplankton abundance in a pond increases because piscivorous largemouth bass cause small fish (zooplanktivores) to take refuge in pond margins away from zooplankton.

a. The presence of raptors causes squirrels to forage at night instead of during the day.

In a chi-square test what is the null hypothesis? a. There is no difference between expected and observed. b. Observed and expected are different. c. Observed is greater than expected. d. Observed is less than expected.

a. There is no difference between expected and observed.

Connell's research on competition between the rock barnacle and Poli's stellate barnacle in upper and lower intertidal zones is an example of a. a manipulative experiment. b. a long-term observational study. c. how predation determines the superior competitor. d. how colonization determines where species live in an intertidal zone.

a. a manipulative experiment.

The research on competition between sage and grasses in California demonstrated that the bare zone surrounding purple sage shrubs (Salvia leucophylla) was due to a. allelopathy. b. apparent competition. c. exploitative competition. d. apparent competition.

a. allelopathy.

Which is NOT an example of a major human alteration to the global nitrogen cycle? a. animal waste from agriculture b. combustion of fossil fuels c. production of nitrogen fertilizers d. planting of nitrogen-fixing crops

a. animal waste from agriculture

When wolves and coyotes compete, reductions in numbers of coyotes are attributed to a virus the wolves carry that is more harmful in coyotes. This is an example of a. apparent competition. b. exploitative competition. c. interference competition. d. allelopathy.

a. apparent competition.

Which is an example of an ecosystem engineer? a. beavers, which build dams on streams b. termites, which build very large hives and eat the wood in buildings c. bees, which pollinate many types of flowers and crops d. zebra mussels, which clog water intake structures

a. beavers, which build dams on streams

The age of pollen grain is determined using a. carbon dating. b. elemental dating. c. chronosequences. d. seral dating.

a. carbon dating.

Terrestrial primary productivity can be quantified by measuring the uptake and release of a. carbon dioxide. b. water vapor. c. nitrate. d. methane.

a. carbon dioxide.

Distantly related species are most likely to compete if they a. consume a shared limiting resource. b. live close together. c. live in similar habitat. d. face the same predator species.

a. consume a shared limiting resource.

The percentage of energy or biomass in a trophic level that is consumed by the next higher trophic level is called _____ efficiency. a. consumption b. predation c. assimilation d. net production

a. consumption

Which of the following ecosystems has the lowest levels of primary productivity? a. desert scrub b. temperate grassland c. savanna d. tundra

a. desert scrub

When habitat is fragmented, a(n) _____ forms along the edges. a. ecotone b. biome c. mesocosm d. microhabitat

a. ecotone

When two species compete for soil water, it is called a. exploitative competition. b. interference competition. c. apparent competition. d. allelopathy.

a. exploitative competition.

A mechanism of succession in which the presence of one species increases the probability that a second species can become established is a. facilitation. b. tolerance. c. inhibition. d. priority effect.

a. facilitation.

Leibig's law of the minimum a. fails to consider that the interaction of resources can limit growth. b. fails to consider competition for resources. c. assumes that the resource in lowest supply is always the most limiting. d. fails to consider other processes like predation and disease.

a. fails to consider that the interaction of resources can limit growth.

The largest cause of declining biodiversity is a. habitat loss. b. overharvesting. c. introduced species. d. global climate change.

a. habitat loss.

Which concept suggests that a community is much more than the sum of its individual parts? a. holistic concept b. individualistic concept c. concept of independence d. ecotone concept

a. holistic concept

Scientists hypothesize that losses of large mammals between 11,500 and 500 years ago were caused by a. humans. b. climate change. c. pollution. d. invasive species.

a. humans.

Succession in aquatic environments a. is often faster than succession in terrestrial environments. b. is often slower than succession in terrestrial environments. c. has more seral stages than succession in terrestrial environments. d. never reaches a climax community.

a. is often faster than succession in terrestrial environments.

Which of the following would be expected to have the largest population at equilibrium? a. large near island b. large far island c. small near island d. small far island

a. large near island

Islands at equilibrium that are farther from the mainland contain fewer species than nearer islands at equilibrium because farther islands have a. less colonization. b. greater emigration. c. less isolation. d. greater extinction.

a. less colonization.

Terrestrial primary succession begins with a. lichens and mosses. b. grasses and herbs. c. lichens and grasses. d. mosses and grasses.

a. lichens and mosses.

How does an ecologist determine the presence of an ecotone? a. measure the abundance of plant species over space and abrupt changes in species composition b. perform controlled crosses among all plant species within a community to determine the extent to which the species are reproductively isolated c. measure microclimate and soil variables for abrupt changes d. measure elevation, since many environmental and ecological variables change with elevation

a. measure the abundance of plant species over space and abrupt changes in species composition

Standing crop is determined by _____ productivity. a. net primary b. gross primary c. net secondary d. gross secondary

a. net primary

In species-area curves, S represents a. number of species. b. area of the site. c. species diversity. d. a constant fitted to the data.

a. number of species.

The lowest level in marine trophic pyramids is a. phytoplankton. b. zooplankton. c. pelagic fish. d. periplankton.

a. phytoplankton.

A review of research in Europe demonstrated that species richness is a. positively related to aboveground biomass. b. negatively related to aboveground biomass. c. positively related to genetic diversity. d. negatively related to genetic diversity.

a. positively related to aboveground biomass.

Terrestrial secondary productivity is _____ correlated with primary productivity, and aquatic secondary productivity is _____ correlated with primary productivity. a. positively; positively b. positively; negatively c. negatively; negatively d. negatively; positively

a. positively; positively

The cancer drug Taxol, which originally came from the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia), is an example of a _____ service. a. provisioning b. cultural c. supporting d. regulating

a. provisioning

All of the species in all of the habitats that constitute a large geographic area are called a. regional diversity. b. alpha diversity. c. local diversity. d. regional species pool.

a. regional diversity.

The carbon-sequestering ability of tropical rainforests is an example of a ____ service. a. regulating b. provisioning c. cultural d. supporting

a. regulating

A classic study by MacArthur and Wilson demonstrated that as the size of islands increases, species a. richness increases. b. richness decreases. c. diversity increases. d. diversity decreases.

a. richness increases.

Jaccard's index quantifies a. similarity between communities. b. differences between communities. c. community diversity. d. community species richness.

a. similarity between communities.

A minimum viable population is the _____ population of a species that can _____. a. smallest; persist in the face of environmental variation. b. ideal; persist in increasing global temperatures. c. smallest; maintain genetic variability. d. ideal; return a population from threatened status.

a. smallest; persist in the face of environmental variation.

Which would likely have very high resilience to disturbance? a. soil microbes b. redwood forest c. desert vegetation d. grassland

a. soil microbes

In North America, reptile diversity is greatest in the a. south. b. east. c. west. d. north.

a. south.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a resource? a. temperature b. holes that allow prey to hide from a predator c. soil nitrogen d. nesting sites in a dead tree

a. temperature

A regional species pool is the collection of species a. that differ in occurrence within a region. b. that differ in occurrence between two habitats. c. in a relatively small area of homogeneous habitat. d. in a large area of homogeneous habitat.

a. that differ in occurrence within a region.

A climax community is generally composed of organisms a. that dominate in a given biome. b. that were present throughout succession. c. from surrounding communities. d. that are common.

a. that dominate in a given biome.

When Hairston, Smith, and Slobodkin suggested that Earth is green because carnivores depress the populations of herbivores that would otherwise consume most vegetation, they were focusing on __________ control of community structure. a. top-down b. bottom-up

a. top-down

Terrestrial NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems, and aquatic NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems. a. tropical; coastal b. tropical; open water c. polar; tropical d. tropical; tropical

a. tropical; coastal

Which of the following is an example of a transient climax community? a. vernal pool b. wetland c. bog d. intertidal zone

a. vernal pool

Early-succession species are likely to have a. wind-dispersed seeds. b. high shade tolerance. c. short seed viability. d. large size at maturity

a. wind-dispersed seeds.

Imagine a population of 600 mice and 350 chipmunks. The chipmunks and mice eat some of the same food, but the food to support 1,000 mice would support only 300 chipmunks. What would α and β be for this population in which mice are species 1 and chipmunks are species 2? a. α = 3.3; β = 0.3 b. α = 0.3; β = 3.3β c. α = 1.7; β = 0.6 d. α = 0.6; β = 1.7

a. α = 3.3; β = 0.3

A reduction in genetic variability caused by a drastic reduction in population size is called a a. Hardy-Weinberg effect b. bottleneck effect c. polymorphic effect d. founder effect

b

A smallmouth bass swimming in colder water of a springtime lake would likely expend _________ energy than when swimming in warmer water of the same lake during the summer (all things being equal). a. the same b. more c. less

b

A species of louse (an external parasite) infests pocket gophers. Researchers have found that the lice have difficulty finding a mate when there are only a few lice on an individual pocket gopher. The lice find mates more easily and produce more offspring when there are many lice on an individual pocket gopher. This is an example of Select one: a. density-independent population regulation. b. positive density-dependent population regulation c. the geometric growth model. d. negative density-dependent population regulation.

b

According to Lotka and Voltera what information was required to calculate the change in population size of the predator over time (dP/dt)? a. the overall death rate of the prey by all causes b. the efficiency rate of converting prey consumed into predator offspring c. the death rate of prey by all causes other than predation d. the efficiency rate of converting vegetation consumed by the prey into prey offspring

b

All things being equal, which organism would potentially lose body heat at a greater rate? a. elephant b. mouse c. moose d. fox

b

An experimental control is a(n) a. experiment performed on randomly selected samples. b. manipulation without the factor of interest. c. sample size that is large enough to accurately reflect the variance (spread of data) d. manipulation using different treatment categories

b

Asexual reproduction Select one: a. is accomplished only via parthenogenesis. b. occurs when offspring are produced by and receive genetic material from only one parent. c. occurs when offspring are produced by two parents without copulation. d. occurs when offspring are produced by and receive genetic material from both parents.

b

Consider a mouse that can forage in one of two fields. The south field has three times more seeds than the north field. However, an owl (a predator that eats mice) lives at the south field. The mouse forages in the north field despite the fact that it contains less food. This is an example of a. optimal-diet composition. b. risk-sensitive foraging. c. central-place foraging. d. diet mixing.

b

Consider four populations of island birds. Each island has a different carrying capacity, and the birds are subject to environmental and demographic stochasticity. Which population is LEAST likely to go extinct? a. island 2, K = 300 b. island 4, K = 1,200 c. island 3, K = 900 d. island 1, K = 100

b

Consider moose that breed in the fall and give birth in the spring. During breeding, the moose population is below carrying capacity, but once the young moose are born, the moose population far exceeds carrying capacity. This is an example of a. rescue effect. b. delayed density dependence. c. demographic stochasticity. d. dampened oscillations.

b

For populations growing under the logistic growth model with delayed density dependence, which of the following combinations of parameter values is most likely to lead to damped oscillations? a. r = 1; K =20; τ = 3 b. r = 0.5; K = 200; τ = 3 c. r = 0.1; K = 200; τ = 2 d. r = 0.1; K = 20; τ= 2

b

Human activity can affect metapopulations. Under the basic model of metapopulation dynamics, when humans make it easier for individuals to travel between patches, the probability of _____ and the proportion of occupied patches _____. Select one: a. extinction increases; increases b. colonization increases; increases c. extinction increases; decreases d. colonization decreases; decreases

b

If populations that have never been geographically separated split into different species, the process is known as a. allopatric speciation b. sympatric speciation c. Ecotype speciation d. none of the answer choices are correct

b

If you designed an experiment to determine how temperature and the species composition of seeds affect growth and reproduction in seed eating birds, what would be the dependent variables? a. reproduction of birds, species composition of seeds b. growth or birds, reproduction of birds c. temperature, species composition of seeds d. species composition of seeds, growth of birds e. reproduction of birds, temperature

b

One cost of self-fertilization in the absence of mates is a. handling time. b. inbreeding depression. c. physiological acclimation. d. migration.

b

The organism with the highest fitness is a. An animal that lives 100 years and produces 10 offspring total. b. An animal that lives 10 years and produces 10 offspring per year. c. An animal that lives 10 years and produces 2 offspring per year. d. An animal that lives 1 year and produces 10 offspring total

b

The potential energy generated by the attractive forces between water molecules and soil particles is a. soil potential. b. matrix potential c. osmotic potential. d. water potential.

b

What method is used to increase experimental reliability? a. natural experiments b. replication c. mathematical models d. proximate hypotheses

b

What prevents ice formation in blood and tissues of marine animals? a. a decreased concentration of salt b. an increased concentration of glycerol c. a decreased concentration of trimethylamine oxide d. an increased concentration of oxygen

b

When humans move from low elevations to high elevations, it typically takes one or more weeks for their bodies to improve their ability to carry oxygen. This is an example of a. environmental cues. b. acclimation. c. radiation. d. non-plastic genotypes.

b

Which is NOT a benefit of extra-pair copulation? Select one: a. increased fitness of monogamous female due to greater fitness of offspring. b. increased fitness of monogamous male due to less energy expended on reproduction. c. increased fitness of extra male due to increased numbers of offspring. d. increased fitness of offspring due to better genotype.

b

Which of the following does NOT apply to determinate growth? a. cessation of growth upon maturation (adulthood) b. growth in body size throughout life c. a fixed age of maturation d. iteroparity

b

Why is it important for organisms to osmoregulate? a. Active transport requires large amounts of energy. b. An imbalance in solutes disrupts cell functions. c. Organisms cannot survive in hyposmotic conditions. d. An imbalance is solutes disrupts thermal inertia.

b

n Lotka-Volterra models, a population is stable when its rate of change is a. less than zero. b. equal to zero. c. greater than zero. d. None of the above

b

Which is/are correct about founder effect? a. Founder effect produces new alleles. b. Founder effect may see further reduction in genetic variation. c. Founder effect occurs when individuals are transplanted to a new location.

b,c

For natural selection to result in evolutionary change, a. a hereditary mutation must occur b. phenotypic variation must exist in the population c. variation must be inherited d. different phenotypes have differing reproductive success

b,c,d

In the log-log form of the species-area curve, the slope of the relationship, z, is typically a. 0.5 to 1. b. 0.2 to 0.35. c. 0.1 to 0.15. d. 1 to 2.

b. 0.2 to 0.35.

What percentage of solar energy is captured by plants for photosynthesis? a. 50 percent b. 1 percent c. 99 percent d. 25 percent

b. 1 percent

Extinction rates over the past 50 years are _____ times higher than the historic rate. a. 100 b. 1,000 c. 10 d. 10,000

b. 1,000

How many total species have been named? a. 2.3 million b. 1.3 million c. 13 million d. 3.5 million

b. 1.3 million

When succession was studied at the Duke Forest in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, how many years did it take for the forest to revert to deciduous climax forest from agricultural field? a. 300 years b. 200 years c. 150 years d. 50 years

b. 200 years

Which statement best reflects the relationship between a disturbance and an alternative stable state? a. Many communities alter between stable states on a seasonal basis, which is not a true disturbance. b. A community will achieve an alternative stable state only after a major disturbance. c. An alternative stable state will not happen in aquatic communities, where there is no fire and water is not limiting. d. Communities can alternate among stable states in the absence of disturbance.

b. A community will achieve an alternative stable state only after a major disturbance.

Why have nonnative earthworms caused a decline in salamander populations in North America? a. Earthworms are predators of newly hatched salamanders. b. Earthworms caused reductions in insects that salamanders eat. c. Earthworms disturb soil, which makes it less hospitable to salamanders. d. Earthworms outcompete salamanders for soil nutrients.

b. Earthworms caused reductions in insects that salamanders eat.

Why were wind- and sea-dispersed seeds the first to colonize and survive on Krakatau? a. The seeds of these plants were more resistant to dry conditions than those of animal-dispersed plants. b. In the early days of colonization, there were no forests to attract animals that could disperse seeds. c. Plants with wind-dispersed seeds were able to survive the volcanic blast better than animal-dispersed plants d. Animal-dispersed plant seeds are more likely to be digested than wind- and sea-dispersed plants.

b. In the early days of colonization, there were no forests to attract animals that could disperse seeds.

What is a reasonable explanation of the results in the figure? a. The plants are light limited. b. Plants that competed more successfully for fertilizer shaded out other plants. c. Plant growth is best supported by addition of fertilizer and light. d. Addition of fertilizer reduces plants' ability to use light efficiently for photosynthesis.

b. Plants that competed more successfully for fertilizer shaded out other plants.

The resource requirements of two plant species, A and B, have been carefully studied. Researchers have determined the levels of a particular resource that will support equilibrium levels of each species. Species A needs more of this resource to maintain equilibrium than does species B. When these two species are set in competition (under conditions in which this resource is limiting), what is likely to happen to the populations of species A and B? a. Species A will displace species B. b. Species B will displace species A. c. Species A and B will continue to coexist. d. There is not enough information to determine the outcome.

b. Species B will displace species A.

Scientists believe that some species of eucalyptus in Australia promote frequent fires by means of flammable oils in their leaf litter. These fires kill completing plants. What type of competition does this example describe? a. exploitative competition b. allelopathy c. scramble competition d. apparent competition

b. allelopathy

In the example of competition dynamics with longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and other woody plants, fire suppression a. caused increases in important herbivore predators of longleaf pine. b. allowed the persistence of superior competing species that would otherwise be eliminated by fire. c. allowed increased growth of wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana). d. decreased germination of longleaf pine, which requires heat from fire.

b. allowed the persistence of superior competing species that would otherwise be eliminated by fire.

Tansley's experiments with bedstraw (Galium) showed that when two closely related species of bedstraw are grown together, a. one is always the superior competitor regardless of habitat. b. bedstraw in its preferred soil type is always the superior competitor. c. bedstraw in its preferred soil type is the better competitor for soil nitrogen. d. one was a better competitor for light and the other for water, depending on soil type.

b. bedstraw in its preferred soil type is always the superior competitor.

Global climate change is primarily caused by increased levels of _____ in the atmosphere. a. ozone b. carbon dioxide c. water vapor d. methane

b. carbon dioxide

In a food chain that undergoes biomagnification of a pesticide, which organism can expected to have the highest pesticide concentration? a. algae b. carnivorous fish c. zooplankton d. herbivorous fish

b. carnivorous fish

The equilibrium theory of island biogeography states that the number of species on an island reflects a balance between a. emigration of existing species and extinction of existing species. b. colonization of new species and extinction of existing species. c. evolution of new species and emigration of existing species. d. colonization of new species and emigration of existing species.

b. colonization of new species and extinction of existing species

In Lotka-Volterra population models, α12 and α21 are referred to as a. isoclines. b. competition coefficients. c. carrying capacities. d. rates of growth.

b. competition coefficients.

Which of the following is NOT a low-productivity aquatic ecosystem? a. open ocean b. coral reef c. forest stream d. deep ocean

b. coral reef

Assimilation energy is the percentage of consumed energy that is a. used for reproduction. b. digested and absorbed. c. used for growth. d. consumed by the next higher trophic level.

b. digested and absorbed.

According to the _____ hypothesis, sites with higher amounts of energy are able to support more species. a. energetic-diversity b. energy-diversity c. energy-biodiversity d. bioenergetics-diversity

b. energy-diversity

In the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, "S" ̂ occurs where extinction _____ colonization. a. is greater than b. equals c. is less than d. none of the above

b. equals

Which mechanisms of succession depend on one species arriving at a site before another species? a. inhibition and tolerance b. facilitation and inhibition c. tolerance and facilitation d. inhibition, facilitation, and tolerance

b. facilitation and inhibition

Ecological efficiency is also called _____ efficiency. a. trophic pyramid b. food chain c. assimilation d. net production

b. food chain

In primary succession of sand dunes, the first species to colonize are a. lichens. b. grasses. c. herbs. d. mosses.

b. grasses.

Smaller islands at equilibrium contain fewer species than larger islands at equilibrium because smaller islands have a. less colonization. b. greater extinction. c. greater isolation. d. greater emigration.

b. greater extinction.

A trophic cascade is an example of _____ effect. a. direct b. indirect

b. indirect

Which concept suggests that a community is a collection of species whose adaptations and requirements enable them to live together under the physical and biological conditions of a particular place? a. holistic concept b. individualistic concept c. concept of independence d. ecotone concept

b. individualistic concept

Electrical companies have discovered that dense shrub thickets, once established, can prevent growth of trees under power lines. Which mechanism of succession are these companies using by planting shrubs under power lines? a. facilitation b. inhibition c. tolerance d. shade tolerance

b. inhibition

A focus on the economic value a species can provide is called the a. intrinsic value of biodiversity. b. instrumental value of biodiversity. c. provisioning service. d. regulating service.

b. instrumental value of biodiversity.

What type of competition is allelopathy? a. exploitative b. interference c. apparent d. scramble

b. interference

Transient climax communities can occur when a site a. undergoes rapid environmental change. b. is frequently disturbed. c. is attacked by a pathogen. d. is colonized by invasive species.

b. is frequently disturbed.

Which type of succession would be expected to be the slowest? a. intertidal b. lake c. stream d. All of these types of succession are equally slow.

b. lake

Which field considers the spatial arrangement of habitats at different scales? a. community ecology b. landscape ecology c. ecosystem ecology d. population ecology

b. landscape ecology

Late-succession species are likely to have a. wind-dispersed seeds. b. large seeds. c. many seeds. d. fast growth rate.

b. large seeds.

The number of species in a relatively small area of homogeneous habitat is called a. regional diversity. b. local diversity. c. regional species pool. d. gamma diversity.

b. local diversity.

Food chain efficiency is the percentage of _____ from one trophic level compared to the next_____ trophic level. a. net production; higher b. net production; lower b. consumed energy; higher c. consumed energy; lower

b. net production; lower

The burning of fossil fuels affects the nitrogen cycle by increasing atmospheric a. nitrous oxide. b. nitric oxide. c. nitrate. d. ammonia. e. nitrite.

b. nitric oxide.

What is NOT an example of a regulating service? a. climate regulation b. nutrient cycling c. flood control d. water purification

b. nutrient cycling

A zero growth isocline is best defined in terms of a. time. b. population. c. carrying capacity. d. growth rate.

b. population.

PET is a measurement that combines the amount of solar radiation and a. temperature. b. precipitation. c. transpiration. d. evaporation.

b. precipitation.

Drinking water is an example of a ____ service. a. cultural b. provisioning c. supporting d. regulating

b. provisioning

In the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, researchers found a 90 percent reduction in nitrates leaving the watershed over a 5-year period. To what did they attribute the majority of this reduction? a. changes in species composition b. recovery from past disturbances c. increased soil pH d. climate change

b. recovery from past disturbances

Declines in genetic diversity can a. increase the probability that a population will survive changing environmental conditions. b. reduce the probability that a population will survive changing environmental conditions. c. decrease the probability of speciation. d. increase the rate of evolution.

b. reduce the probability that a population will survive changing environmental conditions.

Keystone species that are predators in a food web can increase species diversity by a. increasing the biomass of primary producers. b. removing competitive dominants. c. creating an intermediate disturbance. d. increasing production efficiency.

b. removing competitive dominants.

Each stage of community change during succession is called a _____ stage. a. succession b. seral c. serial d. community

b. seral

Which of the following is NOT a trait of a pioneer species? a. many seeds b. shade tolerant c. small seeds d. fast growing

b. shade tolerant

Which of the following is a limiting resource for sessile organisms in rocky intertidal habitats? a. food b. space c. dissolved nitrogen d. mates

b. space

Arranging species in the regional pool among localities according to their adaptations and interactions is called _____ sorting. a. biodiversity b. species c. gamma d. alpha

b. species

Succession in intertidal communities is rapid because a. the climax community has only a small number of species. b. the generation time of the dominant species is shorter. c. species easily disperse into the disturbed habitat. d. algae have a very rapid growth rate.

b. the generation time of the dominant species is shorter.

Which mechanism of succession is independent of the presence or absence of other species? a. inhibition b. tolerance c. facilitation d. facilitation and tolerance

b. tolerance

What most accurately describes a trophic cascade? a. bottom-up effects b. top-down effects c. found in waterfall habitats d. is based on two trophic levels

b. top-down effects

A climax community that is not persistent is called a _____ climax community. a. shifting b. transient c. variable d. chaotic

b. transient

Marine environments are most diverse in _____ environments and most productive in _____ environments. a. tropical; tropical b. tropical; temperate c. temperate; tropical d. temperate; temperate

b. tropical; temperate

Interspecific competition occurs a. when two pumas compete for deer. b. when any two species compete for a limited resource. c. when bald eagles compete for fish out of the same lake. d. only among animal species.

b. when any two species compete for a limited resource.

When succession was initially observed on the islands of Krakatau, plants with _____ seeds dominated. a. animal-dispersed b. wind-dispersed c. sea-dispersed d. ballistic-dispersed

b. wind-dispersed

A functional response in predatory-prey cycles is the relation between the density of a. prey and an individual predator's rate of growth. b. predators and an individual prey's rate of growth. c. prey and an individual predator's rate of food consumption. d. predators and an individual prey's rate of food consumption.

c

A group of organisms that interbreeds in nature and produces fertile offspring is called a a. ecosystem b. community c. species d. prokaryote

c

A herd of 25 reindeer was introduced to St. Paul Island in 1911. The line shows the number of reindeer on the island. Which describe(s) the entire figure correctly? Cure shaped like a mountain (up than down) I. The pattern fits the exponential model of population growth. II. The population experienced an overshoot. III. The population experienced a die-off. a. II only b. I only c. II and III only d. III only e. I, II, and III

c

A small species of fly lays its eggs in plant stems. The developing fly larvae cause a gall, or large round structure, to form in the stem. Genetic differences among flies cause variation in the size of the galls they produce. Both birds and wasps feed on the larvae in the galls. The proportions of small, medium, and large galls able to survive attacks by either birds or wasps are shown in the table. If a population of flies lives in a field with equal abundance of birds and wasps, will gall size be by directional, stabilizing, or disruptive selection? Gall size (mm) 15mm, 20mm, 25mm Gall survival with birds (%) 100-15mm, 100-20mm, 20-25mm Gall survival with wasps (%) 15mm-25, 20mm-100, 25mm-100 a. disruptive selection b. no natural selection c. stabilizing selection d. directional selection

c

An organism that does not maintain a constant body temperature is a(n) a. homeotherm. b. ectotherm. c. poikilotherm. d. endotherm.

c

An organism's ability to maintain constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment is called a. active regulation. b. metabolism. c. homeostasis. d. thermoregulation.

c

Consider a gene that affects fur color in mice. This gene has two alleles, A and a. If AA mice have white fur, Aa mice have gray fur, and aa mice have black fur, how would we describe the effect of these alleles? a. A is recessive and a is dominant. b. A is dominant and a is recessive. c. A and a are codominant. d. A and a are epistatic.

c

Consider a gene that affects number of seeds in a plant. This gene has two alleles, G and g. If GG plants produce 50 seeds, Gg plants produce 50 seeds, and gg plants produce 25 seeds, how would we describe the effect of these alleles? Select one: a. G and g are codominant. b. G and g are polygenic. c. G is dominant and g is recessive.

c

For logistic population growth, calculate the number of new individuals added to the population given an intrinsic rate of growth of 1.0 and a carrying capacity of 1500 if the population size is 250. a. 0 b. 150.3 c. 291.7 d. 1500 e. 600.25

c

If an ecologist were looking at the characteristic related to how an individual in a population interacts with others of its species in a given area, one would likely be looking at what? Select one: a. abundance b. geographic range c. dispersion d. density

c

If individuals in groups must compete with other group members for food, why would an individual be found in a group? Select one: a. The food items/unit of area of habitat is greater. b. The food items/unit of area of habitat is less. c. The costs of competition are less than the benefits of group living. d. The costs of competition are greater than the benefits of group living.

c

If the direct fitness cost to a donor is 6 and the indirect fitness benefit to the recipient is 30, is altruistic behavior likely to evolve between full siblings? a. No idea. b. Likely c. Unlikely

c

In the wattled jacana (Jacana jacana), a species of tropical wading bird, males perform all brood care. Females protect nests and defend territory. Females sometimes attack and kill chicks cared for by a male. The male then fertilizes the female attacker and cares for the resulting young. This type of social interaction that sees one female killing the young produced by another female so as to be fertilized by the male caring for the original brood is an example of Select one: a. spitefulness. b. altruism. c. selfishness. d. cooperation.

c

Increased competition for food among individuals living in groups may lead to increases in all of the following except Select one: a. movement between habitats in search of food. b. aggression between group members. c. time spent in parental care of offspring d. time dedicated to locating food by individuals.

c

Natural selection favoring the rarer sex in a population leads to evolution of sex ratios. This process is the result of Select one: a. environmental sex determination b. genetic sex determination c. frequency-dependent selection d. frequency-independent selection

c

One cost of self-fertilization in the absence of mates is a. handling time. b. migration. c. inbreeding depression. d. physiological acclimation.

c

Population cycles I. are increases and decreases of population size occurring at regular time intervals. II. can be caused by overshooting carrying capacity and subsequent die-offs. III. indicate that a species is about to become extinct. a. I only b. II and III c. I and II d. II only e. III only

c

Reproductive trade-offs that an organism might face include all of the following except Select one: a. the energy expended by the parent in caring for the offspring versus energy available for the growth and survival of the parent. b. the number of offspring versus the level of parental care provided the offspring. c. the costs of hibernation during the nonbreeding season versus the costs of migration. d. the number of offspring produced versus the size and development of the offspring.

c

Scientists have demonstrated that as herbivory on orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) flowers increases, the proportion of selfing to outcrossing flowers increases. This occurs because Select one: a. the loss of resources due to herbivory causes plants to make less expensive selfing flowers. b. herbivores prefer the nectar of outcrossing flowers because of their increased sugar content. c. the plant requires rapid reproduction to compensate for biomass loss due to herbivory.

c

Suppose a population of shrews becomes divided by a valley. A new mating ritual evolves and and spreads through one of the populations. One thousand years later, when researchers bring the shrews from both sides of the valley into the lab, shrews from one population do not successfully interbreed from shrews with the other. What type of speciation occurred in the shrews? Select one: a. zygotic b. Speciation did not occur because the shrew system changed at the population level. c. allopatric d. sympatric

c

That individuals are more likely to find mates and reproduce when populations are larger as compared to when populations are smaller is termed a. negative density dependence. b. a density-independent variable. c. the Allee effect. d. self-thinning

c

The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) develops a muscular hump on its back that increases its acceleration in response to predators. This is an example of a. a behavioral defense. b. a chemical defense. c. a structural defense. d. crypsis.

c

The evolution of altruistic behavior is most likely to be between a. siblings. b. parent and offspring. c. identical twins. d. cousins.

c

The following table shows the survival and fecundity of a flowering plant. Age in Years (x) 1 2 3 4 5 Survival Rate (sx) .1 .8 .8 .8 Survivorship (lx) 1 .1 .08 .064 .0512 Fecundity (bx) 10 20 What is the R0 for this species? a. 24 b. 30 c. 1.664 d. .1152

c

The limit to the amount of minerals water can hold is called a. the dissolution limit b. the solvent point c. saturation d. deposition

c

The male golden orb-weaving spider (Nephila clavipes) dies while still joined with the female following copulation. This is an example of Select one: a. extra-pair copulation. b. monogamy. c. mate guarding. d. the handicap principle

c

The principle of allocation states that life history traits are adapted to maximize a. number of offspring in population. b. ability of offspring to start populations in a new habitat. c. fitness d. frequency of reproduction. e. fecundity.

c

What soil would you expect to have the highest field capacity? a. silt b. sand c. silty clay

c

When a given phenotype has higher fitness in one environment and different phenotypes have higher fitness in other environments, this is considered to be Select one: a. acclimation b. an environmental cue c. a phenotypic trade-off d. phenotypic plasticity

c

When a population has a stable age distribution, a. it is at its carrying capacity. b. the total number of individuals stays constant over time. c. the proportion of individuals in each age class remains constant. d. the net reproductive rate is less than one.

c

Which functional response curve shows a satiation of the predator at high prey densities? a. Type II b. Type III c. Type I, II, and III all show satiation. d. Type I

c

Which heat transfer method occurs with contact? a. convection b. evaporation c. conduction d. radiation

c

Which is NOT true about territoriality? Territoriality develops Select one: a. when a resource can be defended. b. when the benefits of defending a resource outweigh the costs. c. during the nonbreeding season only. d. when fitness is increased by having the territory.

c

Which is the correct hierarchy of ecological systems, from smallest to largest? a. individual, community, population, ecosystem, biosphere b. individual, population, ecosystem, biosphere, community c. individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere d. ecosystem, biosphere, community, population, individual

c

Which model specifically addresses the situation in which subpopulations in poor-quality habitats are maintained by immigration of individuals from other subpopulations that produce surplus individuals? Select one: a. the landscape population model b. the ideal free distribution model c. source-sink metapopulation model d. patchy population model

c

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of increased resource availability? Select one: a. fast growth b. large size at maturation c. reduced predation risk d. early development

c

Which of the following is an example of weather? a. The average annual rainfall in a North American desert is 33 cm per year. b. The average summer temperature at a specific location has increased from 30°C in the 1950s to 32°C in the 1990s. c. A single location received 10 cm of snow on January 1, 2011, but no snow on January 2, 2011. d. The composition of the soil differs between the coastal beaches and the eastern forests of North America.

c

Which statement best describes the cost of meiosis? Select one: a. Males pass on only 75 percent of their genetic material through sexual reproduction rather than 100 percent through asexual reproduction. b. Production of haploid gametes for sexual reproduction has a higher energy cost than direct production of diploid offspring. c. Females pass on only 50 percent of their DNA through sexual reproduction rather than 100 percent through asexual reproduction. d. Sexual reproduction results in fewer offspring than asexual reproduction.

c

Why is it beneficial for birds and mammals with high surface-area-to-volume ratios to reduce their body temperature for short periods? a. Reducing body temperature prevents water loss. b. Reducing body temperature allows them to gather more food. c. Reducing body temperature saves energy that would be consumed producing body heat. d. Reducing body temperature makes them less vulnerable to predators.

c

___________ is the maximum amount of water held by soil particles against the force of gravity. a. None of the choices are correct. b. Wilting point c. Field capacity d. Matrix potential

c

f all of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were met, what would happen to the frequency of the recessive allele after many generations of mating? a. decrease b. increase c. remain same

c

populations whose individuals _____ favor clustered dispersion. Select one: a. do not interact with each other b. directly interact with each other c. live in social groups d. aggressively defend resourcesp

c

Which correctly describes metapopulations? Select all that applies. Select one or more: a. The basic metapopulation model assumes that all patches are equal in quality. b. None of the choices are correct c. The frequency of occupied habitats is due to the balance of extinction and colonization. d. They can arise from habitat fragmentation.

c,d

Current atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are approximately a. 256 ppm. b. 410 ppm. c. 394 ppm. d. 385 ppm.

c. 394 ppm.

Which of the following is TRUE about succession? a. Species richness initially increases with time in aquatic succession. b. Species richness initially increases with time in terrestrial succession. c. Both a and b are true. d. Neither a nor b is true.

c. Both a and b are true.

Which is NOT a way that edge habitat differs from interior habitat? a. Edge habitat has more sunlight. b. Edge habitat has warmer temperatures. c. Edge habitat has higher soil moisture. d. Edge habitat has higher rates of evaporation.

c. Edge habitat has higher soil moisture.

What do the data in the graphs suggest about the resistance of the community to disturbance? a. Communities with any amount of plants are very resistant to disturbance. b. Community resistance depends on whether herbivores, predators, and parasites are present. c. Herbivore species richness and abundance both increase with small changes in plant species richness. d. The stability of herbivore species richness and abundance respond independently of plant species richness.

c. Herbivore species richness and abundance both increase with small changes in plant species richness.

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which statement about reserve designs is TRUE? a. Small reserves are better than large reserves. b. Oval reserves are better than circular reserves. c. One large reserve is better than many small reserves. d. Remote reserves are better than nearby reserves.

c. One large reserve is better than many small reserves.

Which is true about terrestrial succession? a. Initial conditions do not affect the trajectory of succession. b. Primary and secondary succession result in different climax communities. c. The sequence of seral stages is variable. d. The sequence of seral stages is linear.

c. The sequence of seral stages is variable.

_____ is a mechanism of succession in which the probability that a species can establish itself depends on its dispersal ability and its ability to persist under the physical conditions of the environment. a. Facilitation b. Inhibition c. Tolerance d. Resilience

c. Tolerance

A graph of the number of species observed in relation to the number of individuals sampled is called a species _____ curve. a. increase b. accretion c. accumulation d. area

c. accumulation

Dead zones are formed when rivers that empty into oceans carry excess phosphorus and nitrate runoff. These dead zones are caused by a. precipitates of nitrate and phosphorus forming in the water. b. bacterial blooms. c. algal blooms. d. nitrate and phosphorus poisoning. e. increased acidity due to nitrates and phosphorus.

c. algal blooms.

Local species diversity is also called _____ diversity. a. gamma b. beta c. alpha d. delta

c. alpha

The competitive exclusion principle states that two organisms cannot coexist indefinitely when they a. live in the same habitat. b. are similar species. c. are limited by the same resources. d. consume the same prey.

c. are limited by the same resources.

Closely related species a. often share similar niches. b. are unlikely to compete with one another. c. are often distributed among different habitats to minimize competition. d. grow together because they thrive in similar habitats.

c. are often distributed among different habitats to minimize competition.

What is the process by which the concentration of a contaminant increases as it moves up the food chain? a. bioexpansion b. bioconcentration c. biomagnification d. bioaccumulation

c. biomagnification

Keystone species a. have the most biomass in a community. b. are usually top predators. c. can affect community structure despite low abundance. d. are invasive predator species that eat native herbivores.

c. can affect community structure despite low abundance.

The last seral stage in the process of succession is called the _____ community. a. apex b. baseline c. climax d. final

c. climax

Graphical models of competition tell us that a. closely related species are less likely to compete than distantly related species. b. closely related species are more likely to compete than distantly related species. c. coexistence of two competing species is most likely if intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition. d. coexistence of two competing species is most likely if interspecific competition is stronger than intraspecific competition.

c. coexistence of two competing species is most likely if intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition.

According to the experimental results shown in the figure, what factor best explains the reduction in plant species richness with addition of fertilizer? a. inhibition of photosynthesis b. intolerance to fertilizer c. competitive exclusion d. interaction of fertilizer and light

c. competitive exclusion

Which of the following is NOT a category of instrumental values? a. cultural b. regulating c. consumer d. supporting

c. consumer

The movement of landmasses across the surface of the earth is called a. tectonic spread. b. Pangaea. c. continental drift. d. continental divide.

c. continental drift.

What causes variation in climax communities over space? a. variation in predators b. shifting biomes c. environmental gradients d. all of the above

c. environmental gradients

Eskers are legacy effects of a. volcanic eruptions. b. asteroid strikes. c. glaciers. d. floods.

c. glaciers.

Tansley's experiments with bedstraw (Galium) showed that closely related species reduce competition by a. partitioning soil resources. b. growing in distinct patches. c. growing in distinct habitats. d. altering nutrient requirements so that there is no overlap.

c. growing in distinct habitats.

Populations approach a stable equilibrium when a. all resources have been consumed. b. resources are plentiful relative to demand. c. growth rate nears zero. d. the population exceeds carrying capacity.

c. growth rate nears zero.

The time required for a chemical to break down to half of its original concentration is called its a. decomposition coefficient. b. retention time. c. half-life. d. decontamination time.

c. half-life.

Provisioning services are those that a. support ecosystems, such as primary production, soil formation, and nutrient cycling. b. include climate regulation, flood control, and water purification. c. humans use, including lumber, fur, meat, crops, water, and fiber. d. provide aesthetic, spiritual, or recreational value.

c. humans use, including lumber, fur, meat, crops, water, and fiber.

If a plant is primarily limited by nitrogen and secondarily by phosphorus, according to Leibig's law of the minimum, under which circumstances would adding phosphorus increase the plant's growth rate? a. if nitrogen and phosphorus are added together b. if the phosphorus is added to alleviate limitation before the nitrogen is added c. if the nitrogen is added to alleviate limitation before phosphorus is added d. Phosphorus would never increase the growth rate because the primary limitation is nitrogen.

c. if the nitrogen is added to alleviate limitation before phosphorus is added

In North America, the number of species of mammals generally a. increases from north to south. b. decreases from north to south. c. increases from east to west. b. decreases from east to west.

c. increases from east to west.

Which of the following describes intrinsic values of biodiversity? a. aesthetic b. cultural c. inherent d. economic

c. inherent

In the study of Oregon intertidal communities, little brown barnacles (Chthamalus dalii) are first to colonize disturbed areas. Over time, the community is dominated by the acorn barnacle (Balanus glandula). Which mechanism of succession explains the relationship between the two species of barnacles? a. tolerance b. facilitation c. inhibition d. none of the above

c. inhibition

Researchers have determined that common reed damages roots of other species by secreting gallic acid. This is an example of _____ competition. a. passive b. exploitative c. interference d. apparent

c. interference

When long-legged ants plug the nest entrances of red harvester ants with which they compete for seeds, it is called a. allelopathy. b. exploitative competition. c. interference competition. d. apparent competition.

c. interference competition.

When two species interact directly to aggressively defend resources, it is called a. allelopathy. b. exploitative competition. c. interference competition. d. apparent competition.

c. interference competition.

MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography considers both species-area relationships and a. biomes. b. productivity. c. isolation. d. environment.

c. isolation

In fire-maintained climax communities in the southeastern United States, periodic fires a. change soil conditions so they do not favor oaks or broadleaf species. b. cause rapid compensatory growth of burned pines. c. kill oak and other broadleaf species but not pines. d. change water relations to conditions that favor pines.

c. kill oak and other broadleaf species but not pines.

A long-lasting influence of historical processes on the current ecology of an area is called a _____ effect. a. retention b. landscape c. legacy d. spatial

c. legacy

Canopy gaps change local forest composition primarily by increased a. nutrient supply. b. coarse woody debris. c. light. d. soil moisture.

c. light.

Which of the following describes the log-log form of the species area curve? a. log S + log c = z log A b. log S = log c × z log A c. log S = log c + z log A d. log S + z log A = log c

c. log S = log c + z log A

The mathematical models for competition between species are based on the _____ equation. a. energy balance b. exponential population growth c. logistic population growth d. life table

c. logistic population growth

For marine organisms, the highest diversity is seen at _____ and the lowest diversity is seen at _____. a. low longitudes; high longitudes b. high longitudes; low longitudes c. low latitudes; high latitudes d. high latitudes; low latitudes

c. low latitudes; high latitudes

Communities with ____________ species are ____________ stable. a. few; more b. few; consistently c. many; more d. many; consistently

c. many; more

Experiments on how soil fertility limits terrestrial NPP demonstrate that _____ constrain(s) NPP. a. nitrogen b. phosphorus c. nitrogen and phosphorus d. micronutrients

c. nitrogen and phosphorus

What would be the most likely species richness-productivity relationship for a community in which the species were not resource limited? a. U-shaped b. negative c. none d. positive e. hump-shaped

c. none

The result of a chi-square test gives χ2 = 35.95, χ2 critical = 14.98. What is the conclusion of the analysis? a. null hypothesis retained b. alternative hypothesis not supported c. null hypothesis rejected d. There is not enough information to make a determination.

c. null hypothesis rejected

What is the largest pool of water on earth? a. wetlands b. underground aquifers c. oceans d. lakes e. glaciers

c. oceans

Inhibition is a mechanism of succession in which a. the probability that a species can become established depends on the presence of another species. b. the arrival of one species at a site affects the subsequent colonization of other species. c. one species decreases the probability that a second species will become established. d. one species increases the probability that a second species will become established.

c. one species decreases the probability that a second species will become established.

Stream succession is rapid because a. disturbed sites receive constant inputs of nutrients via runoff. b. organisms that live in streams have rapid growth rates. c. organisms can move downstream from less disturbed sites. d. disturbances that occur in stream communities are often not severe.

c. organisms can move downstream from less disturbed sites.

What is the relation between habitat diversity and species diversity? a. decrease with altitude b. hump shape c. positive d. negative if many invasive species are present

c. positive

When considering the effect of one species on the probability of a second species becoming established, facilitation is_____, inhibition is _____, and tolerance is _____. a. neutral; positive; negative b. positive; neutral; negative c. positive; negative; neutral d. negative; positive; neutral

c. positive; negative; neutral

In the study of the diatoms Synedra and Asterionella, Synedra was a better competitor than Asterionella because Synedra a. had a higher carrying capacity than Asterionella. b. had a lower carrying capacity than Asterionella. c. reduced the shared limiting resource to the lowest level at its carrying capacity. d. was more tolerant of predators than Asterionella.

c. reduced the shared limiting resource to the lowest level at its carrying capacity.

Flood control is an example of a ____ service. a. provisioning b. cultural c. regulating d. supporting

c. regulating

In the study of seed-eating rodents and ants in Southwest deserts, it was originally thought that rodents and ants would not compete for resources because a. rodents often consume ants, thereby keeping ant densities very low. b. ants are predators, and the rodents are herbivores. c. rodents are much larger than ants. d. rodents were active during the day and ants were active at night.

c. rodents are much larger than ants.

In North America, amphibian diversity is greatest in the a. northeast. b. northwest. c. southeast. d. southwest.

c. southeast.

Succession is change in _____ over time. a. species interactions b. species competition c. species composition d. land use

c. species composition

A researcher removed predatory starfish from sections of intertidal rock and found that the number of prey species decreased by 50 percent relative to control plots within a short time. This indicates: that a. predators compete with prey for space. b. predator species are competing for prey. c. starfish predation increases prey diversity. d. starfish predation reduces prey diversity.

c. starfish predation increases prey diversity.

Which of the following is NOT a high-productivity aquatic ecosystem? a. estuary b. coral reef c. stream d. coastal ocean

c. stream

The receding glacier at Glacier Bay in Alaska has been used to study a. competition. b. predation. c. succession. d. nutrient cycling.

c. succession.

Nutrient cycling is an example of a ____ service. a. regulating b. cultural c. supporting d. provisioning

c. supporting

What are the major drivers of NPP? a. fertility and precipitation b. temperature and pH c. temperature and precipitation d. fertility and temperature

c. temperature and precipitation

What is the source of most energy that moves through ecosystems? a. oceans b. soil nutrients c. the Sun d. Earth's core

c. the Sun

The priority effect occurs when a. the first species to arrive at a site have a greater probability of becoming established than subsequent species. b. the first species to arrive at a site have a lower probability of becoming established than subsequent species. c. the arrival of one species at a site affects the subsequent colonization of other species. d. the arrival of one species at a site improves conditions so there is an increased probability of subsequent species becoming established.

c. the arrival of one species at a site affects the subsequent colonization of other species.

What is the largest pool of nitrogen in the global nitrogen cycle? a. terrestrial biomass b. oceans c. the atmosphere d. soil

c. the atmosphere

In Lotka-Volterra competition models, the variable K represents a. the size of the population. b. the intrinsic growth rate. c. the carrying capacity. d. the time component of the model.

c. the carrying capacity.

The biomass of producers in a given area of an ecosystem at a particular moment is called a. net primary production. b. ecosystem mass. c. the standing crop. d. the standing harvest.

c. the standing crop.

Hemlocks cast much deeper shade than birch trees. The tree that competes more successfully for light is a. hemlock, because it casts deeper shade. b. the tree that survives best under low levels of light. c. the tree that can persist as saplings in deep shade in the forest understory. d. the most abundant species of saplings in the understory

c. the tree that can persist as saplings in deep shade in the forest understory.

What information about species is needed to calculate Jaccard's index? a. diversity b. growth rate c. those present d. mortality

c. those present

Which of the following is NOT an example of a habitat that could undergo primary succession? a. lava flow b. parking lot c. tree-fall gap d. sand dune

c. tree-fall gap

Decomposition is more rapid in _____ forests because of _____. a. temperate; increased temperature and precipitation b. temperate; increased pH and elevated potassium levels c. tropical; increased temperature and precipitation d. tropical; lower nutrient contents and low pH

c. tropical; increased temperature and precipitation

Intraspecific competition occurs a. when any two species compete for a limited resource. b. when two species of hummingbird compete for nectar. c. when bald eagles compete for fish out of the same lake. d. only among plant species.

c. when bald eagles compete for fish out of the same lake.

The IUCN defines the term extinct as pertaining to a species that was alive in the wild in the a. past but no individuals remain alive today. b. year 1000 but no individuals remain alive today. c. year 1500 but no individuals remain alive today. d. year 1900 but no individuals remain alive today.

c. year 1500 but no individuals remain alive today.

A social interaction in which both the donor's fitness and the recipient's fitness are increased is called a. selfishness b. altruism. c. spitefulness d. cooperation.

d

A type _____ functional response occurs when a predator's rate of prey consumption increases linearly with increasing prey and then satiates. a. IV b. II c. III d. I

d

According to an ideal free distribution, individual organisms would be expected to move into low-quality habitat when _________________. Select the best answer. Select one: a. habitat corridors open up between the two habitats. b. the per capita benefit of the high-quality habitat is greater than the per capita benefit of the low-quality habitat. c. the quality of the low-quality habitat increases to equal the high-quality habitat. d. the per capita benefit of the low-quality habitat equals the per capita benefit of the high-quality habitat.

d

All cohort life tables a. quantify the survival and fecundity of all individuals at a single time interval. b. have a stable age distribution c. describe a population at its carrying capacity. d. follow individuals born at the same time from birth to death.

d

Altruism is likely to evolve when Select one: a. C/B = r. b. B/C > r. c. C/B > r. d. C/B < r.

d

An organism starts out its life as female but later changes into a male. This is an example of a. simultaneous hermaphrodism b. dioecism c. None of the choices are correct. d. sequential hermaphrodism

d

Asexual reproduction Select one: a. occurs when offspring are produced by two parents without copulation. b. occurs when offspring are produced by and receive genetic material from both parents. c. is accomplished only via parthenogenesis. d. occurs when offspring are produced by and receive genetic material from only one parent.

d

At the equilibrium isocline for prey, the population of predators a. causes the prey population to decrease. b. and prey both stabilize. c. causes the prey population to increase. d. causes the prey population to be stable.

d

Consider a logistic model that includes a time delay in density dependence and exhibits damped oscillations. If the carrying capacity is increased but all other parameters remain the same, which of the following outcomes is most likely? a. The population will go extinct. b. The population will oscillate as a stable limit cycle. c. The population will approach carrying capacity without any oscillations. d. The population will continue to exhibit damped oscillations.

d

Huffaker's laboratory experiment of predator and prey species of mites demonstrated that predator and prey cycles a. are always unstable b. stabilize when males are added. c. stabilize with increased food sources. d. stabilize when prey have refuges and the environment is complex.

d

In Hamilton's rule, C/B describes the ratio of Select one: a. direct fitness costs to indirect fitness benefits. b. indirect fitness costs to direct fitness benefits. c. donor benefits to recipient costs. d. donor costs to recipient benefits

d

Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions show that a. predator-prey cycles are inherently unstable. b. predator and prey populations cycle together. c. prey populations lag behind predatory populations. d. predator populations lag behind prey populations.

d

Populations with high abundance tend to have a _____ range. a. small geographic b. large fundamental c. small fundamental d. large geographic

d

Simultaneous examination of predator and prey population trends is called a a. joint population isocline. b. dual population trajectory. c. dual population isocline. d. joint population trajectory.

d

Some species of anglerfish have a unique mating strategy. Males are significantly smaller than females, and early in development they permanently attach to females. A female usually has multiple males attached, and when the female is ready to reproduce, one of the attached males provides sperm for fertilization. This mating strategy is an example of a. promiscuity b. polygyny c. monogamy d. polyandry

d

Stickleback fish exhibit variation in a morphological trait known as gill rakers. Fish with long gill rakers are very good at eating plankton, and fish with short gill rakers are good at eating deep-water invertebrates. However, fish with intermediate-length gill rakers are poor at eating either type of food. Fish that are better at consuming food have higher survival and reproduction rates than poorer consumers. Based on this information, what type of selection is likely acting on stickleback gill raker length? a. no natural selection b. directional selection c. stabilizing selection d. disruptive selection

d

The following table shows the survival and fecundity of a flowering plant. Age in Years (x) 1 2 3 4 5 Survival Rate (sx) .1 .8 .8 .8 Survivorship (lx) 1 .1 .08 .064 .0512 Fecundity (bx) 10 20 This plant species has a(n) a. type II survivorship curve b. S-shaped survivorship curve c. type I survivorship curve d. type III survivorship curve

d

The logistic growth model describes a maximum population size that is a. limited by both density-dependent and density-independent factors. b. limited by density-independent factors. c. not limited by any factors. d. limited by density-dependent factors.

d

The net reproductive rate refers to a. the total number of offspring that a population produces per year (or breeding cycle). b. the largest number of offspring a female can produce under ideal conditions. c. the total number of female offspring a population produces per year (or breeding cycle). d. the total number of female offspring an average female can produce over its lifetime.

d

The nonpoisonous scarlet king snake (Lampropeltis elapsoides) found in the eastern United States has similar coloration to that of the poisonous eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius). This is an example of a. Müllerian mimicry. b. crypsis. c. aposematism. d. Batesian mimicry.

d

The range of biotic and abiotic conditions a species can tolerate is its a. ecosystem role. b. habitat c. community. d. niche.

d

The viceroy (Limenitis archippus) is an unpalatable North American butterfly that has coloration similar to that of another species of unpalatable butterfly, the monarch (Danaus plexippus). This is an example of a. Batesian mimicry. b. camouflage. c. crypsis. d. Müllerian mimicry.

d

What factors drive the relationship between population density and adult body size? Select one: a. space and predation b. resources and predation c. availability of mates and predation d. space and resources

d

What type of reproduction will be favored if adult plant survival is low because of a disturbance such as fire? Select one: a. iteroparity b. fecundity c. None of the choices are correct. d. semelparity

d

What type of survivorship curve describes a species that has a high rate of juvenile mortality but low adult mortality? a. Type I and Type III b. Type II c. Type I d. Type III

d

When a population is small there is an abundance of resources for all individuals, so the per capita resource availability is high, thus leading to more rapid growth rates (as compared to larger populations). Why then are small populations more likely to go extinct compared to large populations? a. Small populations are impacted by environmental stochasticity and not demographic stochasticity. b. Small populations are impacted by demographic stochasticity and not environmental stochasticity. c. Large populations are more impacted by stochastic events. d. Small populations are more impacted by stochastic events.

d

Which accurately describes the inflection point in the logistic growth model? I. Population growth slows after the inflection point. II. The inflection point is equal to the carrying capacity. III. The highest growth rate occurs at the inflection point. a. I only b. I and II c. II and III d. I and III e. III only f. II only

d

Which describes the figure of logistic population growth shown in the graph? Positive exponential graph which levels off at 250 Select one: a. r < 0; K > 300 b. r > 0; K > 300 c. r < 0; K < 300 d. r > 0; K < 300

d

Which functional response curve shows a slower rate of consumption of prey at low prey density levels due to the predator learning a search image for the prey? a. Type II b. Type I c. Type IV d. Type III

d

Which illustrates a negative relationship between population density and the average size of individuals over time? Select one: a. a J-shaped curve b. a survivorship curve c. an exponential growth curve d. a self-thinning curve

d

Which life history trait is most likely to be fixed for a species? a. total energy given to reproduction b. number of offspring c. survival rate of offspring d. timing of reproduction in the life span e. size of offspring

d

Which of the following is NOT a cost of living in groups? Select one: a. increased transmission of pathogens b. increased predation c. increased competition d. decreased likelihood of mating

d

Which of the following is a necessary component of allopatric speciation? a. key innovations b. hybridization c. polyploidy d. a geographic barrier

d

Which would be considered a mesopredator? a. wolves b. None of the above c. mountain lions d. coyote

d

Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) perform mating displays at leks alone or in coalitions of related males. In the coalitions, only dominant males copulate with females. Why do nondominant males join coalitions? Select one: a. A nondominant male obtains greater direct fitness by helping his brother mate than by mating on his own. b. A nondominant male obtains less indirect fitness by helping his brother mate than by mating on his own. c. None of the choices given are correct. d. A nondominant male obtains greater inclusive fitness by helping a brother mate than by mating on his own.

d

he coefficient of relatedness measures a. indirect fitness as the benefit given to a recipient relative by the donor individual. b. the number of generations separating individuals in a population. c. the direct fitness cost of altruistic behavior to a recipient by the donor. d. the probability of an individual and its relatives carrying copies of the same genes from a recent common ancestor.

d

From 1880 to 2013, Earth's temperatures have increased an average of a. 0.2°C per year. b. 2°C per year. c. 4°C per year. d. 0.8°C per year.

d. 0.8°C per year.

During the past 500 years, _____ of mammal species have gone extinct. a. 10 percent b. 0.2 percent c. 5 percent d. 1.4 percent

d. 1.4 percent

The period of the last _____ may be a sixth mass extinction. a. 100,000 years b. 10 million years c. 1,000 years d. 10,000 years

d. 10,000 years

Over the past 20 years, sea levels have been rising at a rate of _____ millimeters per year. a. 5 b. 1 c. 10 d. 3

d. 3

What proportion of solar radiation captured by photosynthesis is used for plant growth and reproduction? a. 60 percent b. 80 percent c. 50 percent d. 40 percent

d. 40 percent

Biodiversity hotspots throughout the world contain _____ percent of the world's plant species. a. 75 b. 40 c. 80 d. 50

d. 50

Which of the following is NOT an example of inhibition? a. A species outcompetes another species. b. A species suppresses other species using allelopathy. c. A species casts deep shade to prevent growth of another species. d. A species acts as a nurse plant and increases water available to other species.

d. A species acts as a nurse plant and increases water available to other species.

What accounts for the pyramid shape of the diagram that represents energy in trophic groups in an ecosystem? a. Energy produced by consumers is greater than energy stored by producers. b. Energy stored by consumers is greater than energy stored by producers. c. Energy is gained as it moves from one trophic level to the next. d. Energy is lost as it moves from one trophic level to the next.

d. Energy is lost as it moves from one trophic level to the next.

Net primary productivity is calculated as a. GPP ÷ respiration. b. GPP × respiration. c. respiration − GPP. d. GPP − respiration.

d. GPP − respiration.

What is a major distinction between direct and indirect effects in a community? a. Indirect effects always include a resource such as water or light; direct effects do not. b. Direct effects result in competitive exclusion; indirect effects do not. c. Direct effects occur between species in different trophic levels; indirect effects include species from the same trophic level. d. Indirect effects always include more than two species; direct effects do not.

d. Indirect effects always include more than two species; direct effects do not.

In David Tilman's experiments with the diatoms Cyclotella and Asterionella, when the diatoms were grown at silicon/phosphorus ratios between 6 and 90, why did the two species coexist? a. Both species were phosphorus limited. b. Both species were silicon limited. c. Neither species was limited by phosphorus or silicon. d. One species was limited by phosphorus, and the other was limited by silicon. e. Tilman continually supplemented the cultures with individuals of the two species.

d. One species was limited by phosphorus, and the other was limited by silicon.

In the study of seed-eating rodents and ants in Southwest deserts, which observation provided evidence that rodents and ants compete for food? a. The two animals consume some of the same food. b. Rodents eat larger seeds than ants. c. Ants hide whenever rodents are present. d. The abundance of ant colonies increases when rodents are excluded.

d. The abundance of ant colonies increases when rodents are excluded.

When seeds of early- and late-succession species were raised under low light conditions similar to those found in the understory of mature forest, researchers found that species with _____ seeds had _____ seedling survivorship in shade. a. small; high b. small; low c. large; high d. There was no relation between seed size and seedling survivorship.

d. There was no relation between seed size and seedling survivorship.

How do pesticides decrease biodiversity? a. killing nontarget species b. biomagnification c. altering food webs d. all of the above

d. all of the above

In addition to increasing temperature, global climate change is predicted to a. cause extreme weather events. b. alter precipitation patterns. c. shift distributions of species. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

When organisms use chemicals to suppress competitors, it is called a. exploitative competition. b. interference competition. c. apparent competition. d. allelopathy.

d. allelopathy.

A supporting service provides benefits of biodiversity that a. have aesthetic, spiritual, or recreational value. b. humans use. c. include climate regulation, flood control, and water purification. d. allow ecosystems to exist.

d. allow ecosystems to exist.

The mass extinction that occurred 443 million years ago was caused by a. global warming. b. an asteroid. c. volcanism. d. an ice age.

d. an ice age.

Indirect observations of succession are often done by using a. chronosequences and seral stages. b. seral stages and climax communities. c. climax communities and pollen. d. chronosequences and pollen.

d. chronosequences and pollen.

Consumption efficiency is calculated as a. consumed energy times net production energy of the next lower trophic level. b. net production energy of the next lower trophic level divided by consumed energy. c. consumed energy divided by net production energy of the next higher trophic level. d. consumed energy divided by net production energy of the next lower trophic level.

d. consumed energy divided by net production energy of the next lower trophic level.

Competition coefficients can be used to a. identify which limiting resource two species compete for. b. determine the time it takes for the competitive exclusion principle to operate. c. determine whether species are likely to coexist. d. convert between the number of individuals of one species and the number of individuals of another species.

d. convert between the number of individuals of one species and the number of individuals of another species.

The beauty of a national park is an example of a ____ service. a. supporting b. provisioning c. regulating d. cultural

d. cultural

Succession is best studied using a. indirect observations. b. chronosequences. c. pollen. d. direct observations.

d. direct observations.

Which of the following is NOT an IUCN category relating to species assessment? a. threatened b. least concern c. near-threatened d. endangered

d. endangered

Given average temperature and humidity, potential evapotranspiration is the amount of water that could be a. evaporated from the soil. b. transpired by plants. c. evaporated from the habitat. d. evaporated from the soil and transpired by plants.

d. evaporated from the soil and transpired by plants.

When an individual drives down a resource to a point where another individual cannot persist, it is called a. interference competition. b. allelopathy. c. apparent competition. d. exploitative competition.

d. exploitative competition.

Legumes contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots that increase soil nitrogen for use by other species. This is an example of a. inhibition. b. tolerance. c. suppression. d. facilitation.

d. facilitation.

One of the traits common in late-succession plant species is a. small seed size. b. low root-to-shoot ratio. c. fast growth rate. d. few seeds.

d. few seeds.

Regional species diversity is also called _____ diversity. a. beta b. alpha c. delta d. gamma

d. gamma

Secondary succession takes place in habitats that _____. a. are initially devoid of plants and organic soil. b. have some plants following disturbance. c. have some plants following disturbance but do not have organic soil. d. have been disturbed and contain no plants but still contain organic soil.

d. have been disturbed and contain no plants but still contain organic soil.

As habitat _____, species diversity _____. a. homogeneity decreases; decreases b. homogeneity increases; increases c. heterogeneity decreases; increases d. heterogeneity increases; increases

d. heterogeneity increases; increases

Biotic _____ is the process by which unique species compositions originally found in different regions slowly become more similar as a result of the movement of people, cargo, and species. a. normalization b. confluence c. magnification d. homogenization

d. homogenization

In the Northern Hemisphere, the number of species of plants generally a. decreases from east to west. b. increases from east to west. c. decreases from north to south. d. increases from north to south.

d. increases from north to south.

In Connell's experiment with upper and lower intertidal barnacles, the rock barnacle excluded the Poli's stellate barnacle from deeper water because a. it was the better competitor for a limiting nutrient at that depth. b. intraspecific competition was stronger than interspecific competition. c. it could survive for long periods underwater. d. it grew faster and pushed the stellate barnacle off the rock substrate.

d. it grew faster and pushed the stellate barnacle off the rock substrate.

NPP varies with _____ around the world. a. elevation b. soil type c. longitude d. latitude

d. latitude

Which of the following is NOT associated with low terrestrial diversity? a. recent glaciation b. variation in vegetation c. high temperature d. low precipitation

d. low precipitation

Which of the following make(s) coexistence of species 1 and 2 more likely? a. higher values of both r1 and r2 b. lower values of both N1 and N2 c. higher values of both K2 and K1 d. lower values of both α1,2 and α2,1

d. lower values of both α1,2 and α2,1

The goal in protecting a habitat is commonly the preservation of a large enough area to support a _____ population. a. maximum sustaining b. minimum sustaining c. maximum viable d. minimum viable

d. minimum viable

Which of the following is NOT a cause of genetic diversity? a. inbreeding depression b. declining population sizes c. bottleneck effect d. mutation

d. mutation

Which of the following is NOT a renewable resource for a species of predatory bird? a. prey b. water c. oxygen d. nest sites

d. nest sites

Net production energy divided by assimilation energy is _____ efficiency. a. consumption b. assimilation c. net assimilation d. net production

d. net production

The collapse of the Atlantic cod fishery in the early 1990s was the result of a. pollution. b. climate change. c. introduced species. d. overharvesting.

d. overharvesting.

Which curve suggests that species richness is controlled by bottom-up factors? a. U-shaped b. negative c. none d. positive e. hump-shaped

d. positive

Between latitudes of 30° N and 30° S, NPP is primarily constrained by a. temperature. b. fertility. c. pH. d. precipitation.

d. precipitation.

Development of communities in habitats that are initially devoid of plants and organic soil is known as _____ succession. a. climax b. initial c. secondary d. primary

d. primary

The rate at which solar or chemical energy is captured and converted to chemical bonds by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis is called a. secondary productivity. b. net primary productivity. c. gross primary productivity. d. primary productivity

d. primary productivity

Cultural services are those that a. humans use, including lumber, fur, meat, crops, water, and fiber. b. allow ecosystems to exist, such as primary production, soil formation, and nutrient cycling. c. include climate regulation, flood control, and water purification. d. provide aesthetic, spiritual, or recreational value.

d. provide aesthetic, spiritual, or recreational value.

Which of the following habitats could NOT undergo secondary succession? a. mud slide b. bare rock c. clear-cut forest d. severely burned forest

d. severely burned forest

Which of the following is NOT a renewable resource? a. soil nitrogen b. water c. prey d. space

d. space

What community measure does Shannon's index quantify? a. the number of species b. relative abundance of species c. species richness d. species diversity

d. species diversity

A pioneer species is ¬¬_____ species to arrive at a site. a. the final b. the penultimate c. one of the first d. the first

d. the first

Abiotic environmental factors are NOT considered resources for all of these reasons EXCEPT that a. organisms do not compete for them. b. they cannot be consumed. c. they cannot be used up. d. they do not affect growth and reproduction.

d. they do not affect growth and reproduction.

Darwin argued that closely related species are more likely to compete because a. they almost always live close together. b. they are the same size. c. they face the same predators. d. they have similar traits and consume similar resources.

d. they have similar traits and consume similar resources.

Some of the first species to colonize an area following disturbance have to persevere under inhospitable conditions such as disturbed soils, low soil moisture, and altered nutrient levels. This is an example of a. the priority effect. b. facilitation. c. inhibition. d. tolerance.

d. tolerance.

In experiments with competitive barnacle species distributed along upper and lower intertidal zones, researchers found a trade-off between ability to _____ and ability to _____. a. compete; colonize b. compete; tolerate desiccation c. compete; tolerate strong tides d. tolerate harsh dry conditions; colonize deeper water

d. tolerate harsh dry conditions; colonize deeper water

If an individual of species 2 has a greater effect on species 1 than the reverse, which of the following would be true? a. α = 1; β = 1 b. α < 1; β < 1 c. α > 1; β > 1 d. α < 1; β > 1 e. α > 1; β < 1

d. α < 1; β > 1

Root cell adaptation to prevent the cell solutes from equilibrating with the water in the soil includes a. I. semipermeable membranes that prevent the transfer of large molecules. b. II. cell membranes that can prevent the transfer of water out of the cell. c. cell membranes that can actively transport ions across the gradient. d. I and II only e. I and III only. f. II and III only.

e

Which of the following is an example of delayed density dependence? I. The per capita growth rate of a coyote population decreases as the number of coyotes increases. II. The fecundity of two-year-old frogs is based on their density as tadpoles. III. The number of seeds produced by flowers in the fall depends on the amount of rainfall the previous spring. a. III only b. II and III only c. I and II only d. I only e. II only

e

Which panel is most likely to indicate a population with a constant environment and no time delays in density dependence?

exponential growth than reaches non oscillating carrying capacity

Gene flow increases population differentiation. Select one: True False

false

Last 4 slideshows to study

file:///C:/Users/kukli/AppData/Local/Temp/23Nov21.Comm.Structure.pdf file:///C:/Users/kukli/AppData/Local/Temp/7Dec21_Biodiversity.pdf file:///C:/Users/kukli/AppData/Local/Temp/30Nov21.Comm.Succession.pdf file:///C:/Users/kukli/AppData/Local/Temp/2Dec21_Landscape.Biodiversity.pdf

When the protist Euplotes detects predators, it grows "wings" and other projections to discourage predators. However, developing the projections and wings slows down growth. This is an example of a. I. phenotypic trade-offs. b. II. phenotypic plasticity. c. III. inbreeding depression d. I only e. II. only f. III only. g. I and II only. h. I, II, and III

g

The sum of direct fitness and indirect fitness is defined as--------- fitness.

inclusive

Which plot is consistent with an exponential growth model when r > 0?

positive exponential

A hyperosmotic environment is defined as an environment in which there are higher solute concentrations in organisms tissues compared to the surrounding water. Select one: True False

true

At the joint equilibrium point, both predator and prey populations have zero growth. Select one: True False

true

Disruptive selection removes intermediate phenotypes and the population may exhibit a bimodal distribution. Select one: True False

true

For some predators, as prey density increases, the rate of consumption slows and eventually levels off with satiation. This is a type II functional response. Select one: True False

true

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes. Select one: True False

true

The mechanisms that organisms use to maintain proper solute balance is called osmoregulation. Select one: True False

true