Ecology Final
Which of the following statements about oxygen in aquatic environments is FALSE?
Diffusion of gases is 100 times slower in water than in air.
Which of the following statements about soil erosion is FALSE?
Grazing lands are more susceptible to erosion than traditional croplands.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Gyres are responsible for creating microclimates.
Which of the following statements about human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP) is FALSE?
HANPP is the amount of net primary productivity from terrestrial ecosystems required to provide food for people
Which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE?
Homeostasis involves the influencing of the external environment.
Which of the following statements about homeotherms is FALSE?
Homeotherms have high thermal conductance.
Which of the following statements is true?
Hotspots are regions with unusually high species diversity.
Which of the following is a simple method for measuring gross primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems?
using light and dark bottles
__________ and __________ are the primary sources of essential nutrients.
The atmosphere; rocks
During the day, why is the net movement of carbon dioxide generally into the leaf
As photosynthesis occurs, carbon dioxide is used up in the lea
________ is considered a primary influence on microclimate.
Aspect
In the mountains of equatorial Africa, the air temperature is 13°C at 3500 meters of elevation. If the lapse rate is 8°C for every 1000 meters of elevation change, what will the temperature be at 1500 meters of elevation?
29°C
You see three shoots of a plant with a connected root system. This is an example of
3 ramets.
The salinity of open oceans has an average of __________.
35 parts per thousand of chlorine
An ecologist counts the number of individuals in five samples of equal area for four species of organisms. Which of these counts best represents a clumped population?
47, 18, 93, 12, 28
A population that is increasing in size has an intrinsic rate of population growth (r) that is
> 0
The __________ horizon is often referred to as the topsoil layer.
A
In the ABO blood-typing system, there is codominance and simple dominance. A person with type B blood (genotype: IB Ii) is crossed with a person with type A blood (genotype: IA Ii). The offspring are of blood types A, B, AB, and O in equal ratios. Which allele(s) is/are codominant? Which is/are recessive?
A and B are codominant. O is recessive.
Which of the following statements are true about the process of science?
All of the answers provided are true
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Areas with high mean annual temperatures have longer growing seasons than do areas with lower temperatures, but the rate of photosynthesis is similar.
Why is Pacific salmon movement into freshwater streams considered migration if the salmon die at the head of the stream and never return to the ocean?
Because their offspring return to the ocean, the entire population participates in the migratory event via different life stages.
If the carrying capacity of species 2 was actually 50, what would the competitive outcome be?
Both species coexist.
__________ is the upward force acting on a body that weighs less than the water it displaces.
Buoyancy
Which of the following statements about nutrient outputs is FALSE?
Carbon fixed during photosynthesis represents a nutrient output.
Which of the following statements supporting the argument that competition is extremely important in ecological systems is FALSE?
Coexisting species are always engaged in competitive interactions.
Which of the following statements about countercurrent heat exchange is FALSE?
Countercurrent heat exchange reduces moisture levels inside the lung cavity.
When comparing graphs of dry matter productivity (g/m2/yr) in different regions, which of the following is true?
Dry matter productivity is positively correlated with precipitation up to a limit.
Which of the following countries have an age structure that most resembles a pyramid?
Egypt
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Endotherms and ectotherms will be impacted by global warming in similar ways.
Which of the following statements is true?
Even a relatively small rise in sea levels could have devastating consequences for many natural communities as well as humans.
A genet is produced asexually.
False
Acoustic mimicry by some nonvenomous snakes that rattle their tails like rattlesnakes is a form of Müllerian mimicry.
False
As the surface area of a body increases, its volume increases at the same rate.
False
In lakes and ponds of temperate latitudes, the upper and bottom layers of water usually turn over as water warms up during spring.
False
One explanation for the shape of the Type II functional response is that predators develop a search image for prey after they have encountered them.
False
Photoinhibition is the negative effect of high light levels on respiration.
False
Which of the following statements about decomposers is FALSE?
For decomposers, the megafauna are the largest group and include organisms greater than 20 centimeters long.
__________ are the dominant decomposers of dead plant material.
Fungi
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning genetically engineered crops?
Genetically modifying organisms is a type of selective breeding known as artificial selection.
Which of the following statements about the sulfur cycle is FALSE?
Human modification of the sulfur cycle can result in releases of sulfuric acid, but only in small amounts.
What is the outcome of these isoclines?
If species 1 begins with a higher abundance, it wins
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between direct flux of energy and species diversity?
In marine environments, species richness is positively related to sea surface temperatures, a direct measure of the energy flux per unit area.
All of the following are examples of diffuse coevolution with one exception. Choose the exception.
In most species of euglossine bees, a single bee species is specialized to pollinate a single species of orchid.
What effect does increasing temperature have on the rate of photosynthesis?
Increasing temperature initially increases photosynthetic rate, but higher temperatures will eventually cause the photosynthetic rate to decline.
Which of the following statements about evolution is FALSE?
Individuals evolve.
Which of the following statements concerning the area of the Earth receiving the most direct sunlight is FALSE?
It is always fixed at 0° latitude.
What happens to most of the nitrogen in a leaf every autumn?
It is resorbed by the tree.
Why is the SLA higher under shade for both shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant plants?
Leaves tend to have larger surface areas and absorb more sunlight.
Which of the following statements about decomposition and carbon is true
Lignins cannot be broken down by bacteria.
__________ are commonly used to study the decomposition of plant tissue.
Litterbags
According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, which of the following must be true for gene frequencies in a population to remain the same?
Mating is random Population is large No mutations No natural selection No immigration or emmigration
__________ is the transformation of elements in organic compounds into inorganic form.
Mineralization
Which of the following statements is true?
Most poikilotherms are ectothermic and most endotherms are homeothermic
Which of the following statements about animal diversity in terrestrial habitats is FALSE?
Mountainous areas support fewer species than do flatter areas.
Which of the following is an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Mutations are extremely uncommon or nonexistent.
Which of the following is a common soil anion?
NO3-
Which of the following statements about adaptations and environmental constraints is FALSE?
Natural selection will favor the same set of traits for a specific species under different environmental conditions.
Why might the sex ratio of bird species in the figure change from as they grow from juveniles to adults?
Nesting females are vulnerable to predatory attack.
__________ is the difference between the rate of carbon uptake during photosynthesis and the rate of carbon loss due to respiration by both autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Net ecosystem productivity
__________ describes the rate of energy storage as organic matter after respiration.
Net primary productivity
Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is FALSE?
Nitrogen available to plants must be in the form of ammonium, nitrate, or nitrogen gas.
Which of the following statements about decomposition and agricultural fields is FALSE?
Nitrogen fertilizers can now be synthesized using the Haber-Bosch method, which has provided fertilizers with minimal environmental impact beyond increased productivity in fields
The surface layer of soils is referred to as the
O horizon
Which of the following statements about disruptive selection is FALSE?
On a graph of frequency versus trait values in a population, disruptive selection shifts the distribution of a trait to the left or right.
Which of the following statements about nutrient cycling in flowing-water ecosystems is FALSE?
Open spirals have short nutrient cycling times, and they remain virtually in place.
The mass extinction at the end of the __________ resulted in the extinction of 90 percent of the species of shallow-water marine invertebrates.
Permian
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Plants are territorial, just like animals.
Examine the graph of plant growth in response to soil nutrient levels. Which of the following would be a plausible hypothesis about the effects of mycorrhizal associations on community dynamics?
Plants with mycorrhizal fungi experience a competitive disadvantage in high-nutrient environments.
Where would you find the highest species diversity?
Portoviejo, Ecuador (1° S)
Which of the following statements about pH in aquatic environments is true?
Rising acidity levels in aquatic systems lead to rising dissolved aluminum levels and increased aluminum toxicity.
You are examining data from a recent study on fish populations and increasing global temperatures. You find that in a study modeling global climate change, average fish size had an inverse relationship with ocean temperature. Which of the following is a plausible explanation for these results?
Rising ocean temperature correlates with decreased fish size due to higher fish metabolic rates and lower levels of dissolved oxygen at higher temperatures.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Rivers tend to have higher primary productivity rates than ponds and lakes.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Salmon are heterotherms.
What is saturated soil?
Soil in which the amount of water exceeds the pore space capacity
Which of the following statements about soil is true?
Soil is composed of abiotic and biotic components.
Which of the following statements regarding species interactions is true?
Successful reproduction of many herbivore species depends on the timing of births being closely correlated with vegetation growth beginning at roughly the same time.
Biomass pyramids for consumer food chains typically sit on a broad base of primary producers and get narrower as you move up to higher trophic levels. Why are the biomass pyramids for some marine ecosystems inverted?
The autotrophs are highly productive but are short lived and quickly consumed by the herbivorous zooplankton.
In seed predation, birds will often preferentially consume smaller seeds, as they are easier to digest. Seed size is a heritable trait. What happens over time?
The birds act as agents of natural selection, and the average seed size of the population changes.
Which of the following statements about estuaries is FALSE?
The diversity of organisms in estuaries is very high.
If you were to draw two graphs indicating the predicted changes in net primary productivity (NPP) for 1) North America and 2) South America with continued global warming, how would they compare? Your graphs should have time (decades) on the x-axis, starting in, and average NPP on the y-axis.
The graph for North America would show average NPP increasing slightly through time, while the graph of South America would show a decline in NPP through time.
Which of the following statements about solar radiation is true?
The greenhouse effect is crucial to maintaining Earth's surface temperature.
Which of the following statements about biogeochemical cycles is true?
The major biogeochemical cycles are interconnected.
Scale is important when deciding how to sample a population for a density/abundance estimate. If sampling plants with the quadrat method, which of the following is the least important consideration.
The method of dispersal (wind, animals, etc.)
Communities studied in the Santa Catalina mountains were resampled after 50 years in order to study the impacts of recent climate warming on patterns of community structure. Which of the following statements regarding this study is FALSE?
The observed changes in the patterns of zonation in the Santa Catalina Mountains are a result of whole communities shifting their elevation ranges in response to regional changes in climate.
__________ is the ultimate measure of success for all individual living organisms.
The passing on of genes
One of the most basic models of population growth is exponential growth. Which of the following statements about exponential growth is FALSE?
The population levels off at carrying capacity because of density independent factors.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The presence of clay enhances the chemical weathering of rock.
Which of the following statements about light in aquatic environments is FALSE?
The quantity and quality of light have little influence on vertical temperature profiles of water bodies.
Which of the following statements about biogeochemical cycles is FALSE?
The sedimentary cycles of major minerals are identical.
Which of the following statements about the carbon cycle is FALSE?
The terrestrial carbon cycle is influenced primarily by the amount of carbon stored in living tissues rather than the amount in soils.
Where are the trade winds found?
The trade winds are found in the Hadley cells.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The warming in global climate is predicted to be greatest during summers.
Which of the following statements about biodiversity is true?
There are far more extant species on the planet than have been identified and described.
What is the relationship between AET and tree species richness for North America?
There is a positive correlation between AET and species richness.
Which of the following statements about trade-offs is FALSE?
Trade-offs are the same as constraints.
Competition for one resource often influences the ability of an organism to access other resources.
True
The carrying capacity (K) of a population can vary depending on the supply of resources.
True
The competitive exclusion principle assumes that the competing species have exactly the same resource requirements
True
The drier the air outside a leaf, the faster is water lost from the leaf through the stomata.
True
The greater the leaf area index (LAI) above the forest floor, the lower the quantity of light reaching the forest floor.
True
The most common spatial distribution among individuals within a population is clumped.
True
When the population size of a prey species increases, the birthrate of a predator species should also increase.
True
European kestrels feed on Microtus voles, with the "kill" rate, defined as the number of prey taken during the breeding season, as linearly proportional to the density of Microtus. This type of functional response is referred to as
Type I
Which of the following statements about the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is true?
Upwelling in the eastern Pacific is reduced, and surface waters warm.
Which of the following statements about the phosphorous cycle is true?
Upwelling is a critical process in the phosphorous cycle within aquatic ecosystems.
Which of the following statements about net primary productivity is true?
Water demand to an ecosystem is a function of both incoming solar radiation and temperature.
Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration?
a brown bird that nests on the ground
Squirrels tend to have larger body sizes at higher latitudes. This could be an example of
a cline
Shade plants should have __________ than non-shade plants.
a larger specific leaf area
In comparison with a blue whale, a shrew has
a larger surface area relative to volume
An animal with high fecundity is predicted to have
a lower survival rate
What is the rhizosphere?
a region of the soil where plant roots function
Freshwater fish have a water-budget problem that is solved by __________.
acquiring and retaining salts
Which of the following factors best explains patterns of species richness in North American trees?
actual evapotranspiration
open water producer and and primary consumer biomass pyramids can be inverted because
algal producers are so productive
Density dependence at very small population sizes is referred to as
allee effect
The alternate forms of a gene are called __________.
alleles
Cool oceanic currents that flow toward the equator are found __________.
along western coastlines in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Species diversity at the local spatial scale is called __________.
alpha diversity
Moisture and concentration of oxygen
are parts of an organism's environment.
Which of the following areas is associated with low rainfall?
areas of high pressure where air descends
At K, what is the relationship between b and d?
b = d
Why is the rate of photosynthesis often lower for aquatic plants than for terrestrial plants?
because diffusion rates of CO2 are slower in water than in air
Which of the following animals does not use lungs to acquire oxygen?
butterfly
According to the competitive exclusion principle, the populations of two species that live in the same place and have exactly the same ecological requirements
cannot coexist because one species will eventually drive the other to extinction.
Change in beak size over time in Darwin's finches is an example of
character displacement
The amount of water a soil holds at field capacity is greatest for
clay
The smallest particles occurring in soil are referred to as
clay
A remora feeds on the scraps that escape from a shark's mouth while feeding. It has no clear positive or negative impact on the shark. This is an example of
commensalism
Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) is native to the southeastern United States where it is often found growing on live oak trees (Quercus virginiana). Spanish moss is a flowering plant, not a true moss, and it is an epiphyte, drawing water and nutrients from the air. It does not harm the tree or extract nutrients. The relationship between Spanish moss and the live oak tree is an example of __________.
commensalism
The Russian biologist G. F. Gause conducted a series of laboratory experiments on the Lotka-Volterra competition model. Gause found that Paramecium aurelia outcompetes Paramecium caudatum when they are grown together in a mixed culture. This is the classic example of __________
competitive exclusion
Which of the following represents a modular organism?
coral
The individual atoms of a water molecule are held together by
covalent bonds
Which of the following is NOT evidence that supports a trend of warming in planetary temperatures in the past century?
decreased sea levels in coastal areas
An r-strategist is characterized by
density-independent mortality
In most terrestrial and many aquatic ecosystems, the ________ food chain is the dominant pathway of energy flow.
detrital
Many species of insects undergo a state of arrested development in their life cycle to avoid desiccation or cold, referred to as
diapause
The three photosynthetic pathways we discussed in class represent
different adaptations for different terrestrial environments
Measurements of bill length in a population of seed-eating birds reveals two distinct groups: small-billed individuals feeding on soft-shelled seeds and large-billed individuals feeding on hard-shelled seeds. This bimodal distribution most likely resulted from
disruptive selection
The nutrients brought into ecosystems by airborne particles are called __________.
dryfall
Spring tides occur __________.
during full moon and new moon
Various species of scavengers fighting over the carcass of a dead animal is referred to as
encounter competition
The California newt is found only in California. This is an example of a(n) ________ species.
endemic
Select all true statements
energy flows, nutrients cycle energy pyramids are never inverted
Secondary production is __________.
the net energy of production in a heterotrophic level
When the conditions are favorable for a population at low density, such as when a species colonizes a new environment, population growth is typically
exponential
Which of the following characteristics is an example of a qualitative trait?
flower color
Soil in regions with high rainfall or in low-lying areas associated with poor drainage form through the process of
gleization
Consider the question: "Why do tropical rain forests support a greater diversity of species than temperate forests?" At which level of organization would this be addressed?
global
What are the two major food chains found within ecosystems?
grazing food chain and detrital food chain
In a rank-abundance curve comparing two communities, the community with the greater species richness is characterized by a
greater length of the curve and a more gradual slope
Which of the following adaptations has allowed aquatic plants and animals to survive in a terrestrial environment?
greater structural support
Maximizing one life history trait often comes at the expense of another. Which of these are examples of this? Mark all correct answers.
grow large or reproduce early produce large number of young or take care of fewer young attract mates or hide from predators
Plants growing in soils with limited nitrogen would __________.
have a higher root-to-shoot ratio
Long-distance transport of oxygen to the cells of animals is facilitated by the
heart
Clay is influential to soil composition because it __________.
helps prevent the leaching of cations to deeper soil layers
Detrital food chains contain all of the following except
herbivores
Which of the following is the concept associated with an animal shivering in a cold environment to stay warm?
homeostasis
Which of the following is an example of migration?
humpback whales traveling up and down the coast of western United States
Through the process of decomposition, leaf litter eventually degrades into a dark brown or black homogeneous organic matter known as __________.
humus
What might make the winter profile for oxygen concentration in winter appear more like the fall profile?
ice formation on the surface and few decomposers at the lake bottom
C4 plants should be found in the greatest numbers __________.
in hot, dry environments
The Dust Bowl occurred
in the Great Plains.
If the birth and death rates of a growing population remain constant through time, the rate of population growth will __________ through time
increase
An individual with a large, high quality territory is likely to have
increased mating success
The primary productivity of forest stands changes as the trees age. The result is a pattern of __________ primary productivity during the early stages of stand development followed by a(n) __________ as the forest ages and the standing biomass __________.
increasing; decline; increases
A research team conducted a project where they artificially increased the CO2 levels in tanks containing corals. They found an inverse relationship between reef building and atmospheric CO2. This experiment __________.
indicates that even though the oceans may be good sinks for CO2, there will be negative impacts of increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 beyond the greenhouse effect is not possible. Increased CO2 should not affect the reef, as it is a relatively inert gas
The available water capacity is highest for
intermediate clay loam soils
The leaf area index (LAI) __________.
is the measure of the total area of all the leaves on a plant per area of ground
A biologist that studies the spatial processes that link adjacent communities is likely a __________.
landscape ecologist
The rate of carbon uptake increases only when plants allocate carbon to the production of
leaves and stems
In contrast with north-facing slopes, south-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere are characterized by
lower soil moisture.
A group of local subpopulations is called a(n)
metapopulation
Species __________ alter seasonal patterns of local and regional diversity.
migrations
The process of conversion of nutrients from an organic form into an inorganic form that plants can use is called
mineralization
What are two major sources of genetic variation?
mutation and sexual recombination
Termites rely on protozoa in their guts to help them digest their primary food, cellulose. The protozoa rely on bacteria to secrete the digestive enzymes necessary for digesting the cellulose. The relationship of the termites to the protozoa is a __________, while the relationship of the protozoa to the bacteria is a __________.
mutualism; mutualism
The mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species is
natural selection
The mark/recapture method of sampling mobile animals depends on
no immigration or emigration
Of the energy assimilated by a consumer, some is __________.
used for respiration and maintenance, and the remainder goes into production
Which of the following is not a feature of a population?
number of species
The scientific method has four major steps, which are executed in which order?
observation, hypothesis generation, prediction, and experimentation
Soil calcification __________.
occurs when evaporation and water uptake exceed precipitation
Poikilotherms are __________.
often called cold-blooded animals
Animals that feed on both plant and animal tissues are referred to as
omnivores
An ecosystem that receives inputs is called a(n) __________ ecosystem.
open
Which of the following is associated with asexual reproduction?
parthenogenesis
An imbalance in the ratio of photosynthesis to respiration, where photosynthesis exceeds respiration, can result in __________.
the net storage of reduced organic materials and an accumulation of oxygen gas
A parent plant reproduces asexually, resulting in genetically identical offspring. Some of these offspring grow in shaded environments and are stocky, while others grow in a sunny environment and are tall and slender. This is an example of __________ .
phenotypic plasticity
The expression of different phenotypic traits for a given genotype under different environmental conditions is referred to as
phenotypic plasticity
The process of using energy from the Sun to convert CO2 into organic molecules is called
photosynthesis
Net photosynthesis is equal to
photosynthesis - respiration
In a simple linear regression model used to predict plant growth from the availability of nitrogen in the soil, which variable should be plotted on the y-axis?
plant growth
The soil-forming process occurring in cool, moist climates of midlatitude regions where coniferous vegetation dominates is referred to as
podzolization
In response to general warming trends, many animal species are expected to shift their distributions __________ in latitude and __________ in altitude.
poleward; upward
The net outcome of predator-prey interactions in the basic Lotka-Volterra models is that
predator and prey populations oscillate, with each predictably increasing and decreasing in response to the other.
When prey produce so many offspring in a short period of time that predators can attack only a fraction of them, it is referred to as
predator satiation
Which of the following is a major problem for animals that live in hyperosmotic environments?
preventing water loss
Please select all true answers. The prey isocline (top) and predator iscline (bottom) are shaped differently. Why?
prey isocline indicates density dependence at high and low prey densities. predator isocline indicates density dependence at high prey densities only
Which of the following is a microparasite?
protozoan virus bacterium
Ecological models are used to __________.
provide predictions about ecological systems using a set of explicit assumptions
Traits that have a continuous distribution are known as
quantitative traits
In the basic Lotka-Volterra equations that describe predator-prey interactions, the growth rate of the prey population (dNprey/dt) is zero when the density of predators (Nprey) is equal to
r/a where a is the capture coefficient.
The __________ is the portion of the species' niche that the species actually occupies when biotic interactions are taken into consideration.
realized niche
What might one expect to see in a graph depicting realized niche space in a community?
reduced overlap between species resource use
No till farming is advantageous because it
reduces soil erosion
An ecologist in your school is developing models to explain the energy flow in a salt marsh on a local set of barrier islands. This type of research is __________.
rooted in systems ecology
Which of the following sampling techniques represents an index of abundance rather than an estimate of density?
the number of bear droppings along a trail
Most morphological and physiological features change as a function of body size in a predictable way. This process is known as __________.
scaling
Organisms that invest all their reproductive energy into one event are said to be __________.
semelparous
Members of the California sheephead fish species begin their life as females and then become males. This is referred to as
sequential hermaphroditism
These data support the trade-off that
size of offspring is correlated with number of offspring.
Which of the following disciplines is NOT generally integrated into ecological studies?
sociology
For water to flow up a plant stem, which of the following water potential flow patterns must be true?
soil→root→stem→leaf→atmosphere
The energy driving the global water cycle is provided by
solar energy
Competitive release is most likely to occur when a
species moves into new habitats that it never occupied on a mainland.
Which of the following is an example of a conformer?
starfish
Unlike terrestrial plants, submerged aquatic plants lack
stomata
A scientist traveling on a boat from Alaska to Antarctica took daily measurements of atmospheric pressure. At which latitudes were the lowest pressures found?
subpolar (~60°) and tropical (~0°) latitudes
A trade-off for having many offspring would be
that they would likely be small in size.
What is the light compensation point (LCP)?
the PAR (light level) at which the amount of carbon dioxide assimilated because of photosynthesis equals the amount released because of respiration
What is net photosynthesis?
the difference between the amount of carbon dioxide assimilated and the amount of carbon dioxide produced
Natural selection will favor the age at maturity that results in __________.
the greatest number of offspring produced over the lifetime of an individual
Because some gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation that Earth emits, the atmosphere of Earth is warmed. This is called __________.
the greenhouse effect
Climate is __________.
the long-term average pattern of weather at the local, regional, or global level
In the Lotka-Volterra equations, the competition coefficients represent __________.
the per capita effect that an individual of one species has on another species
Soil texture is generally classified using __________.
the percentages of clay, sand, and silt
Researchers involved in ITEX are studying __________.
the potential impact of warming at high latitudes on tundra ecosystems
The fitness of an individual is measured by
the proportionate contribution it makes to future generations.
Which of the following is NOT an example of (a) structure(s) that decrease(s) thermal conductivity?
the ridges of a worm
Ecology is __________.
the scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environments
Lions ultimately obtain their energy from __________.
the sun
Mark all of the following that are true.
the three survivorship curves illustrate the percentage of organisms surviving across time. Type III curve indicates that mortality is high in early life stages Type I curve illustrates a declining survivorship The three survivorship curves iillustrate the results of different life history traits of organisms. Type III curve illustrates a declining survivorship
Phenology is __________.
the timing of seasonal activities of plants and animals
Mark all of the correct answers
the wren's and the hawk's environment is patchy the wren and the hawk view the environment in different ways
The region of rapid temperature change in deep bodies of water is called the __________.
thermocline
How might a species' range be extended?
through climate change
Which of the following is a macroparasite?
tick
The ratio of the productivity of one trophic level over what its organisms consume is known as
trophic efficiency.
The streamlined body shape of many aquatic organisms that swim helps reduce frictional resistance caused by water's high
viscocity
Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry?
wasps with black and yellow bands
The type of sediment found on the bottom of a river or stream is primarily influenced by __________.
water speed
Competitive release is most likely to occur when a
when a competitor is removed from the community.
When should a plant preferentially allocate resources to root growth?
when water supply is limited
The demographic age pyramid of a rapidly growing population is
wide at the base, narrow at the top
Which side of the mountain receives the most precipitation?
windward side
The __________ represents the combined values of population size for species 1 (N1) and species 2 (N2) at which the population growth rate of the respective species is zero (dN/dt = 0).
zero-growth isocline