Econ Final
14. If labor demand is downward sloping and labor supply is upward sloping, then when labor demand rises faster than labor supply, it is expected that real wages____________. A. will stay the same B. will decrease C. will increase D. may increase, decrease or stay the same depending on the relative slopes.
will increase
20. The general pattern that consumption of the first few units of any good tends to bring a higher level of _______ to a person than consumption of later units is a common pattern. A. utility B. marginal benefit C. opportunity cost D. sunk costs
utility
33. In deciding how many hours to work, Beulah will make a choice that maximizes her _______; that is, she will choose according to her preferences for leisure time and income. A. budget constraint B. opportunity set C. utility D. production possibilities frontier
utility
11. "If I didn't have class tonight, I would save the $4 campus parking fee and spend four hours at work where I earn $10 per hour." The opportunity cost of attending class this evening is: A. $0 B. $4 C. $40 D. $44
$44
30. In the circular flow diagram model: A. households receive income from businesses in exchange for providing inputs and use that income to buy goods and services from businesses. B. businesses receive revenues from households in exchange for providing goods and services and use those revenues to buy inputs from households. C. households receive revenue for selling goods and services to businesses, and use that revenue to buy inputs from businesses. D. Both (a) and (b) are correct
(both a and b are correct ) // businesses receive revenues from households in exchange for providing goods and services and use those revenues to buy inputs from households. // households receive income from businesses in exchange for providing inputs and use that income to buy goods and services from businesses.
23. The leader of a federal political party made the following campaign promise: "My administration will increase national defense without requiring sacrifices elsewhere in the economy." The promise can be kept if: A. the economy moves along the production possibilities in the direction of a greater quantity of defense. B. the economy moves from a point inside the production possibilities curve toward a point on the production possibilities curve. C. the production possibilities frontier shifts outward due to an improvement in technology. D. either b) or c) occurs, but not as a result of a).
. either b or c, but not as a result of a.
13. Referring to Table 2-1: A student has only a few hours to prepare for two different exams this afternoon. The above table shows alternative possible exam scores with three alternative uses of the student's time. The opportunity cost of scoring a 94 on the economics exam rather than a 77 is: A. 8 points on the history exam. B. 15 points on the history exam. C. 14 points on the history exam. D. 17 points on the history exam.
15 points on the history exam
14. Refer to Table 2-1. A student has only a few hours to prepare for two different exams tomorrow morning. The above table shows alternative possible exam outcomes with three alternative uses of the student's time. The opportunity cost of scoring an 84 on the history exam rather than 76 is: A. 10 points on the economics exam B. 8 points on the history exam C. 7 points on the economics exam D. 12 points on the economics exam
7 points on the economics exam
12. The opportunity cost of attending university is likely to include all except which of the following? A. the cost of haircuts received during the school term B. the income you forgo in order to attend classes C. tuition fees D. the cost of required textbooks
A.) the cost of haircuts received during the school term
16. After widespread press reports about the dangers of contracting "mad cow disease" by consuming beef from Canada, the likely economic effect on the U.S. demand curve for beef from Canada is: A. no change; only the supply curve for beef is likely to be affected. B. a shift of the demand curve for beef to the left. C. a movement down along the demand curve for beef to the right. D. a shift of the demand curve for beef to the right.
B. a shift of the demand curve for beef to the left.
17. Most choices involve _________________, which involves comparing the benefits and costs of choosing a little more or a little less of a good. A. utility B. marginal analysis C. the budget constraint D. consumption
B) marginal analysis
25. Which of the following lies primarily within the realm of macroeconomics? A. a study of the demand for gasoline B. a study of how tax cuts stimulate aggregate production C. an analysis of supply and demand conditions in the electricity market D. a study of the impact of "mad cow" disease on the price of beef worldwide
B. A study of how tax cuts stimulate stimulate aggregate production.
3. Any given demand or supply curve is based on the ceteris paribus assumption that A. everything is variable. B. all else is held equal C. no one knows which variables will change and which will remain constant D. what is true for the individual is not necessarily true for the whole.
B. all else is held equal
Refer to Figure 3-3. A change from Point A to Point E represents a(n): A. increase in supply. B. decrease in supply. C. increase in quantity supplied. D. decrease in quantity supplied.
B. decrease in supply
31. Regardless of whether you are looking through the microeconomics microscope or the macroeconomics telescope, the fundamental subject material of the interconnected __________ doesn't change. A. market B. economy C. production D. firm
B. economy
29. Which of the following would reduce the supply of microcomputers? A. a technological improvement that lowers the cost of producing the computers B. higher wage rates for the workers that assemble the computers C. a reduction in the price of computer chips used to produce the computers D. a reduction in the price of computers
B. higher wage rates for the workers that assemble the computers
20. If a firm faces____________________, while the prices for the output the firm produces remain unchanged, a firm's profits will increase. A. higher demand B. lower costs of production C. equilibrium D. a shift in demand
B. lower costs of production
19. If new manufacturers enter the computer industry, then (ceteris paribus): A. the supply curve shifts to the left. B. the supply curve shifts to the right. C. the demand curve shifts to the left. D. some established manufacturers must exit the industry.
B. the supply curve shifts to the right.
7. Why is there scarcity? A. Because the opportunity set determines this. B. Because theory dictates it. C. Because our unlimited wants exceed our limited resources D. Because human wants are limited.
Because our unlimited wants exceed our limited resources
24. Which of the following statements most likely lies within the realm of macroeconomics? A. An increase in the price of automobiles will lead to a decrease in the quantity of automobiles demanded. B. Due to process innovations in computer chip manufacturing, the market supply of computers increased. C. Due to an economic recession, manufacturing firms began implementing layoffs of their workforces. D. Anticipating that the benefits would outweigh costs involved, an undergraduate student purchases the course textbook.
C. Due to an economic recession, manufacturing firms began implementing layoffs of their workforces.
16. The slope of the _________________ is determined by the relative price of the two goods, which is calculated by taking the price of one good and dividing it by the price of the other good. A. personal preference B. utility level C. budget constraint D. opportunity set
C. budget constraint
17. Refer to Figure 3-1. Using the graph above and beginning on D1, a shift to D2 would indicate a(n): A. increase in quantity demanded. B. decrease in quantity demanded. C. increase in demand. D. decrease in demand.
C. increase in demand.
1. The downward slope of the demand curve again illustrates the pattern that as________________ rises, decreases. A. quantity demanded, price B. quantity supplied, quantity demanded C. price, quantity demanded D. price, quantity
C. price, quantity demanded
11. When economists talk about supply, they are referring to a relationship between price received for each unit sold and the ____________. A. demand schedule B. market price C. quantity supplied D. demand curve
C. quantity supplied
33. Economic models like the _____________________ are not physical models, but instead are diagrams or graphs or even mathematical equations that represent economic patterns or theories. A. financial capital market B. circular flow diagram C. financial investment market D. Specialization Model
Circular flow diagram
21. When__________________, a firm will supply a higher quantity at any given price for its output, and the supply curve will shift to the right. A. prices rise B. equilibrium is achieved C. costs of production fall D. there is a population increase
Costs of all production fall
1. In countries like _____________ the command economy predominates. A. China and Vietnam B. Cuba and North Korea C. South Africa and Kenya D. Germany and France
Cuba and North Korea
10. If macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole, it focuses on which of the following? A. households B. business firms C. unemployed people D. the division of labor
unemployed people
24. Refer to Figure 3-3. A change from Point A to Point D represents a(n): A. decrease in quantity supplied. B. increase in quantity supplied. C. decrease in supply. D. increase in supply.
D. increase in supply
15. The opportunity cost of an action: A. can be determined by considering both the benefits that flow from as well as the monetary costs incurred as a result of the action. B. can be determined by adding up the bills incurred as a result of the action. C. can be objectively determined only by economists. D. is a subjective valuation that can be determined only by the individual who chooses the action.
D. is a subjective valuation that can be determined only by the individual who chooses the action.
14. When quantity demanded decreases in response to a change in price: A. the demand curve shifts to the right. B. the demand curve shifts to the left. C. there is a movement down along the demand curve. D. there is a movement up along the demand curve.
D. there is a movement up along the demand curve.
32. _____________ - a term referring to the fact that for many goods, as the level of production increases, the average cost of producing each individual unit declines. A. Skill B. Specialization C. Economies of scale D. Division of labor
Economies of scale
15. The_____________is the only price where quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied. A. equilibrium price B. horizontal axis intercept C. vertical axis intercept D. market price
Equilibrium price
25. Refer to Figure 3-3. A change from Point A to Point B represents a(n): A. increase in supply. B. decrease in supply. C. increase in quantity supplied. D. decrease in quantity supplied.
Increase in quantity supplied
26. Macroeconomics: A. is concerned with the expansion of a small business into a large corporation. B. is narrower in scope than microeconomics. C. analyzes mergers and acquisitions between firms. D. is concerned with the expansion and contraction of the overall economy.
Is concerned with the expansion and contraction of the overall economy.
11. In the ____________, households work and receive payment from firms. A. financial investment market B. financial capital market C. labor market D. savings market
Labor market
27. The basic difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics is that: A. microeconomics looks at the forest (aggregate markets) while macroeconomics looks at the trees (individual markets). B. macroeconomics is concerned with groups of individuals while microeconomics is concerned with single countries. C. microeconomics is concerned with the trees (individual markets) while macroeconomics is concerned with the forest (aggregate markets). D. macroeconomics is concerned with generalization while microeconomics is concerned with specialization.
Microeconomics is concerned with the trees (individual markets) while macroeconomics is concerned with the forest (aggregate markets)
8. In contrast to goods and services markets,___________are rare in labor markets, because rules that prevent people from earning income are not politically popular. A. minimum wages B. price floors C. price ceilings D. living wage laws
Price Ceilings
11. Many states do have___________, which impose an upper limit on the interest rate that lenders can charge. A. price ceiling laws B. usury laws C. price floor laws D. minimum interest rate
usury laws
5. In a discussion of economics, which of the following would exert the most influence on an individual firm's decision to hire workers? A. wage levels B. the macroeconomy C. the firm's income D. household income
The macroeconomy
7. Which of the following best denotes the reason for the existence of substantial black markets? A. a market-oriented economy B. a command economy C. government laws and rules D. the microeconomy
a command economy
18. Which of the following is most likely a topic of discussion in macroeconomics? A. an increase in the price of a hamburger B. a decrease in the production of DVD players by a consumer electronics company C. an increase in the wage rate paid to automobile workers D. a decrease in the unemployment rate
a decrease in unemployment rate
4. The term "ceteris paribus" means that: A. everything is variable. B. all variables except those specified are constant. C. no one knows which variables will change and which will remain constant. D. what is true for the individual is not necessarily true for the whole.
all variables except those specified are constant.
37. The choice on a production possibilities set that is socially preferred, or the choice on an individual's budget constraint that is personally preferred, will display _____________________. A. allocative efficiency B. the production possibilities frontier C. trade-offs D. scarcity
allocative efficiency
5. Which of the following results in a rightward shift of the market demand curve for labor? A. a decrease in labor productivity B. a decrease in the firm's product price C. an increase in the wage rate D. an increase in demand for the firm's product
an increase in demand for the firm's product
6. Which of the following will not result in a rightward shift of the market supply curve for labor? A. a decrease in non-wage income B. an increase in the working-age population C. an increase in labor productivity D. an increase in immigration
an increase in demand for the firm's product
19. Which of the following statements most likely lies within the realm of microeconomics? A. Unemployment rises during a recession and falls during an expansion. B. An increase in government spending will increase the aggregate demand for goods and services in the economy. C. A rapid acceleration of the supply of money may create inflation. D. An increase in labor costs will increase the additional cost of producing another bus.
an increase in labor costs will increase the additional cost of producing another bus
9. In economics, the demand for a good refers to the amount of the good that people: A. would like to have if the good were free. B. will buy at various prices. C. need to achieve a minimum standard of living. D. will buy at alternative income levels.
are willing to buy at various prices.
21. Macroeconomics primarily examines: A. the behavior of individual households and firms. B. how prices are determined within individual markets. C. broad issues such as national output, employment and inflation. D. the output levels that maximize the profits of business firms
broad issues such as national output, employment and inflation.
30. The slope of the _________________ is determined by the relative price of the two goods, which is calculated by taking the price of one good and dividing it by the price of the other good. A. Opportunity cost B. productive efficiency C. budget constraint D. production possibilities frontier
budget constraint
23. In a market-oriented economy, the amount of a good that is produced is primarily decided by the interaction of: A. all consumers. B. buyers and sellers. C. producers and input suppliers. D. producers and government planning committees.
buyers and sellers.
2. The nature of demand indicates that as the price of a good increases: A. suppliers wish to sell less of it. B. more of it is produced. C. more of it is desired. D. buyers desire to purchase less of it.
buyers desire to purchase less of it.
18. Marginal thinking is best demonstrated by: A. choosing to spend one more hour studying economics because you think the improvement in your score on the next quiz will be worth the sacrifice of time. B. deciding to never purchase a coat made with animal skins or furs C. acquiring the information relevant to a choice before making that choice D. measuring all of the costs of a meal against all of the benefits when deciding whether to order a second milkshake
choosing to spend one more hour studying economics because you think the improvement in your score on the next quiz will be worth the sacrifice of time.
2. In which of the following countries will the national government have the greatest influence with respect to the nation's economy? A. China B. Cuba C. Canada D. Chile
cuba
29. Which of the following best characterizes the circular flow of income? A. Businesses buy resources from the government, and households buy goods and services from businesses. B. Businesses buy resources from households, and households use their income from the sale of resources to buy goods and services from businesses. C. The government purchases resources from businesses and households and then sells goods and services to businesses and households. D. Households buy factors of production from businesses, and businesses buy goods and services from households.
d. Businesses buy resources from households, and households use their income from the sale of resources to buy goods and services from businesses.
18. Refer to Figure 3-2. A change from Point A to Point B represents a(n): A. increase in demand. B. decrease in demand. C. decrease in quantity demanded. D. increase in quantity demanded.
decrease in quantity demanded
29. Which of the following would most likely shift the production possibilities curve inward? A. an increase in the number of hours factories are in use B. a decrease in the average number of hours worked per week as the labor force chooses to enjoy more leisure time C. an increase in the production of capital goods D. technological progress
decrease in the average number of hours worked per week as the labor force chooses to
15. The labor__________curve(s) will shift__________if there is an increase in productivity or an increase in the demand for the final product. A. demand; left B. supply; left C. demand; right D. supply; right
demand; right
27. The law of ____________________________ explains why people and societies rarely make all-or-nothing choices. A. consumption B. marginal analysis C. diminishing marginal utility D. utility
diminishing marginal utility
8. Scarcity exists because of: A. the market mechanism. B. specialization and division of labor. C. the allocation of goods by prices D. unlimited wants and limited resources.
unlimited wants and limited resources
9. In the first chapter of The Wealth of Nations, Smith introduces the idea of the __________, which means the way in which the work required to produce a good or service is divided into a number of tasks that are performed by different workers. A. division of labor B. interconnected economy C. task economy D. modern economy
division of labor
8. Which of the following is generally accepted as a valid criticism of the production of useful goods and services? A. government involvement B. the black market C. environmental pollution D. economic freedom
environmental pollution
28. The circular flow diagram of economic activity is a model of the: A. flow of goods, services, and payments between households and firms. B. influence of government on business behaviour. C. role of unions and government in the economy. D. interaction among taxes, prices, and profits.
flow of goods, services, and payments between households and firms.
12. In the ______________, households receive goods and services and pay firms for them. A. labor market B. financial capital market C. goods and services market D. savings market
goods and services market
15. The two main tools of macroeconomic policy include monetary policy, and fiscal policy, which involves __________ spending. A. business B. government C. household D. capital market
government
3. In a command economy, the __________ either makes most economic decisions itself or at least strongly influences how the decisions are made. A. government B. market C. firm D. business sector
government
14. Which of the following best describes a fiscal policy tool? A. government spending B. bank lending C. financial capital markets D. household spending
government spending
3. Improvements in the productivity of labor will tend to: A. decrease wages. B. decrease the supply of labor. C. increase wages. D. increase the supply of labor.
increase wages
13. The demand schedule for a good: A. indicates the quantity that people will buy at the prevailing price. B. indicates the quantities that suppliers will sell at various market prices. C. is determined primarily by the cost of producing the good. D. indicates the quantities that will be purchased at alternative market prices
indicates the quantities that will be purchased at alternative market prices.
13. Which of the following best describes a monetary policy tool? A. interest rates B. taxes C. household savings D. government spending
interest rates
4. Because of their relatively small national economies, which of the following is most likely considered to be the most important factor for Belgium, Korea, and Canada to take full advantage of specialization? A. division of labour B. international trade C. economies of scale D. command economy
international trade
9. Scarcity implies that: A. consumers would be willing to purchase the same quantity of a good at a higher price. B. it is impossible to completely fulfill the unlimited human desire for goods and services with the limited resources available. C. at the current market price, consumers are willing to purchase more of a good than suppliers are willing to produce. D. consumers are too poor to afford the goods and services available.
it is impossible to completely fulfill the unlimited human desire for goods and services with the limited resources available.
10. Other things being equal, a_______supply of workers tends to __________real wages. A. smaller; not change B. larger; increase C. smaller; decrease D. larger; decrease
larger, decrease
6. Economists refer to the relationship that a higher price leads to a lower quantity demanded as the A. income gap B. market equilibrium C. law of demand D. price model
law of demand
16. When nations desire a healthy macroeconomy, they typically focus on three goals, one of these being: A. balanced budget B. prudent monetary policy C. low inflation D. assuring competition between firms
low inflation
35. Most real-world choices aren't about getting all of one thing or another, instead, most choices involve _________________, which involves comparing the benefits and costs of choosing a little more or a little less of a good. A. utility B. opportunity cost C. benefit analysis D. marginal analysis
marginal analysis
36. Economists refer to this pattern, the ___________________________________, which means that as a person receives more of a good, the additional or marginal utility from each additional unit of the good declines. A. law of trade-offs B. law of diminishing marginal utility C. production possibilities frontier D. law of increasing marginal utility
marginal analysis
28. As a person receives more of a good, the _______________ from each additional unit of the good declines. A. utility B. sunk costs C. marginal utility D. budget constraint
marginal utility
6. In a _______________________, most economic decisions about what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it are made by buyers and sellers. A. market-oriented economy B. macroeconomy C. microeconomy D. command economy
market oriented economy
19. The marginal benefit of a slice of pizza is the: A. total amount that a consumer is willing to pay for a whole pizza, divided by the number of slices B. difference between the value of the slice to the consumer and the price of the slice. C. maximum amount that a consumer is willing to pay for the slice. D. price of the slice of pizza
maximum amount that a consumer is willing to pay for the slice
12. But nearly all supply curves share a basic similarity: they slope____________. A. down from left to right B. up from left to right C. up from right to left D. down from right to left
up from left to right
17. The basic difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics is: A. microeconomics concentrates on individual markets while macroeconomics focuses primarily on international trade. B. microeconomics concentrates on the behavior of individual consumers while macroeconomics focuses on the behavior of firms. C. microeconomics concentrates on the behavior of individual consumers and firms while macroeconomics focuses on the performance of the entire economy. D. microeconomics explores the causes of inflation while macroeconomics focuses on the causes of unemployment.
microeconomics concentrates on the behavior of individual consumers & firms while macroeconomics focuses on the performance of the entire economy
10. The demand curve for a typical good has a(n): A. negative slope because some consumers switch to other goods as the price rises. B. negative slope because consumer incomes fall as the price of the good rises. C. negative slope because the good has less "snob appeal" as its price falls. D. inverse slope because as the price goes up, the good has more
negative slope because some consumers switch to other goods as the price rises.
26. Philosophers draw a distinction between ___________________, which describe the world as it is, and normative statements, which describe how the world should be. A. negative statements B. positive statements C. tradeoffs D. utilitarianism
normative statement
1. Philosophers draw a distinction between positive statements, which describe the world as it is, and ___________________, which describe how the world should be. A. normative statements B. budget constraints C. trade-offs D. opportunity costs
normative statements
2. Attending college is a case where the ________________ exceeds the monetary cost. A. budget constraint B. marginal analysis C. opportunity cost D. marginal utility
opportunity cost
31. In many cases, it is reasonable to refer to the ________________ as the price. A. budget constraint B. sunk cost C. opportunity cost D. budget constraint
opportunity cost
22. The model that economists use for illustrating the process of individual choice in a situation of scarcity is the _________________, sometimes also called the opportunity set, a diagram which shows what choices are possible. A. consumption set B. budget constraint C. original budget D. income cap
opportunity set
34. The model that economists use for illustrating the process of individual choice in a situation of scarcity is the budget constraint, sometimes also called the _______________, a diagram which shows what choices are possible. A. opportunity set B. consumption choice C. time value of money D. risk premium
opportunity set
1) The "law of supply" functions in labor markets; that is, a higher__________for labor leads to a higher quantity of labor supplied. A. price B. demand C. supply D. quantity
price
3. As depicted in _________________________________, it is necessary to give up some of one good to gain more of the other good. A. the production possibilities frontier B. allocative efficiency C. scarcity D. utility
production possibilities frontier
16. A straightforward example of a ____________, often used for simplicity, is the interest rate. A. price ceiling B. financial investment C. rate of return D. price floor
rate of return
21. The lesson of __________ is to forget about the money that's irretrievably gone and instead to focus on the marginal costs and benefits of future options. A. marginal utility B. sunk costs C. marginal analysis D. budget constraints
sunk costs
32. The lesson of __________ is to forget about the money that's irretrievably gone and instead to focus on the marginal costs and benefits of future options. A. sunk costs B. opportunity costs C. marginal analysis D. budget constraints
sunk costs
22. A severe freeze has once again damaged the Florida orange crop. The impact on the market for orange juice will be a leftward shift of: A. the supply curve. B. the demand curve, as consumers try to economize because of the shortage. C. both the supply and demand curves. D. the supply curve and a rightward shift of the demand curve, resulting in a higher equilibrium price.
supply curve
2. As the_________substitute for low-skill labor becomes available, the demand curve for low-skill labor will shift to the left. A. high-skill labor B. lower wage C. technology D. market
technology
10. Gomer decides to spend an hour playing basketball rather than studying. His opportunity cost is: A. nothing, because he enjoys playing basketball more than studying. B. the increase in skill he obtains from playing basketball for that hour. C. the benefit to his grades from studying for an hour D. nothing, because he had a free pass into the sports complex to play basketball.
the benefit to his grades from studying for an hour
22. Specialization: A. leads to greater self-sufficiency. B. can lead to an increase in overall production. C. allows workers to develop skills by working on a large number of tasks D. is always the result of an inefficient use of resources
the concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities
20. Macroeconomic topics do not usually include: A. the profit maximizing decisions of an individual manufacturer. B. the rate of inflation. C. the rate of unemployment. D. economic growth.
the profit maximizing decisions of an individual manufacturer.
13. When consumers and businesses have greater confidence that they will be able to repay in the future, A. the quantity demanded of financial capital at any given interest rate will remain unchanged. B. the quantity demanded of financial capital at any given interest rate will shift to the left. C. the quantity demanded of financial capital at any given interest rate will shift to the right. D. the quantity demanded of financial capital at any given interest rate will achieve
the quantity demanded of financial capital at any given interest rate will shift to the right
