Ecosystems

In an ecosystem, in the transfer of carbon from producers to consumers, what is carbon transferred as? I. Carbon dioxide II. Protein III. Hydrogencarbonate ions

II

how much of re-emitted heat is captured by greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere?

Up to 85%* of re-emitted heat is captured by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

An___ gains its nutrition by producing its own organic compounds using light energy, whereas ___ gains its nutrition by consuming other organisms.

autotrophs heterotrophs

Some marine organisms build an exoskeleton or shell out of calcium carbonate in a process called....

calcification

Carbon is constantly moving through the carbon cycle. The carbon atoms can move from one carbon sink to another through a variety of processes. State the name given to this movement of carbon.

carbon flux

Photosynthesis- Transformation

light (radiant/solar) energy to chemical energy

Reactants of Photosynthesis (ingredients)

water and carbon dioxide

State which greenhouse gas is the most abundant in the atmosphere

water vapor

The two gases that play the greatest part in the greenhouse effect are ---- and ----.

water vapor carbon dioxide

the greenhouse gases from strongest to weakest

water vapor carbon dioxide mathane nitrogen oxides

Peat characteristics

waterlogged anoxic conditions decomposing matter

what does waste turn into fossil fuels?

when sit not fully decomposed and then covered in sediment

quadrat

A square frame used for sampling in field work.

Energy cycle through an ecosystem

the flow of energy through na ecosystem starts with the infra-red ways form the sun. As it passes through the trophic levels, most of this energy is lost as metabolic heat due to an organisms processes, some energy is passed to detritus, and a very small amount is passed to the next trophic level (10%); hence why humans have to eat a lot of food.

null hypothesis

the hypothesis that states that there is no association between the two populations being tested in the chi-squared test.

external digestion

the process in which enzymes are secreted to digest food outside the organism

What is the greenhouse effect?

the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.

If the Earth had no atmosphere...

there would be no greenhouse gasses, the temp would be around -18

degree of freedom formula

df = (rows - 1) (column - 1)

Primary consumers

feed only on autotrophs, these organisms are also known as herbivores.

Draw the carbon cycle

good luck

_____radiation is the type of long-wavelength radiation given off from the Earth in the form of heat.

infrared

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Bio mass pyramid vs energy pyramid

one considers energy and the other considers dry mass

What is the main source of energy for life on earth?

sunlight

H20 + CO2 --> H2CO3

carbonic acid formation

What is not essential in a viable mesocosm?

herbivore

Which of these would not explain the decrease of biomass along food chains in terrestrial ecosystems? #1 Part of the biomass in each trophic level is used as a source of energy. #2 Your choice Some biomass is lost in each trophic level due to the release of waste products. #3 Some biomass remains without passing to the next trophic level, because it becomes buried and fossilized. #4 Around 90% of the energy is released as heat in each trophic level.

#4

Autotroph

(producer) An organism that makes its own food

Graphs illustrating the change in global temperatures over time often have many peaks and troughs. Suggest a term you could use to describe these peaks and troughs

fluctuations

energy pyramid (10% rule)

for every trophic transfer after chemical energy, 10% of energy is lost with every trophic level

Not all energy is passed from one trophic level to the next. Most of the energy is lost to the surroundings as ___

heat

What is the chi-square test used for?

to prove if there is a relationship between two factors

true or false: CO2 dissolves from the atmosphere and goes into the surface ocean

true

Chemoautotrophs

use chemical for energy chemosynthesis

Carnivore

A consumer that eats only animals.

Herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.

Peat forms in waterlogged, acidic and ____ conditions where saprotrophic organisms cannot survive

anoxic oxygen free

what are carbon sinks

anything that absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases

Which organisms produce methane in anaerobic environments such as waterlogged soils?

archaea

The living factors in an ecosystem are referred to as ____ factors and the non-living factors affecting the ecosystem are referred to as ___ factors.

Biotic Abiotic

trophic level

Each step in a food chain or food web

internal digestion

The digestion of consumed organisms by special tissues and organs.

H1 hypothesis

variables are dependent on each-other

steps of chi square test

1) create observed frequency table (what has been observed) 2) expected frequency table (row total x column total / grand total) 3) calculate chi squared values ( ( observed - expected) ^2/ expected ) 4) calculate the degree of freedom ((rows - 1) (column - 1)) 5) If the chi value is lower than the critical value, no associate (H0 is accepted). If the chi value is higher than the critical value, it is associate (H1 is accepted)

describe the carbon cycle

1. CO2 is removed from the atmosphere or the ocean by producers (photosynthesis) 2. glucose is produced during photosynthesis, feed/ingestions by primary consumers, secondary, ect. 3. a. the respiration done by all the tropic levels put CO2 back into the atmosphere b. organism die or egestion (waste material) get eaten by saphotrophs or turn into fossil fuels 4. a saphotrophs decomposed and return CO2 into the ocean and atmosphere b. fossil fuels get used ( combustion) and the CO2 get released back into the atmosphere

solar radiation:

343 watts per m^2

Ominivore

Consumers that eat both plants and animals.

Hydrids

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Dry mass

The mass of an organism after all water has been removed

Where are methanogens found?

sewage treatment plants, swamps, bogs, and near volcanic vents

what are the impacts of greenhouse gases?

1. ability to absorb long wave radiation 2. abundance in the atmosphere 2a. rate of release 2b. persistance

A field of meadow buttercups has been divided into a grid of 308 squares. Random sampling is used to sample 20 of the grid squares. The researchers find that there is an average of 37 meadow buttercups per grid square. Estimate the total population of meadow buttercups in the field.

11396

How much solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere?

Approx. 25% of solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere.

how much solar energy penetrates the atmosphere and reaches earth surface?

Approx. 75% of solar radiation penetrates the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface.

The calcium carbonate within limestone can be decomposed when acid rain weathers the limestone. This releases ___ back into the atmosphere.

CO2

Methane can be oxidised in the atmosphere. State the two products of methane oxidation.

CO2 + H2O

water cycle steps

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, run off, transpiration, infiltration

Which of the following is true of heterotrophs? I. They are able to produce all their own organic molecules. II. They obtain organic molecules from other organisms. III. They may use internal or external digestion

II and III

Abiotic factors:

Nonliving components of environment. such as pH, salinity, wind speed, type of soil, etc.

Archaea

One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria.

Why is respiration important?

Respiration is needed for energy for life processes such as active transport and metabolic reactions (e.g. making proteins and DNA).

net primary productivity

The energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire

climate change (global warming)

a change and or regional climate patterns; a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels

What is a biome?

a collection of ecosystems sharing similar climatic conditions

What is a population?

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

contingency table

a method of presenting the relationship between two categorical variables in the form of a table Cross table

random sampling

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Which of the following are ways in which energy can be lost from one trophic level to another?I. heatII. excretionIII. not all of the organism in one level is consumed by a consumer.

all

Why is ocean acidification a problem?

carbonic acid erodes shells in shellfish and corals does not allow calcification (shell formation) organism and habitats die (coral reefs) less photosynthesis

true or false: hybrids parent species do not need to be closely related.

false

Methanogens

microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions

Ho hypothesis

null hypothesis, variables are independent

what are types of autotrophs?

photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

Which of the following processes does not increase the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide? methane oxidation respiration combustion Photosynthesis

photosynthesis

Electromagnetic radiation is emitted from the Sun in a spectrum of wavelengths, including visible light. Which colour of visible light listed has the shortest wavelength?

purple, then blue

Some fungi secrete enzymes that break down nutrients externally. They then absorb the products of the breakdown. State the term for heterotrophs that obtain organic matter by external digestion like this.

saprotrophs

ocean acidification

decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels

Secondary consumers

feed on primary consumers (carnivores)

how can you ensure that energy pyramids are to scale.

if one level is 20 time bigger drawn 20 boxes and the one ontop adjust to what you have

Why is homeostasis important?

It keeps conditions constant for enzyme action and cell functions

Bio mass pyramid

can be smaller on bottom if there is less bio mass produced by producers

list the chain of ecosystems: Micro

cells --> tissue --> organs --> individual

Carbon Cycle Sources

cellular respiration, fires, burning fossil fuels

Mixotrophs

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

how to calculate the degrees of freedom?

multiplying the number of rows minus one by the number of columns minus one.

What is decomposition?

the process by which chemicals are returned to the ecosystem from dead biotic matter

What is a community?

All the different populations that live together in an area

Products of Photosynthesis (what is made during)

Glucose and Oxygen (released or exhaled by plant)

what causes climate change

Human use of fossil fuels, harmful agriculture, greenhouse gasses, and deforestation.

carbon cycle

The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

Peat

partially decayed plant matter found in bogs

food chain

- A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten - series of trophic levels - used for one specific species at each level - simplified of ecosystem

What is fossilization?

The process of fossilizing a plant or animal that existed in some earlier age; the process of being turned to stone.

structure of ATP

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

What's a species?

A group of similar organisms that can reproduce to give fertile offspring

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Carbon Cycle Sinks

all organisms are sinks but mostly producers

Biotic factors:

All the living organisms that inhabit an environment such as the plants and animals.

heterotrophs

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products. (consumer)

food chain vs food web

Chain is simplified illustrating energy flow and a web is a complex arrangement of food chains.

climate change

Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades

celluar respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

FILL IN BLANK:chloroplast (absorbs solar energy) > _________________________ > Oxygen released

CO2 and H2O make glucose

Ingestion

Intake of food

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

list the chain of ecosystems: Macro

Species --> population --> community--> ecosystem --> biomes

How glucose provides energy

To generate energy, glucose is metabolized through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is also called aerobic metabolism. Cellular respiration produces ATP, a form of energy.

Fossil fuels can be described as reservoirs of carbon. Fossil fuels include ____ which forms in wetlands, and ____ and gas which form in porous rocks in oceans.

coal oil

Carbon Cycle Steps

1. Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration and combustion. 2. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by producers to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis. 3. Animals feed on the plant passing the carbon compounds along the food chain. Most of the carbon they consume is exhaled as carbon dioxide formed during respiration. The animals and plants eventually die. 4. The dead organisms are eaten by decomposers and the carbon in their bodies is returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. In some conditions decomposition is blocked. The plant and animal material may then be available as fossil fuel in the future for combustion.

What is the fossilization process?

1. Death & Decay 2. Rapid Burial 3. Permineralization (high pressure w/out oxygen) 4. Erosion/ Exposure

how to calculate the percentage of energy lost between trophic levels

1. find the sum of all the energy in each trophic level 2. final - inital / final

How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next?

10%

food web

A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Sometimes a pyramid of energy may have two bars at the primary consumer level. If the first primary consumer was a deer eating leaves, what type of organism could be represented by the second bar at the primary consumer level?

Decomposers saprotrophs

What is the aim when setting up a mesocosm?

Establishing sustainability in the mesocosm ecosystem

Saphotrophs

External digestion an organism that feeds on or derives nourishment from decaying organic matter. (Inorganic--> organic)

greenhouse gases

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.

What is formed when carbon dioxide combines with water?

H2CO3 Carbonic acid

Which of the following is correct for the way in which carbon dioxide enters the leaves of terrestrial and aquatic plants?

Terrestrial: Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through the stomata Aquatic: Carbon dioxide dissolved in water diffuses into the leaves

Respiration

The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain.

gross primary productivity

The total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time

The calculated chi-squared value was lower than the critical value. What does this imply?

There is no association between the two species of plants growing in the same habitat.

Chi squared

a statistical test to better understand communities and whether two populations are associated and dependent upon each other or not.

What is an ecosystem?

all of the living and nonliving things interacting in an area

Mesocosm

an experimental tool that brings a small part of the natural environment under controlled conditions.

Photoautrophs

an organism that uses light energy to produce food and oxygen

Used to indicate the flow of energy in a food chain

arrows show the flow of energy from one organism to another

In the carbon cycle autotrophs and heterotrophs release ____ during respiration and this can then be used by autotrophs in the process of ____ .

carbon dioxide photosynthesis

The 90% of the energy that is released is released as...

heat

nutrient cycles

helps to move organic molecules and minerals through the food chain and back into the soil where they can be taken up by plants to re-enter the food chain.

In what type of porous rock would you expect to find high amounts of calcium carbonate from the shells of molluscs and exoskeletons of crustaceans?

limestone

expected frequency is calculated by...

multiplying the row total by column total and dividing by the grand total

degrees of freedom

number of scores that can vary in the calculation of a statistic

Name the trophic levels

producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers

Photosynthesis is the process of inputting co2 into the system and ____ and ____ is putting it back into the ___

respiration combustion environment

Fungi release enzymes and digest decaying organic matter externally; therefore, they are described as___

saprotrophs

Detrivores

scavengers eat dead organic matter Organic --> organic

What energy transformation occurs during photosynthesis?

solar energy transformed to chemical energy

what can cause difficulties with classifying organisms into trophic levels

some organism fit into multiple trophic levels

Photosysnthesis Equation

sunlight + 6H2O + 6CO2 ---> 6O2 + C6H12O6