ED FOUND quiz ch. 6-10
What are the two components of mental health?
Internal well-being and external relationships
According to Capsi and colleagues, children who possess a particular variant of the MAOA gene are _______ to the negative effects of child abuse.
More resilient
The first step in children's language learning is mastery of the sound system of their native language. This concept is known as _________ development.
Phonological
Two-year-old Ravi goes to the zoo with his mother. Even though he has never heard of a giraffe or seen one before, when his mother points to an animal and call it a "giraffe", Ravi then calls that animal a giraffe. This exchange demonstrates Ravi's use of ________
Pragmatic cues
(CH.8) Who developed the first objective intelligence test that directly assessed specific high-level abilities identified as key components of intelligence?
Binet
Research by Gelman and Kalish (2006) suggests that infants tend to divide objects into three general categories. Which of the following is NOT one of the general categories as identified by research?
Food
The fact that certain types of brain damage can lead to deficiencies in specific areas and that prodigies show remarkable ability in specific areas but not in others led to the development of which theory?
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
Which of the following best describes Carroll's three-stratum theory of intelligence?
General intelligence influences intermediate abilities, which influence specific processes
________ refers to an individuals ability to understand his or her own emotions, as well as the emotions of others.
Emotional intelligence
Which of the following statements is NOT true of infant-directed speech?
Evidence suggests that IDS is a universal practice across all cultures
Chris is an elementary school student who is good at putting together puzzles, identifying which object doesn't belong to a given set, and thinking on the spot. Chris's proficiency in these various intellectual tasks is an indication of his level of ______ intelligence.
Fluid
Stella uses the word "food" to indicate that she wants to eat. Her tendency to use a single word to communicate an entire phrase suggests that Stella is in which phase of language development?
Holophrastic period
What is the significance of the false-belief problem?
It illustrates that very young children do not understand that other people act on their own beliefs, even when those beliefs are false.
Which of the following is an example of sociodramatic play?
Laila is pretending that she is in school and her friend tosha is the teacher
How do self-conscious emotions differ from the set of basic emotions discussed in this chapter?
Self-conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of himself as separate from others
Using the structure of a sentence to derive the meaning of a novel word is known as
Syntactic bootstrapping
Twin studies conducted by Lemery-Chalfant and colleagues have led to which important conclusion regarding temperament?
Temperament is determined more by genes than environment
(CH.10) Which of the following statements best summarizes the findings by Mischel and his colleagues from their famous marshmallow test?
The ability to exhibit self-control early in life can predict success later in life
Nativists and empiricists have intense debates about the development of spatial thinking, but on which of the following points do these two groups tend to agree?
The development of the hippocampus is related to improvements in spatial learning
Based on your understanding of the chapter, how would a 12-month-old respond to a novel stimulus in a given situation if his or her parent expressed positive emotion?
The infant is likely to move closer to the novel stimulus
A mother magically produces a coin from behind her 6-year-old son's ear. Which of the following scenarios describes the response of a typical 6-year-old?
The son searches his mother's hands, up her sleeves, and behind his ear to try to make sense of the event
Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between environmental risk and intelligence, according to the environmental risk scale?
The total number of risks is a better predictor of IQ than the presence of any single risk
Between 6 and 12 months of age, infants typically experience a linguistic perceptual narrowing. What effect does this change have on their language development?
They become increasingly less sensitive to non-native speech sounds
HOME was developed to measure the complex influences of family environment on a child's intelligence. Though this measure can be used to predict a child's IQ score, why are researchers not able to conclude that better home environment leads to higher scores?
This measure does not account for the influence of parents' genes on the home environment and the child's intelligence
Chomsky's proposition that humans are born with an understanding of the basic principles and rules that govern all language is known as ______
Universal grammar
Each of Krikson's stages is characterized by
a crisis that the individual must resolve
Researchers conducting Tronick's famous Still-Face Paradigm found that during the distressing still-face episodes, infants spent very little times looking at their mothers. This response is an example of which of the following behaviors?
self-distraction
According to Dweck, whether a child meets a new challenge with a sense of excitement or with a sense of anxiety depends on that child's ________
achievement motivation
Dodge's approach to social cognition centers on the use of _____ as a problem-solving strategy.
aggression
What are the three components of Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence?
analytic abilities, practical abilities and creative abilities
Which of the following statements describes the counting principle of abstraction?
any set of discrete objects or events can be counted
What category level do children tend to form first?
basic
Kamar is happliy counting all of his holiday candy, reciting a number as he touches each piece: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9...... he holds up the final piece and states "I have seven pieces of candy" Kamar's counting skills suggests he lacks an understanding of
cardinality
In Krascum and Andrews' experiments, young children were better able to classify wigs and gillies after being told stories explaining each creature's unique appearance. Their findings support the importance of
causal relationships
An infant is startled by a loud noise and begins to cry. Her mother calms her by playing with her and speaking soothingly to her. This interaction is an example of ______
co-regulation
Preschoolers Ahmed and Max are talking together. Ahmed says that his father is old. Max says that he likes cars. Ahmed says that his father is probably more than 10 years old. Max says that he likes blue cars the best. According to Piaget, Ahmed and Max are engaging in _________
collective monologues
The notion that humans have evolved to experience a basic set of emotions through adaptation to their surroundings is central to which theory?
discrete emotions theory
Which of the following is NOT one of the five key dimensions of temperament, according to research by Mary Rothbart?
disgust
_______ refers to the social and cultural norms related to emotion expression.
display rules
Which of the following represents the most typical organization of superordinate, subordinate, and basic category levels that young children tend to form?
dogs/animals/poodles
According to Piaget, children's coding of locations of objects relative to their own bodies is referred to as
egocentric spatial representations
A decreased reliance on self-comforting behaviors, an increased ability to inhibit motor behavior, and an improved ability to distract oneself when distressed are all the result of developments in _______
emotion regulation
The fact that a variety of factors can each lead to a given mental disorder is known as ______
equifinality
Ted believes that the reason his dog barks, wags her tail, and likes to go outside is because the dog has an inner "dogness." Ted's belief is an example of
essentialism
What is the term used to describe the study of behavior within an evolutionary context?
ethology
Six-year-old Aliya loves to read. Her parents aren't particularly engaged in reading themselves, but because of Aliya's evident interest, they surround her with books and read to her. According to Sandra Scarr, the relationship between Aliya's interests and her parents' actions is an example of __________
evocative effects
Parental-investment theory stresses the _______ basis of many aspects of parental behavior.
evolutionary
Which high-level writing strategy involves the repetition of a certain sequence of actions, such as determining a thesis, outlining the main points, and figuring out how to support those points?
following a script
When asked to solve the problem 2 + 3 + 4 = ____ + 4, 10-year-old Nevin gives the incorrect answer 9, but explains his answer by pointing to all four numbers, rather than just the three that come before the equal sign. Kevin's behavior illustrates ________
gesture-speech mismatch
Two 6-year-old boys, Cal and Sam, accompany their class to the library. Sam grabs a book from the shelf and sits quietly to read. Cal is unable to sit still or quietly and ends up disrupting other children. The different reactions that these two boys have to this situation are the result of ________
goodness of fit
As an individual moves from early childhood into adolescence and adulthood, the influence of genetic factors on intelligence _______
increases
The summary measure that is the result of an intelligence test is referred to as a person's __________
intelligence quotient
A person with an entity view of intelligence believes that his or her intelligence level:
is fixed and unchangeable
Comprehension monitoring describes an individual's ability to
keep track of one's ongoing understanding of a text
The smallest units of meaning in a language, such as the english words dog or mom, are called ______
morphemes
Emily is given two pictures: one shoes a flower, a word she already knows and the other shows a unicorn, which is new to her. When asked to point to the "Unicorn", Emily points to the unknown image, which is of a unicorn. Which assumption is Emily making in order to learn this new word?
mutual exclusivity
(CH.7) The belief that infants are born with some sense of fundamental concepts, such as time, space, and number, is a basic component of
nativism
The proposed existence of a theory of mind module, which is the brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings, is most closely associated with advocates which position?
nativism
In front of Sue are three balls, three teddy bears, three pencils, and three apples. Sue studies the groups of objects and realizes that they all share the property of "threeness." Sue is demonstrating an understanding of what concept?
numerical equality
The idea that the number 5 represents a unit that falls between the numbers 4 and 6, regardless of whether one is referring to distance, weight, set size, or some other measurement, is known as ___________
numerical magnitude representations
Social learning theory emphasizes ________ as the primary mechanism of development
observation and imitation
Thirteen-month-old Christian calls all men "Dad." This is an example of
overextension
Performance on measures of _________ is the strongest predictor of a kindergartner's later ability to sound out and spell words.
phonemic awareness
Tom is walking down the street and suddenly encounters a dog that is crouched and growling. Toms begins to perspire, his breathing quickens, and his heart rate increases. This reaction is an example of which component of emotion?
physiological factors
A deeper understanding of the cultural contexts of language-including shifts in tone and body language, which allow two strangers who speak the same language to successfully communicate-is known as ________ development.
pragmatic
in order to actually learn and use words, infants must first learn to associate words with specific meanings. This concept is referred to as _______.
reference
Which of the following best describes a parenting style influenced by Watson's theories?
rigid and strict
Which level of Bronfenbrenner's model would account for how changes in a society's customs over time affect the development of a child?
the chronosystem
At which level of Bronfenbrenner's model do the consequences of child maltreatment primarily manifest themselves?
the microsystem
Lisa's peers are picking on her at recess because she wears glasses. Which level of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model is affecting Lisa?
the mircosystem
The idea that the human brain contains innate and self-contained modules used for specific cognitive functions, such as language, is known as _____________
the modularity hypothesis
According to Skinner, everything we do in life is an operant response influenced by
the outcomes of past behavior
(CH. 9) The first signs of superego development appear during which stage of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
the phallic stage
Dual representation refers to one's ability to
understand a symbolic artifact as both a real object and as a symbol for something else
Bandora's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated
vicarious reinforcement
