Ed Psych Exam 2

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to be observed in a room full of three-year-olds?

A child who grabs a toy from a classmate seems genuinely unconcerned when the classmate bursts into tears.

*Which of the following most clearly describes a form of parental behavior that would lead to desirable child development during the psychosocial stage Erikson described for two- and three- year-olds?

A parent encourages a child who is trying to learn new skills, while at the same time providing support and supervision for her.

To help him determine whether various cities and towns in his state lie to the north, south, east, or west of his community, Manuel's teacher has taught his to visualize a map of the state with Manuel standing on where his town is located. To Lev Vygotsky, this is an example of ___.

A psychological tool.

Erikson uses the epigenetic principle to hypothesize that personality development is related to ___.

A series of interrelated stages of development, all of which have a critical period.

Which of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of assimilation?

A student who learns that opossum can hang from tree branches by their tail and therefore adds opossums to her scheme of animals with prehensile tails.

A child who is concrete-operational is ___.

Able to understand that hummingbirds and ducks are both birds.

A child who has had an unpleasant experience with dogs and who believes that dogs are mean walks down the street and encounters a dog that wags its tail at her. The child interprets the dog's behavior as threatening and runs away. Later, when she describes the dog to her parents and how it wagged its tail, the parents explain that this is a friendly response in dogs. Thus, the child begins to ___ by changing what she believes about dogs.

Accommodate.

Stella, who has believed that wolves stalk and kill human beings, learns that they are actually quite wary of humans and rarely attack them. Consequently, she joins an environmental group that is dedicated to reintroducing wolves to areas where they once lived. This behavior is a reflection of ___.

Accommodate.

Based on what he has seen at the circus, Larry came to believe that all elephants were docile. Recently, on his first African safari, he approached an elephant with the intention of petting it. Sensing Larry's presence, the elephant wheeled around and proceeded to charge. Larry must now adjust his elephant behavior scheme. According to Piaget, Larry must ___.

Adapt.

Mr. Kyle, a middle school teacher, is interested in enhancing his students' understanding of the Holocaust. If he follows the suggestions of Piaget, he would most likely provide the appropriate readings and ___.

Allow students to discuss the topic with their peers.

Erikson's theory holds that adolescents create an identity for themselves by actively exploring alternative beliefs, career options, and interpersonal relationships, and then making a choice. This contention appears to be ___.

An accurate description of identity formation in certain societies.

Which of the following best describes Piaget's concept of a scheme?

An organized pattern of behavior or thought.

Erik Erikson's psychological theory is useful for teachers___.

Because it suggests that children play an active role in their own development.

___ patterns are such behaviors as self-observation and self-evaluation.

Behavior.

Because the model is reciprocal, or interactive, pairs of elements ( ___ and/or ___ and/or ___, for example) can influence each other.

Behavior. Personal characteristics. Environment.

Piaget's work in moral development suggests that the typical twelve-year-old ___.

Believes that extenuating circumstances should be considered.

In an attempt to scientifically validate Erikson's notions about identity, Marcia interviewed youths about their ___.

Career goals, religious beliefs, and sexual attitudes.

According to Vygotsky, ___.

Children benefit greatly from information handed down to them by those who are more cognitively advanced.

Simulated learning environments (microworlds) provide students with opportunities to solve problems in a form and setting that they have not likely encountered before. According to Piaget, these students will most likely experience which one of the following?

Cognitive conflict and disequilibriation.

A student who is at the stage of conventional morality (as described by Kohlberg) makes moral decisions on the basis of ___.

Concern about what others might think.

Within social cognitive theory, the concept of self-regulation refers to ___.

Consistently using self-control skills in new situations.

Which of the following is most likely to promote a sense of industry among students?

Create reasonable performance standards and communicate those standards to students.

Self- regulated learning refers to ___.

Creating a study environment that is conductive to meaningful learning, formulating strategies and using tactics to meet the demands of a task, and believing that one has effective learning and problem-solving skills.

___ factors are elements of the individual's physical and social environment and include the nature of the learning task, reinforcing and punishing consequences, and influences of other people.

Environmental.

The idea that personality development follows a predictable pattern with identifiable benchmarks best reflects the ___.

Epigenetic principle.

Infants between birth and age two acquire an understanding of the world around them by ___.

Exploring their own bodies and senses.

If you were to give a set of moral dilemmas to a sample of males and females, which of the following is most likely to describe the results?

Females will invoke a caring/helping/cooperation orientation 55% of the time, and males will invoke a justice/fairness/individual rights orientation 55% of the time.

Sarah, though she prefers dance to medicine, is a medical student because her parents have always dreamed of having a "Dr. Daughter." She is certain that medicine is the right career for her because her parents have supported that notion. Sarah would be classified by Marcia as which of the following types?

Foreclosure.

Which of the following represents Vygotsky's concept of a psychological tool?

Gestures, formulas, and memory techniques.

According to Erikson, teachers can help students between the ages of four and five develop in a healthy fashion by ___.

Giving them the freedom to explore and taking the time to answer questions.

Social cognitive research suggests that the best way to raise students' self-efficacy for mathematical problem solving is to ___.

Have students observe peers who successfully solve mathematical problems.

Piaget's work in moral development suggests that the typical six-year-old ___.

Holds that behavior is right or wrong.

According to Marcia, what identity status is usually the last to emerge developmentally?

Identity achievment.

You have decided that the students in your kindergarten class will no longer be allowed to participate in unstructured play or imagination activities. These types of activities, in your opinion, are a waste of learning time and have no place in a solid curriculum. Your thoughts largely ignore the need to resolve which of the following psychosocial crises?

Initiative versus guilt.

Rhonda, a sixth grader, loves to work in her father's wood shop crafting items that she designs. Often, however, when she approaches her father about letting her work with him, he dismisses her requests and tells her that she should "help your mother in the kitchen and stay out of my way." According to Erikson, Rhonda ___.

Is at risk of developing feelings of inferiority.

Ephraim, a student at Central State University, where parking spaces for students are few and far between, refuses to attempt to park in the spaces designated for students. Further, he will not buy a student parking sticker for his car. Though he receives numerous tickets, he continues to blatantly ignore all parking rules and regulations. Which of the following answers would describe postconventional justification for his behavior?

It is wrong for the university to make students pay for a service they can't guarantee.

Which of the following students is exhibiting a characteristic of self-regulated learning?

Julio, Roseanne, and Winston.

Using computers in the classroom to simulate expert peers or collaborative partners to enhance learning supports ___.

Lev Vygotsky's notion of scaffolding.

Which of the following is an example of a learning strategy?

Looking through a chapter ahead of time, determining how to go about studying for the final, and thinking about how much time will be required for it.

Sam began his academic career as a history major and, during his first semester, changed to archaeology. He is currently a media-arts students with a C- average. When asked about his mediocre grades he indicated that he has a difficult time paying attention in class because he loves to daydream. All twelve of his ex-girlfriends say that he is an anxious soul who is uncertain of his future. James Marcia would most likely say that Sam's identity status is ___.

Moratorium.

Eight-year-old Elizabeth is given a butterfly net for her birthday. She spends hours and hours capturing all kinds of creatures: butterflies, moths, crickets, grasshoppers, beetles, aphids, and pill bugs, to name a few. She notices that some of the creatures have six legs and some have eight. She also notices that some have hard covers over their wings and others don't. She takes note of these differences and begins to separate her creatures according to the differences she notes. Which of the following, according to Piaget, is the process in which Elizabeth is engaging?

Organization.

Piaget would probably view the development of a system of classification of animals and plants as evidence of our need to ___.

Organize the elements of our world into some kind of interrelated system.

___ characteristics are cognitive factors (such as goal setting, learning skills, and self-efficacy beliefs), affective factors (such as anxiety and satisfaction), and metacognitive factors (such as knowledge of the role of strategic processes in learning and monitoring).

Personal.

Which of the following classroom practices would be most appropriate for children at Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority?

Placing completed assignments in each student's Successful Work folder.

"I would love to run across my mom's new white carpet after playing in the mud just to see what cool design I could make. I won't though because I am afraid that she would get mad at me." These thoughts reflect which level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Preconventional.

Which of the following concepts is characteristic of adolescent egocentrism?

Preoccupation with self and how one appears to others.

Taking into account what you have studied about Piaget's stages of cognitive development, why would a toy manufacturer be uninterested in hiring the typical first- or second- grade child as a consultant?

Primary grade children do not reason logically.

A student is told by his science teacher that toads are not reptiles, as the student had originally thought. The student checks an animal taxonomy (classification) book out of the library in order to determine exactly what toads are, if not reptiles. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this student is attempting to ___.

Reorganize his scheme of animal system.

Brian is an only child whose father is a president of a large corporation, while his mother is a lawyer at a busy law firm. Brian has always enjoyed the company of other children partly, he believes, because he wasn't around children much except at school. He is particularly intrigued with young children's development and is thinking of majoring in early-childhood education in college. His parents are not happy with Brian's decision, and his father puts a great deal of pressure on him to major in business or pre-law. Brian isn't sure what to do. His situation is an example of ___.

Role confusion.

Organized patterns of actions and thoughts, such as kicking a football or realizing that there are many different types of footballs, are defined by Piaget as ___.

Schemes.

Mr. Schreiber is called out of the classroom for several minutes. Before leaving, he tells his students to read the next ten pages in the text and answer the questions at the end of the chapter. A minute later, however, several students are talking about sports, other students, and what they're going to do after school. But Jada continues to read and formulate answers to the questions in the text. Jada's behavior is an example of ___.

Self- control.

Aubry, a sixth-grade student, remarks, "Analyzing fictional literature is too hard. I just can't do it." According to social cognitive theory, Aubry likely has low feelings of ______________ on tasks such as this.

Self- efficacy.

Which of the following terms refers to how capable we feel we are, or how successful we feel we will be, when performing certain kinds of tasks?

Self- efficacy.

Because teachers expect students to become more independent as learners as they get older, students have to learn increasingly larger amounts of more complex material as they move through the grades, and students will have to be self-directed learners after they leave school in order to cope with the rapid pace of change, it is imperative that students acquire the skills of ___.

Self- regulation.

A social cognitive model of self-regulated skill learning proposed by Zimmerman contains four processes, three of which are observation, emulation, and self-control. Which of the following is the fourth process?

Self-regulation.

As described by Erikson, a psychosocial moratorium ___.

Should be a period of postponing commitment.

If you wanted to use computer-based technology in a way that was consistent with Piaget's principle of cognitive disequilibrium, which of the following applications would you select?

Simulated learning environment (microworld) software.

According to Vygotsky, one's culture ___.

Strongly influences what we learn and how we think.

If you wanted to use computer-based technology in a way that was consistent with Vygotsky's principles of cognitive development, which of the following applications would you select?

Teleapprenticeship programs.

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development suggests that teachers should emphasize ___.

The acquisition of scientific concepts.

According to Erikson, personality growth occurs in eight stages that are characterized by ___.

The confrontation and resolution of various crises for better or worse.

Which of the following best reflects the concept of scaffolding?

The teacher demonstrates and explains how to solve quadratic equations.

Accord to Piaget, all but which of the following are characteristic of children in preschool and primary grade (i.e., between the ages of two and seven)?

There is a focus on the mastery of symbols, such as words.

Which of the following statements is true of learning tactics?

They are specific learning techniques.

Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding is most like the concept of ___.

Training.

The ___ model holds that people's behavior is the result of interactions among three elements- ___, ___, and ___ factors.

Triadic Reciprocal. Personal Characteristics. Behavior. Environment.

According to Erikson, if Robert has successfully resolved the psychosocial crisis of adolescence, he is now able to ___.

View himself as having a meaningful role in life.

Vygotsky was a contemporary of Piaget's whose research in the area of cognitive development in children indicates that ___.

We learn best when instruction is pitched just above the lower limit of our zone of proximal development.

Ms. Fortunato, a secondary school teacher in the United States, is interested in how Piaget's findings might apply to children in preindustrial countries. Recent evidence suggests that ___.

While the sequence of stages appears to be culturally universal, the rate of development may vary cross-culturally.

As an example of mastery of formal operations, a teacher might ask students to ___.

Write an adventure story in which they play the role of the main character.

In his work on development of moral reasoning in children, Piaget found that ___.

Young children tend to be much more literal than adolescents in their interpretation of rules.