Edict of Nantes + down

Parlements

French provincial law courts, responsible for registering new laws sent to them by the king. (the most important one was in Paris)

Frederick V

The Elector from the German-state of Palatinate. He was a Protestant elector who used his power to become the head of the Protestant Union of German-states.

Estates-General

The parliamentary body of France. It was a general assembly of all three classes, the poor, the middle class, and the nobility. It also relinquished the "power of the purse" to the Valois king Charles VII.

Battle of Lützen

A costly victory for the Swedish over the imperial forces led by Wallenstein. The Swedish lost their king, Gustavus Adolphus, and were later defeated by Wallenstein's troops.

Four phases of the war

Bohemian Phase- HRE + german states fight over religious issues, Battle of White Mountain Danish Phase- Christian IV leads army into Northern Europe, his army's destruction finally halted by Wallenstein at Battle at Dessau Swedish Phase- Swedes, led by Gustavus Adolphus rampage through Northern Germany, make way toward south, GA's army finally slowed at Battle of Lutzen, GA is killed, Swedish army finally repelled at Battle of Nordlingen Franco-Swedish- France + Dutch pay Swedes to keep an army in the HRE to distract them + keep them focused on war on internal front, France attacked Spanish, decisive victory at Rocroi marked end of Spanish military greatness

Edict of Restitution

Declaration issued by Ferdinand II, enforced Catholicism in the HRE + gave all land belonging to Protestants back to the church as Ferdinand believed Protestants stole the land from the church in the first place.

Edict of Nantes

Edict issued by Henry IV. Allowed for Huguenots to freely worship in designated cities. It also allowed Huguenots to retain some of their fortified cities for their protection. Plus, it allowed Huguenots to hold all public offices.

Cardinal Richelieu

French Cardinal who, alongside with Marie de' Medici, became co-regents for their her son Louis XIII. HE became influential in the ideology of Absolutism and negotiated the Peace of Alais which acted as a precursor to the Edict of Fontainebleau.

Jacques Callot

French artist who published a book of sketches of his observations of the destruction of the German-states

"Three Henries"

Henry III (son of Henry II + Catherine de' Medici, Catholic), Henry Bourbon (Henry of Navarre, converted twice), Henry Guise (staunch Catholic)

Christian IV

King of Denmark who invaded the HRE during the 2nd phase (the Danish Phase) of the Thirty Years' War to aid the Protestants (as his own state was primarily Lutheran). His army was defeated by Wallenstein at the Battle of Dessau.

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden, brought an army into Northern Germany for both political and religious reasons. He felt pressured to aid the Protestants as his own state was protestant, and because he felt that the HRE's encroachment on his territory would mean that the HRE (Ferdinand II) would replace himself as the most influential leader of the Baltic region. He was killed in the Battle of Lutzen.

Ferdinand II

The Holy Roman Emperor during the Thirty Years' War. He was a staunch Catholic and the restoration of Catholicism to the German-states was one of his major motives for the Thirty Years' War.

Protestant Union

The coalition of German-states headed by the Elector of Palatinate, Frederick V, were united under Protestantism.

Catholic League

The coalition of German-states under the leadership of Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, were united under Catholicism + opposed the Protestant Union

Battle of White Mountain

The defining battle in the Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years' War. The armies of Frederick V and the Bohemian nobles were defeated by imperial forces and forces of Bavarian nobles from the Catholic League (leader was duke Maximilian of Bavaria)

Wallenstein

The most powerful and influential landowner in the HRE, he was also a successful commander of the imperial army. However, he was dismissed as well as assassinated by Ferdinand II for political motives.

Peace of Westphalia

The treaty which ended the Thirty Years' War. It reaffirmed the right of the German princes to retain their "germanic liberties." It also added to the Peace of Augsburg as not Calvinism was added to the list of acceptable state religions for the German princes to choose from.

Peace of Alais

Treaty negotiated by Cardinal Richelieu with Huguenot leaders which was signed by Louis XIII. It confirmed the basic provisions of the Edict of Nantes bu relinquished the Huguenots' political rights + their fortified cities. Did not last permanently, resulted in the Edict of Fontainebleau signed by Louis XIV in 1685.

"Defenestration of Prague"

The harming of two Hapsburg governors and one secretary by throwing them out of a window at a meeting at the royal castle in Prague.

Matthias

The predecessor of Ferdinand II. He sponsored a revival in Catholicism in Hapsburg lands which eventually led to the Thirty Years' War