emerging dieases

exponetial growth

When resources are unlimited

Where did MERS-CoV originate from?

a camel reservoir with direct transfer to humans

chemokines

a chemical attractant to call white blood cells to the sites of the infection

Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction in a pregnant woman to which of the following?

a foreign antigen on red blood cells

The difference between a population and a community in the same location is that

a population includes members of one species, while a community includes members of multiple species.

disease

abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions(not due to injury)

next line of defense

adaptive immunity/acquired immunity

Mitochondria are proposed to have arisen after host cells engulfed __________ in endosymbiosis.

aerobic bacteria

survivorship factors

age and sex

how does tuberculosis spread

airborne

Why do glycoproteins exist in bacteria

all membranes need proteins within them to function

Antigens attached to harmless substances found in food, dust mites, pollen, fur, and some oils in plants that elicit an immune attack are called

allergens.

when are macrophages in your body

always

In a survivorship curve, a type II species, like a songbird, is a species that has

an equal probability of dying at any age.

Which of the following is part of the adaptive, rather than the innate, immune response?

antibody production

A Y-shaped protein that proliferates in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)

antibody.

what can you make an antibody against

anything

When does growth slow

as the population approaches carrying capacity

what do the spikes in coronavirus do

assist the virus in identifying and entering the host cells

disease manifestations stage 1

asymptomatic state(carrier for a disease but experiencing no symptoms) -virus is detected by a nasal swab and I shed by the host in repository droplets -progeny are released and propagated, mild innate immune response initiated

Where did SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 likely originate

bats

r=

birth rate-death rate

factors of population dynamics

birth/death, immigration/emigration, density, distribution, age structure, sex ratio

White blood cells are produced from

bone marrow stem cells.

how do dendritic cells help with immune response

by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system

The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support is its

carrying capacity

what did the black plague do to the body

caused swelling

macrophages

cells that attack alien invaders in the body even without prior encounter of the alien cell

In a process called __________, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from stimulated B cells.

clonal selection

Density dependent ex.

competition for resources, contagious diseases

antigen receptors

complementary molecules found of the surface of host cells

how do vaccines help prevent diseases

contain antigens and creates memory B-cells

what is the name of the coronavirus disease

covid-19

Mitosis results in

creation of two identical cells

what do the complement proteins do in the process of inflammation

damage bacterial membranes and release histamines

The number of individuals that die in a population per unit time is its __________ rate.

death

What helps with inflamation

dendritic cells

antibiotics

directly kill pathogens

what do the antibodies that the B cells create do

disable pathogen and flag it for destruction by macrophages

emerging disease

disease that is new to a particular population

what does cytokine storm lead to

dramatic drop in blood pressure, leaky blood vessels, formation of blood clots, organ failure

how do you help these defenses

energy and nutrition

A phagocyte is a cell that

engulfs other cells and debris.

how often did the black plague return

every 20 years

J-shaped curve

exponential growth

what are diseases caused by

external factors:infection internal dysfunctions:autoimmune

endemic examples

flu, common cold

An example of a density-independent factor that affects a population's growth is

frost killing all of your tomato plants.

what can an antigen be made of

glycoprotein or other molecule on surface of cell

G=

growth increment

G=

growth rate of a population

logistic growth

having all the resources to make something happen

pandemic

hits all populations

disease manifestations stage 3

hypoxia, progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome within 8 to 12 days

what do the cells in the next line of defense do

identify and disable pathogens

what is a function of B cells

identify, disable, and flag foreign cell

why are some people affected while others are not

immune system function, some people can better fight off certain pathogens

how is population density measured

individuals/unit area

Suzy is given an annual influenza vaccine. This gave her immunity later in the winter to that year's influenza because the exposure to the vaccine...

induces the formation of memory cells for the disease

First line of defense

innate defenses-skin

the 16 nonstructural proteins in coronavirus do what

involved in viral replication, maturation, and release

whats different about the Spanish flu

killed people in the prime of life

A population with a large fraction of pre-reproductive individuals is common in __________-developed countries; this population will most likely __________ in size.

less; increase

antibiotics are effective against what

living parasites such as: bacteria and protozoa

S-shaped curve

logistic growth

B cells and T cells are

lymphocytes

Which of the following exhibit phagocytic activity?

macrophages and neutrophils

Where is corona virus found

mammals and birds

At the end of the Cretaceous period, a mass extinction occurred and coincided with the impact of a large asteroid that hit Earth near the Yucatán peninsula; this impact likely produced __________, which created uninhabitable conditions.

massive volumes of debris that blocked out sunlight

incubation time

median 4 to 5 days, range 2 to 14 days

reasons why population has changed so much in the past

medicine, agriculture, education, transportation, and the industrial revolution

Immunological memory results from the production of

memory B cells and memory cytotoxic T cells.

In clonal selection, activated T helper cells divide and differentiate into __________ cells and into __________ cells that help activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells.

memory; effector

A population with a large fraction of post-reproductive individuals is common in __________-developed countries; this population will most likely __________ in size.

more; decrease

density independent ex.

natural disasters, non-contagious diseases

how many possibilities in somatic hypermutation

nearly infinite but most will fail

is carrying capacity constant

no

stage 3 of mechanisms of pathogenicity

nonspecific immune cells release chemokines and stimulate a targeted attack on the infected cells -by inducing inflammation, this process cripples normal cell function

P nucleotides

nucleotides are copied into palindromic sequences and inserted at the ends

how to calculate birth rate

number of births divided by population size

growth increment

number of individuals added to or lost from a population in one unit of time

Emigration happens when individuals move __________ a population, while immigration happens when individuals move __________ a population.

out of; into

Which of the following can be a target of an autoimmune disease but is not considered to be part of the immune system?

pancreas

The mass extinction of the Permian period

paved the way for the age of dinosaurs, was caused by a drop in sea level, was caused by a rise in global temperature, was caused by a long series of volcanic eruptions

Chloroplasts are proposed to have arisen after host cells engulfed __________ in endosymbiosis, allowing the engulfed cell to remain, with specialized function.

photosynthetic bacteria

In humoral immunity, cells that are produced by activated B cells and function by secreting antibodies are called

plasma cells.

disease manifestations include

pneumonia, difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain/pressure, confusion,, inability to stay awake, bluish lips or skin

how did tuberculosis spread

population dynamics

what affect disease risk

population dynamics, hygiene, age, nutrition, vaccines

rN

population growth rate x population size

what are vaccines

protect against bacteria or viruses

antigen

provoke immune response

somatic hypermutation

random changes to nucleotide sequnces

N nucleotides

random, untemplated nucleotides inserted into variable region sequences

epidemic

rapid spread or growth of disease in a population

somatic recombination

removes segments at random to generate new combinations

what does SARS-CoV stand for

severe acute respiratory syndrome; CORONAVIRUS

virulence

severity of disease

Evidence supporting the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts in present-day cells originated as independent organisms includes

similarities in DNA sequences between mitochondrial and bacterial genomes, similarities in size and shape between mitochondria and some bacteria, similarity between photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, similarity in the way mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria reproduce.

Scenerio:Why are some people more affected than others by tuberculosis

some people can better fight off certain pathogens

Which of the following is the large lymphoid organ in the abdomen that produces and stores large amounts of white blood cells?

spleen

what happens above carrying capacity

starvation, disease, accidents, weather, hunting

population dynamics

studies the quantitative factors that change a population

disease is cause by

-external factors: infection -internal dysfunctions:autoimmune

Pathogenicity

tendency to cause a disease

Corona virus characteristics

1. 7 known to infect humans 2. single stranded RNA 3. error-prone replication 4. positive sense 5. directly translated

Virus Charcteristics

1. acellular 2. only seen under electron microscope 3. infiltrate cells of host 4. lack cellular machinery 5.no cell walls 6. DNA or RNA 7. systematic infections 8. non beneficial viruses unless destroying harmful bacteria

steps of antibodies

1. binds the target 2. inhibits movement 3. clumps targets together 4. phagocytes "clean up" the bacteria 5. some T cells turn into memory cells for future infections 6. A few B cells will continue to produce antibodies 7. extra cells undergo apoptosis

steps of inflammation

1. blood flows into area causing swelling 2. brings complement proteins 3. brings dendritic cells

Steps of virus invasion

1. breathe it in, eat it, cut yourself 2. bacteria enter body 3. cells in the affected area send out signals 4. macrophages arrive 5. neutrophils arrive

parts of the antibody

1. constant region 2. variable region 3. heavy chain 4. light chain

steps of the dendritic cell

1. cut up invaders and display parts on the surface 2.goes to lymph nodes 3.find a helper T cell that matches the "parts" 4.activates the t cell to clone itself 5. T cells activate the correct B cells to clone themselves 6.T cells activate the correct B cells to clone themselves 7. B cells pump out antibodies

B cells

1. encounter the invader and learn how to attack it 2. remember the specific invader so that they can attack it quickly next time 4. create antibodies

what do macrophages do in an invasion

1. grab the bacteria 2. trap in a vesicle 3. fuse with lysosome

mechanisms of antibiotic action

1. inhibition of protein synthesis 2. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis 3. inhibition of cell wall synthesis 4. disruption of cell membrane function 5. block pathways and inhibit metabolism

antibotic resistance

1. lots of germs and a few are drug-resistant 2. antibiotics kill bacteria causing the illness as as any good bacteria protecting the body from infection 3. the drug-resistant bacteria are now allowed to grow and take over 4. some bacteria give their drug- resistance to other bacteria, causing more problems

causes of antibiotic resistance

1. patients not finishing treatment 2. over-use in livestock and fish farming 3. poor infection control in hospitals 4. lack of hygiene and sanitation 5. lack of new antibiotics being developed

Bacteria characteristics

1. prokaryotic, single celled 2. visible under a light microscope 3.live between cells of host 4. have cellular machinery 5. DNA 6. localized infections 7. some are beneficial

the four main structural proteins that make up the capsid and envelope are

1. spike(S) glycoproteins- protrudes from the viral surface and aids to binding the envelope of the virus to the host cells 2.envelope(E) glycoproteins- production and maturation of the virus 3. membrane(M) glycoproteins- determines the shape of the virus envelope 4.nucleocapsid(N) proteins-involved in viral replication

what do the neutrophils do in an invasion

1. swallow and kill bacteria 2. dump toxins into area to kill bacteria

It is thought that eukaryotes probably originated about __________ years ago.

1.5 billion

how many people were killed per year from tuberculosis

1.5 million

how many covid-19 patients require oxygen and ventilation

15% require oxygen and 5% ventilation

how many chains in antibodies

2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains

total death toll of black plague

200 million

how fast do B cells pump out antibodies

2000/second

how many coronaviruses have crossed the species barrier

3

It is thought that the first cells probably arose about __________ years ago.

3.85

genetic materials of coronavirus

4 main structural proteins and 16 nonstructural proteins

What is an example of adaptive cell-mediated immunity?

A cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell.

If asked to sort cards of immune responses into boxes marked "active immunity" and "passive immunity," which of the following cards would go into the "passive immunity" box?

A fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, and a person receiving an injection of antibodies.

In 1992, there was a chicken pox epidemic in Asia. The virus did not infect individuals who had already suffered from chicken pox. Why?

A few memory B-cells were retained from the first attack

Why are the leading causes of death in high-income countries heart disease, stroke, and cancer, while in low-income countries infectious diseases are the leading causes of death?

Access to sanitation, vaccines, and antibiotics is greater in high-income countries.

Mitochondria are proposed to have evolved before chloroplasts based on which observation?

All eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not all eukaryotes have chloroplasts.

Photosynthesis probably originated during the __________ eon, and most likely used __________ as an electron donor.

Archean; hydrogen sulfide

Why are organ transplants sometimes rejected?

B-cells respond to antigens present on the organ

Why are antibiotics not effective against viruses?

Because they are only effective against living pathogens

In a survivorship curve, a type I species, like a human or elephant, is a species that has

the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span.

In a survivorship curve, a type III species, like most insects and plants, is a species that has

the highest probability of dying at a very young age.

The number of individuals produced per individual per unit time in a population is its __________ rate.

Birth

A country's ecological footprint can be calculated by multiplying its population size by the footprint of each individual. Why are some ecologists concerned about the ecological footprint of a country like India?

Both its population and standard of living are increasing.

Primitive reptiles first appeared during the __________ period.

Carboniferous

stage 2 of mechanisms of pathogenicity

the immune system triggers inflammatory response -if not blocked by the immune system, virions migrate to the lower respiratory tract where they infect the alveoli cells -extensive exocytosis of virus particles leads to apoptosis

carrying capacity

the maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment can support for the long term

what reduced infant mortality

the scientific revolution

The first amphibians appeared during the __________ period.

Devonian

tuberculosis is not common where

European and American populations

In a population of 10, if 3 are born and 1 dues what is G

G=rN=(b-d)N=(0.3-0.1)10=2

Which scientist is given credit for proposing the endosymbiont theory?

Lynn Margulis

Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?

Macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens.

stage 1 of mechanism of pathogenicity

the virus takes over the replicative machinery and multiples within the cell -viral coppes are released from cells thorugh exocytosis and ifect nearby cells

why do we need boosters

there are different strains and they mutate

what is tuberculosis caused by

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

N2=

N+G

What is a function of antibodies

they flag microorganisms for removal

Jawless fishes were the first vertebrates to leave fossil evidence during the __________ period.

Ordovician

Placental mammals appeared during the __________ period.

Paleogene

What do histamines do?

trigger blood vessels to leak even more adding to the swelling

The amniote egg, in which an embryo could develop completely on dry land, arose during the __________ period.

Permian

higher density = more disease spread

true

K-selected species

type 1

r-selected species

type 2

disease manifestations stage 2

upper airway and conducting airway response -robust immune system -clinical manifestations of disease appear 2 to 14 days pot-exposure and include cough, fever, shortness of breath, chills, muscle pain, loss of taste and/or smell, sore throat, nausea, diarrhea

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus?

Recombination of the gene used to make antibodies leads to variability.

what is the name of the coronavirus virus

SARS-CoV

when do oxygen levels fall

when lungs become filled with fluid, white blood cells, mucus, and cellular debris