Encoding, Retrieval & Consolidation Quiz 7

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances.

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? Katie and Inez should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. Inez will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect.

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered Deciding how many vowels each word has Repeating the words over and over in your mind

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. Retrieval Retrograde Encoding Processing

Retrieval

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. Korsakoff's syndrome. disrupted long-term potentiation. a failure of memory consolidation.

a failure of memory consolidation.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories. deep processing during retrieval imagery implicit memory during learning an organizational context during learning

an organizational context during learning

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with long-term potentiation. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation. changes in specialized areas of the brain. changes at the synapse.

both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence takes longer to process. is more interesting. creates more connections. causes more rehearsal.

creates more connections.

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is encoding. transfer-appropriate processing. state-dependent learning. memory consolidation.

encoding

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response.

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of maintenance rehearsal. paired-associate learning. the consolidation-reconsolidation effect. mood-congruent memory.

paired-associate learning.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories. remote semantic recent episodic recent and remote semantic recent and remote episodic

recent and remote episodic

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set. excited neutral relaxed nervous

relaxed

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of remote, episodic memories. remote, semantic memories. remote procedural memories. state-dependent memories.

remote, episodic memories.

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM. mass practice elaborative rehearsal long-term potentiation retrieval cues

retrieval cues

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are long and across several days. short and across several days. short but all on a single day. long and all on a single day.

short and across several days.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. uninvolved in memory consolidation. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually. effect of proactive interference.

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on the integrative experience effect. the self-reference effect. semantic memory. a mass practice effect.

the self-reference effect.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called personal semantic memory. transfer-appropriate processing. episodic-based processing. elaborative rehearsal.

transfer-appropriate processing.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.