endocrine
14) Luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotropin because of which one of the following reasons? A) It promotes the growth of reproductive organs in both males and females. B) It stimulates the growth but not the development of gonads in males. C) It triggers the production of gonadotropin hormones. D) It stimulates the growth and development of gonads, but only in females. E) It functions to complement the activity of TSH.
a
16) Which one of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla? A) Sympathetic nerves B) ACTH from the anterior pituitary C) Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus D) AMTH form the anterior pituitary E) Parasympathetic nerves
a
21) The endocrine system has certain characteristics that set it apart from the nervous system. Which one of the following characteristics is typical of the endocrine system, but NOT the nervous system? A) The agents of communication are always in the form of a chemical. B) Hormones typically act on any cell they make contact with. C) Hormones can interact with the neurons, but neurons cannot communicate with endocrine cells. D) Hormones rely on cell receptors to transfer a message, but neurotransmitters do not require them. E) The chemicals used for communication reach nearly every living cell except brain and reproductive tissues.
a
22) Which one of the following is caused by the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone by the heart? A) decrease in blood pressure B) increased production of fats and proteins C) decrease in kidney function D) increase of blood sugar level E) decrease in blood calcium level '
a
25) A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels A) because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH B) as glucagon levels elevate C) due to the activity of the anterior pituitary gland D) because ADH levels rise controllably E) because the hypothalamus cannot be inhibited without iodine
a
5) Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur? A) Levels of thyroid hormone may be elevated. B) Levels of parathyroid hormone may be decreased. C) Production of estrogen by the ovaries may decrease. D) Levels of aldosterone may be elevated. E) Production of natural cortisol may decrease.
a
13) All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one? A) Hormones exert their effects on cells that have the specific hormone receptor. B) Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system. C) The endocrine system and the nervous system frequently interact. D) Many hormones are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier. E) Hormones are distributed via the circulatory system.
b
23) Which one of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced? A) phosphorus B) iodine C) iron D) zinc E) calcium
b
The thymus produces two peptides that function to A) regulate iodine levels in the thyroid B) aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes C) increase blood calcium levels D) regulate thyroxine release E) promote the breakdown of bone
b
11) Hormones act upon specific target tissues because A) they interact only with target cells at a synapse B) they are released next to target tissues, so they cannot interact with other cells C) target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone D) the blood has access to all body tissues E) they can be released only following depolarization of the target cell
c
12) The action of nonsteroid hormones often results in conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which then functions A) as an internal receptor for steroid hormones B) to stimulate the release of the original hormone from the cell surface receptor C) to initiate a cascade of enzyme activations D) as a secondary hormone released into the bloodstream E) as an enzyme in the generation of ATP
c
15) FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus. A) LH B) PRL C) GnRH D) TSH E) ACTH
c
6) Hyposecretion of ADH results in A) an increase in the mass and length of bones B) stimulation of protein synthesis C) diabetes insipidus D) reduced uptake of blood glucose E) overstimulation of cell division
c
10) The following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. Which one of the following answers best represents the order in which the steps occur? 1. cellular response to the hormone 2. activation of a gene 3. formation of a hormone-receptor complex 4. diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane 5. production of a protein A) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 B) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2 C) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1 D) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 E) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4
d
20) Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by A) prolactin B) ADH C) glucagon D) insulin E) parathyroid hormone
d
24) Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males? A) prolactin B) growth hormone C) aldosterone D) LH E) FSH
d
26) Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps maintain blood glucose levels during fasting by A) stimulating the synthesis of fatty acids B) promoting the conversion of amino acids into proteins in muscle tissues C) inhibiting glucose utilization in muscle cells D) promoting fat utilization E) increasing the glucose-dependent inflammatory response
d
3) During times of stress, which one of the following glands releases CRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release ACTH? A) posterior pituitary B) anterior pituitary C) pancreas D) hypothalamus E) adrenal medulla
d
17) Thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to the presence of A) ACTH B) FSH C) GH D) LH E) TSH
e
18) When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the A) kidneys B) both the breasts and uterus C) breasts D) hypothalamus E) uterus
e
7) All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one? A) kidney failure B) neural disorders C) cardiovascular disorders D) blindness E) increased susceptibility to cancer
e
8) Which one of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects? A) thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) B) epinephrine, norepinephrine C) estrogen, progesterone D) oxytocin, prolactin E) glucagon, insulin
e
9) Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels? A) anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex B) thyroid and ovaries C) adrenal cortex and thyroid D) parathyroid and anterior pituitary E) thyroid and parathyroid
e
29) In females, LH promotes the monthly development of the egg and FSH causes release of the egg from the ovary.
f
33) Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores.
f
35) The secretion of oxytocin during childbirth stimulates ADH release by the anterior pituitary gland.
f
37) The alpha, beta, and delta cells located in the islets of Langerhans of the thyroid produce three different hormones that are important in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels of the blood.
f
28) Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus to activate or deactivate genes.
t
30) Steroid hormones typically move across the cell and nuclear membranes to bind to receptors in the nucleus.
t
34) The number of cases of Type 2 diabetes is increasing mainly due to an increase in three major risk factors: obesity, insufficient exercise, and unhealthy diets.
t
36) Somatostatin functions to inhibit both insulin and glucagon.
t
38) Nitric oxide helps regulate blood flow in many tissues and is involved in the development and control of penile erection.
t
39) During prolonged fasting, cortisol assists in maintaining blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of proteins to amino acids in muscle.
t
40) In order for all hormones to cause a response, they must first bind to an appropriate receptor on the target cell's membrane.
t
4) The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing A) oxytocin B) growth hormone C) estrogen and progesterone D) prostaglandins E) ADH
c
1) Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by A) promoting the breakdown of fat B) activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland C) stimulating alpha cells of the pancreas to produce more hormones D) promoting the entry of glucose into cells E) stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
d
19) An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following? A) cortisol from the adrenal cortex B) insulin from the pancreas C) norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex D) thyroxine from the thyroid E) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
e
27) Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland enhance the response of the parasympathetic nervous system.
f
31) The responsiveness of cells to calcitonin increases as an individual ages; maximum responsiveness occurs in elderly individuals as a mechanism to improve the stability and strength of bones.
f
32) Calcitonin and PTH have opposing effects on blood calcium levels.
t
