Endocrine System
Parathyroid Characteristics
2 per thyroid lobe (4) Smallest gland, yellow-ish brown Covered with connective tissue
How many parathyroid glands are present in the human body?
4
Steroid Hormones
Act inside the cell
Nonsteroid Hormones
Act on the cell membrane
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex
Target Cell
Affected by the metabolic activity of another cell or tissue
Adrenal Cortex
Aldosterone Cortisol
Nonsteroid Substances
Amines, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins Are synthesized from amino acids
Pituitary Location
Base of the brain attached to the hypothalamus
Thymus
Behind the sternum Secretes thymosin
Thyroid Location
Below the larynx on either side and in front of the trachea
Which hormone decreases the blood calcium levels in blood?
Calcitonin
Adrenal Medulla
Central portion Epinephrine Norepinephrine
What is the study of the endocrine glands and the hormones?
Endocrinology
Ovaries
Estrogen Progestoerone
Which type of gland secretes into a duct?
Exocrine
Estrogen
Female characteristics
GH (Growth Hormone)
Gland Anterior Pituitary f(x)- Reproduction & growth of body cells/ cell divison & cell enlargement
Aldosterone
Gland: Adrenal Cortex f(x)- Helps regulate electrolyte concentration (Na+ & K+)
Cortisol
Gland: Adrenal Cortex f(x)- Produces glucose
Norepinephrine
Gland: Adrenal Medulla f(x)- Counteracts epinephrine
Epinephrine
Gland: Adrenal Medulla f(x)- Increase heart rate and force of contractions
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Gland: Anterior Pituitary F(x)-Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce hormones
TSH (Thyroid-stimulating Hormone)
Gland: Anterior Pituitary f(x)- Controls hormones secreted by the thyroid
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
Gland: Anterior Pituitary f(x)- Plays a role in ovulation
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating hormone)
Gland: Anterior Pituitary f(x)- Stimulates development of egg follicles and sperm
Prolactin
Gland: Anterior Pituitary f(x)- Stimulation of milk production
Estrogen
Gland: Ovaries f(x)- Development & maintenance of female sex characteristics
Progesterone
Gland: Ovaries f(x)- Regulates pregnancy & child development
Insulin
Gland: Pancreas f(x)- Decreases blood sugar
Glucagon
Gland: Pancreas f(x)- Increases blood sugar
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
Gland: Parathyroid f(x)- increases blood calcium & controls phosphate concentrations
Melatonin
Gland: Pineal f(x)- Responsible for circadian rhythms
Oxytocin
Gland: Posterior Pituitary f(x)- Causes uterine & mammary contractions & release of milk after child birth
ADH (Anitdiuretic hormone)
Gland: Posterior Pituitary f(x)- Reduces amount of water excreted by kidneys/ decreases output of urine
Testosterone
Gland: Testes f(x)- Stimulation & maintenance of male sex hormones
Thymosin
Gland: Thymus f(x)- Affects production of white blood cells
Thyroxine (T4)
Gland: Thyroid f(x)- Accelerates metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, & lipids
Calcitonin
Gland: Thyroid f(x)- Decreases calcium levels in blood
Pituitary Gland
Hypophysis Master gland Bi-lobed
Three Methods of Hormone Control
Hypothalamus Nervous system communication Changes in blood plasma/fluid composition
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Increase heart rate and breathing rate Norepinephrine counteracts
Calcitonin
Influences blood calcium and phosphate concentration
Steroid substances act _____ the cell.
Inside
Pancreas
Insulin Glucagon
Thyroid Characteristics
Largest gland Vascular 2 large lobes Composed of follicles
Prostaglandins
Locally produced lipids that affect the organ in which they are produced
Diabetes Mellitus
Low insulin
Insulin
Lowers blood glucose
Endocrine System
Made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids
Testosterone
Male characteristics
T3 and T4 Function
Metabolizes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
When a hormone level decreases, glands produce it until a certain level and then stop. This process is:
Negative feedback
Pituitary Posterior Lobe
Nerve impulses from the brain
Adrenal location
On top of kidneys
Hormone
Organic substance secreted by a group of cells
Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid Goiter-enlarged
Gigantism
Overproduction of growth hormone
Which one of these hormones is not secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin
An example of a heterocrine gland is the
Pancreas
Heterocrine Ex
Pancreas
The smallest endocrine gland is the
Parathyroid gland
Circadian Rhythm
Patterns of repeated activity associated with the cycles of day and night
Which gland is known as the "master gland?"
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid Location
Posterior of thyroid
T3 and T4
Produced by follicles Require iodine salts
Glucagon
Raises blood glucose
Cortisol
Raises blood glucose levels Inhibits protein synthesis
Melatonin
Regulates circadian rhythm
Aldosterone
Regulates electrolytes (Sodium and Potassium)
Thymosin
Regulates lymphocytes
Progesterone
Regulates pregnancy
Pituitary Anterior Lobe
Releases factors from hypothalamus
Endocrine Glands
Secretes in to body fluids for target cells
Exocrine Glands
Secretes into ducts
Heterocrine Glands
Secretes into ducts and body fluids
Pineal Gland
Secretes melatonin
Endocrinology
Study of endocrine glands and hormones
Steroid Substances
Synthesized from cholesterol
Prostaglandin Characteristics
Synthesized in small, potent amounts and used immediately Produce different, sometimes opposite effects
Which hormones regulate metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates?
T4 and T3
The thyroid gland secretes all of the following except:
TSH
Hormones affect ______ cells.
Target
Testes
Testosterone
The endocrine system uses three methods of control. Which one is not a method?
The lobes of the brain determining how much hormone to secrete
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin
Hypothyroidism
Under-active thyroid Cretinism
Dwarfism
Underproduction of growth hormone
Negative Feedback
When hormone levels decrease, glands produce it until a certain level Works like a thermostat
Lmphocytes
White blood cells
