Endocrine System
The endocrine system: a. releases hormones that impact the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs simultaneously b. produces effects that ONLY last a very short time c. uses neurons to transmit information to different tissues d. is entirely controlled by the brain
a.
The posterior pituitary gland stores hormones produced by the: a. hypothalamus b. anterior pituitary gland c. thyroid d. thalamus
a.
The principle hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood through stimulation of sodium resorption in the kidney is: a. aldosterone b. parathyroid hormone c. cortisol d. thymosin
a.
The pancreatic islets produce: a. ADH and PTH b. insulin and glucagon c. insulin and PTH d. renin and insulin
b.
The extension of the hypothalamus is the: a. anterior pituitary gland b. thalamus c. thyroid gland d. posterior pituitary gland
d.
What is the target and effects of melatonin?
Brain; regulates sleep cycles
Briefly describe the opposing roles that the parathyroid and thyroid glands play in calcium regulation.
Calcium in the body is regulated through a hormone feedback loop with the hormones calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. When the body's blood calcium levels are low, the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone into the blood. This hormone stimulates osteoclasts, which are used in bone reabsorption, to retrieve the calcium and also inhibits calcium deposition to keep the calcium from being used in bone formation. It also activates vitamin D, which increases the absorption of calcium in the kidney and small intestine. However, when calcium levels are too high, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin into the bloodstream. Calcitonin promotes bone building by inhibiting osteoclasts and the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys so it can be removed through urine, thus lowing calcium levels in the blood.
What three hormones are released by the ovaries?
Estrogen (EST), Progesterone (PROG), and Relaxin
What is the parathyroid gland's role in metabolic regulation?
It raises blood calcium levels.
What is the target site and effect of Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?
Kidneys; Increased water retention
All _________ (peptide or steroid) hormones are derived from cholesterol.
steroid
The posterior pituitary gland releases what hormones?
Oxytocin (OT) and Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What is the endocrine function of the thyroid gland?
Stimulates bone deposition in children, raises respiratory and heart rates, promotes alertness and reflexes, raises oxygen consumption, stimulates apatite.
What is the endocrine function of the hypothalamus?
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone, adrenocorticohormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and growth hormone, creates oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
What is the target hormone and effect of adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Adrenal Cortex; stimulates glucocorticoid secretion
What are the two hormones of the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone (ALD) and Cortisol (CORT)
What hormones are created by the hypothalamus?
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), Oxytocin (OT), Releasing hormones, and inhibiting hormones.
When a protein (peptide) hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell: a. the cell becomes inactive b. a hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm c. the cell membrane becomes depolarized d. a second messenger is activated
d.
What are the two hormones of the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine (EP) and norepinephrine (NE)
What is the thyroid gland's role in metabolic regulation?
it increases the metabolic rate and maintains blood calcium homeostasis
What hormone is released by the pineal gland?
melatonin
What is the target and effects of luteinizing hormone (LH)?
ovaries/testis; Testosterone secretion, ovulation, corpus luteum maintenance
What is the target and effects of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?
ovaries/testis; growth of ovarian follicles/ sperm production
________ (peptide or steroid) hormones must bind to receptors in order to function.
peptide
What is the endocrine function of the testis?
Male sexual development, inhibits FSH secretion
What is the target and effect of prolactin (PRL)?
Mammary glands; stimulates milk synthesis after birth.
What are the targets and effects of testosterone (TEST)?
Many tissues; Stimulates reproductive development, sperm production
What are the effects and targets of thyroxine (T4)?
Most Tissues; Heart and digestive function, metabolism, bone health
What are the targets and effects of epinephrine (EP)?
Most tissues; Increase blood glucose levels, increase fat breakdown
What are the targets and effects of insulin (IN)?
Most tissues; Lowers blood glucose, promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis
What are the targets and effects of Cortisol (CORT)?
Most tissues; Stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis
What are the targets and effects of norepinephrine (NE)?
Most tissues; blood vessel constriction
What is the target and effects of relaxin?
Pelvis; Increases pubic synthesis flexibility, dilates cervix
Hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate what to do what?
Pituitary gland; release hormones
Hypothalamic inhibitory hormones stimulate what to do what?
Pituitary gland; suppress hormone release
What is the target and effects of Erythropoietin (EPO)?
Red bone marrow; promotes red blood cell production
What is the endocrine function of the thymus?
Regulates T-cell activity and development
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Regulates blood glucose, stimulates glucose and amino acid absorption, stimulates gastric acid secretion, inhibits growth hormone secretion, glycogen and fat breakdown
What is the endocrine function of the parathyroid glands?
Regulates calcium in the blood
What the targets and effects of thymosin and thymopoietin?
T-Lymphocytes; Stimulates T-cell production
What makes up thyroid hormone?
T3 and T4
What hormone is released by the testis?
Testosterone (TEST)
How does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary?
Through a bundle of nerve fibers called the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract in which the hormones for the posterior pituitary are made in the hypothalamus, travel down these nerve's axons, and are stored in nerve endings located in the gland, only to be released when the hypothalamus sends a nerve signal.
What two hormones are secreted by the thymus?
Thymosin and thymopoietin
What is the target organ and effect of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone?
Thyroid Gland; stimulates thyroid growth and secretion.
The anterior pituitary gland releases what 7 hormones?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adreno-Corticotropic Hormone ( ACTH), Growth Hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
What are the three hormones of the thyroid gland?
Thyroxine (T4), Tri-iodothyronine (T4), Calcitonin (CT)
What is the endocrine function of the pineal gland?
Uncertain, speculated to influence mood, sexual maturation, and circadian rhythms
How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary?
Using the hypophysial portal system, a system of blood capillaries and veins, because the anterior pituitary does not have a nervous tissue connection with the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus secretes hormones into this system that stimulates the gland to release its own hormones.
What are the targets and effects of estrogen (EST)?
Uterus, mammary glands; Regulates mensural cycle and pregnancy, preps for lactation
What are the target sites and effects of oxytocin?
Uterus, mammary glands; sexual satisfaction, labor contractions, milk flow
The adrenal medulla produces: a. androgens b. mineralocorticoids c. norepinephrine d. steroids
c
What are the targets and effects of progesterone (PROG)?
uterus, mammary glands; Regulates mensural cycle and pregnancy, preps for lactation
What is the endocrine function of the pituitary gland?
Female and male reproductive development, stimulates thyroid growth, increases water retention, stimulates labor contractions, aids in seamen release
What is the endocrine function of the ovaries?
Female sexual development, mensural cycle and pregnancy regulation, prepares mammary glands for lactation
ADH secretion is stimulated by: a. increases in blood volume b. increases in blood ion concentrations c. the release of GHRH from the hypothalamus d. the release of ACTH from the adrenal cortex
b.
LH and FSH: a. inhibit the production of PRL b. promote the production of games and reproductive hormones c. production is stimulated by TSH d. are produced by the hypothalamus
b.
The function of glucocorticoids is to: a. increase the inflammatory response b. increase glucose synthesis c. increase storage of glucose as fat d. decrease protein breakdown
b.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the medulla of the ________ gland.
Adrenal
What hormone is released by the kidneys?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
What is the endocrine function of the adrenal gland?
Increased awareness, mobilizes high energy fuels, stimulates liver to boost glucose levels, maintains blood pressure, stress adaptation, increases sex drive
What is the endocrine function of the kidneys?
Increases blood calcium levels, promotes red blood cell production, increases blood's capacity to carry oxygen
What are the two hormones of the pancreas?
Insulin (IN) and glucagon (GLUC)
What is the target and effects of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?
skin; melanin production
Hormones are produced and released in very ______ (large, small) amounts.
small
What are the targets and effects of parathyroid hormone(PTH) ?
Bone, kidneys, small intestines; regulates blood calcium levels.
What are the effects and target of Calcitonin (CT)?
Bone; stimulates bone deposition
What is the adrenal gland's role in metabolic regulation?
It raises the metabolic rate.
What is the pancreas's role in metabolic regulation?
It regulates nutrient levels.
What is the target and effects of Aldosterone (ALD)?
Kidney; maintains blood pressure and volume
What are the targets and effects of growth hormone (GH)?
Liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat; Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation
What is the primary target and effect of glucagon (GLUC)?
Liver; Stimulates amino acid absorption and gluconeogenesis
What are the effects and targets of Tri-iodothyronine(T3)?
Most tissues; increasing target cell metabolism
A decrease in blood calcium levels would stimulate _________ hormone secretion.
Parathyroid
Describe the sequence of events that occur in the endocrine system to respond to a need for increased thyroid hormone.
When the hypothalamus receives a signal that there is need for increased thyroid hormone, it is typically because there has been a change in metabolic rate. As a response, it will release thyrotropin releasing hormone into the hypophysial portal system so that it can make its way to the anterior pituitary gland. This hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone into the blood. Once the thyroid gland receives the signal from the thyroid stimulating hormone, it will release thyroid hormone. Once thyroid hormone is released, it stimulate metabolism in most of the body's cells, and inhibit the release of thyroid stimulating hormone as well as thyrotropin-releasing hormone. It will also result in raised oxygen consumption, increased heat production, raised respiratory and heart rate, a stronger heart beat, and the accelerated breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, all as a result of the increased metabolism.
A ligand: a. binds to a specific type of receptor protein b. can bind to any receptor site c. is always a G-protein d. is always a hormone
a
The hormone thyroxine (TH): a. increases metabolism throughout the body b. is only responsible for building muscle c. is a diuretic d. stimulates the release of glucocorticoids
a.
When comparing the endocrine system and the nervous system, generally speaking the endocrine system: a. response may last days b. is faster acting c. does not involve the circulatory system d. ONLY uses chemicals that travel a very short distance
a.
Which of the following regarding the adrenal gland is true? a. the parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal cortex to release epinephrine b. the sympathetic division stimulates the adrenal medulla to release acetylcholine c. the sympathetic division stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine d. the parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal cortex to release acetylcholine
c
If aldosterone secretions increase: a. blood potassium ion concentrations increase b. blood glucose concentration increases c. blood hydrogen ion concentration decreases d. blood volume increases
d.