ENED Exam 2
Precedence Network
a diagram that shows the tasks and their precedence requirements
Gannt Chart
a graphic planning and control technique that maps discrete tasks on a calendar.
Flow Diagram
a graphical way of showing an algorithm
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
a hierarchy of the tasks required to complete a project
Accuracy vs. Precision
accuracy: how close experimental value is to accepted value; precision: how closely measured values agree with each other.
Rules of Orthographic Projection
-only shows where two surfaces connect -front, top, and right-side view, edges must be lined up - front: height/width, -top: width/depth, - side: depth/height, - hidden lines for edges you cannot see -normal surfaces show up in same shape and size - surface in one view edge in other two
arithmetic operators in Excel
1. Addition (+) 2. Subtraction ( -) 3.Multipication ( *) 4.Division ( /) 5. Exponent (^)
Flowchart
A diagram that shows step-by-step progression through a procedure or system especially using connecting lines and a set of conventional symbols
Critical Path Method (CPM)
A method used to estimate the minimum project duration and determine the amount of scheduling flexibility on the logical network paths within the schedule model.
Flowchart Symbols
1. Arrows (Shows the flow of the program). 2. Ovals (End and start of the program). 3. Rectangle (Processing such as calculations, etc). 4. Parallelogram (Input of data and output from the computer memory). 5. Diamond (indicates a decision, like true or false) 6. Rectangle with lines (process of modules read, calc, print) 7. Polygon (loop with a counter) 8. Connectors (Flowchart connectors like circle sections of the same page. Home base connects pages)
Describe how values and formulas are referenced in Excel
column letter followed by row number
relative vs. absolute cell addressing
- relative cell addressing changes the references when copied into a new cell -absolute references remain constant no matter where they are placed
how to connect objects in block diagram
use strings to connect each item in the block diagram
Describe how values and formulas are entered into Excel cells
-for calculations place = as first character -use ^ for exponents -when a formula is copied, it will automatically update to reference cells in the same relative position -to keep values constant in a formula put $
List necessary features of an Excel graph
-graph title -axis labels -correct axis increments -trendline -functions from trendline, including R^2 -legend
ways that surfaces project orthographically
-normal -inclined -curved
Significant digit rules in a series of calculations
1. if the calculation only involves multiplication/division, preform the computation and round the result to the least number of significant digits among the values in the calculation 2. if the calculation only involves addition/subtraction, preform the computation and round the result to the least number of decimal places among the values in the calculation 3. if the calculation involves both addition/subtraction and multiplication/division, preform the computation in steps following the correct order of operations, keeping track of the number of significant digits/decimal places as you go but only rounding the value to the correct number of significant digits at the end of the calculation
Significant Digit Rules
1. nonzero numbers are always significant 2. zeros between nonzero numbers are always significant 3. all final zeros to the right of the decimal place are significant 4. Placeholder zeros are not significant 5. counting numbers and defined constants have an infinite number of significant figures
Strategies for estimating real-world measurements
5 Approaches to Estimation: 1. simplify the model: can you use something easier to calculate to represent the object of study? 2. use analogies: Is there something you have more knowledge of that is similar to the given situation? 3. scale up from one to many: can you understand a subset of the total and expand to the full situation? 4. place limits on answers: can you bound the potential answers so that you can simplify calculations? 5. interpolate/ extrapolate from samples: can you use a small set of measurements to help determine values that cannot be measured?
commonly used mathematical commands in Excel
=sin() =cos() =tan() =pi() =squrt() =abs()
what is a scatter plot
Plots data points as individual, unconnected points; good to determine relationships between data
what is a line graph
Plots data points connected by line; good for independent-dependent data
Ideate:
Reasons for Developing Multiple Potential Solutions: - be able to choose which solution is the best - have back up possibilities incase chosen solution does not work - understand there are different ways to approach a problem Use a decision matrix to decide which solution is the best: - put the value of each part on the side - determine the value given to each possible solution - highest total is the best solution in theory
systematic vs random error
Systematic error is still wrong but that answers are consistently wrong by the same degree of error. Random error is just random
what is a pie chart
displays data as a percentage of a whole; good for showing contributions from different groups
what is a bar graph
displays data as bars; good for comparing multiple data of similar type
Different corner views of an object
each corner produces a different view of the object
isometric, top, side, and front views of an object
isometric: drawn from one selected corner top: top of the object front: front of the object, usually labeled front. side: right side of the object
appropriate measurement strategy to estimate a real-world measurement
it depends on this situation: -if you are able to take many measurements you would want a system that is more precise -if you only have one try to test the instrument you would want it to be accurate
how to reference a range of cells in Excel
two cells connected by a colon
