ACSM Chapter 3

Planes of motion

*movement with a 90 degree relation with axis *3 planes: sagittal, frontal, and transverse

Flat bones

*platelike *sternum, scapulae, ribs, and pelvis

Signs or symptoms of Acromioclavicular joint separation

- elevation of distal clavicle/ pain on joint

What happens during 100 to 120 degree of abduction

-Upward rotation in the scapula in the frontal plane causes glenoid fossa of scapula to face upward, making elevation of arm possible

Glenohumeral joint

-ball and socket, freely movable -humerus and glenoid fossa and scapula articulation

Sternoclavicular

-between sternum and first rib and proximal clavicle -saddle joint -provides bony connection to humerus and axial skeleton

subacromial bursa

-between supraspinatus, deltoid tendons, and acromion -allows gliding cushioning especially for shoulder abduction

Glenohumeral ligment

-consists of anterior, middle, and anterinferior bands -reinforces the anterior capsule -provides stability to shoulder joint in most planes of movements

Long bones

-contain diaphysis w/ medullary canal * femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, and radius

Treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome

-correcting faulty biomechanics -strengthening rotator cuff =stretching the shouers and scalenes =recovery may take several months/longer

What causes acromioclavicular joint separation

-direct blow to shoulder -fall on outstretched arm

Sesamoid bones

-found within tendons and joint capsules -shaped like sesame seeds *patella

Glenoid labrum

-has fibrocartilage -deepens fossa head -cushions humeral impact

What is the importance of the periosteum

-has vascular layer that has cells for for new bone -serve as attachment for ligaments/ tendons -helps with bone growth, repair and nutrition

Importance of rotator cuff muscles

-important stablizers of the glenohumeral joint -aid in glenohumeral positional control -act like strong ligament, holding humeral head tightly during arm movements initial by large shoulder muscles

Rotator cuff

-includes SITS(supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis)

shoulder

-link between thoracic cage and upper extremity -ball and socket -high degree of mobility, but unstable -relative little support, with support on muscles, ligaments and joints ,that are responsible for stabilizing -more likely to be injured

Causes of shoulder impingement syndrome

-mechanicaly unsound exercises, sports -weights with ppor form -training same body too often(overtraining anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, latissmus dorsi)

Medial epicondylitis

-medial elbow pain -repeated valgus stresses placed on arm during swinging of clubs/ racquets

Spongy bone

-more amount of matter and open spaces -the architectural shape is mainly lattice and trabeculae *some trabeculae contain red bone marrow/ blood

Amphiarthrodial joints

-move slightly, held together by ligaments *syndesmosis, inferior tibiofibular joint, fibrocartilage(syncondrosis, e.g. pubic symphysis)

scapulothoracic joint

-not true joint, functional joint -articulation of scapula an thoracic cage -provides mobility and stability for the orientation of the glenoid fossa and the humeral head for arm movements in all planes

Irregular bones

-oddly shaped *vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

Triceps tendonitis

-pain over olecranon -repetitive posterior stresses on elbow extension

Acromioclavicular joint

-plane synovial joints -moves in 3 planes with scapulothoracic movement -articulation of acromion and distal end of clavicle

The imbalance of the anterior deltoid being more developed than the posterior deltoid can cause what problems?

-postural abnormalities(shoulder forward and internally rotated -can lead to shoulder impingment syndrome

Compact bone

-provides support and protection for bearing weight -contains few amounts of matter in space -the architectural shape is mainly osteons -in body, external layer of all bones and long bones

Short bones

-relatively small and thick *carpals and tarsals

Shoulder impingment syndrome

-results from bring close together (approximation of acromion to the greater tubercle of humerus), entraps rotator cuff tendons

Treatment of impingement syndrome

-retrain with proper exercise -strengthen external roators -stretch internal roators -eliminating training errors

Clavicle

-runs obliquely at 60 degrees to scapula -provides the link between upper extremity and axial skeleton -provides protection for neural bundle "brachial plexus and the vascular system supplying upper extremity -supports weight of humerus -helps maintain position of scapula and humerus

Coracohumeral ligament

-spans bicipital groove of the humerus -provides anteroinferior stability to glenohumeral joint

acromioclavicular ligament

-stability to acromioclavicular joint

Lateral epicondylitis

-tennis elbow -lateral elbow pain -overuse in adult elbow

Range of motion degree for elbow extension

0 degree

Open pack postion of wrist joing

0 degree extension with slight adduction

5 features of synovial joint

1. Enclosed by fibrous joint capsule 2. Joint capsule enclose joint cavity 3.Joint capsule is covered by synovial membrane 4. Synovial fluid occupies or fills the joint cavity 5. The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, which helps absorb shock and reduce friction

How do muscles produce movement?

1. Skeletal muscle produce force that goes to tendons 2.The tendons than pulls on the bones, or other structures(skin) 3.Most muscles cross a joint, pulling one of the articulating bones towards the other( one becomes stationary(origin that is proximal) and the other becomes the attachment(insertion that is distal)

What are some roles of muscles in terms of movement

1. muscles only pull not push 2. Several muscles work together 3.Most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs

Joint Stability is resistance to displacement, ROM is gained at the expense of stability, what are the factors in joint stability

1.Ligaments like normal movement 2. Muscle tendons that cross joints also help with stability when bony structures due little(shoulder) 3. Fascia/Outside(Atmospheric Pressure) helps with joint stability, TFLT, Suction pressure outside joints are examples 4. Bony structure of a joint is an important contributer to joint stability. Example is limitation of elbow extension by the olecranon process of ulna

Importance of scapulohumeral rhythm

1.allows greater abduction ROM 2. Maintains optimal length tension relationships of the glenohumeral muscles 3. Prevents impingement between the greater tubercle of the humerus and the acromion

Length of the muscles stays how much of resting length

100-130% of resting length, one side length, other side muscle shortens, this property enhances tension production

Range of motion degree for elbow flexion

145 to 150 degree

Wrist abduction degree

15 to 25 degrees

How many bones are in the body and how many are used for movements

206 bones in the body total, 117 used for movement

Wrist adduction degree

25 to 40 degrees

How many bones are in the wrist, hand, and fingers

29 bones: a distal ulna, radius, 8 carapals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges

Elevation of the arm, how many degrees of elevation ,and what is part of the 3 degrees of elevation

3 degree of elevation 2 degree glenohumeral joint 1 degree scapularthoracic joint

How do the rotator cuff stabilize

4 mechanisms: 1. Passive muscle tension 2. Contraction of the muscles causing compression of the articular suface 3. Joint motion that result in secondary tightening of ligaments restraints 4. barrier effect of the contracted muscle

Wrist extension degree

65 to 85 degree

Wrist flexion degree

70 to 90 degree

Range of motion for pronation and supination of elbow

80 to 90 degrres

Circumduction

A compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape

Eversion

Abducting the ankle

Radial deviation

Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

Active vs passive ROM

Active = the patient performing the motions themselves, voluntary muscle contraction Passive = the nurse completely assisting the motions being accomplished, external means

Inversion

Adducting the angle

Ulnar Deviation

Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

Bicondylar

Allow movement primarily around one axis with some limited rotation in a second axis(e.g. knee flexion and extension with limited internal and external rotation).

Glenohumeral flexion

Anterior deltoid, pectoralis major(clavicular head), biceps brachii(long head)

Inferior

Away from the head; lower(caudal)

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; to the side

What does the rolling of the humeral head do for the glenohumeral joint

Because shear force creates friction across surfaces, the rolling of the head reduces shear stress on the joint

Deep

Below the surface

Ellipsoidal(condyloid)

Biaxial joint( e.g. radiocarpal extension, flexion at the wrist)

Intervertebral

Cartilaginous Movements: Flexion-Extension Lateral Flexion Rotation

Pronation(foot/ankle)

Combine movement of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot

Supination(foot/ankle)

Combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot

What happens during full elbow flexion what articulates?

Coronoid process of ulna hits the olecranon fossa of humerus

Opposition

Diagonal movement of the thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fifth digit

Valgus

Distal segments that deviates laterally

Varus

Distal segments that deviates medially

Transverse plane

Divides the body superior/inferior(top/bottom), rotates around vertical axis

What exercises involve radioulnar supination

Dumbbell curl with supination

What exercises involve wrist extension

Dumbbell reverse wrist curl

What exercises involve wrist flexion

Dumbbell wrist curl

Plantarflexion

Extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane

What exercises involve glenohumeral external rotation

External rotator cuff dumbbell side lying

What exercises involve glenohumeral horizontal adduction

Flat bench chest fly, pec dec, cable crossover

Dorsiflexion

Flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane

Scapulohumeral rhythm

Full abduction=simultaneous glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints movement

Examples of parallel shaped muscles

Fusiform(biceps brachii) Longitudinal(sartorious) Quadrate(rhomboids) Fan-shaped(pectoralis major)

ankle(talocrural) plantarflexion

Gastrocnemius Soleus Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus

Plane(arthrodial)

Gliding and sliding movements(acromioclavicular joint)

Tendons and aponeuroses contribution to body

Help provide the link between muscle and bone

Line of gravity helps with what

Helps define proper body alignment and posture using various landmarks(head, upper extremeity, trunk ,and lower extremity as guides

Line of gravity

Imaginary vertical line passing through center of gravity and is typically assed while the subject is landing

Joint motion that result in secondary tightening of ligamentous restraints

In abduction, anterior and posterior glenohumeral ligaments become tight

Downward Rotation

Inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

Syndesmosis

Interosseus membrane between bones(e.g. union along the shafts of the radius and ulna, tibia and fibula, and distal tibiofibular joint)

What is the carrying angle of the elbow in males in females

It is 5 to 15 degree in males and 20 to 25 degrees in females

Tendons have collagens that are parallel, what is the importance of this

It is suitable for unidirectional stress

Difference between joints and ligaments

Joints-articulation between bones, bones and ligaments/ articular system Liagments- tough fibrous connective tissues anchoring bone to bone

Passive muscle tension

Just by the mere presence contraction in all directions prevents displacement of the humeral head

What exercises involve glenohumeral internal rotation

Lat pulldown, bent row, dumbbell row, dumbbell press

Which exercises involve glenohumeral adduction

Lat-pulldown, seated row, cable crossover,, flat bench dumbbell fly

Glenohumeral extension

Latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major(sternocostal head), posterior deltoid and triceps brachii(long head)

Glenohumeral internal rotation

Latissimus dorsi,, pectoralis major, teres major, anterior deltoid

Glenohumeral adduction

Latissmus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major

annular ligament

Ligament that helps with stability of radius on ulna

Superficial

Located close to or on the body surface

What exercises involve cervical spine rotation

Machine neck rotation

Origin of wrist flexor muscles

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Lateral flexion(right or left)

Movement away from the midline of the body usually used to describe neck or trunk movement

Protraction

Movement of the scapula away from the spine in the frontal plane

Elevation

Movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane

Retraction

Movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane

Depression

Movement of the scapular inferiorly in the frontal plane

Ball and socket(enarthrodial)

Multiaxial joints that permit movements in all directions(hip and shoulder joints)

Skeletal muscles classifed according to muscle fiber architecture( arrangement of muscle fibers relative to pull of the muscle) They are arranged in parallel vs pennate. What is parallel?

Muscle fibers that run in line with the pull of the muscle

Skeletal muscles classifed according to muscle fiber architecture( arrangement of muscle fibers relative to pull of the muscle) They are arranged in parallel vs pennate. What is pennate?

Muscle fibers that run obliquely or at an angle to the line of pull

Scapulothoracic

Not a true joint(physiological or functional joint) Movements: Elevation-depression Upward-downward rotation Protraction-retraction Medial and lateral rotation Anterior-posterior tilting

Advantage of multiarticular muscles

Only muscle is needed to generate tension in two or more joints, very efficient and helps stays efficient

Origin and insertion of biceps brachii

Origin: Long head- supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Short head- coracoid process of scapula Insertion: tuberosity of radius

Pectoralis minor origin and insertion

Origin: anterior aspects of ribs 3-5 Inserts: coracoid process of scapula

Origin and insertion of deltoid muscle( anterior)

Origin: anterolateral aspect of the clavicle) Insert:deltoid tuberosity of lateral humerus

Origin/Insertion: triceps brachii

Origin: long head -infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Medial/lateral head-upper humerus Insert: olecranon of ulna

Origin and Insertion of pectoralis major

Origin: medial clavicle and sternum Insert: intertubercular groove of humerus

Origin and insertion of rotator cuff muscles

Origin: scapula Insertion: greater or lesser tubercle of humerus

Serratus anterior origin and insertion

Origin: upper nine ribs laterally Insertion: anterior aspect of the medial border of scapula

Origin and insertion of the trapezius

Origin:base of occiput -spinous porcess of T12 Insertion: Lateral clavicle, medial border of acromion and scapula spine

Origin and insertion of the deltoid muslce(posterior)

Origin:inferior aspect of scapular spine) Insert:deltoid tuberosity of lateral humerus

Origin and insertion of deltoid muscle(middle)

Origin:lateral aspect of the acromion Insert:deltoid tuberosity of lateral humerus

Symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome

Pain, numbness ,tingling in upper extremity, in 4th or 5th digits of the hand

Posterior view:Line of gravity

Pass through midline of body, mastoid, shoulder, iliac crest, knee, and ankles

Prime mover in shoulder adduction, horizontal adduction, internal rotation of humerus

Pectoralis Major

Pecotrais minor has what effects on the ribs

Pectoralis minor has a lifting effect on the ribs during forceful inspiration and postural control

What are examples of synovial joints

Plane, hinge, ellipsoidal, saddle,ball-and socket, pivot, bicondylar

Center of Gravity

Point where the weight force can act(balance, concentrate

What are examples of cartilaginous joints

Primary, secondary

Synovial fluid

Produced by the synovial membrane, which provides lubrications which helps the articular cartilage minimize the wear and tear from friction

Radioulnar pronation

Pronator quadratus, pronator teres

Lumbar spine lateral flexion

Quadratus lumborum, internal external oblique Unilateral contraction: Erector Spinae

Bones + Joints+ Muscles =

ROM(range of motion), working together to create movements with forces acting

Lumbar spine flexion

Rectus abdominis, internal/ external oblique abdominis

Metaphysis

Region of mature bone where the diaphysis joins each epiphysis

Ligaments

Reinfore joints They are either separate structures(extrinsic) or thick outer covering(intrinsic)

Medial collateral ligament sprain

Repetitive trauma and excessive vlgus force

In kinematic chain, what results from the movement of the scapulothoracic joint

Results in the movement in the acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and glenohumeral joint

What exercises involve lumbar spine lateral flexion

Roman chair side bend, dumbbell side bend hanging leg raise

What exercises involve lumbar spine extension

Roman chair, trunk extension, deadlift, good morning

Shoulder joints muscles ________ arm Shoulder girdle muscles________scapula on thoracic cage

Shoulder joints muscles move the arm Shoulder girdle muscles stabilize scapula on thoracic cage

Kinematics(height and horizontal distance) in relation to center of gravity relative to base of support is used to study balance by performers what is an example?

Sit to stand movement, center of gravity is shifted over the base of support where there is a transition from primarily horizontal motion to a vertical or lifting motion

Lateral view: line of gravity

Slightly posterior to the apex of the coronal suture, through mastoid process, midcervical vertebral bodies through shoulder joint, throught midlumbar vertebral bodies, slightly posterior to hip joint axis, but slightly anterior to knee joint axis and anterior to lateral malleolus

Cervical Spine flexion

Sternocleidomastoid (bilaterally) Anterior scalene (bilaterally) Longus capitis (bilaterally) Longus colli (bilaterally)

Upward Rotation

Superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

Biceps brachii flexs the elbow best in what position?

Supinated postition

What don't contain an articular cavity, synovial membrane/fluid

Synarthrodial/ amphiarthrodial joints

Hip

Synovial: ball and socket Movements: Flexion-Extension Abduction-adduction Internal-external rotation Circumduction

Metacarpophalangeal

Synovial: ellipsoidal movements: flexion-extension abduction-adduction

Wrist

Synovial: ellipsoidal Flexion-extension Abduction-adduction

Proximal/ distal interphalangeal

Synovial: hinge Flexion-extension

Elbow

Synovial: hinge Movements: Flexion-extension

Proximal radioulnar

Synovial: pivot Pronation-supination

Glenohumeral

Synovial:ball and socket Flexion-extension Abduction-adduction Internal-external rotation Horizontal abduction-adduction Circumduction

Knee

Synovial:bicondylar Movements: Flexion-extension Internal-external rotation

Ankle:subtalar

Synovial:gliding Movements: Inversion-eversion

Ankle:talocrural

Synovial:hinge Movements dorsiflexion-plantarflexion

Angle of pull of latissmus doris increases when?

The angle of pull of latissmus dorsi increases when the arm is abducted 30 to 90 degrees

Bones help with leverage and support, what do muscles do?

The muscles help with actual movmeent

Forearm

The region from elbow to wrist

Arm

The region from shoulder to elbow

Thigh

The region from the hip to the knee

Leg

The region from the knee to the ankle

How many skeletal muscles are in the body

There are 600 skeletal muscles in the body

Range of motion role in exercise

This degree of movements helps guide exercise prescription, and helps follow and document progress of movements

Why do movement of 1 joint influences adjacent joints

This is due the the number of muscles/ bones crossing e.g. finger decreasing in presence of wrist flexion- due to the muscles crossing multiple joint

Suture

Tight union to the skull

Superior

Toward the head; higher cephalic

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Pivot(trochoidal)

Uniaxial joints that permit rotation(e.g. proximal radioulnar and atlantoaxial joints)

Hinge(ginglymus)

Uniaxial movments(e.g. elbow extension and flexion)

Cervical spine lateral flexion

Unilateral contraction of Extensors: suboccipitals, splenius capitis cervicis, erector spinae Flexors sternocleidomastoid, anterior scalene, longus capitis/ colli

Cervical spine rotation

Unilateral contraction: Flexors: sternocleidomastoid, anterior scalene, longus capitis/colli Extensors Suboccipitals, splenius capitis cervicis, erector spinae

Gomphossis

Unique joint at the tooth socket

Saddle(sellar)

Unique joint that permits movements in all planes, including opposition(e.g. the carpometacarpal joint of all the thumb)

Appendicular skeleton

Upper/lower limbs/extremities

Barrief effect of contracted muscle

While contracted, muscles become tight anteriorly and posteriorly

Posterior wrist muscles

Wrist extensor muscles:extensor carpi radialis longus/ brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi and extensor carpi ulnaris

Anterior wrist muscles

Wrist flexor muscles: flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digtorum superficialis, and palmaris longu

Complication of shoulder impingment syndrome

a person can become noncompliant with this condtion, which can be chronic leading to dysfunction

The serratus anterior is related to what condition?

active in reaching and pushing winging of the scapula that results from serratus anterior dysfunction, which is related to thoracic nerve dysfunction

What is the importance of the carrying angle of the elbow

allows forearm to swing to side of hips when walking allowing mechanical advantage

What exercises involve Ankle(talocrural) dorsiflexion

ankle dorsiflexion resistance band

When a person stands in a neutral position, where is the body's center of gravity located

approximately at the second sacral segment

Humeroradial joint

articulation of distal humerus with proximal radius

Humeroulnar joint

articulation of distal humerus with proximal ulna

Proximal radioulnar joint

articulation of proximal radius with proximal ulna

Wrist ligament sprains causes

axi

Posterior

back of body; dorsal

Deep

below the surface

Sites of compression in Thoracic outlet syndrome

between first rib/ anterior scale pectoralis minor, clavicle

Prime mover: elbow supination

biceps brachii

anterior muscles: elbow

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

elbow flexion

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

Radioulnar supination

biceps brachii, supinator

anatomical posiion

body erect, feet next to each other, limbs(upper) at the sides, finger extended

Bilateral

both sides

What exercises involve lumbar spine rotation

broomstick twist, machine trunk rotation

Consequences of ulnar dislocation

can result in elbow deformity present neurologcal symptoms in 5th digit b/c of entrapment of ulnar nerve of elbow

humeroradial articulation

capitulum of humerus to the head of the radius

Glenohumeral joint dislocation

capsule tears of the GH joint from excesssive abduction, external roation, and shoulder extension

multiarticular

causing movement in more than 2 joints e.g. erector spinae

biarticular

causing movement in more than one joints, crossing more than one joints e.g. hamstrings muscles, biceps brachii

uniarticular

causing movement in one joints, e.g. brachialis

Proximal

closer to any reference point

Contraction of the muscles causing compression of the articular surface

compression between 2 joint surfaces due to contraction can help stabilize

Thoracic outlet syndrome

condition of the shoulder similar to shoulder impingment syndrome rleating to faulty biomechanics, poor posture, and shoulder muscle imbalance It is compression of neuro bundle(brachial plexus, axillary artery vein) in axillary region

Tendons

connective that anchor on bones, they connect tissue and attach the muscles on the periosteium of the bone

costoclavicular ligament

connects 1st rib to clavicle

interclavicular ligament

connects two clavicles and manubrium

What exercises involve lumbar spine flexion

crunch, leg raise, machine crunch, high pulley crunch

Superior muscles:shoulder

deltoid and supraspinatus

What exercises involve elbow extension

dip, pulley, triceps extension, close grip bench press, push down dumbbell kick back

Open chain movements

distal chain segment joint moves along with everything else in space e.g leg extension machine-foot is open to movement

Closed chain movements

distal segment is fixed along with everything else, foot or distal segment is close to ground, fixed e.g. barbell squats

Frontal plane

divides the body to anterior/posterior) rotates around sagittal axis

Sagittal plane

divides the body to left and right(rotates around the frontal axis)

Synarthordial joints

do not move appreciabliy -suture of the skulls

Why are the forearms and hands lightly away from body

due to carrying angle of the elbow

What exercises involve elbow flexion

dumbbell curl, preacher curl, hammer curl

What exercises involve glenohumeral flexion

dumbbell front raise, incline bench press

Which exercises involve glenohumeral abduction

dumbbell lateral raise,dumbbell press

what exercises involve radioulnar pronation

dumbbell pronation

Which exercises involve glenohumeral extension

dumbbell pullover, chin up

Mechanism of lateral epicondyltis

eccentric(stretching) overload of the forearm extensor muscle

What exercises uses ankle subtalar eversion

elastic band eversion

What exercises uses ankle subtalar inversion

elastic band inversion

What part of the bone contains articular cartilage

epiphysis

Train biceps brachii effectly what exercises should be included

excercises that include both elbow flexion and forearm supination(dumbbell biceps curl)

excessive rom vs. restricted rom

excessive range of motion-hypermobile restricted range of motion-hypomobile

Wrist abduction

extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis flexor carpi radialis

wrist extension

extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum

lumbar spine extension

extensor spinae, multifidus

Lunar bone disolocation((anteriorly)/ scaphoid bone fracture causes

falling on an oustreched arm(extended

Distal

farther from any reference point

Aponeurosis

flat/ broad tendon

wrist flexion

flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis

Wrist adduction

flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris

Causes of rotator cuff tears

forceful throwing and improper weight lifting techniques

Colles and Smith fracture

fractures that affects the distal ulna and radius and requires fixation(screws/ plaes)

Anterior

front of body; ventral

Close pack postion of wrist joint

full extension

Proper trapezius and rhomboid activity results in what

good posture

Activities that can cause lateral epicondylitis

gripping a racquet too tight , wrong grip size, faulty backhand technique, excessive racquet weight

What activities involve wrist, hand, and fingers

gripping, lfiting, writing, typing, eating, and throwing.

Role of bursae

helps allow tendons to slide easily with bone

Collagen fibers of ligaments

helps deals with the stresses of the joints

Importance of trabeculae in spongy bone

helps provide strength against the stresses normally encountere by the bone

what is the importance of the endosteum

helps with bone develoepment

Medial collateral ligament importance

helps with the stresses on the ligament for valgus forces

Lateral collateral ligament importance

helps with the stresses on the ligament for varus forces

Joint movements are a combo of what

hey are a combination of rolling, sliding, and spinning movements

Humeroulnar/ humeroradial

hinge joints, flex/extend elbow

Bones of elbow joint

humerus, radius, ulna

Shoulder impingement syndrome mechanism

imbalance of shoulder, and external rotator cuff weakeness, highly trained internal rotator muscles -this imbalance causes postural abnormalities -anterior shoulder carriage with excessive internal rotation due to weak external rotators, -leads to adaptive shortening and fibrosis of the internal rotators(response to excessive internal rotation, and weak external rotators, and, inflamed rotator cuff tendons The internal rotators shorten and become hypertonic while the external rotators become weakened so rather than pull superior and medial on the numeral head, the deltoid takes over and pulls superior and laterally causing the numeral head to butt up against the coracoacromial arch causing impingement

Propioceptive feedback

important for human movement and preventing injury due to increased sensory fibers

Posterior muscles: shoulder

infraspinatus and teres minor

Glenohumeral external rotation

infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid

Lumbar spine rotation

internal/external oblique abdominals, intrinsic spinal rotators, multifidus

elbow joint

joint complex with its articulations: humeroulnar and hmeroradial, continous with proximal radioulnar joint -responsible for allowing radial head to rotate during pronation/ supination

Origin or wrist extensor muscles

lateral epicondyle of humerus

Inferior muscles: shoulder

latissimus dorsi, teres major, long head(triceps brachii)

Prime mover of shoulder extension, internal rotation ,and adduction

latissmus dorsi

Open pack

least congruency of joint surfaces, less stability of the joint, less taut joint capsule/ ligaments

Scapula

lies obliquely at 30 degree to front plane -large traingular bone that rests on the post thoracic cage between second and seventh rib in the normal position -lies in the scaption plane

The elbow is important in what kind of activities

lifting, carrying, throwing, swinging and most upper extremity excercise movements

Superficial

located close to or on the body surface

Center of rotation of glenohumeral joints, what happens during the 0 to 50 degrees of abduction

lower portion of the humeral head is in contact with the glenoid fossa

Prone

lying face down

Supine

lying face up

What exercises involve cervical spine extension

machine neck extension

What exercises involve cervical spine flexion

machine neck flexion

What exercises cervical spine lateral flexion

machine neck lateral flexion

Closed pack

max congruency of joint surfaces, max stability in the joint, max tightness joint capsule, ligaments are taut

Glenohumeral abduction

middle deltoid, supraspinatus

horizontal abduction

movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to described horizontal humerus movment when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees

abduction

movement away from the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane

flexion

movement resulting decrease in joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in sagittal plane

horizontal adduction

movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to described horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degress

adduction

movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane

extension

moving resulting increase in joint angle, using moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane

Quadrate muscles

muscles that are four sided, are usually flat and consist of parallel fibers, e.g. rhomboids

Fusiform muscles

muscles that are spindle shaped, and have a parallel arrangment that are spindle shaped, e.g. bicep brachii

Longitudinal muscles

muscles that are strap-like, with parallel fibers. e.g. sartorious

Bipennate muscles

muscles with fibers on both sides of a centrally position, e.g. rectus femoris

Unipennate muscles

muscles with fibers only one side of the tendon, e.g flexor pollicis longus

Multipennate muscles

muscles with two or more fasciuli attaching obliquely and combined into one muscles, e.g. subscapularis

Brachialis/Brachioradialis is effective in elbow flexion in what position

neutral position

Bones contain..

nutrients, blood compositions, levers/movemens

what happens during full eblow extension, what articulates?

olecranon process of ulna hits the olecranon fossa of humerus

Contralateral

on the opposite side

Ipsilateral

on the same side

Unilateral

one side

Wrist joint

or radiocarpal joint, is a condyloid joint that articulates with the distal radius with the scaphoid, lunate and triquetrium

Origin and insertion:rhomboids

origin: spinous process of C7 and T1-5 Insert: media lborder of scapula from spine to inferior angle

Origin and insertion: Levator scapulae

origin: transverse processes of C1-C4 insertion: medial border of scapula

Latissmus Dorsi origin and inserion

originates from the iliac crest and posterior sacrum(via thoracolumbar fascia, L6 thoracic vertebrae and lower three ribs inserts in the intertubercular groove of humerus

Glenohumeral horiztonal adduction

pectoralis major, anterior deltoid

Anterior muscles: shoulder

pectoralis major, subscapularis, coracobracialis, biceps brachii

Scapulothoracic downward rotation

pectoralis minor, rhomboids, levator scapulae

Muscles of the shoulder girdle

pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, subclavius, levator scapulae, rhomboids, trapezius

Scapulothoracic depression

pectoralis minor, trapezius

antagonists

permit agonist, contract at the end of primary movement(prime mover's motion)

ankle subtalar eversion

peroneus longus and brevis

Distal radioulnar joint

pivot joint(pronation, supination)

Glenohumeral horizontal abduction

posterior deltoid, teres major, latissmus dorsi

Growth plate(epiphyseal plate)

present in immature bones

Synergists

prevent unwanted movement, fixators/stabilizers, stabilize body aginst force e.g. scapular muscles(rhomboids, serratus anterior, and trapezius) -stabilize for upper extremity muscles for throwing motion

Coracoclaviular ligaments

prevents superior dislocation of acromioclavicular joints

What exercises involve glenohumeral horizontal abduction

prone reverse fly reverse cable fly

Radiocarpal ligaments

provide stability in the sagital plane

Collateral ligament

provides support for stresses in the frontal plane

Midcarpal joint

proximal and distal rows of carpal bones

What exercises involve scapulothoracic fixation?

push up, parallel bar dip, upright row, shoulder shrug, seated row

radioulnar joint

radial head and radial notch of the ulna

Where does all wrist movements except pronation/supination occur at

radiocarpal joint

Olecranon bursitis

red swelling(post elbow), fall on the elbow, inflmmation of bursa in olecranon

articular cartilage

resilient, semi rigid connective tissue, reduce friction, absorb shock in synovial joints

prime mover

responsible for action e.g bicep curls(biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis)

Scapulothoracic elevation

rhomboids, levator scapulae, trapezius

Scapulothoracic retraction

rhomboids, trapezius

Rotation(right or left)

right or left rotation in the transverse, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement

external(lateral rotation)

rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body

internal(medial) rotation

rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body

What exercises involve the scapulothoracic retraction

seated row

Scapulothoracic protraction

serratus anterior pectoralis minor

Scapulothoracic fixation

serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids(SAPMTLSRH)

Coracobrachialis

shoulder flexion/adduction

What exercises involve scapulothoracic elevation

shoulder shrug

co-contraction

simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist e.g. abs/lumbar help stabilize the lower trunk during trunk movements

aconeus

small muscle that assists the triceps and ads stability in the posterior elbow joint

Subclavius

small muscles protects and stabilizes the sternoclavicular joint

Joint movement

spatial(where in space) in relation to the body

What can prevent further damage of the shoulder during dislocation

stabilizing the shoulder

What exercises involve Ankle(talocrural)plantarflexion

standing/seated calf raise, donkey calf raise

Sternoclavicular ligaments

strengthen capsule/ligments of sternoclavicular joints

Shoulder impingment syndrome is also associated with what other conditions

subacromial bursitis, biceps tendonitis, degenerative tears of rotator cuff tendons

Cervical Spine Extension

suboccipitals, splenius capitis/cervicis, erector spinae(bilateral)

Coracoacromial ligment

superior to glenohumeral joint -protects muscles tendons, nerve and blood supply of the region -prevents superior dislocation of humeral head

what exercises involve scapulothoracic protraction

supine dumbell serratus press, push up

What are examples of fibrous joints

suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Secondary cartilaginous joints

symphyses, fibrocartilaginous *strong, slightly movable joints(intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis)

Primary cartilagionous joints

synchondroses, hyaline *usually temporary to permit bone growth and typically fuse(e.g. epiphyseal plates); some do not(e.g. at the sternum and ribs(costal cartilage)

circumduction of wrist acts through which joints

through action of midcarpal and radioulnar joints

ankle(talocrural) dorsiflexion

tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus peroneus(fibularis)tertius

ankle subtalar inversion

tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior

Scapulothoracic upward rotation

trapezius

Fan-shaped muscles

triangular muscles that contain fibers that radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other, e.g. pectoralis major

Prime mover elbow extension

triceps brachii

Elbow extension

triceps brachii, aconeus

Posterior muscles: elbow

triceps brachii, aconeus

humeroulnar articulation

trochlea of the humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

Center of rotation of glenohumeral joints, what happens during the 50 to 90 degrees of abduction

upper portion of the humeral head is in contact with the glenoid fossa

Axial skeleton

vertebral column, ribcage, skull, hyoid **protects organs, support soft tissue

Ulnar dislocation

violent hyperextension, or varus/ valgus forces -most common in individuals younger than 20 years

What ligaments support the radioulnar joint

volar radiocarpal, dorsal radiocarpal, radial collateral, and ulnar collateral ligaments

Skeletal muscles are..

voluntary, moves bones, and stabilize body

What exercises involve wrist abduction and adduction

wrist curl, reverse wrist curl