ACSM Chapter 3
Planes of motion
*movement with a 90 degree relation with axis *3 planes: sagittal, frontal, and transverse
Flat bones
*platelike *sternum, scapulae, ribs, and pelvis
Signs or symptoms of Acromioclavicular joint separation
- elevation of distal clavicle/ pain on joint
What happens during 100 to 120 degree of abduction
-Upward rotation in the scapula in the frontal plane causes glenoid fossa of scapula to face upward, making elevation of arm possible
Glenohumeral joint
-ball and socket, freely movable -humerus and glenoid fossa and scapula articulation
Sternoclavicular
-between sternum and first rib and proximal clavicle -saddle joint -provides bony connection to humerus and axial skeleton
subacromial bursa
-between supraspinatus, deltoid tendons, and acromion -allows gliding cushioning especially for shoulder abduction
Glenohumeral ligment
-consists of anterior, middle, and anterinferior bands -reinforces the anterior capsule -provides stability to shoulder joint in most planes of movements
Long bones
-contain diaphysis w/ medullary canal * femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, and radius
Treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome
-correcting faulty biomechanics -strengthening rotator cuff =stretching the shouers and scalenes =recovery may take several months/longer
What causes acromioclavicular joint separation
-direct blow to shoulder -fall on outstretched arm
Sesamoid bones
-found within tendons and joint capsules -shaped like sesame seeds *patella
Glenoid labrum
-has fibrocartilage -deepens fossa head -cushions humeral impact
What is the importance of the periosteum
-has vascular layer that has cells for for new bone -serve as attachment for ligaments/ tendons -helps with bone growth, repair and nutrition
Importance of rotator cuff muscles
-important stablizers of the glenohumeral joint -aid in glenohumeral positional control -act like strong ligament, holding humeral head tightly during arm movements initial by large shoulder muscles
Rotator cuff
-includes SITS(supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis)
shoulder
-link between thoracic cage and upper extremity -ball and socket -high degree of mobility, but unstable -relative little support, with support on muscles, ligaments and joints ,that are responsible for stabilizing -more likely to be injured
Causes of shoulder impingement syndrome
-mechanicaly unsound exercises, sports -weights with ppor form -training same body too often(overtraining anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, latissmus dorsi)
Medial epicondylitis
-medial elbow pain -repeated valgus stresses placed on arm during swinging of clubs/ racquets
Spongy bone
-more amount of matter and open spaces -the architectural shape is mainly lattice and trabeculae *some trabeculae contain red bone marrow/ blood
Amphiarthrodial joints
-move slightly, held together by ligaments *syndesmosis, inferior tibiofibular joint, fibrocartilage(syncondrosis, e.g. pubic symphysis)
scapulothoracic joint
-not true joint, functional joint -articulation of scapula an thoracic cage -provides mobility and stability for the orientation of the glenoid fossa and the humeral head for arm movements in all planes
Irregular bones
-oddly shaped *vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
Triceps tendonitis
-pain over olecranon -repetitive posterior stresses on elbow extension
Acromioclavicular joint
-plane synovial joints -moves in 3 planes with scapulothoracic movement -articulation of acromion and distal end of clavicle
The imbalance of the anterior deltoid being more developed than the posterior deltoid can cause what problems?
-postural abnormalities(shoulder forward and internally rotated -can lead to shoulder impingment syndrome
Compact bone
-provides support and protection for bearing weight -contains few amounts of matter in space -the architectural shape is mainly osteons -in body, external layer of all bones and long bones
Short bones
-relatively small and thick *carpals and tarsals
Shoulder impingment syndrome
-results from bring close together (approximation of acromion to the greater tubercle of humerus), entraps rotator cuff tendons
Treatment of impingement syndrome
-retrain with proper exercise -strengthen external roators -stretch internal roators -eliminating training errors
Clavicle
-runs obliquely at 60 degrees to scapula -provides the link between upper extremity and axial skeleton -provides protection for neural bundle "brachial plexus and the vascular system supplying upper extremity -supports weight of humerus -helps maintain position of scapula and humerus
Coracohumeral ligament
-spans bicipital groove of the humerus -provides anteroinferior stability to glenohumeral joint
acromioclavicular ligament
-stability to acromioclavicular joint
Lateral epicondylitis
-tennis elbow -lateral elbow pain -overuse in adult elbow
Range of motion degree for elbow extension
0 degree
Open pack postion of wrist joing
0 degree extension with slight adduction
5 features of synovial joint
1. Enclosed by fibrous joint capsule 2. Joint capsule enclose joint cavity 3.Joint capsule is covered by synovial membrane 4. Synovial fluid occupies or fills the joint cavity 5. The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, which helps absorb shock and reduce friction
How do muscles produce movement?
1. Skeletal muscle produce force that goes to tendons 2.The tendons than pulls on the bones, or other structures(skin) 3.Most muscles cross a joint, pulling one of the articulating bones towards the other( one becomes stationary(origin that is proximal) and the other becomes the attachment(insertion that is distal)
What are some roles of muscles in terms of movement
1. muscles only pull not push 2. Several muscles work together 3.Most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs
Joint Stability is resistance to displacement, ROM is gained at the expense of stability, what are the factors in joint stability
1.Ligaments like normal movement 2. Muscle tendons that cross joints also help with stability when bony structures due little(shoulder) 3. Fascia/Outside(Atmospheric Pressure) helps with joint stability, TFLT, Suction pressure outside joints are examples 4. Bony structure of a joint is an important contributer to joint stability. Example is limitation of elbow extension by the olecranon process of ulna
Importance of scapulohumeral rhythm
1.allows greater abduction ROM 2. Maintains optimal length tension relationships of the glenohumeral muscles 3. Prevents impingement between the greater tubercle of the humerus and the acromion
Length of the muscles stays how much of resting length
100-130% of resting length, one side length, other side muscle shortens, this property enhances tension production
Range of motion degree for elbow flexion
145 to 150 degree
Wrist abduction degree
15 to 25 degrees
How many bones are in the body and how many are used for movements
206 bones in the body total, 117 used for movement
Wrist adduction degree
25 to 40 degrees
How many bones are in the wrist, hand, and fingers
29 bones: a distal ulna, radius, 8 carapals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges
Elevation of the arm, how many degrees of elevation ,and what is part of the 3 degrees of elevation
3 degree of elevation 2 degree glenohumeral joint 1 degree scapularthoracic joint
How do the rotator cuff stabilize
4 mechanisms: 1. Passive muscle tension 2. Contraction of the muscles causing compression of the articular suface 3. Joint motion that result in secondary tightening of ligaments restraints 4. barrier effect of the contracted muscle
Wrist extension degree
65 to 85 degree
Wrist flexion degree
70 to 90 degree
Range of motion for pronation and supination of elbow
80 to 90 degrres
Circumduction
A compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape
Eversion
Abducting the ankle
Radial deviation
Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
Active vs passive ROM
Active = the patient performing the motions themselves, voluntary muscle contraction Passive = the nurse completely assisting the motions being accomplished, external means
Inversion
Adducting the angle
Ulnar Deviation
Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
Bicondylar
Allow movement primarily around one axis with some limited rotation in a second axis(e.g. knee flexion and extension with limited internal and external rotation).
Glenohumeral flexion
Anterior deltoid, pectoralis major(clavicular head), biceps brachii(long head)
Inferior
Away from the head; lower(caudal)
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; to the side
What does the rolling of the humeral head do for the glenohumeral joint
Because shear force creates friction across surfaces, the rolling of the head reduces shear stress on the joint
Deep
Below the surface
Ellipsoidal(condyloid)
Biaxial joint( e.g. radiocarpal extension, flexion at the wrist)
Intervertebral
Cartilaginous Movements: Flexion-Extension Lateral Flexion Rotation
Pronation(foot/ankle)
Combine movement of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot
Supination(foot/ankle)
Combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot
What happens during full elbow flexion what articulates?
Coronoid process of ulna hits the olecranon fossa of humerus
Opposition
Diagonal movement of the thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fifth digit
Valgus
Distal segments that deviates laterally
Varus
Distal segments that deviates medially
Transverse plane
Divides the body superior/inferior(top/bottom), rotates around vertical axis
What exercises involve radioulnar supination
Dumbbell curl with supination
What exercises involve wrist extension
Dumbbell reverse wrist curl
What exercises involve wrist flexion
Dumbbell wrist curl
Plantarflexion
Extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane
What exercises involve glenohumeral external rotation
External rotator cuff dumbbell side lying
What exercises involve glenohumeral horizontal adduction
Flat bench chest fly, pec dec, cable crossover
Dorsiflexion
Flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane
Scapulohumeral rhythm
Full abduction=simultaneous glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints movement
Examples of parallel shaped muscles
Fusiform(biceps brachii) Longitudinal(sartorious) Quadrate(rhomboids) Fan-shaped(pectoralis major)
ankle(talocrural) plantarflexion
Gastrocnemius Soleus Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus
Plane(arthrodial)
Gliding and sliding movements(acromioclavicular joint)
Tendons and aponeuroses contribution to body
Help provide the link between muscle and bone
Line of gravity helps with what
Helps define proper body alignment and posture using various landmarks(head, upper extremeity, trunk ,and lower extremity as guides
Line of gravity
Imaginary vertical line passing through center of gravity and is typically assed while the subject is landing
Joint motion that result in secondary tightening of ligamentous restraints
In abduction, anterior and posterior glenohumeral ligaments become tight
Downward Rotation
Inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
Syndesmosis
Interosseus membrane between bones(e.g. union along the shafts of the radius and ulna, tibia and fibula, and distal tibiofibular joint)
What is the carrying angle of the elbow in males in females
It is 5 to 15 degree in males and 20 to 25 degrees in females
Tendons have collagens that are parallel, what is the importance of this
It is suitable for unidirectional stress
Difference between joints and ligaments
Joints-articulation between bones, bones and ligaments/ articular system Liagments- tough fibrous connective tissues anchoring bone to bone
Passive muscle tension
Just by the mere presence contraction in all directions prevents displacement of the humeral head
What exercises involve glenohumeral internal rotation
Lat pulldown, bent row, dumbbell row, dumbbell press
Which exercises involve glenohumeral adduction
Lat-pulldown, seated row, cable crossover,, flat bench dumbbell fly
Glenohumeral extension
Latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major(sternocostal head), posterior deltoid and triceps brachii(long head)
Glenohumeral internal rotation
Latissimus dorsi,, pectoralis major, teres major, anterior deltoid
Glenohumeral adduction
Latissmus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major
annular ligament
Ligament that helps with stability of radius on ulna
Superficial
Located close to or on the body surface
What exercises involve cervical spine rotation
Machine neck rotation
Origin of wrist flexor muscles
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Lateral flexion(right or left)
Movement away from the midline of the body usually used to describe neck or trunk movement
Protraction
Movement of the scapula away from the spine in the frontal plane
Elevation
Movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane
Retraction
Movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane
Depression
Movement of the scapular inferiorly in the frontal plane
Ball and socket(enarthrodial)
Multiaxial joints that permit movements in all directions(hip and shoulder joints)
Skeletal muscles classifed according to muscle fiber architecture( arrangement of muscle fibers relative to pull of the muscle) They are arranged in parallel vs pennate. What is parallel?
Muscle fibers that run in line with the pull of the muscle
Skeletal muscles classifed according to muscle fiber architecture( arrangement of muscle fibers relative to pull of the muscle) They are arranged in parallel vs pennate. What is pennate?
Muscle fibers that run obliquely or at an angle to the line of pull
Scapulothoracic
Not a true joint(physiological or functional joint) Movements: Elevation-depression Upward-downward rotation Protraction-retraction Medial and lateral rotation Anterior-posterior tilting
Advantage of multiarticular muscles
Only muscle is needed to generate tension in two or more joints, very efficient and helps stays efficient
Origin and insertion of biceps brachii
Origin: Long head- supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Short head- coracoid process of scapula Insertion: tuberosity of radius
Pectoralis minor origin and insertion
Origin: anterior aspects of ribs 3-5 Inserts: coracoid process of scapula
Origin and insertion of deltoid muscle( anterior)
Origin: anterolateral aspect of the clavicle) Insert:deltoid tuberosity of lateral humerus
Origin/Insertion: triceps brachii
Origin: long head -infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Medial/lateral head-upper humerus Insert: olecranon of ulna
Origin and Insertion of pectoralis major
Origin: medial clavicle and sternum Insert: intertubercular groove of humerus
Origin and insertion of rotator cuff muscles
Origin: scapula Insertion: greater or lesser tubercle of humerus
Serratus anterior origin and insertion
Origin: upper nine ribs laterally Insertion: anterior aspect of the medial border of scapula
Origin and insertion of the trapezius
Origin:base of occiput -spinous porcess of T12 Insertion: Lateral clavicle, medial border of acromion and scapula spine
Origin and insertion of the deltoid muslce(posterior)
Origin:inferior aspect of scapular spine) Insert:deltoid tuberosity of lateral humerus
Origin and insertion of deltoid muscle(middle)
Origin:lateral aspect of the acromion Insert:deltoid tuberosity of lateral humerus
Symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome
Pain, numbness ,tingling in upper extremity, in 4th or 5th digits of the hand
Posterior view:Line of gravity
Pass through midline of body, mastoid, shoulder, iliac crest, knee, and ankles
Prime mover in shoulder adduction, horizontal adduction, internal rotation of humerus
Pectoralis Major
Pecotrais minor has what effects on the ribs
Pectoralis minor has a lifting effect on the ribs during forceful inspiration and postural control
What are examples of synovial joints
Plane, hinge, ellipsoidal, saddle,ball-and socket, pivot, bicondylar
Center of Gravity
Point where the weight force can act(balance, concentrate
What are examples of cartilaginous joints
Primary, secondary
Synovial fluid
Produced by the synovial membrane, which provides lubrications which helps the articular cartilage minimize the wear and tear from friction
Radioulnar pronation
Pronator quadratus, pronator teres
Lumbar spine lateral flexion
Quadratus lumborum, internal external oblique Unilateral contraction: Erector Spinae
Bones + Joints+ Muscles =
ROM(range of motion), working together to create movements with forces acting
Lumbar spine flexion
Rectus abdominis, internal/ external oblique abdominis
Metaphysis
Region of mature bone where the diaphysis joins each epiphysis
Ligaments
Reinfore joints They are either separate structures(extrinsic) or thick outer covering(intrinsic)
Medial collateral ligament sprain
Repetitive trauma and excessive vlgus force
In kinematic chain, what results from the movement of the scapulothoracic joint
Results in the movement in the acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and glenohumeral joint
What exercises involve lumbar spine lateral flexion
Roman chair side bend, dumbbell side bend hanging leg raise
What exercises involve lumbar spine extension
Roman chair, trunk extension, deadlift, good morning
Shoulder joints muscles ________ arm Shoulder girdle muscles________scapula on thoracic cage
Shoulder joints muscles move the arm Shoulder girdle muscles stabilize scapula on thoracic cage
Kinematics(height and horizontal distance) in relation to center of gravity relative to base of support is used to study balance by performers what is an example?
Sit to stand movement, center of gravity is shifted over the base of support where there is a transition from primarily horizontal motion to a vertical or lifting motion
Lateral view: line of gravity
Slightly posterior to the apex of the coronal suture, through mastoid process, midcervical vertebral bodies through shoulder joint, throught midlumbar vertebral bodies, slightly posterior to hip joint axis, but slightly anterior to knee joint axis and anterior to lateral malleolus
Cervical Spine flexion
Sternocleidomastoid (bilaterally) Anterior scalene (bilaterally) Longus capitis (bilaterally) Longus colli (bilaterally)
Upward Rotation
Superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
Biceps brachii flexs the elbow best in what position?
Supinated postition
What don't contain an articular cavity, synovial membrane/fluid
Synarthrodial/ amphiarthrodial joints
Hip
Synovial: ball and socket Movements: Flexion-Extension Abduction-adduction Internal-external rotation Circumduction
Metacarpophalangeal
Synovial: ellipsoidal movements: flexion-extension abduction-adduction
Wrist
Synovial: ellipsoidal Flexion-extension Abduction-adduction
Proximal/ distal interphalangeal
Synovial: hinge Flexion-extension
Elbow
Synovial: hinge Movements: Flexion-extension
Proximal radioulnar
Synovial: pivot Pronation-supination
Glenohumeral
Synovial:ball and socket Flexion-extension Abduction-adduction Internal-external rotation Horizontal abduction-adduction Circumduction
Knee
Synovial:bicondylar Movements: Flexion-extension Internal-external rotation
Ankle:subtalar
Synovial:gliding Movements: Inversion-eversion
Ankle:talocrural
Synovial:hinge Movements dorsiflexion-plantarflexion
Angle of pull of latissmus doris increases when?
The angle of pull of latissmus dorsi increases when the arm is abducted 30 to 90 degrees
Bones help with leverage and support, what do muscles do?
The muscles help with actual movmeent
Forearm
The region from elbow to wrist
Arm
The region from shoulder to elbow
Thigh
The region from the hip to the knee
Leg
The region from the knee to the ankle
How many skeletal muscles are in the body
There are 600 skeletal muscles in the body
Range of motion role in exercise
This degree of movements helps guide exercise prescription, and helps follow and document progress of movements
Why do movement of 1 joint influences adjacent joints
This is due the the number of muscles/ bones crossing e.g. finger decreasing in presence of wrist flexion- due to the muscles crossing multiple joint
Suture
Tight union to the skull
Superior
Toward the head; higher cephalic
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Pivot(trochoidal)
Uniaxial joints that permit rotation(e.g. proximal radioulnar and atlantoaxial joints)
Hinge(ginglymus)
Uniaxial movments(e.g. elbow extension and flexion)
Cervical spine lateral flexion
Unilateral contraction of Extensors: suboccipitals, splenius capitis cervicis, erector spinae Flexors sternocleidomastoid, anterior scalene, longus capitis/ colli
Cervical spine rotation
Unilateral contraction: Flexors: sternocleidomastoid, anterior scalene, longus capitis/colli Extensors Suboccipitals, splenius capitis cervicis, erector spinae
Gomphossis
Unique joint at the tooth socket
Saddle(sellar)
Unique joint that permits movements in all planes, including opposition(e.g. the carpometacarpal joint of all the thumb)
Appendicular skeleton
Upper/lower limbs/extremities
Barrief effect of contracted muscle
While contracted, muscles become tight anteriorly and posteriorly
Posterior wrist muscles
Wrist extensor muscles:extensor carpi radialis longus/ brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi and extensor carpi ulnaris
Anterior wrist muscles
Wrist flexor muscles: flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digtorum superficialis, and palmaris longu
Complication of shoulder impingment syndrome
a person can become noncompliant with this condtion, which can be chronic leading to dysfunction
The serratus anterior is related to what condition?
active in reaching and pushing winging of the scapula that results from serratus anterior dysfunction, which is related to thoracic nerve dysfunction
What is the importance of the carrying angle of the elbow
allows forearm to swing to side of hips when walking allowing mechanical advantage
What exercises involve Ankle(talocrural) dorsiflexion
ankle dorsiflexion resistance band
When a person stands in a neutral position, where is the body's center of gravity located
approximately at the second sacral segment
Humeroradial joint
articulation of distal humerus with proximal radius
Humeroulnar joint
articulation of distal humerus with proximal ulna
Proximal radioulnar joint
articulation of proximal radius with proximal ulna
Wrist ligament sprains causes
axi
Posterior
back of body; dorsal
Deep
below the surface
Sites of compression in Thoracic outlet syndrome
between first rib/ anterior scale pectoralis minor, clavicle
Prime mover: elbow supination
biceps brachii
anterior muscles: elbow
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
elbow flexion
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
Radioulnar supination
biceps brachii, supinator
anatomical posiion
body erect, feet next to each other, limbs(upper) at the sides, finger extended
Bilateral
both sides
What exercises involve lumbar spine rotation
broomstick twist, machine trunk rotation
Consequences of ulnar dislocation
can result in elbow deformity present neurologcal symptoms in 5th digit b/c of entrapment of ulnar nerve of elbow
humeroradial articulation
capitulum of humerus to the head of the radius
Glenohumeral joint dislocation
capsule tears of the GH joint from excesssive abduction, external roation, and shoulder extension
multiarticular
causing movement in more than 2 joints e.g. erector spinae
biarticular
causing movement in more than one joints, crossing more than one joints e.g. hamstrings muscles, biceps brachii
uniarticular
causing movement in one joints, e.g. brachialis
Proximal
closer to any reference point
Contraction of the muscles causing compression of the articular surface
compression between 2 joint surfaces due to contraction can help stabilize
Thoracic outlet syndrome
condition of the shoulder similar to shoulder impingment syndrome rleating to faulty biomechanics, poor posture, and shoulder muscle imbalance It is compression of neuro bundle(brachial plexus, axillary artery vein) in axillary region
Tendons
connective that anchor on bones, they connect tissue and attach the muscles on the periosteium of the bone
costoclavicular ligament
connects 1st rib to clavicle
interclavicular ligament
connects two clavicles and manubrium
What exercises involve lumbar spine flexion
crunch, leg raise, machine crunch, high pulley crunch
Superior muscles:shoulder
deltoid and supraspinatus
What exercises involve elbow extension
dip, pulley, triceps extension, close grip bench press, push down dumbbell kick back
Open chain movements
distal chain segment joint moves along with everything else in space e.g leg extension machine-foot is open to movement
Closed chain movements
distal segment is fixed along with everything else, foot or distal segment is close to ground, fixed e.g. barbell squats
Frontal plane
divides the body to anterior/posterior) rotates around sagittal axis
Sagittal plane
divides the body to left and right(rotates around the frontal axis)
Synarthordial joints
do not move appreciabliy -suture of the skulls
Why are the forearms and hands lightly away from body
due to carrying angle of the elbow
What exercises involve elbow flexion
dumbbell curl, preacher curl, hammer curl
What exercises involve glenohumeral flexion
dumbbell front raise, incline bench press
Which exercises involve glenohumeral abduction
dumbbell lateral raise,dumbbell press
what exercises involve radioulnar pronation
dumbbell pronation
Which exercises involve glenohumeral extension
dumbbell pullover, chin up
Mechanism of lateral epicondyltis
eccentric(stretching) overload of the forearm extensor muscle
What exercises uses ankle subtalar eversion
elastic band eversion
What exercises uses ankle subtalar inversion
elastic band inversion
What part of the bone contains articular cartilage
epiphysis
Train biceps brachii effectly what exercises should be included
excercises that include both elbow flexion and forearm supination(dumbbell biceps curl)
excessive rom vs. restricted rom
excessive range of motion-hypermobile restricted range of motion-hypomobile
Wrist abduction
extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis flexor carpi radialis
wrist extension
extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum
lumbar spine extension
extensor spinae, multifidus
Lunar bone disolocation((anteriorly)/ scaphoid bone fracture causes
falling on an oustreched arm(extended
Distal
farther from any reference point
Aponeurosis
flat/ broad tendon
wrist flexion
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis
Wrist adduction
flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris
Causes of rotator cuff tears
forceful throwing and improper weight lifting techniques
Colles and Smith fracture
fractures that affects the distal ulna and radius and requires fixation(screws/ plaes)
Anterior
front of body; ventral
Close pack postion of wrist joint
full extension
Proper trapezius and rhomboid activity results in what
good posture
Activities that can cause lateral epicondylitis
gripping a racquet too tight , wrong grip size, faulty backhand technique, excessive racquet weight
What activities involve wrist, hand, and fingers
gripping, lfiting, writing, typing, eating, and throwing.
Role of bursae
helps allow tendons to slide easily with bone
Collagen fibers of ligaments
helps deals with the stresses of the joints
Importance of trabeculae in spongy bone
helps provide strength against the stresses normally encountere by the bone
what is the importance of the endosteum
helps with bone develoepment
Medial collateral ligament importance
helps with the stresses on the ligament for valgus forces
Lateral collateral ligament importance
helps with the stresses on the ligament for varus forces
Joint movements are a combo of what
hey are a combination of rolling, sliding, and spinning movements
Humeroulnar/ humeroradial
hinge joints, flex/extend elbow
Bones of elbow joint
humerus, radius, ulna
Shoulder impingement syndrome mechanism
imbalance of shoulder, and external rotator cuff weakeness, highly trained internal rotator muscles -this imbalance causes postural abnormalities -anterior shoulder carriage with excessive internal rotation due to weak external rotators, -leads to adaptive shortening and fibrosis of the internal rotators(response to excessive internal rotation, and weak external rotators, and, inflamed rotator cuff tendons The internal rotators shorten and become hypertonic while the external rotators become weakened so rather than pull superior and medial on the numeral head, the deltoid takes over and pulls superior and laterally causing the numeral head to butt up against the coracoacromial arch causing impingement
Propioceptive feedback
important for human movement and preventing injury due to increased sensory fibers
Posterior muscles: shoulder
infraspinatus and teres minor
Glenohumeral external rotation
infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid
Lumbar spine rotation
internal/external oblique abdominals, intrinsic spinal rotators, multifidus
elbow joint
joint complex with its articulations: humeroulnar and hmeroradial, continous with proximal radioulnar joint -responsible for allowing radial head to rotate during pronation/ supination
Origin or wrist extensor muscles
lateral epicondyle of humerus
Inferior muscles: shoulder
latissimus dorsi, teres major, long head(triceps brachii)
Prime mover of shoulder extension, internal rotation ,and adduction
latissmus dorsi
Open pack
least congruency of joint surfaces, less stability of the joint, less taut joint capsule/ ligaments
Scapula
lies obliquely at 30 degree to front plane -large traingular bone that rests on the post thoracic cage between second and seventh rib in the normal position -lies in the scaption plane
The elbow is important in what kind of activities
lifting, carrying, throwing, swinging and most upper extremity excercise movements
Superficial
located close to or on the body surface
Center of rotation of glenohumeral joints, what happens during the 0 to 50 degrees of abduction
lower portion of the humeral head is in contact with the glenoid fossa
Prone
lying face down
Supine
lying face up
What exercises involve cervical spine extension
machine neck extension
What exercises involve cervical spine flexion
machine neck flexion
What exercises cervical spine lateral flexion
machine neck lateral flexion
Closed pack
max congruency of joint surfaces, max stability in the joint, max tightness joint capsule, ligaments are taut
Glenohumeral abduction
middle deltoid, supraspinatus
horizontal abduction
movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to described horizontal humerus movment when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
flexion
movement resulting decrease in joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in sagittal plane
horizontal adduction
movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to described horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degress
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
extension
moving resulting increase in joint angle, using moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane
Quadrate muscles
muscles that are four sided, are usually flat and consist of parallel fibers, e.g. rhomboids
Fusiform muscles
muscles that are spindle shaped, and have a parallel arrangment that are spindle shaped, e.g. bicep brachii
Longitudinal muscles
muscles that are strap-like, with parallel fibers. e.g. sartorious
Bipennate muscles
muscles with fibers on both sides of a centrally position, e.g. rectus femoris
Unipennate muscles
muscles with fibers only one side of the tendon, e.g flexor pollicis longus
Multipennate muscles
muscles with two or more fasciuli attaching obliquely and combined into one muscles, e.g. subscapularis
Brachialis/Brachioradialis is effective in elbow flexion in what position
neutral position
Bones contain..
nutrients, blood compositions, levers/movemens
what happens during full eblow extension, what articulates?
olecranon process of ulna hits the olecranon fossa of humerus
Contralateral
on the opposite side
Ipsilateral
on the same side
Unilateral
one side
Wrist joint
or radiocarpal joint, is a condyloid joint that articulates with the distal radius with the scaphoid, lunate and triquetrium
Origin and insertion:rhomboids
origin: spinous process of C7 and T1-5 Insert: media lborder of scapula from spine to inferior angle
Origin and insertion: Levator scapulae
origin: transverse processes of C1-C4 insertion: medial border of scapula
Latissmus Dorsi origin and inserion
originates from the iliac crest and posterior sacrum(via thoracolumbar fascia, L6 thoracic vertebrae and lower three ribs inserts in the intertubercular groove of humerus
Glenohumeral horiztonal adduction
pectoralis major, anterior deltoid
Anterior muscles: shoulder
pectoralis major, subscapularis, coracobracialis, biceps brachii
Scapulothoracic downward rotation
pectoralis minor, rhomboids, levator scapulae
Muscles of the shoulder girdle
pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, subclavius, levator scapulae, rhomboids, trapezius
Scapulothoracic depression
pectoralis minor, trapezius
antagonists
permit agonist, contract at the end of primary movement(prime mover's motion)
ankle subtalar eversion
peroneus longus and brevis
Distal radioulnar joint
pivot joint(pronation, supination)
Glenohumeral horizontal abduction
posterior deltoid, teres major, latissmus dorsi
Growth plate(epiphyseal plate)
present in immature bones
Synergists
prevent unwanted movement, fixators/stabilizers, stabilize body aginst force e.g. scapular muscles(rhomboids, serratus anterior, and trapezius) -stabilize for upper extremity muscles for throwing motion
Coracoclaviular ligaments
prevents superior dislocation of acromioclavicular joints
What exercises involve glenohumeral horizontal abduction
prone reverse fly reverse cable fly
Radiocarpal ligaments
provide stability in the sagital plane
Collateral ligament
provides support for stresses in the frontal plane
Midcarpal joint
proximal and distal rows of carpal bones
What exercises involve scapulothoracic fixation?
push up, parallel bar dip, upright row, shoulder shrug, seated row
radioulnar joint
radial head and radial notch of the ulna
Where does all wrist movements except pronation/supination occur at
radiocarpal joint
Olecranon bursitis
red swelling(post elbow), fall on the elbow, inflmmation of bursa in olecranon
articular cartilage
resilient, semi rigid connective tissue, reduce friction, absorb shock in synovial joints
prime mover
responsible for action e.g bicep curls(biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis)
Scapulothoracic elevation
rhomboids, levator scapulae, trapezius
Scapulothoracic retraction
rhomboids, trapezius
Rotation(right or left)
right or left rotation in the transverse, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement
external(lateral rotation)
rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body
internal(medial) rotation
rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body
What exercises involve the scapulothoracic retraction
seated row
Scapulothoracic protraction
serratus anterior pectoralis minor
Scapulothoracic fixation
serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids(SAPMTLSRH)
Coracobrachialis
shoulder flexion/adduction
What exercises involve scapulothoracic elevation
shoulder shrug
co-contraction
simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist e.g. abs/lumbar help stabilize the lower trunk during trunk movements
aconeus
small muscle that assists the triceps and ads stability in the posterior elbow joint
Subclavius
small muscles protects and stabilizes the sternoclavicular joint
Joint movement
spatial(where in space) in relation to the body
What can prevent further damage of the shoulder during dislocation
stabilizing the shoulder
What exercises involve Ankle(talocrural)plantarflexion
standing/seated calf raise, donkey calf raise
Sternoclavicular ligaments
strengthen capsule/ligments of sternoclavicular joints
Shoulder impingment syndrome is also associated with what other conditions
subacromial bursitis, biceps tendonitis, degenerative tears of rotator cuff tendons
Cervical Spine Extension
suboccipitals, splenius capitis/cervicis, erector spinae(bilateral)
Coracoacromial ligment
superior to glenohumeral joint -protects muscles tendons, nerve and blood supply of the region -prevents superior dislocation of humeral head
what exercises involve scapulothoracic protraction
supine dumbell serratus press, push up
What are examples of fibrous joints
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
Secondary cartilaginous joints
symphyses, fibrocartilaginous *strong, slightly movable joints(intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis)
Primary cartilagionous joints
synchondroses, hyaline *usually temporary to permit bone growth and typically fuse(e.g. epiphyseal plates); some do not(e.g. at the sternum and ribs(costal cartilage)
circumduction of wrist acts through which joints
through action of midcarpal and radioulnar joints
ankle(talocrural) dorsiflexion
tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus peroneus(fibularis)tertius
ankle subtalar inversion
tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior
Scapulothoracic upward rotation
trapezius
Fan-shaped muscles
triangular muscles that contain fibers that radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other, e.g. pectoralis major
Prime mover elbow extension
triceps brachii
Elbow extension
triceps brachii, aconeus
Posterior muscles: elbow
triceps brachii, aconeus
humeroulnar articulation
trochlea of the humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
Center of rotation of glenohumeral joints, what happens during the 50 to 90 degrees of abduction
upper portion of the humeral head is in contact with the glenoid fossa
Axial skeleton
vertebral column, ribcage, skull, hyoid **protects organs, support soft tissue
Ulnar dislocation
violent hyperextension, or varus/ valgus forces -most common in individuals younger than 20 years
What ligaments support the radioulnar joint
volar radiocarpal, dorsal radiocarpal, radial collateral, and ulnar collateral ligaments
Skeletal muscles are..
voluntary, moves bones, and stabilize body
What exercises involve wrist abduction and adduction
wrist curl, reverse wrist curl