Ecology Midterm- Quiz Q's with Star
____________ use metabolic energy to maintain a relatively constant body temperature.
Homeotherms
The highest level of ecological organization is
The biosphere
In general, research indicates that as the average body mass of an organism increases, population density also increases.
False
Life histories typical of r-selection are most likely to evolve where species populations are near carrying capacity much of the time.
False
Intersexual selection
Individuals of one sex consistently choose mates among members of opposite sex based on a particular trait
All of the following contribute to the movement of water in a terrestrial plant except:
None of the choices are correct.
The effects of currents in streams include all of the following except
None of the choices are correct.
The factors that determine carrying capacity include all of the following except:
None of the choices are correct.
Which soil horizon is most influenced by climate?
O
Which of the soil horizon is made up of freshly fallen organic matter including whole leaves, twigs, and other plant parts?
O horizon
Which of the soil horizons is made up of freshly fallen organic matter, including whole leaves, twigs, and other plant parts?
O horizon
Soil order
O, A, B, C
Which of the following soil horizon profiles is ordered correctly?
O, A, B, C
Semelparous
One major reproductive effort
Limnetic zone
Open, sunlit water surface.
Class crustacea:
Order Amphipoda =niddles
Benthic zone
Substrate, bottom of lakes.
Joseph Connell's "intermediate disturbance hypothesis" proposes that
species diversity is highest at intermediate frequencies of disturbance.
Research on soapberry bugs (Jadera haematoloma) supports all of the following results except
the soapberry bugs underwent developmental changes without genetic changes.
The thermal neutral zone of a homeothermic animal is
the temperature range over which the metabolic rate does not change
The Africanized honeybee stopped spreading southward through South America by about 1983 in response to
unfavorable climatic factors
Sociality is generally not accompanied by
unlimited reproductive opportunities
Most insects use external sources of heat to achieve their operative temperature range. Heinrich's research on the sphinx moth (Manduca sexta) indicates that some insects can thermoregulate by using their flight muscles and
using their blood as a coolant.
According to the results of Philips and MacMahon, which of the following relationships of variance to mean shrub density would be expected for young creosote bushes?
variance>mean
In Michael Huston's studies of Costa Rican forest diversity, the highest tree diversity was found on soils with
very low fertility
Robert MacArthur's study of forest warblers suggested that
warbler species diversity increases with habitat complexity.
Heating of the earth's surface causes
warm air to rise and cool air to sink
Heating of the earths surface causes
warm air to rise and cool air to sink
The terrestrial ecosystems with highest primary production are usually those that are
warm and wet
All of the following statements concerning oligotrophic lakes are true except
warm temperatures
The Great Lakes are troubled with invasive species. Which of the following aquatic organisms is considered invasive?
zebra mussels
The 'net reproduction rate' equals
Σlxmx
Which of the following equations best represents the geometric rate of increase?
λ = (Nt+1)/Nt
A variety of crabs and pistol shrimp benefit from their mutualistic relationship with Pocillopora coral by
all of the above
Acacia-ants display which of the following characteristics?
all of the above
Which of the following do ecologists study?
all of the above
Most species of which of the following animals are homeothermic?
birds
A set of sites differing in successional age (especially long periods of time) is called a
chronosequence.
In general, desert organisms try to decrease their rate of evaporative cooling in order to conserve water. Which of the following desert organisms sweats?
cicada
a biome is characterized primarily by
climate and predominant plant types
Which of the following word pairs are mismatched?
random distribution; aggressive interaction
Teja Tscharntke's studies of the food web associated with Phragmites reeds revealed that
recognizing variation in interaction strength can greatly simplify the depiction of a food web.
Robert MacArthur's observations on the Warblers of North America indicate that they
reduce competition by feeding in different zones.
For a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, in a situation where there are only two alleles at a particular locus, the allelic frequencies are: S=0.7 and s=0.3. Calculate the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype in the population.
0.09
For a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, in a situation where there are only two alleles at a particular locus, the proportions of genotypes are: SS = 0.64, Ss = 0.32, and ss = 0.04. Calculate the allele frequency for the recessive allele
0.2
_____ of the earth's land surface is covered by desert.
20%
By 1992, most of Texas and all of Massachusetts had less than ____% natural vegetation remaining.
25%
The genotypic frequency of heterozygous individuals is denoted as
2pq
A simple tree community consists of 4 maples, 3 oaks, and 1 alder. The species richness of this community is
3.
Humboldt
30 volume work on voage of spanish america
You have captured and weighed 11 deer with the following individual weights (in kg): 23, 27, 35, 42, 26, 35, 44, 33, 22, 23 and 38. The sample mean of the data is:
31.6
There are(is) _______ convective air cell(s) per hemisphere, _______ total for the earth.
3;6
In Leon Creek there are 5 species of fish. The species and the number of individuals in each species are as follows: 20 catfish, 15 gar, 12 large-mouth bass, 10 perch, and 2 striped bass. Calculate the reciprocal of Simpons' D index for this fish assemblage
4.00
When using a significance level of 0.05, how often will you reject hypotheses that are actually correct?
5% of the time or less
Boreal forest are found between _________ latitude
50 and 65* North
Boreal forests are found between _________ latitude.
50º and 65º N
What is the 95% confidence interval for a Guadalupe River sample of large mouth bass given: X(mean)=56.2cm, s=8.2cm, n=50, and critical value of t=2.01
56.2 cm ± 2.33 cm
What percentage of the earth's water supply is freshwater in rivers, lakes, and actively exchanged groundwater?
<1%
Organisms that produce many offspring would best be characterized by which of the following?
A concave survivorship
Which of the following would be considered a novel ecosystem?
A cotton field that has not been worked for 20 years, Hawaiian forests growing on lava flows dominated by albizia and Australian ironwood, A pine plantation in northern Alabama abandoned in 2000 because of infestation by pine bark beetles, A bottomland hardwood forest in Texas supporting approximately 10,000 feral hogs
A population can be defined as
A group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a defined area
In a meta-analysis of the relationship between population size and heterozygosity, Frankham found
A strong positive correlation between population size and genetic diversity that was slightly weakened when data from E. coli were excluded
In a meta-analysis of the relationship between population size and heterozygosity, Frankham found..?
A strong positive correlation between population size and genetic diversity that was slightly weakened when data from E. coli were excluded
What is the average length of Tomah mayflies wings given the sample of wing lengths: 5 cm, 5.5 cm, 6 cm, 4.5 cm, 5 cm, 7 cm, and 6 cm? A) 5.57 B) 5 C)7.46 D)6.1
A) 5.57
Which of the following may cause climatic temporal variability? A) El Niño Southern Oscillation B) Monsoons C)Tsunamis D)all of the above
A) El Niño Southern Oscillation
In temperate streams, leaves and other plant parts make up the coarse particulate organic matter, or CPOM, and forms the major energy source for the stream ecosystem. A)TRUE B) FALSE
A)TRUE
In the case of a sample with an even number of observations, the sample median is determined as the average of the two middle observations. A)TRUE B) FALSE
A)TRUE
Regional names for the Mediterranean woodland and shrubland biome include chaparral, matoral, and fynbos. A)TRUE B) FALSE
A)TRUE
The notion that several species of fish are able to coexist in a single stream because each species feeds on organisms living in different zones within the stream is an example of a hypothesis.
A)TRUE
Human activity has increased the quantity of nitrogen cycling through the biosphere. A)True B) False
A)True
Mangrove forests are concentrated along sandy shores at tropical and subtropical latitudes. A)True B) False
A)True
The height of tropical dry forest trees is positively correlated with average precipitation. A)True B) False
A)True
The open ocean is the most extensive biome on earth. A)True B) False
A)True
The oxygen content of river water is inversely correlated with temperature. A)True B) False
A)True
Watersheds, which separate river basins, are defined by topographic high points. A)True B) False
A)True
Zero values in the Palmer Drought Severity Index indicate _________ conditions. A)average B)drought C)flood D) none of the above
A)average
The process that changes populations of organisms over time is called A)evolution. B)progression. C)advancement. D)improvement. E)development.
A)evolution.
The ___________ suggests that historical patterns of flooding strongly influence the exchange of nutrients and energy between the river channel and the floodplain and associated wetlands. A)flood pulse concept B)river continuum concept C)river nutrient concept D)nutrient exchange concept
A)flood pulse concept
According to Margaret Davis, who studied pollen contained within lake sediments, the vegetation landscape of the Appalachian Mountains 12,000 years ago was dominated by A)spruce. B)chestnut. C) beech. D) hemlock. E)alder.
A)spruce.
Which of the following is not one of Karr's stream rating categories? A)water quality parameters B)fish abundance and condition C)trophic composition D)number of species and species composition E) none of the above
A)water quality parameters
All of the following components influence soil structure except
Age
Which of the following factors can stabilize predator-prey relationships by providing a prey refuge? A) an area of prey habitat where predators cannot enter B) an area of prey habitat that is isolated and difficult for predators to find C) the occurrence of prey in numbers too large for predators to attack effectively D) the ability of prey to grow to a size invulnerable to predation E) all
All are correct
Prairie dog disturbances maximize plant diversity
All choices are correct
Thornhill's research on mate selection among scorpionflies (Panorpa latipennis) indicates that male ____________ translates into successful mating opportunities
All of body size, aggresiveness, and nupital offering
Ecologist study
All of the choices
Atmospheric circulation and precipitation patterns are influenced by which of the following?
All of the choices are correc
Diane Marshall's evidence for nonrandom mating by pollen donors came from variation among donors in
All of the choices are correct
The rate of decomposition of leaf litter in woodlands can be strongly influenced by
All of the choices are correct
Water conservation mechanisms used by plants adapted to dry conditions include
All of the choices are correct
Which of the following are characteristics of a population?
All of the choices are correct
Which of the following is true for the Palmer Drought Severity Index?
All of the choices are correct
You are a student working in the laboratory of a researcher who studies rainbow trout. A power outage over the weekend results in temperatures of over 25°C in the large pools which house the fish. When you arrive Monday morning you notice the fish are swimming on their sides or swimming in spirals. What conclusions can you draw?
All of the choices are correct
Ecologists study
All of the choices are correct.
Phosphorus is an important constituent of
All of the choices are correct.
Phosphorus is an important constituent of DNA bone tissue RNA ATP or all
All of the choices are correct.
Research by James Byers on the relationship between a native and an invasive species of mud snail
All of the choices are correct.
The camel and saguaro cactus both
All of the choices are correct.
You are a student working in the laboratory of a researcher who studies rainbow trout. A power outage over the weekend results in temperatures of over 25?C in the large pools which house the fish. When you arrive Monday morning you notice the fish are swimming on their sides or swimming in spirals. What conclusions can you draw?
All of the choices are correct.
Earth's climatic variation is due to
All of the choices are correct: -the spherical shape of the earth -earth's axial rotation as it orbits the sun -uneven heating of the earth's surface
One of the contributions of Gregor Mendel's work was his discovery that genes come in alternative forms. These alternative gene forms are called ___________.
Alleles
Elton
Animal ecology
Sigmoidal population growth
As N approaches K (Carring compacity) growth slows.
Human populations are clumped on a large scale with the greatest concentration in
Asia.
The _______________ is a depositional horizon that contains clays, humus, and other materials which may form distinct banding patterns.
B horizon
Physical conditions of partial shading, moderate exposure to wind, and moderate temperatures occur in the _________ canopy zone. A)0-15 m B) 15-40 m C)over 40 m D)all of the above, physical conditions are identical throughout the canopy
B) 15-40 m
Degradation of aquatic systems generally decreases the percentage of omnivores and increases the number of piscivores and insectivores in the community. A)TRUE B) FALSE
B) FALSE
In the Rocky Mountains, snowmelt water on the east side of the peak flows to the Atlantic Ocean while snowmelt water on the west side flows to the Gulf of Mexico. A)TRUE B) FALSE
B) FALSE
Physiological ecologists study the ways in which animals use behavior to deal with physical and social variation in their environment.
B) FALSE
The Palmer Drought Severity Index is used by climatologists because it effectively describes the average monthly temperatures and rain fall for a given area. A)TRUE B) FALSE
B) FALSE
American redstarts are long distance migrants, nesting in tropical Central America and the Caribbean islands but spending their winters in temperate North America.
B) False
Beech pollen first appeared in the lake sediments of the Appalachian Mountains around 12,000 years ago.
B) False
Coral reefs are found mainly in shallow marine waters at temperate latitudes. A)True B) False
B) False
Ecologists are only interested in studying how organisms interact with one another.
B) False
Human activity has decreased the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.
B) False
Hypotheses are tested by (T or F) A)observation. B)experimentation. C)modeling. D)all of the above
B) False
The middle value in a series of sample values is called the average. A)True B) False
B) False
The oceans contribute approximately 10% of the total photosynthesis in the biosphere. A)True B) False
B) False
There is considerable variation in the relative proportions of major ions from one ocean to another. A)True B) False
B) False
Water vapor in the atmosphere is the largest water reservoir on the planet. A)True B) False
B) False
When interpreting a climate diagram a precipitation line which lies above the temperature line indicates dry conditions and a potential evaporation rate which exceeds precipitation. A)True B) False
B) False
In order to determine whether a species is common or rare, ecologists use all of the following criteria except:A) habitat tolerance. B) evolutionary existence. C) geographical range. D) local population size. E) None of the choices are correct.
B) evolutionary existence
The mountain ranges in North America generally run A)east to west. B) north to south. C)from the interior of the continent toward the coastline. D)perpendicular to the mountain ranges in South America. E)parallel with the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
B) north to south
Determine the sample median given the following mass data: 45 kg, 52 kg, 61 kg, 74 kg, 78 kg, 82 kg, 94 kg, 101 kg, 117 kg, 123 kg, 146 kg. A)94 kg B)82 kg C)95.5 kg D)98.3 k
B)82 kg
Which branch of ecology would focus on the cycling of phosphorous in temperate wetlands?
B)Ecosystem ecology
The deepest of the ocean basins is the _______ ocean, with an average depth of _______ m. A)Indian, 3,900 B)Pacific, greater than 4,000 C)Atlantic, greater than 4,000 D) Pacific, 3,900 E)Indian, 4,000
B)Pacific, greater than 4,000
Stable isotope analysis, based on different amounts of stable isotopes of carbon in the tissues of migratory birds, A)is in its developmental stage and has not yet been applied successfully to any real studies. B)can use small samples of blood to distinguish between birds spending their winters in mangrove habitats versus those spending their winters in poor scrub habitat. C)applies the principles of radioactive decay to difficult ecological questions. D)can only be used with large predatory birds since smaller birds cannot tolerate the required injections of stable isotope mixtures.
B)can use small samples of blood to distinguish between birds spending their winters in mangrove habitats versus those spending their winters in poor scrub habitat.
Most of the original dispersers of guanacaste seeds went extinct over 10,000 years ago; now the tree depends on __________ for dispersal. A)camels B)cattle C)wild turkeys D)elk E) rabbits
B)cattle
The study of how organisms in a particular area are influenced by factors such as climate, soils, predators, competitors, and evolutionary history is called A)biology. B)natural history. C)conservationism. D)environmental science. E) natural science
B)natural history.
The global distribution of tropical rain forests corresponds to areas where conditions are A)warm year-round with wet and dry seasons. B)warm and wet year-round. C)warm and dry year-round. D)cool year-round with wet and dry seasons. E)cool and wet year-round.
B)warm and wet year-round.
Altricial
Born helpless, grow quickly
Nitrogen enrichment of ecosystems by human activity is largely driven by
Both addition of nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen pollution from burning of fossil fuels.
Ant-acacia trees provide several services to their mutualistic ant partners. These include
Both enlarged thorns to host ant colonies and nectar from foliar nectarie
Because natural selection has shaped fish life histories,
Both fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at a younger age and fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest relatively large amounts of energy in reproduction are true.
How are the studies performed on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the moss Pleurozium schreberi and the desert shrub Atriplex lentiformis similar?
Both studies support the concept that species operate within a narrow optimum temperature range and are coupled to enzymatic activity.
Which of the following biomes have fertile soils that contain large quantities of organic matter?
Both temperate forest and temperate grassland
Which statement about the impact of dams on cottonwood forests is false
By reducing flooding downstream, damming improves cottonwood seed germination.
Which statement about the impact of dams on cottonwood forests is false?
By reducing flooding downstream, damming improves cottonwood seed germination.
The _______ is the deepest soil layer.
C horizon
The is the deepest soil layer
C horizon
What is the deepest soil layer?
C horizon
_____ of the earth's land surface is covered by taiga. A)0.1% B) 1% C) 11% D) 20% E) 35
C) 11%
Epiphyte mats reach a thickness of up to
C) 30 cm.
Calculate the sample mean given the following seedling height data: 2 cm, 8 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 9 cm, 8 cm, 7cm, 5 cm, 4 cm. A)4 B) 5 C) 5.7 D)6.3 E)7.
C) 5.7
Salinity varies in the open ocean. The highest salinities occur A)near the equator. B)above 40º N and S latitude. C) between 20º and 30º N and S latitude. D)in the Northern Hemisphere. E)in the Southern Hemisphere.
C) between 20º and 30º N and S latitude.
Which is the correct volume of water typically held in the groundwater reservoir of the hydrologic cycle? A) 13,000 km3 B)40,000 km3 C)8,200,000 km3 D)27,500,000 km3 E) 1,350,000,000 km3
C)8,200,000 km3
The ______ consists of weathered parent material, and may contain many rock fragments. A)A horizon B) B horizon C)C horizon D) D horizon E)O horizon
C)C horizon
Which tree species of the Columbia River Gorge in Washington is found only in the 0 to 15 m zone of the forest canopy? A)Western red cedar B)Grand fir C)Pacific yew D)Douglas fir E)Western hemlock
C)Pacific yew
An evolutionary process that changes anatomy, physiology, or behavior, resulting in increased ability of a population to live in a particular environment is called A)transition. B)acclimation. C)adaptation. D)alteration. E)variation
C)adaptation
Which of the following best describes the climate of the tropical dry forest? A)precipitation exceeds 100 mm during most months and annual variation in temperature is slight B)summer droughts are followed by a moist, cool season C)alternate very wet and very dry seasons with slight annual variation in temperature D)abundant precipitation with extreme daily fluctuations in temperature E)low seasonal variation in precipitation with moderate variation in temperature
C)alternate very wet and very dry seasons with slight annual variation in temperatur
The Chestnut declined in the Appalachian Mountains over the last 90 years due to A)global warming. B) intense forest fires. C)chestnut blight. D)habitat fragmentation.
C)chestnut blight.
An association of interacting species is a(n) A)ecozone. B)transition zone. C)ecological community. D) interhabitat zone.
C)ecological community.
Lakes are generally divided vertically into depth zones. In the open lake the ________ is the warm surface layer. A) littoral B) limnetic zone C)epilimnion D)hypolimnion E) metalimnion
C)epilimnion
The trophic composition of the fish that make up a community reflect the quality of the environment. High proportions of _______ indicate poor conditions. A) herbivores B) insectivores C)omnivores D)piscivores E)frugivores
C)omnivores
The annual freezing and thawing of surface soils combined with the actions of water and gravity to move soil slowly down a slope is called A) lithofluction. B)hydrofluction. C)solifluction. D)polygonation. E) none of the above
C)solifluction.
Which of the following would not contribute to the structure of soil? A)topography B)parent mineral material C)streams and other waterways D)climate E) none of the abov
C)streams and other waterways
Which of the intertidal zones remains covered by water even during the lowest tides? A) lower intertidal zone B) middle intertidal zone C)subtidal zone D)supratidal zone E)upper intertidal zone
C)subtidal zone
Tropical rain forests are dominated by A)tropical grasses and widely scattered tall stature trees. B)small stature, deciduous trees averaging 10 m in height. C)tall stature tress averaging 40 m in height. D)small evergreen trees with thick, tough, fire resistant bark. E)tall stature, evergreen conifers
C)tall stature tress averaging 40 m in height.
The sample median is A)the average of all the measurements in a sample. B)the average of the lowest and the highest measurements in a sample. C)the middle value of the sample. D)calculated as ½ of the highest measurement in a sample.
C)the middle value of the sample.
The joining of two second order streams results in a _______ stream. A)first order B)second order C)third order D)fourth order
C)third order
The word science is derived from the Latin word meaning A)to study. B)to learn. C)to know. D)to investigate. E)to predict
C)to know.
Typically a lake with high levels of dissolved organic compounds, such as humic acids leached from forest soils, and low productivity is _________ in color. A)deep blue. B)deep green. C)yellow-brown. D) brown. E) red.
C)yellow-brown.
Transpiration rates are highest in ____ plants.
C3
In ______ plants CO2 is fixed in the mesophyll cells using PEP carboxylase while sugar production occurs in the bundle sheath cells.
C4
The use of predaceous weaver ants to control pest insects in citrus orchards was first recorded in
China in the 4th century
Caughley found the distributions of the three largest kangaroo species in Australia are determined by what?
Climate
Westoby, Leishman, and Lord found that on average, ________ produce the largest seeds.
Climbing plants and vines
Ernst Haeckel
Coined the term Ecology
Deterministic extinction
Comes about from some change with no chance of escape.
Which of the following deal with multispecies systems?
Communities and ecosystems
An association of interacting species is
Community
Which statement is not true of lynx and coyote predation of the snowshoe hare?
Coyotes show a clear type 2 functional response to increases in the snowshoe hare population.
Ecologist study forest canopies using
Cranes
What percentage of the earth's water supply is tied up in polar ice caps and glaciers? A)97% B)71% C) 34% D) 2% E) less than 1
D) 2%
Raine, Willmer, and Stone demonstrated that protection and pollination mutualism do not come into conflict on the swollen thorn acacia, Acacia hindsii, because A) there is spatial separation of inflorescences and resources used by guarding ants. B) A. hindsii inflorescences lack nectar. C) A. hindsii inflorescences contain a chemical ant repellent. D) all are correct E) Both A and B are correct.
D) All of the choices are correct.
The rate of energy intake by an organism can be limited by A)availability of energy in the environment. B) foraging time. C) handling time. D) All of the choices are correct. E) both availability of energy in the environment and foraging time.
D) all choices are correct
The yellow-rumped warbler of the spruce forests of northeastern North America feeds in the zone of
D) bare or lichen-covered lower trunk and middle branches.
In which oceanic zone is light most limiting? A)abyssal B)bathypelagic C)epipelagic D) hadal E)mesopelagic
D) hadal
Which of the following is not an effect of a reservoir on a river's natural flow regime? A)temperature alteration B)obstruction to natural migratory fish migration C)alteration in flood pulse D) none of the above
D) none of the above
Boreal comes from the Greek word meaning A)tree. B)evergreen. C)conifer. D) north. E)cold.
D) north.
Hypotheses are tested by A)observation. B)experimentation. C)modeling. D)all of the abov
D)all of the above
Which of the following physical conditions describe the over 40 m zone of a forest canopy? A)greatest exposure to sunlight B)highest variability in temperature C)greatest exposure to winds D)all of the above
D)all of the above
Human influences on the marine ecosystem include A)over harvesting of whales. B)commercial harvesting of krill. C)over fishing of cod. D)all of the above.
D)all of the above.
Which of the following is the correct order from lowest to highest mean annual precipitation? A)tropical dry forest, tropical savanna, temperate grassland, boreal forest B)tropical savanna, tropical dry forest, temperate grassland, boreal forest C)boreal forest, temperate grassland, tropical dry forest, tropical savanna D)boreal forest, temperate grassland, tropical savanna, tropical dry forest E)temperate grassland, boreal forest, tropical savanna, tropical dry forest
D)boreal forest, temperate grassland, tropical savanna, tropical dry forest
Using the "stream order" classification system, headwater streams are _________. A)considered third order B)formed by joining two second order streams C)raised in order because they join other streams D)considered first order streams
D)considered first order streams
All of the organisms that live in an area and the physical environment with which they interact is a(n) A) biome. B)community. C)population. D)ecosystem
D)ecosystem.
Mountains at middle latitudes experience A)warmer temperatures at high elevations. B)increased precipitation up to some middle elevation and then decreases higher up the mountain. C)decreased precipitation with increased elevation. D)increased precipitation with increased elevation
D)increased precipitation with increased elevation.
Boreal forest is found A)on every continent. B)only in North and South America. C)only in the Western Hemisphere. D)only in the Northern Hemisphere. E)only in the Southern Hemisphere.
D)only in the Northern Hemisphere.
Until recently which of the following biomes has been least impacted by human influence? A)temperate grassland B)tropical dry forest C)temperate forest D)tundra E) Mediterranean woodland and shrubland
D)tundra
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the grasslands of North America? A)deep, fertile soils B)frequent droughts C)fire maintained D)virtually untouched by human influence E)trees and shrubs limited to margins of streams and rivers
D)virtually untouched by human influence
Which of the following statements about damselfish on Jamaican reefs is false?
Damselfish without territories die
Which of the following observations can be explained by the energetic limitation of an organism's total reproductive effort?
Darters that lay many eggs lay smaller eggs, on average.
In Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, the largest "standing stock" of energy is represented by biomass of
Dead plant tissues
Sedimentary
Deposition of sediments
Over time, average phenotypes become less common and the population becomes phenotypically more diverse as a result of _____________ selection.
Disruptive
In a population of birds, the average beak size is selected against and the large and small sized beaks are selected for. What is this an example of?
Disruptive selection
All of the following statements are true concerning temperate lakes except
During fall and spring turnover, the oxygen rich hypolimnion moves up to the epilimnion.
All of the following statements are true concerning temperate lakes except:
During fall and spring turnover, the oxygen rich hypolimnion moves up to the epilimnion.
All of the following statements are true except: A) variation in characteristics among individuals in a population. B) evolution. C) improved ability to live in the environment. D) anatomy, physiology, and behavior. E) all
E) ALL ARE CORRECT
Self-thinning in a stand of trees A) increases biomass per individual. B) decreases stand density. C) results in death of less competitive individuals. D) is a result of intraspecific competition. E) all
E) All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is a result of infection of Arabis by the plant parasite Puccinia monoica? A) formation of an elongated rosette topped by a cluster of bright yellow leaves B) formation of a pseudoflower that resembles the flower of a buttercup C) insect transfer of spermatia from one fungus to another D) elimination of seed formation by the host plant E)all
E) All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following organisms are dependent on mutualisms for their persistence? A) reef-building corals B) bioluminescent fishes C) bumblebees and hummingbirds D) horses, elephants, and camels E) all
E) All of the choices are correct.
Evolution results from......
E) All of the choices are correct. mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow.
All of the following are components that influence a microclimate except: A) burrows. B) vegetation. C) ground color. D) topography. E) None of the choices are correct.
E) none are correct
Which of the following are characteristic animals of the 0-15 m zone of a forest canopy?
E)American robin
Ecologists study forest canopies using A) hot air balloons. B)aerial trams. C)cranes. D)mountain climbing equipment. E)all of the above
E)all of the above
The processes studied by population ecologists include A)extinction. B)adaptation. C)population growth. D)distribution and abundance. E)all of the above
E)all of the above
Which of the following do ecologists study? A)predator prey relationships B)changes in soil pH C)rates of photosynthesis D)competition between plant species E)all of the above
E)all of the above
Which of the following is characteristic of the boreal forest? A)lynx B)grizzly bear C)snowshoe hare D)porcupine E)all of the above
E)all of the above
The amount of solar energy received by the _________ change substantially by season. A)Northern Hemisphere B)Southern Hemisphere C)equator D)all of the above E)both (a) and (b)
E)both (a) and (b)
The sun is directly overhead at the equator during the _______________. A)spring equinox B) northern summer solstice C)autumnal equinox D) northern winter solstice E)both (a) and (c)
E)both (a) and (c)
Which of the following is a characteristic species of the Mediterranean woodland and shrubland? A)guanacaste B)spruce C) redwood D) larch E)cork oak
E)cork oak
Which of the following is not a well-known grazer of the African savanna? A)elephants B)wildebeest C)zebras D)giraffes E)pronghorns
E)pronghorns
Earth's climate variation is due to
Earth's axial rotation, sperical shape, uneen heating
Hesse
Ecology Animal Geography
What are Locally adapted and genetically distinctive populations within a species are referred to as?
Ecotypes
___________ is a term applied to population or species that are found in a particular locality
Endemic
___________ is a term applied to population or species that are found in a particular locality and nowhere else.
Endemic
A plant that grows on another plant but it not parasitic on it is called a(n)
Epiphyte
____________ are aerial plants obtaining nutrient from trapped organic matter.
Epiphytes
Nalini Nadkarni's study of tropical and temperate rain forests determined that
Epiphytes mats contain a significant source of nutrients
Logistic growth has been documented in which of the following populations?
Eurasian collared dove : barnacle, Balanus balanoides: yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae: African buffalo (all of the above)
Populations changing genetically over time in response to variation in its environment is termed ____________.
Evolution
__________ mutualism describes a relationship where a species can live without its mutualistic partner.
Facultative
Although the dispersal rate of Africanized bees is impressive, it still pales in comparison to the dispersal rate of the collard dove.
False
Among marine systems, primary productivity is highest in tropical portions of the major oceans, far from terrestrial influences.
False
Analysis of the Hardy-Weinberg principle leads us to conclude that the potential for evolutionary change in natural populations is minimal.
False
As altitude increases temperatures decrease, likewise as latitude decreases temperatures decrease.
False
As latitude increases, temperature decreases likewise as lastitude decreases, temperature decreases.
False
Desert kangaroo rats meet a portion of their water requirements through the metabolic processing of their food intake, but they still need to drink liquid water in order to survive.
False
Ecology can be defined as the study of the impact of human activity on the environment.
False
Ecology is a modern science of which ancient man had no knowledge.
False
Fecundity is another term for the net reproductive rate.
False
In a typical soil profile the highest level of biological activity is supported by the C horizon
False
In a typical soil profile the highest level of biological activity is supported by the C horizon.
False
Margaret Davis' studies on lake pollen sediments indicate that the forests of eastern North America did not change with the changing climate.
False
Mycorrhizae are parasitic fungi that are depleting tropical trees of nutrients
False
Mycorrhizae are parasitic fungi that are depleting tropical trees of nutrients.
False
On average, you could expect the roots of desert plants to be exposed to the same variation in daily temperature as leaves of desert plants.
False
Phenotypic changes are always reflections of genotypic changes.
False
Research by Hubble and Johnson showed that aggressive social interactions among stingless bees in the tropical dry forests of Costa Rica can produce and enforce a clumped distribution.
False
Species composition of mycorrhizal fungi is the same from fertilized and unfertilized soils
False
Species composition of mycorrhizal fungi is the same from fertilized and unfertilized soils.
False
Taigas have moderate temperatures with occasional droughts.
False
The biotic potential of an organism produces the leveling off at carrying capacity in the logistic growth curve
False
The longer the wavelength the more energy they carry.
False
The main benefit of zooxanthellae to their coral mutualists is protection from herbivores.
False
The maximum rate of photosynthesis occurs at approximately 25°C for all plants.
False
The per capita rate of increase can be used to estimate changes in population size in species with non-overlapping generations
False
The per capita rate of increase can be used to estimate changes in population size in species with non-overlapping generations.
False
The per capita rate of increase cannot be a negative number
False
The per capita rate of increase cannot be a negative number.
False
The scientific method deals with absolute truths
False
The transplant experiment conducted on Potentilla glandulosa determined that morphological changes occurred, but no genetic changes occurred within the various experimental populations.
False
Tracy's research on the chuckwalla lizard (Sauromalus obesus) indicated that there was a negative correlation with body size and elevation.
False
Tropical plants and tropical seaweeds contain lower levels of alkaloid toxins compared to their temperate counterparts.
False
Vila-Aiub and colleagues found that populations of the weed Sorghum halepense that have been persistently exposed to the herbicide, glyphosate, were not resistant to its effects
False
Vila-Aiub and colleagues found that populations of the weed Sorghum halepensethat have been persistently exposed to the herbicide, glyphosate, were not resistant to its effects
False
Within a species, all individuals have identical niches.
False
Order Diptera:
Family chironomidae larva
Which of the following is not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection?
Fewer offspring are produced each generation than can be supported by the environment.
What is the number of offspring contributed by an individual to future generations called?
Fitness
The __________ defines the physical conditions under which a species might live, in the absence of interaction with other species.
Fundamental Niche
Darwin is often considered the father of evolutionary thought. Which of the following terms is/are not part of Darwin's analysis?
Gene frequencies
The populations of Chihuahua spruce (Picea chihuahuana) have been fragmented due to changing climatic conditions. What has this resulted in?
Genetic Drift
What can change population gene frequencies through random processes?
Genetic drift
___________ can change population gene frequencies through random processes?
Genetic drift
Which of the following influence the number and size of seeds produced by plants?
Growth form, dispersal mode, disturbance intensity
Given two habitats, Habitat 1 and Habitat 2, which habitat would have greater species diversity? Habitat 1: Species A, 10; Species B, 10; Species C, 10 Habitat 2: Species A, 10; Species B, 10; Species C, 10; Species D, 10; Species E, 10
Habitat 2
The most serious human-caused threat to endangered species worldwide is
Habitat destruction
__________ consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants.
Herbivores
Humans would best be represented by which of the following survivorships curves?
I
Mesotrophic
In between Eutrophic and Oligotrophic.
Which statement about organisms' "niches" is false?
In the laboratory, two species with identical niches are especially easy to maintain in a mixed culture.
The following levels of organization is/are correctly ordered
Individual, population, interaction, community and ecosystem
Intrasexual selection
Individuals of one sex compete among themselves for mates
Recently human intrusion has increased on the tundra. How is the tundra being impacted by humans?
Intense oil extraction and extraction
_________________ are groups of enzymes with the same biochemical function
Isozymes
Which of the following statements regarding 'mean generation time' is false?
It can be used to calculate the geometric growth rate.
The maximum sustained annual harvest (maximum sustainable yield) is best predicted by:
K/2 because population growth is greatest when N = K/2
Which is the correct order of prey consumption in the Antarctic pelagic food web
Krill→Squid→Weddell seal→Leopard Seal→Killer whale
Kingston & Rossiter suggest that R. philippinensis presents a case for parallel speciation because
Large morphs from Australia are more closely related to intermediate morphs from Australia than to large morphs from Sulawesi.
Kingston & Rossiter suggest that R.philippinensis presents a case for parallel speciation because
Large morphs from Australia are more closely related to intermediate morphs from Australia than to large morphs from Sulawesi.
Which of the following statements concerning lion cooperative living is false?
Larger coalitions are composed of unrelated males.
Temperate deciduous forests
Lie between 40* and 50* latitude Warm summers and cool winters
The kingdom that contains the most trophic diversity:
Monera
When interpreting a climate diagram a precipitation line which lies above the temperature line indicates
Most conditions
The rarest animal is the _______________________ and the rarest plant is the _______________.
Mountain gorilla; Prichardia Monroe
What does Evolution result from?
Mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow
Müllerian and Batesian mimicries differ from one another because
Müllerian mimicry is a form of comimicry.
The end product of biological nitrogen fixation is
NH3
Which of the following is the correct relationship between gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), and respiration (RESP)?
NPP = GPP - RESP
Which of the following are conditions necessary to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No mutations, large populations, equal fitness, random mating
What condition isn't included in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Non-random mating
A desert scorpion will use all of the following mechanisms in order to survive in the desert except
None of the choices are correct
Which of the following terms cannot be used to describe the African green Woodhoopoes?
None of the choices are correct
A desert scorpion will use all of the following mechanisms in order to survive in the desert except:
None of the choices are correct.
Stochastic extinction
Normal random changes to a population that cause its extinction.
All of the following statements concerning wind are true except
North east toward the poles
________ slopes of the Negev Desert support higher densities of crust-forming mosses.
North facing
Coriolis effect causes winds in the
Northern Hemisphere to deflect to the right.
Growth by any population with pulsed reproduction can be modeled as
Nt = N0 (lambda)^t
Which of the following is/are mismatched
Nt = annual growth rate
Which of the following is/are mismatched?
Nt = annual growth rate
_____________ is the movement of nutrients between pools of an ecosystem and influences the distribution of nutrients.
Nutrient flux
Oligotrophy
Nutrient poor, oxygen rich waters.
Molecular biology has helped scientists examine the genetics and evolution of different species. Which of the following sequences is correctly ordered?
PCR, restriction enzymes, restriction fragments, electrophoresis
Which of the following is the correct order of the major ocean basins from largest to the smallest?
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian
Physiological Ecologists study
Physiological and anatomical mechanisms by which organisms deal with variation in their physical and chemical environment
Which kingdom has the highest carbon to nitrogen ratios?
Plantae
Heliotrope
Plants that track the sun
A group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area is called a ____________?
Population
Which of the following statements is/are true about population growth?
Population growth in humans is exponential.
Which of the following statements is/are true?
Population growth in humans was exponential to about 1960, but growth rate has since been decreasing
______________ is/are defined as a group of potentially breeding organisms within a species in a given space and time.
Populations
Temperate grassland
Prairie, steppe, pampas or veldt No trees
The Alaska feltleaf willow responds to browsing by Lepus americanus by:
Producing juvenile-form shoots that are low in digestible nitrogen
Thyrinteina leucocerae caterpillars infected with the larvae of the Braconid parasitoid wasp Glyptapanteles sp.
Protect Glyptapanteles pupae from predators by swinging their heads to knock them off the twig or leaf
In both northern California and southwestern Ohio, the greatest number of bird species was found
Rural areas
Logistic population growth produces a __________ population growth curve.
S-shaped
____ occurs in areas where disturbance destroyed the previous community without destroying the soil.
Secondary succession
Littoral zone
Shallow water zone, light penetrates to bottom.
Which statement about snowshoe hare and lynx populations in boreal Canada is false?
Snowshoe hares rarely deplete their food supply enough to affect their population biology.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the boreal forest?
Sparce plant cover
What is Earth's climatic variation due to?
Spherical shape of earth, earth's axial rotation as it orbits the sun, uneven heating of earth's surface
According to Margaret Davis, who studied pollen contained within lake sediments, the vegetation landscape of the Appalachian Mountains from 12,000 years ago until approximately 100 years ago changed as follows:
Spruce>Beech>Chestnut
Within a population, if the average is selected for and the two opposing extremes are selected against. What is this an example of?
Stabilizing selection
Autecology
Study of adaptations and behavior of individual species or populations in relation to their environment.
Synecology
Study of groups of organisms in relation to their environment, community ecology.
In Thomas Park's experiments with Tribolium beetles, which of the following was true?
T. confusum and T. castaneum could coexist under some environmental conditions, but not all.
Using microsatellite DNA, Douglas and Brunner concluded that populations of Coregonus found in the Alps were highly differentiated and should be managed as separate units.
TRUE
Forests
Taiga or Boreal
All of the following statements are true except
Taigas have moderate temperatures with occasional droughts
All of the following statements are true about tropical rainforests except:
Taigas have moderate temperatures with occasional droughts.
Kingston & Rossiter found evidence of genetic differentiation between the Rhinolophus philippinensis size morphs found on the same island
That was much about the same as the differentiation between island populations of R. euryotis, and much less than differentiation between the R. philippinensis size morphs and R. euryotis.
How are C4 plants and CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants similar?
They both initially fix carbon into a four carbon molecule.
Cleaner wrasse are mutualists of other coral reef fishes. What benefit do they provide to those other fish?
They keep fish relatively free of externally-feeding parasites.
All of the following statements concerning the hydrologic cycle are true except
Transpiration is not involved
All of the following statements concerning the hydrologic cycle are true except:
Transpiration is not involved.
A sample mean is a statistical estimate of the true population mean.
True
Aquatic environments generally show less temperature variation compared to terrestrial environments.
True
DNA sequencing is a molecular process used to study the exact nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.
True
Darwin believed the driving force behind evolution was selection by the environment.
True
Dead leaves contain half as much nitrogen compared to live leaves.
True
Ecotypes are local populations within a species that are genetically and phenotypically distinct due in part to local environmental adaptation.
True
Environments located at low latitudes at high elevations have similar climates as those environments located at high latitudes.
True
In a logistic model, when N = K the population stops growing and r = 0
True
In her research with big blue stem grass, Nancy Johnson demonstrated that fertilization of soil can select for less mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi
True
In order to reduce heat gain, a camel will face into the sun.
True
In the most basic terms a population's growth is a function of births and deaths.
True
In the most basic terms, a population's growth is a function of births and deaths
True
Intraspecific competition for limited resources can play a key role in slowing population growth at high densities
True
Many sedentary organisms have a 'dispersing stage' and rely on vectors such as animals, water, or wind to aid in their spread
True
Many sedentary organisms have a 'dispersing stage' and rely on vectors such as animals, water, or wind to aid in their spread.
True
Occasionally, density independent factors can influence populations in a density dependent manner.
True
Often an organism with a broad habitat tolerance is called a generalist
True
Often an organism with a broad habitat tolerance is called a generalist.
True
Often small scale distribution patterns gathered from mountain gradients can be used to draw conclusions about large scale distribution patterns.
True
Photosynthetic response curves examine photosynthetic rates and maximum irradiance.
True
Rates of gene flow can be estimated from similarity in allele frequencies among populations.
True
The Namib Desert beetle, Onymacris unguicularis, obtains its water through positional maneuvers during foggy weather conditions.
True
The creosote bush (Larrea tridentate) can have a random, clumped or regular distribution pattern.
True
The creosote bush (Larrea tridentate) can have a random, clumped, or regular distribution pattern.
True
The geometric rate of increase can be used to estimate changes in population size in species with non-overlapping generations.
True
The geometric rate of increase cannot be a negative number.
True
The influences of nutrients and temperatures on ecosystem properties are part of what ecologists call "bottom-up controls."
True
The mean height of a sample of 100 seedlings would likely be closer to the true population mean than the mean of a sample of 11.
True
The mean height of a sample of 100 seedlings would likely closer to the true population mean then the mean of a sample of 11.
True
The percipitation in moist temperate regions is caused by the mating of cool polar air and warm subtropical air.
True
The precipitation in moist temperate regions is caused by the meeting of cool polar air and warm subtropical air.
True
Trade winds move toward the equator.
True
Trade winds move towars the equator
True
Tradewinds move towards the equator.
True
True or false: A landscape is larger than an ecosystem.
True
Freezing and thawing brings stones to the surface, forming a netlike, or polygon pattern on the surface of the _________ soils.
Tundra
In a ______ functional response, initial feeding rates rise linearly at low food densities, rise more slowly at intermediate food densities, and then level off at high densities.
Type I
Warming
Unified plant morphology, physiology, taxonomy, and biogeography.
Spiraling length of nutrients in streams can be calculated as S = VT. In this equation,
V represents the speed of water flow, and T represents the time required for nutrients to cycle
Savannas
Vast expanses of grassess interspersed with some trees and shrubs
Eutrophy
Well nourished, oxygen poor waters.
O
Which soil horizon is most influenced by climate?
Climatic diagrams provide all of the following information except:
Wind patterns
What do climatic diagrams provide?
Wind patterns, average minimum temperature above and below 0*C, temperature and percipitation variations, wet and dry seasons
Liebig
Wrote "Law of the Minimum"
Kerner
Wrote "The natural history of Plants, Their forms, Growth, Reproduction, and Distribution"
Evolution can be defined as
a change in gene frequencies in a population
What can evolution be defined as?
a change in gene frequencies in a population
evolution can be defined as
a change in gene frequencies in a population.
Organisms that produce many offspring would best be characterized by which of the following
a concave survivorship curve
Korpimaki and Norrdahl's research on voles (prey) and kestrels and owls (predators) suggest that the predator's population dynamics are
a numerical response
On the Serengeti plain of eastern Africa, large grazing mammals consume what fraction of total primary production?
about 66%
The evaporative water loss by an organism is high when the
actual water vapor density is very low relative to the saturation water vapor density.
Ephemerellid mayflies under attack by stoneflies will typically
adopt a posture which increases their apparent size, so that the predator will avoid them.
How is the organization of a leaf cutter ant colony and a colony of naked mole rats similar?
all choices are correct
An ecosystem is defined as
all of the organisms that live in an area and the physical environment with which they interact.
What is the correct interpretation of the heritability of a trait given h2=1.0?
all phenotypic variation is due to genetic effects
What results could Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey have expected to see if alpine, mid-elevation, and lowland populations of sticky cinquefoil (Potentilla glandulosa) were not genetically different?
all plants would grew equally well at all elevations
What results could Clausen, Keck, andHiesey have expected to see if alpine, mid-elevation, and lowland populations of sticky cinquefoil (Potentilla glandulosa) were not genetically different?
all plants would grew equally well at all elevations
In comparing the leafcutter ant's (Atta sexdens) society and the naked mole rat's (Heterocephalus glaber) society, there are several similarities in their cooperative living situation. What is the exception?
all workers are non-breeding females
The alternate form of a gene is called a(n)
allele
What is the alternate form of a gene called?
allele
The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that
allelic frequencies within a population will not change unless certain conditions are met.
What does the Hardy - Weinberg principle state?
allelic frequencies within a population will not change unless certain conditions are met.
In order to survive in the desert, a camel will employ which of the following mechanisms?
allow its body temperature to rise
As a fraction of adult mass, the mass of offspring at independence tends to be largest in
altricial birds
Fungi and bacteria release nitrogen stored in dead tissue through a decomposition process called
ammonification
The release of ammonium (NH4+) from decaying organic material is called
ammonification/ N-mineralization.
"Nitrification" is the N-flux conversion of
ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-).
"Nitrification" is the conversion of
ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-).
Nitrification" is the conversion of
ammonium to nitrate
A community is defined as
an association of interacting species inhabiting a defined area
Seeds bearing eliasomes are likely to be dispersed by
ants
Keystone species
appear to be common in both terrestrial and aquatic systems
In Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, the fraction of available solar energy fixed by primary producers is
approximately 2%
In aquatic ecosystems, the major agents of decomposition are
aquatic fungi.
Which of the following animals has the broadest thermal neutral zone?
arctic fox
Nitrifying bacteria, Nitrosomonas, and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
are both chemoautotrophs
For thousands of years, humans have bred domesticated plants and animals to produce and maintain desirable traits, such as large fruits. Darwin used which term to describe this:
artificial selection`
Phosphorus is the only "nutrient" that does not have a major reservoir in the _________.
atmosphere
Growth in which all cell constituents increase at the same rate is called
balanced growth
The low productivity of arctic tundra ecosystems results
because tundra has low evapotranspiration and low-nutrient soils
In mature white pine forests of New Hampshire
belowground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks
Bottom dwelling aquatic organisms are called _______________.
benthic
In the "transition phase" of forest succession,
biomass declines from an earlier peak.
Which relationship correctly compares birds, mammals, and fish with respect to relative reproductive lifespan (reproductive period compared to time to maturity)?
birds > mammals > fish
Which relationship correctly compares birds, mammals, and fish with respect to relative reproductive lifespan (reproductive period compared to time to maturity)?
birds>mammals>fish
Pappers used regression analysis to indicate the degree of heritability of body length in water lily leaf beetles. A regression coefficient of 0.00 indicates:
body length is not heritable.
During the light dependent portion of photosynthesis, the energy found in photons is converted/transferred to
both ATP and NADPH
A normal distribution is assumed for which of the following statistical tests?
both Student's t-test and 95% confidence intervals
Based on studies by Jane Lubchenco, what influence does the population density of the herbivorous intertidal snail, Littorina littorea, have on the number of algal species?
both as snail density increases from low to medium, the number of algal species increases and as snail density increases from medium to high, the number of algal species decreases
Succession in old fields in the Piedmont of North Carolina involves succession driven
both by facilitation and by inhibition.
Nitrogen stable isotopes are useful tools for the study of food web structure because isotope ratios
both change in predictable ways across trophic levels and often vary among alternative food sources for a consumer.
The infestation of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia) in Australia was controlled by the release of a moth, Cactoblastis, which impacts cactus populations because it
both consumes cactus pads and introduces, as it attacks, fungi and bacteria that attack cactus pads
Environmental limitation is incorporated into which model of population growth?
both dN/dt = rmaxN [(K - N)/K] and dN/dt = rmaxN [1 -(N/K)]
Male scorpionflies use which of the following as nuptial offerings?
both dead arthropods and fecal mass
Bony marine fish
both drink sea water and secrete Na+ into the surrounding water.
Kirk Winemiller, who described the feeding relations among freshwater fish in Venezuela and Costa Rica, simplified the food webs from his study sites by presenting common-fish webs. Common-fish webs
both exclude rare species and include the fish species whose aggregate abundance comprise 95% of the individuals collected.
What did Losos, Warheit and Schoener's research on the brown anole (Anolis sagrei) determine?
both hind limb length positively correlated with perch diameter and difference in vegetation between the island of capture and island of release, positively correlated the anoles' morphological differences
Losos, Warheit and Schoener's research on the brown anole (Anolis sagrei) determined that
both hind limb length positively correlated with perch diameter and difference in vegetation between the island of capture and island of release, positively correlated the anoles' morphological differences.
Saturation water vapor pressure
both increases with temperature and parallels vapor pressure density.
Research on eusociality suggests that the evolutionary driving force(s) to preserve this form of sociality is/are?
both kin selection and inclusive fitness
The exponential population growth equation can be used for
both populations with overlapping generations, populations experiencing continuous growth, and populations with nonpulsed reproduction.
Endler's research on the male guppy (Poecilia reticulate) color indicates that male colorfulness is determined by
both predation and sexual selection by females.
In the logistic model of population growth if N>K then
both r is negative and the population declines.
The rate of primary production on the Serengeti grassland is positively correlated with
both rainfall and moderate grazing.
The Northern and Southern Hemispheres receive approximately equal amounts of solar radiation on the
both spring equinox and autumnal equinox
Which of the following biomes have fertile soils that contain large quantities of organic matter
both temperate forest and temperate grassland
The pioneering work of Nalini Nadkarni in rain forest ecology revealed that
both the epiphyte mass in temperate rain forests may be four times the mass of leaves on their host tree and, in both temperate and tropical rain forests, trees obtain nutrients by extending roots into epiphyte mats.
Adult green woodhoopoes will stay close to their natal territories and help raise the young of close relatives, rather than dispersing to produce their own young, because
both the helpers increase their inclusive fitness and high quality territories with suitable roosting cavities are limited
In the logistic model of population growth if r<0 then
both the population declines and N>K
Water vapor is continuously added to the air by
both transpiration and evaporation.
Male guppies found in populations exposed to few predators are typically
brightly colored.
The presence of parasitic protozoa in a culture of competing Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum
can reverse the outcome of competition.
How does canopy shading influence succession of pines and deciduous trees in the Piedmont of North Carolina?
canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents persistence of pines in late successional stages
Which of the following organisms use inorganic molecules as their energy source?
chemosynthesizers
Organisms which synthesize organic compounds using CO2 as a carbon source and inorganic chemicals as an energy source are
chemosynthetic autotrophs
A type 1 functional response curve would best represent
clams.
A biome is characterized primarily by
climate and predominate plant types
Caughley found the distributions of the three largest kangaroo species in Australia are determined by
climate.
Research suggests that the localized extinction of several species of land snails near Basal, Switzerland was due to
climatic warming
Research suggests that the localized extinction of several species of land snails near Basal, Switzerland was due to:
climatic warming.
In a _____________ distribution, individuals have a much higher probability of being found in some places than in others.
clumped
Donald Phillips and James MacMahon showed that the distribution pattern of creosote bush, Larrea tridentata, changes in the following sequence as they grow
clumped, random, regular
Donald Phillips and James MacMahon showed that the distribution pattern of creosote bush, Larrea tridentata, changes in the following sequence as they grow:
clumped, random, regular
Research on North American bird populations have indicated that populations are _____________, distributed on a __________________ scale.
clumped; large
In which situation will a male lion have the greatest potential for mating?
coalition of two unrelated males
Gause's experiments with Paramecium and Didinium showed
coexistence of predator and prey with oscillating population sizes, but only in the presence of refuges and predator reservoirs.
Ants on the aspen sunflower, Helianthella quinquenervis, obtain sugars and amino acids by
collecting nectar from extrafloral nectaries.
An association of interacting species is a(n) ___________.
community
Mammalian and avian aquatic endotherms use all of the following mechanisms to thermoregulate except
concurrent heat exchange
Mammalian and avian aquatic endotherms use all of the following mechanisms to thermoregulate except:
concurrent heat exchange
Getting up from your chair you realize that it is warm. What is the method of heat exchange?
conduction
A calculated range of values that we estimate contains the true mean of a population with a known degree of certainty is called a
confidence interval.
In Grime's classification, stress-tolerant plants
conserve nutrients and water
The "trophic cascade hypothesis" emphasizes the role of
consumers in controlling primary productivity.
It is a very hot day, and you jump into a lake to cool off. What is the method of heat exchange?
convection
The process of heat flow between a solid body and a moving fluid is _______.
convection
Warm tropical air
cools as it ascends.
Of the following aquatic environments, which has the highest productivity?
coral reefs
Dolphins use __________________ to conserve body heat.
countercurrent heat exchange
Ecologists study forest canopies using
cranes
Primary production is lowest in which ecosystem?
creosote bush desert
Weaver ants provide effective protection of citrus trees because they
cultivate soft-scale insects, but still allow them to be attacked by parasitoids and predators.
Which of the following are nitrogen fixing organisms
cyanobacteria
Which of the following are nitrogen fixing organisms?
cyanobacteria
What fixes nitrogen?
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), bacteria associated with legume roots, lightning, actinomycete bacteria associated with alder roots
Decomposition is the main avenue for _____ of nutrients in ecosystems.
cycling
The arctic and alpine cushion plants and the Camnula grasshopper both use __________________ to aid in thermoregulation.
dark pigmentation
The arctic and alpine cushion plants and the Camnula grasshopper both use__________________ to aid in thermoregulation
dark pigmentation
The turnover time for atmospheric water is
days to weeks.
In general, a plant located in an arid climate will possess all of the following in order to prevent water loss except:
decreased root biomass.
As elevation increases, mountain climates are characterized by
decreasing temperature and increasing percipitation
Typically a shallow lake with large quantities of nutrients, high primary productivity, and large phytoplankton populations is _______ in color.
deep green
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the tropical rain forest?
deep, nutrient-rich soils
Which of the following is not an example of a mutualistic relationship?
deer feeding on a plant
Invasive Acacia species in the South African fynbos were introduced
deliberately to stabilize sand dunes.
Nitrate is converted to molecular nitrogen N2 in a process called
denitrification
Nitrate is converted to molecular nitrogen, N2, in a process called
denitrification
Niches of single-celled algae, such as diatoms, seem most often to be distinguished by their requirements for
different combinations of inorganic nutrients.
In a population of lizards, the average and long length tails are selected against and the short tails are selected for. What is this an example of?
directional selection
In a population of lizards, the average and long length tails are selected against and the short tails are selected for. This is an example of
directional selection.
A Predator and its prey interact __________, but if the predator affects another species through this interaction, ecologists describe it as a(n) ___________ interaction.
directly; indirect.
Which of the following cannot be determined using a fecundity schedule combined with a life table?
dispersal rates
In a population of birds, the average beak size is selected against and the large and small sized beaks are selected for. This is an example of
disruptive selection
In a population of birds, the average beaksize is selected against and the large and small sized beaks are selected for. This is an example of
disruptive selection.
Which of the following environments for germinating seed is most likely to favor a plant species that makes many small seeds, compared to one that makes fewer larger seeds?
disturbance
If a person were to place a marine fish into a fresh water lake, water would diffuse
down its concentration gradient and enter the fish.
Movement of water _____________ its concentration gradient is called ________________.
down; diffusion
In the Amazon forest, slight changes in soil properties tend to be correlated with
dramatic differences in plant communities.
Torpor and hibernation share all of the following except:
duration
All of the following contribute to the movement of water in a terrestrial plant except A) transpiration. B) drying power of the sun. C) hydrogen bonding. D) water potential. E) None of the choices are correct.
e) none are correct
Animals that rely mainly on external sources of energy for regulating body temperature are called
ectotherms
Locally adapted and genetically distinctive populations within a species are referred to as
ectotypes
Population ecologists do not study
energy flow
Landscape structure influences processes such as
energy flow, material flow, and movement of species
The process of denitrificaiton is
energy-yielding and anaerobic.
The process of denitrification is
energy-yielding and anaerobic.
'N/K' for a population can represent
environmental resistance
N/K' for a population can represent
environmental resistance
Which of the following vertical aquatic zones is correctly ordered?
epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssal, hadal
______________ are aerial plants obtaining nutrients from trapped organic matter.
epiphytes
Type II survivorship curve indicates
equal chance of dying at any age.
Disturbances can alter a community's stable environmental conditions, also called its
equilibrium
Which of the following survival mechanisms is/are best suited for intense heat and drought?
estivation
_________ is the process of increased nutrient inputs into an aquatic ecosystem resulting in increased primary production and reduced biodiversity.
eutrophication
"Actual evapotranspiration" for an ecosystem refers to the amount of water that
evaporates from soils plus the amount transpired by plants
It's a hot summer day, and you begin to sweat. What is the method of heat exchange
evaporation
It's a hot summer day, and you begin to sweat. What is the method of heat exchange?
evaporation
Pocket gophers change the nitrogen cycle in prairies because they
excavate nitrogen-poor subsoil to the surface
dN/dt = rmaxN represents
exponential population growth.
'Rarity I' can be described as:
extensive range, broad habitat tolerances, small local populations
'Rarity II' can be described as
extensive range, narrow habitat tolerances, and large local populations.
Estuaries are junctions between rivers and lakes.
false
The scientific method deals with absolute truths.
false
True or False: High soil nutrient content usually leads to slower decomposition, because soil organisms have less need for nutrients of organic origin.
false
True or False: The "denitrification" reaction converts nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen gas (N2) under aerobic conditions.
false
True or False: The major pool of nitrogen in the atmosphere is the direct source of nitrogen for most organisms.
false
True or false: Soil depth decreases during succession.
false
The number of eggs laid by a female is called her
fecundity
Periodical cicadas spend 13 or 17 years
feeding on tree roots before emerging as adults.
__________ show more variation in life history traits than any other group.
fish
The number of offspring contributed by an individual to future generations is called
fitness
The number of offspring contributed by an individual to future generations defines an organism's
fitness.
Quantifying landscapes in not always easy. A method that depends upon the scale at which landscapes are measured is called ____ geometry.
fractal
In a terrestrial plant, water movement is as follows
from less negative water potential to a more negative water potential.
In a terrestrial plant, water movement is as follows:
from less negative water potential to a more negative water potential.
Change in allele frequencies due to chance or random events is called _______.
genetic drift
The populations of Chihuahua spruce (Picea chihuahuana) have been fragmented due to changing climatic conditions. This has resulted in
genetic drift
The best model for population growth of an annual plant like Phlox drummondii is
geometric frowth
Nt = N0 (lambda)^t represents
geometric population growth
Nt = N0 λt represents
geometric population growth
An annual plant when initially colonizing an area will probably demonstrate
geometric population growth.
The "unsuccessful mutualists" in Kathleen Keeler's cost-benefit model of mutualism are those that
give benefits to their partner, but fail to receive benefits in return.
Based on IPCC 2007 projections, the highest average estimated temperature increase by the end of the 21st century, endemic vertebrates in Australian rainforests will occupy:
greater than or equal to 10% of their current range
In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a prey (host) population in the absence of predators would
grow exponentially.
If the age distribution diagram is bottom heavy or pyramidal in shape, this indicates that the population is
growing rapidly.
Plants in low nutrient ecosystems tend to
grows slowly and allocate more resources to roots than shoots
The age distribution of a population can reveal
growth potential, survivorship, and reproduction.
Oceanic water circulation systems are termed
gyres
Urban centers tend to
have higher species diversity than natural woodlands.
European chalk grasslands
have only become common since human disturbance intensified about 10,000 years ago.
Which statement is true of the countercurrent heat exchange of the lateral muscles of the bluefin tuna?
heat flows from the veins to the arteries
A "forb" is a(n)
herbaceous, but non-graminoid, plant species.
Herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores are all
heterotrophs.
Which of the following is a long-term state of decreased metabolic activity?
hibernation and estivation
Type III survivorship curve indicates
high juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults.
Eutrophic lakes are characterized by
high nutrient levels
A community in which secondary succession is very rapid has
high resilience.
The thermal stability of aquatic environments is a result of the ______.
high specific heat of water
In experiments with the prairie grass Andropogon, root:shoot ratios proved to be
higher in plants grown in poor soils.
Which statement best sums up the relationship between density of the herbivorous snail Littorina and the diversity of algae in its habitat?
highest diversity in tidepools when Littorina densities are intermediate, but in tidepools when Littorina are rare
C4 and CAM plants are best suited for
hot and dry environments.
A(n) ___________ marine fish gains water through osmosis and loses salts through diffusion.
hyperosmotic
Aquatic organisms whose ionic concentration of their body fluids exceeds that of their surroundings are
hyperosmotic.
What does the principle of allocation state?
if an organism uses energy for one function it reduces the amount of energy available for other functions
The principle of allocation states
if an organism uses energy for one function it reduces the amount of energy available for other functions.
Research indicates that the broad tailed hummingbird will enter into torpor
if insufficient nectar is obtained.
The largest reservoir of phosphorus in most ecosystems is phosphorus
in rocks and sediment
"Riparian" refers to plant communities occurring
in transitions between riverbanks and upland areas.
Riparian" refers to plant communities occurring
in transitions between riverbanks and upland areas.
On intertidal boulder in California, the diversity of diatoms and algae
increase at first, but then declines late in succession.
Research conducted on the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) can b summarize in all of the following statements except:
increase in predation can contribute to local extinctions.
Research conducted on the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) can be summarized in all of the following statements except:
increase in predation can contribute to local extinctions.
In stream ecosystems, rates of leaf breakdown
increase with shredder species diversity.
Clearcutting at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest sharply
increased export of nitrate (NO3-) in stream water
In Stephen Carpenter and colleagues' manipulations of lake food webs, increased densities of adult largemouth bass led to
increased rates of grazing on phytoplankton by zooplankton.
Effects of introduced Acacia in the South African fynbos include
increased soil nitrogen content.
The tiger beetle Cicindela longilabris inhabits higher latitudes and elevations than other North American tiger beetles; Schultz, Quinlan, and Hadley concluded that all of the following factors contributed to these cooler environmental preferences except:
increased water proofing
The tiger beetle Cicindela longilabris inhabits higher latitudes and elevations than other North American tiger beetles; Schultz, Quinlan, and Hadley concluded that all of the following factors contributed to these cooler environmental preferences except
increased water proofing.
Self-thinning in a stand of trees
increases biomass per individual, decreases stand density, results in death of less competitive individuals, is a result of intraspecific competition
In the Piedmont of North Carolina, as plant diversity increases through secondary succession, bird diversity
increases rapidly at first, then plateaus late in succession.
The potential for evaporative water loss by terrestrial organisms
increases with increased vapor pressure deficit.
High nitrogen retention early in stream succession is probably due to
increasing biomass of algal and animal populations (aggradation phase).
An increase about 1,000 years ago in 13C content of human collagen from archeological sites in eastern North America probably records
increasing consumption of corn
Desert plants can prevent overheating by utilizing all of the following temperature regulating methods except:
increasing evaporative cooling.
Which of the following levels of organization are correctly ordered?
individual, population, interaction, community, ecosystem
Which of the following levels of organization is/are correctly ordered
individual, population, interaction, community, ecosystem
Which of the following levels of organization is/are correctly ordered?
individual, population, interaction, community, ecosystem
Wayne Sousa's studies of succession on intertidal boulders demonstrated which elements of the inhibition hypothesis?
inhibition of mid- and late-successional species by pioneers, inhibition of late-successional species by mid-successional species, higher mortality of pioneer species
What is not included in the defining characteristics of eusociality?
intrasexual selection of mates
Competition between members of a single species is called
intraspecific competition
In stream ecosystems, nutrient retentiveness is
inversely related to spiraling length
The interaction between honeyguide birds and the Boran people of Kenya
is a facultative mutualism.
During the northern winter, the Northern Hemisphere
is tilted away from the sun
Aquatic organisms whose body fluids equal that of their surroundings are
isoosmotic.
Which of the following is true of fire in the tropical savannah
it kills young trees
Which of the following is true of fire in the tropical savannas?
it kills young trees
Which of the following are characteristics favored by K selection?
iteroparity
Pine communities are eventually replaced by oak-hickory communities after about 150 years of old field succession on the Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina because
juvenile pines can't grow in the shade of mature pines.
Which is not considered a reef?
kelp
When investigating haplodiploidy, all of the following statements were found to be true except:
kin selection is not implicated.
Field experiments differ from laboratory experiments in that
laboratory experiments allow variables not of direct interest to be controlled, while in field experiments these typically vary
Human hunters in the Amazon rain forests kill
large numbers primarily of the largest mammal and bird species.
During droughts in the Galápagos Islands, the ground finches most likely to survive are those with
larger bills
During droughts in the Galápagos Islands, the ground finches most likely to survive are those with
larger bills.
Bluefin tuna and mackerel sharks are considered to be endothermic fish because their
lateral swim muscles heat cool arterial blood, thereby elevating their body temperature above the surrounding water temperature.
The Coriolis effect causes an apparent deflection of winds in the Southern Hemisphere to the _______ of their direction of travel.
left
The corolis effect causes an apparent deflection of winds in the southern hemisphere to the ________ of the direction of travel
left
Nutrient poor soils should favor mycorrhizal fungi that are
less aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant host.
In soil and water fertilization experiments, increasing fertilization tends to reduce the number of limiting resources for plant growth until a single resource limits growth of all species. This "ultimate" limiting resource tends to be
light
The enlarged thorns of swollen thorn acacias provide ants with
living space.
Research by Douglas and Brunner on whitefish (Coregonus) populations in the Alps showed
local whitefish populations should be managed as separate units.
What did research by Douglas and Brunner on whitefish (Coregonus) populations in the Alps show?
local whitefish populations should be managed as separate units.
Most of the earth's deserts are
located at 30° north and south latitudes.
dN/dt = rmaxN [(K - N)/K] represents
logistic growth.
The ecological consequences of increasing temperature due to climate change include:
longer growing seasons, earlier migrations, altered species interactions.
Type I survivorship curve indicates
low juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults
Among fish species, an "opportunistic" life history is characterized by
low juvenile survival, low number of offspring, and early maturity
Small head streams can be characterized by all of the following components except
low oxygen content
Small head streams can be characterized by all of the following components except:
low oxygen content.
Which of the following is NOT true of riparian plant communities?
low species diversity, compared to surrounding terrestrial communities
According to the "inhibition" hypothesis, pioneer species modify the environment in ways that
make it less suitable for other species and themselves.
According to the "facilitation" hypothesis, pioneer species modify the environment in ways that
make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitable for survival of late-successional species.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic favored by K-selection?
many, small offspring
Ecologists sometimes use __________________ as simpler representations of the complex natural world.
mathematical and laboratory models
Newfoundland Atlantic cod have been
maturing at younger ages and at smaller sizes because overfishing increased adult mortality
How does the skunk cabbage maintain the temperature of its inflorescence 15?C to 35?C above air ambient temperature?
metabolizing starch at a very high rate
How does the skunk cabbage maintain the temperature of its inflorescence 15°C to 35°C above air ambient temperature?
metabolizing starch at a very high rate
Limnetic thermoclines are located in the _______________ zone.
metalimnion
A group of subpopulations living in spatially isolated patches connected by exchange of individuals among patches is called a(n)
metapopulation.
A small-scale variation in climate caused by a distinctive substrate, location, or aspect is called a
microclimate
The release of nutrients from organic material in inorganic form is called
mineralization.
The major source of nutrients in surface waters of the open ocean is
mixing of subsurface with surface waters
Whittaker's research on North American tree distribution examined ____________ gradients and concluded that the tree distribution was __________________.
moisture; clumped
Nutrient rich soils should favor mycorrhizal fungi that are
more aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant host
Soil fertilization should favor mycorrhizal fungi that are
more aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant hosts.
In most ecological communities, we find
more moderately common species than rare or very common ones.
In Judy Meyer and Gene Likens' study of phosphorus in Bear Brook
most phosphorus losses occurred during storms and snowmelt
In Judy Meyer and Gene Likens' study of phosphorus in Bear Brook,
most phosphorus losses occurred during storms and snowmelt.
The water availability for organisms is determined by
movement of water down its concentration gradient.
Odegaard's study estimating the number of tropical forest beetles illustrates that sampling from multiple sites
must, to be useful, be based on standardized sampling techniques
An interaction between individuals of different species that benefit both partners is called
mutualism.
Which of the following is NOT an agent of nitrogen fixation?
mycorrhizal fungi
Turner and Trexler found a __________ relationship between egg size and ________ in the darter populations that live in rivers and streams of central North America.
negative; gene flow
It had been thought that Brassica nigra competitively displaced the native grass Nassella pulchra, but Orrock et al. showed that it was likely apparent competition when
nigra sheltered mammal herbivores which consumed N. pulchra.
Experimental fertilizations in the Baltic Sea suggest that primary productivity there is normally limited by
nitrogen
Bowman and his colleagues, who added nutrients to the alpine tundra on Niwot Ridge, Colorado, found
nitrogen and phosphorus jointly limit primary production in wet meadows
The major benefit obtained by zooxanthellae algal cells from their coral host is
nitrogen from coral wastes.
"Nitrogen fixation" refers to the conversion of
nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH2)
Gause's "competitive exclusion principle" states that
no two species with identical niches can coexist indefinitely
Studies by Korpimäki and Norrdahl in western Finland showed that kestrel and owl densities closely follow variation in vole densities with little delay or lag time. They attributed this rapid numerical response to the
nomadic nature of the kestrel and owl populations
Studies by Korpimäki and Norrdahl in western Finland showed that kestrel and owl densities closely follow variation in vole densities with little delay or lag time. They attributed this rapid numerical response to the...?
nomadic nature of the kestrel and owl populations.
Why would a scientist choose to use DNA analysis rather than isozyme analysis when investigating genetic variations?
non-lethal, non-injurious to the organism, repeat sampling over a period of time is possible, smaller sample size can be used for DNA analysis
Why would a scientist choose to use DNA analysis rather than isozyme analysis when investigating genetic variations?
non-lethal, non-injurious to the organism, repeat sampling over a period of time is possible, smaller sample size can be used for DNA analysis
All of the following conditions are included in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle except:
non-random mating.
All of the following conditions are necessary to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle except:
non-random mating.
According to Kidron, Barzilay, and Sachs' research on the dune slopes of the Negev Desert, moss would most likely be found on _________ facing slopes due to _________.
north; decreased evaporation rates
All of the following statements concerning wind are true except:
northeast trade winds blow toward the poles
All true about winds except
northeast trade winds blow toward the poles.
Fitness is defined as the
number of genes contributed by an individual to the next generation
Among lakes, primary productivity seems to be mainly controlled by levels of
nutrients
The 'scientific method' includes
observations, experiments, and modeling; posing questions and formulating testable hypotheses; and statistical analysis.
The scientific method includes
observations, experiments, and modeling; posing questions and formulating testable hypotheses; and statistical analysis.
A polymorphic locus is one that .... ?
occurs in a population as more than one allele
A polymorphic locus is one that
occurs in a population as more than one allele.
Which of the following characteristics are not typical of arctic plants?
open growth form
While geologic and climate forces set the stage for landscapes, the activity of ____ play a large role in landscape structure.
organisms
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation:
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0
What is the Hardy - Weinberg equation?
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0
Aquatic organisms located off the ocean floor are
pelagic.
A fish maturing late with large body size and producing many small offspring would be said to have a(n)
periodic life history
Climate change is a growing concern for the survival of many species, in part because it has the potential to affect the timing ofevents differently in interacting species. When this occurs between two species it is referred to as a [x1].
phenological mismatch
Climate change is a growing concern for the survival of many species, in part because it has the potential to affect the timing of events differently in interacting species. When this occurs between two species it is referred to as a
phenological mismatch.
The study of the relationship between climate and the timing of ecological events is called
phenology
Which of the following organisms use inorganic matter as their energy source?
photosynthesizers, chemosynthesizers, and autotrophs
The fungus benefits in a mycorrhizal relationship because it receives __________ from its plant partner.
photosynthetic products
Which of the following river dimension definitions is/ are incorrect?
phreatic zone: transition from riparian to water column
Caughly's research on the distribution of three different species of Australian kangaroos (Macropus giganteus, M. fuliginosus, and M. rufus) suggests the
physical environment limits the distribution of the kangaroos.
Physiological ecologists study
physiological and anatomical mechanisms by which organisms deal with variation in their physical and chemical environment
When an organism becomes acclimated to a new environmental situation; it will generally involve
physiological changes.
The most significant photosynthetic inhabitants of the upper epipelagic zone of the open ocean are
phytoplankton
Teja Tscharntke simplified the food web associated with the wetland reed Phragmites australis by dividing the species into the following major trophic levels?
plant, herbivore, parasite, carnivore
Teja Tscharntke simplified the food web associated with the wetland reed Phragmites australis by dividing the species into which of the following major trophic levels
plant, herbivore, parasite, carnivore
In general, reptiles are considered to be a/an?
poikilotherm
The body temperature of ____________ varies directly with the environment.
poikilotherms
In plants, "self-thinning" refers to reduction in
population density in response to competition, as population biomass increases.
Roland, Keyghobadi, and Fownes found in smaller meadow habitat, the Rocky Mountain Parnassian butterfly
populations are smaller and individuals are more likely to disperse out of the patch.
Bethel and Holmes demonstrated
positive phototaxis in amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans
Crabs and shrimp associated with corals protect their hosts from
predation by sea-stars.
Secondary sexual characteristics are often considered a handicap because of increased
predation.
The main force in the development and refinement of prey defenses is/are
predators.
The production of new organic matter, or biomass, by autotrophs in a system is called ____________.
primary production
In Kathleen Keeler's cost-benefit model of mutualism, the condition for persistence of mutualists is pwmw + qwmu > wnm. The parameters p and q represent the
proportion of successful and unsuccessful mutualists in the population.
Dominance of chalk grasslands by the grass Brachypodium is increased by
protection of grasslands in undisturbed nature reserves.
Which of the following are mismatched?
psychrophile: salt-loving microbe
Organisms that live and thrive at cold temperatures, below 20ºC, are called
psychrophilic
Which of the following equations best represents the per capita rate of increase?
r = (ln R0)/T
Which of the following equations bests represents the per capita rate of increase?
r = (ln R0)/T
Which of the following does NOT contribute to determining the niche of the salt-marsh grass Spartina anglica?
rainfall frequency
Which of the following word pairs are mismatched
random distribution; aggressive interaction
The major benefit obtained by aspen sunflower, Helianthella quinquenervis, from its ant mutualists is
reduced losses of seeds to seed predators.
Hardie's research with red clover, Trifolium pratense, demonstrated that removing mycorrhizal hyphae ____________ by red clover.
reduces the rate of transpiration
A major perturbation of the carbon cycle by human activity is associated with
release of carbon from fossil fuel deposits.
Metabolic heat (Hm) is the heat
released during cellular respiration.
In Jane Lubchenco's tidepool system, removal of the herbivorous snail Littorina led to
replacement of Chondrus by the more palatable alga Enteromorpha.
Following Ellis & Ramankutty's anthropogenic biome classification, most of the area within 100 mile radius of Lubbock would best be described as
residential and populated irrigated cropland, embedded in remote cropland and surrounded by remote rangelands
Net primary productivity is the primary productivity of an ecosystem, after subtracting energy lost in
respiration by primary producers.
'Extreme Rarity' can be described as
restricted range, narrow habitat tolerances, and small local populations
Intraspecific competition among planthoppers
results in reduced survivorship, results in increased development time, occurs via resources rather than interference, occurs because plants exploited by planthoppers have less protein and less moisture
Several studies indicate that environmental conditions dictate plant biomass allocation; plants grown in infertile soils will allocate more energy into _________________ biomass.
root
The timing and extent of tides are a function of all of the following except
salinity levels
A marsh is the junction between ________________ and _________________.
sea; land
Carnivores that feed on herbivores (or on detritivores) are referred to as
secondary consumers
Leibig's "Law of the Minimum" stated that
single soil nutrient typically limits primary productivity.
In general, among solitary predators, ________________ is/are most often the determining factor in prey selection.
size
The difference between a male and a female rests largely on
size and energetic cost of gametes.
In aquatic ecosystems, leaves with high lignin content decompose
slowly because lignin reduces colonization by decomposing fungi.
According to the river continuum, the main energy source for
small head streams is CPOM.
Mycorrhizal fungi (directly) help their plant partners acquire
soil nutrients.
Which of the following is not a benefit provided by mutualistic crab and shrimp to the Pocillopora coral?
source of lipids
In the Washington intertidal community studied by Robert Paine, the most important limiting resource is
space
The factors that determine carrying capacity include what?
space, disease, food, competition
Within a population, if the average is selected for and the two opposing extremes are selected against, this is an example of
stabilizing selection
If the age distribution diagram is bell shaped or the number of individual in each age class is evenly distributed, this indicates that the population is
stable
If the age distribution diagram is bell shaped or the number of individuals in each age class is evenly distributed, this indicates that the population is
stable
Which of the following may be used to study the uptake of water by plants in a natural ecosystem?
stable isotope analysis
What does Grime's classification of plant life histories focus attention on
stress and disturbance
Grime's classification of plant life histories focuses attention on
stress and disturbance.
Winter storms can affect diversity on intertidal boulders because
strong storm waves overturn boulders and thereby remove competitive dominants.
The change in plant, animal, and microbial communities in an area following disturbance or the creation of new substrate is called
succession.
Mycorrhizal fungi acquire _________ from their plant partners.
sugars
The arctic flower, Dryas integrifolia, regulates the temperature of its reproductive structures by
sun-tracking behavior
A cicada will use which of the following mechanisms in order to survive hot, dry conditions of the desert?
sweating
Two species occurring together in the same place are said to be
sympatric.
The biomes which have experienced the greatest percentage conversion by man is
temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands
Density dependent factors include all of the following except:
temperature.
In zooplankton and intertidal communities, as the overall diversity of the food web increases, the proportion of predators in the web
tends to increase
We can infer a statistically significant difference between two population means when
the 95% confidence intervals for the two means do not overlap
The highest level of ecological organization focuses on
the biosphere
The number of trophic levels in an ecosystem is limited by
the loss of energy with each transfer between trophic levels
Density is defined as
the number of individuals per unit area.
density is defined as
the number of individuals per unit area.
In directional selection
the phenotype at one extreme is selected against.
If the age distribution diagram has the smallest concentration of individuals in the bottom portion or is considered to be an urn shape, this indicates that
the population is declining
Which aspects of the biology of zooxanthellae are controlled by their coral hosts?
the release of photosynthetic products from their cells
Research on soapberry bugs (Jadera haematoloma) supports all of the following results except:
the soapberry bugs underwent developmental changes without genetic changes.
In Robert Paine's studies of the Washington intertidal community, which organism proved to be a keystone species?
the starfish Pisaster
What is ecology?
the study of relationships between organisms and the environment
Invasive Argentine ants have an important effect on community structure of the South African fynbos because
they do not disperse seeds, while native ants do.
In many species, the females can reproduce by the process of parthenogenesis. Why do males persist in those species?
to ensure genetic diversity
Nitrogen fixation is an energy-demanding process because of the strong ____ bond between the two nitrogen atoms in the N2 molecules.
triple covalent
Nitrogen fixation is an energy-demanding process because of the strong _____ bond between the two nitrogen atoms in the N2 molecule.
triple covalent
An organism's _________ describes its feeding position within an ecosystem.
trophic level
Which of the following is the correct order from the longest to the shortest growing season?
tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, boreal forest, tundra
Which of the following terrestrial biomes are maintained by fires?
tropical savannas and temperate grasslands
Occasionally density independent factors can influence populations in a density dependent manner.
true
Streams with higher densities of stream invertebrates would be expected to have shorted spiraling lengths.
true
Freezing and thawing brings stones to the surface, forming a netlike, or polygon pattern on the surface of the ________ soils.
tundra
The photosynthetic response curve is most similar to
type 2 functional response curve.
According to research by Westoby, Leishman, and Lord, plants that disperse their seeds in different ways tend to produce seeds of different sizes. Which is the correct order of seed mass from smallest to largest?
unassisted, adhesion-adapted, ant-dispersed, scatterhoarded
Adaptation to the environment by a population includes
variation in characteristics among individuals in a population, evolution., improved ability to live in the environment., anatomy, physiology, and behavior.
All of the following statements concerning oligotrophic lakes are true except:
warm temperatures.
Actual evapotranspiration rates are highest in ____________ climates.
warm, moist
A keystone species is one
whose feeding activities have a disproportionate effect on the structure of its community.
Climatic diagrams provide all of the following information except
wind patterns
Eurasian mountain ranges include all of the following except the A)Atlas Mountains. B)Himalayas. C)Alps. D) Pyrenees. E)Caucasus.
A)Atlas Mountains.
Precocial
Able to move around early, grow slowly
Order Collembola:
Adult spring tail
The "K" in "K-selection" comes from the
"K" in the logistic growth equation.
The 'mean generation time' of a population equals
(∑x lxmx)/R0.
When the average mass of individual plants in a stand is plotted against stand density (log-transformed), the slope of the relationship is very often around
-3/2
In Leon Creek there are 5 species of fish. The species and the number of individuals in each species are as follows: 20 catfish, 15 gar, 12 large-mouth bass, 10 perch, and 2 striped bass. Calculate the Shannon-Wiener index value (H') for this fish community.
.63
A simple tree community consists of 4 maples, 3 oaks, and 1 alder. The Shannon-Wiener diversity of this community is
.97
According to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report, projections for global surface temperature increases, relative to the 1986-2005 mean, to the end of this century range from averages of _________ to _________, depending upon our actions.
1.0 degree C - 4.0 deg C
IPCC 2007 projections for global temperate increases from the 1980s to the end of this century range from averages of _________ to _________.
1.8 C- 4.0C
Calculate standard error given: mm, s = 6.2 mm, and n = 10.
1.96 mm
Tropical dry forests are located between
10 and 25 N and S Latitude
Calculate the generation time given the following population data: R0 = 0.601, r = - 0.05, ∑xlxmx = 6.4, mx = 0.96
10.6
Calculate the generation time given the following population data: R0 = 0.601, r = - 0.05, Σxlxmx = 6.4, mx = 0.96
10.6
If the initial population size is 1200 plants and the geometric rate of increase is 2.4177, calculate the population size after eight years for the annual plant Phlox drummondii
1400879
Which of the following is not included in the list of criteria that Taper and Case believe must be met to build a definitive case for character displacement?
All of the choices are included in the list of criteria that must be met to build a definitive case for character displacement
Which of the following is not a considered a form of plant defense?
All the choices mentioned are plant defenses.
Which of the following is not considered a form of plant defense?
All the choices mentioned are plant defenses.
Metamorphic
Altered by heat and pressure
Epiphytes
Are aerial plants obtaining nutrients from tapped organic matter
Ecotone
Area between biomes
Which of the following is the broadest (most inclusive) of the levels of ecological organization?
Biosphere
In order for terrestrial plants to undergo photosynthesis and produce a six carbon sugar, which of the following metabolic pathways must occur?
C3
Cornell studied the distribution of barnacles Chthamalus stellatus and Balanus balaoides along the coast of Scotland and indicated that, along with the physiology of each barnacle, ______________ also played a large role in their distribution pattern.
Competition
Igneous
Cooling volcanic flows
Profundal zone
Deep, open water too dark for photosynthesis.
In the logistic model of population growth if r>0 then
N<K
Which of the following rivers would have the highest salinity?
Pecos
Which kingdom has the higher carbon to nitrogen ratios?
Plantae
Which of the following indicates a population in decline?
R0 = 0.601
Case's research on the chuckwalla lizard (Sauromalus obesus) indicated that body size is positively correlated with ______________________.
Rainfall
Desert
Recieves less than 20 cm of annual rainfall Little to no vegatation
Iteroparous
Repeated reproductive efforts
Biotic potential
The rate at which a population of a species will increase when there are no limits on its rate of growth.
Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the t-test?
The two populations being compared have equal means.
A sample mean is a statistical estimate of the true population mean
True
Sharks, rays, and skates retain urea and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) within their blood allowing them to become only slightly hyperosmotic thereby reducing the cost of osmoregulation.
True
Temperatures within animal burrows are typically more moderate than surface soil temperatures.
True
The African green woodhoopoes tend to show philopatry because of limited availability of quality breeding territories.
True
The combination of genetics and environmental pressures can cause variations in phenotypes.
True
Shelford
Wrote "Law of Tolerance"
The first plants in a successional sequence are called the
pioneers.
