Engl 1320 Test #2

conclusion

A _______ returns to your thesis idea and encompasses the whole essay, not just part of it. It establishes the impression that your readers are left with.

thesis

A claim becomes your __________ when you write about that subject.

rhetorical summary

A condensation of a passage in the writer's own words that stresses the author's decisions as a writer.

introduction

An ___________ to your subject should consist of more than just the claim. it should invite the reader to give attention to what you have to say. it should also point you in the direction you will take in developing your argument.

controlling sentence

An exploratory essay should have a __________ in the introduction. It's kind of like a thesis, but less argumentative. This can be at the beginning or at the end.

justify a statement

At the point that we are forced to ___________, it becomes a claim.

statement, interpretation of data, suggestion, causal relationship, prediction, case, new evidence

Claims of fact may take one of several forms: A ________ in favor of a particular _________; a _________ of a ________; a __________; and a _________ for the acceptance of ___________.

should or must be done, factual claim

Claims of policy express or imply that something ____________ and usually depend on a ________ that establishes that present conditions are unacceptable.

point-by-point comparison

Discusses each point about subject A and B together before moving on the the second point, where again both subjects are discussed.

representative, consistent

Evaluation of Example evidence: Are the examples _________? are the examples __________ with the experience of the audience?

up to date, sufficient, relevant

Evaluation of factual evidence: Are the facts ________? Is the factual evidence ________? Are the facts ________?

author arguing

In an exploratory essay, the source(s) that supports a viewpoint must be an ______________ the viewpoint. A viewpoint that outlines the opposite view is not allowed for the opposing.

you care, issue, position, favor

In the conclusion of an exploratory essay, tell the readers why ___________ about the ___________ and which ___________ you tend to ___________.

deduction

Reasoning by which we establish that a conclusion must be true because the statements on which it is based are true.

clearly describe, importance

The introduction of an exploratory essay should ___________ the issue and its ___________.

exploratory essay

The purpose of a ____________ is to explore more than one perspective on a controversial issue.

false dilmma

This erroneous way of arguing suggests that there are only 2 viable options.

evidence

When authors provide ________ in support of their claim, they primarily use facts, examples, statistics, opinions (usually the opinions of experts), and images.

mixed audience/slightly hostile

When you don't know what kind of audience you have, you need to assume they're a _______________.

values

________ are the principles by which we judge what is good or bad, beautiful or ugly, worthwhile or undesirable.

needs

_________ can be viewed on a hierarchy developed by psychologist abraham maslow.

claim of policy

a claim asserting that specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems.

claim of value

a claim that asserts some things are more or less desirable

claim of fact

a claim that asserts something exists, has existed, or will exist, based on facts or data that the audience will accept as objectively verifiable.

red herring

a diversionary tactic that attempts to divert attention away from the subject being discussed by changing the subject to any other subject

syllogism

a formula of deductive argument consisting of three propositions: a major premise, a minor premise, and a logical conclusion.

hasty generalization

a generalization based on too few particular instances

evaluation

a reader's reaction to an argument; Builds on a summary by incorporating not only the argument's main point but also the reader's reaction to it.

stasis theory

a set of four questions for exploring argumentative topics, developed by the ancient Greek Philosophers Aristotle and Hermagoras.

summary

a shortened version of the original text, in your own words.

referential summary

a summary that focuses on the author's ideas rather than on the author's actions and decisions

enthymeme

a syllogism in which one of the premises is implied.

begging the question

a type of circular reasoning that assumes the very question being argued has already been proven

paraphrase

a version of the original text in your own words that is about the same length as the original.

qualifier

a word that limits a claim

straw man

an attack that's similar to the argument being debated. it's used to draw the opponent away from the original argument.

appeal to needs and values

an attempt to gain assent to a claim by showing that it will bring about what your audience wants and cares deeply about.

proposition

another name for the claim is ____________.

warrant

another word for "assumption" in toulmin model of argumentation

logos

appeal to logic

factual information, words, generally, probably

claims of fact are supported by ___________ such as statistics, examples, and testimony; and may be limited by _________ such as ________ and ___________.

judgement, standards, measure the worth, aesthetics, morality

claims of value should make a _______; be supported by reference to ________ that _____________ of an action, belief, performance, or object; and most often are about ______________ or ___________.

evaluation strategies

disagree with the author if you feel confident of the support for your view; talk about the material with classmates or others; consider the strengths of the argument; consider the weaknesses of the argument; consider how effective the title of the reading is; evaluate the organizational structure of the essay; notice how the author follows through on the main claim/thesis of the argument; evaluate the vocabulary and style the author uses.

pathos

emotional appeal

ethos

ethical appeal; appeal based on the writer's or speaker's credibility.

qualified, biased, interpretation, bolstered, sufficient and appropriate evidence

evaluation of expert opinions as evidence: Is the source of the opinion __________ to give an opinion on the subject? Is the source _______ for or against his or her __________? has the source ____________ the claim with _______________?

relevant, altered, emotional appeal

evaluation of images as evidence: Is the image __________? Are you confident the photograph has not been _________? Does the image depend too much on _____________?

trustworthy sources, clearly defined, comparable things, omitted

evaluation of statistics as evidence: Do the statistics come from _____________? Are the terms ________? are the comparisons between _____________? has any significant information been __________?

quotation

exact words from the original text, placed in quotation marks.

strategies for finding the middle ground

explain the differing positions; point out, if possible, that the differing sides already agree; make clear your own moderation and sympathy; acknowledge that opposing views deserve to be considered; provide evidence that accepting a middle ground can offer marked advantages; be as specific as possible.

post hoc

false cause and effect. in latin this means, "after this, therefore because of this." This fallacy assumes erroneously that because one event follows the other, the first event caused the second event.

parallel order comparison

focuses roughly half the essay on subject A and then the other half on subject B. The points made in each half should be parallel and should be presented in the same order.

annotating strategies

if you use a highlighter as you read a text, use it sparingly; make marginal notes; make notes on both what a piece of writing says and how it says it; interrogate the text as you read; note similarities

non sequitur

is latin for "does not follow." It means to conclusion doesn't follow the previous statement.

prereading strategies

pay attention to the title, understand the kind of text you're reading, learn about the author, imagine the context in which the author was writing and the target audience.

rogerian argument

presents opponent's views accurately and objectively, presents writer's views fairly and objectively, explains what common ground exists between the positions, thesis statement presents a compromise between the two positions.

strategies for refuting an opposing view

read the argument carefully; summarize an opposing view at the beginning of your paper; if your argument is long and complex, choose only the most important points to refute; attack the principal elements in the argument of your opponent; be prepared to do more than attack the opposing view.

induction

reasoning by which a general statement is reached on the basis of particular examples.

argument

represents forms of discourse that attempts to persuade readers or listeners to accept a position on a controversial issue.

summarizing strategies

reread the introduction and conclusion after you have read the text once or twice; for a difficult text, you may want to list all the subheadings (if they are used) or the topic sentence of each paragraph; remember that when you summarize, you must put another's words into your own (and cite the original text as well); remember that summarizing also requires attention to overall meanings and not only to specific details.

working with the text strategies

skim the reading for the main idea and overall structure; pay attention to topic sentences; don't overlook language signposts, usually transitional words and phrases; consider any visuals.

faulty use of authority

the attempt to bolster claims by citing the opinions of a false authority figure

synthesis

the bringing together and analyzing of ideas and the formulation of opinions.

ad hominem

the means "against the man" this is an attack on the person rather than the argument

positional relationship

the relationship between subject and audience

rhetorical relationship

the relationship between writer and audience

referential relationship

the relationship between writer and subject

ad populum

this fallacy appeals to the prejudices of the people. it's the idea that because everyone is doing x or believes y, we all should.

appeal to tradition

this fallacy argues that because we've been doing x for a long time, we should continue to do x.

slippery slope

this fallacy assumes that if a happens, x, y, and z will also surely happen.

false analogies

this fallacy consists in assuming that because two things are alike in one or more respects, they are necessary alike in some other respect.

two wrongs make a right fallacy

this fallacy is a diversionary tactic to turn attention away from the issue at hand.

common ground

used in rogerian argument to refer to any concept that two opposing parties agree on and that can thus be used as a starting point for negotiation.

assumption

what the audience has to believe about the subject in order to accept the claim.

claim

what the writer is saying about the subject

support

what the writer offers the audience to back up the claim

claim, support, warrant

what three elements are in every argument?