English 439 Final
Other facts about Sable Venus
Persuading European audience about black beauty through European ideals Sexualizing black beauty Denying bad facts of slavery
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 1 scene 1 (one with just overview & no lines)
Plantation celebrating Rosa (planter's daughter) bday, Captain Oxford arrives home & is intro. to Rosa, thinks she's hot n stuff C.O. leaves and comes back shortly after b/c he got in a scuffle with 3FJ, injured AF Rosa has anxieties about the name Jack
Why Southey wrote a poem rather than a story about this slave
Poems were more accessable
Themes of Albion
Powerlessness/ power struggles of Women Patriarchy Representation of Slavery New America Representation Colonialism--colonial discourse (slave literature: disconnect between promoting abolition but still supporting hope for a better future and not making change: EMPATHY VS. PITY)
Genre/Form of Albion
Prophetic book in heroic verse
What is so significant about the poem being dedicated to Bryan Edwards
Teale often instructed Edwards in the classics and most likely wrote this poem to amuse his young pupil. Edwards had the poem published the year after Teale died
Arguments of Narrative of a 5 Years' expedition
you can't take the planters' property, they're better off enslaved under Christians, slaves are no different than apprentices in England
Equiano speaks of Africa in ________light despite the slavery there
a positive
What the poem is based on:
a sailor praying in a cow house
The Sable Venus was originally published: (how/when/where)
anonymously in Jamaica 1765
How does Edwards feel about white people in his history?
they are victims
Artistic features of Narrative of a 5 Years' expedition
travel narrative very sentimental
Most _____ & ______ obian magicians are ?
ugliest, deformed, respected
Significance of "the veil" (2nd to last stanza)
value/worth value of life in priesthood veils obscure vision > GOD can see big picture
When obi is applied
when AFRICANS think they're bewitched
Summary of A Little Black Boy
A black child tells the story of how he came to know his own identity and to know God. Boy, born in "the southern wild" of Africa Though his skin is black his soul is as white as that of an English child Relates how his loving mother taught him about God who lives in the East, who gives light and life to all creation and comfort and joy to men "We are put on earth," his mother says, to learn to accept God's love Told that his black skin "is but a cloud" that will be dissipated when his soul meets God in heaven The black boy passes on this lesson to an English child, explaining that his white skin is likewise a cloud He vows that when they are both free of their bodies and delighting in the presence of God, he will shade his white friend until he, too, learns to bear the heat of God's love Then, the black boy says, he will be like the English boy, and the English boy will love him
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 2 scene 2 (one with just overview & no lines
3FJ chillin on a beach looking for plunder
e.g. of light/dark imagery of the poem
"Black bodies" and a "sunburnt face" in the fourth stanza seems to imply that black people are near God as a result of their suffering - for one can only become dark and sunburned as a result of being exposed to the sun's rays black boy says he will "shade him [the English boy] from the heat", this implies that the English boy's pale skin is not used to the heat (derived from God's love) ...paleness of the English boy in this poem is symbolic of the fact that the English were distanced from God as a result of their treatment of the black peoples
POV of Hymn XLI
1st person
HOW MANY MEN WERE SLAVES (according to Newton)
2/3
Quashee/James Ryder and Sam are trying to find?
3 fingered Jack
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 2 scene 4 (one with just overview & no lines
3F Jack surprises Rosa Doesn't kill her, but makes her be a servant to him
PLOT POINTS: Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade
1. Builds credibility and talks about his own personal experiences 2. BREAKS UP HIS ARGUMENT INTO 2
Main points Newton makes about the slaves aboard the slave ships
1. Don't have much personal space which causes them to get heller sick 2. They are guarded hella by white peeps 3. If they revolt they're punished hella > whipped, thumb screws, etc. 4. Baby thrown into the ocean for crying too much 5. KIDNAPPING! 6. Slaves were bribed
PLOT POINTS OF 3 FINGERED JACK
1. Introduces Jack 2. Introduces Quashee and Sam - both black. Quashee has recently changed his name to Reeder 3. Reeder and Sam go to find Jack 4. They do and they fight 5. Reeder accidentally shoots Sam 6. Reeder is mostly the one fighting 7. Sam helps his homie Reeder out 8. Sam decides whether Jack dies or lives 9. Cut off his head and fingers and call it a day
Points Newton makes about losing the seamen
1. Seamen die hella and men and boys are continually leaving to replace the dead. 2. Those who do end up living usually get hella sick and fevers 3. The weather SUCKS when it rains ("Many vessels arrive upon the coast before the rainy season, which continues from about May to October [...] A proper shelter from the weather, in an open boat, when the rain is incessant night and day, for weeks and months, is impracticable 4. When it's not raining, the weather still sucks, b/c tornadoes, wind storms 5. Sailors can't drink or have fun on ships 6. Women get into fights with the natives on shore. If they don't die from fighting, they're poisoned. They also fight on the ships and can be restrained 7. MANY MORE BAD THINGS HAPPEN! 8. Sometimes ships are blown up but only sometimes 9. More than 8,000 people died!!!
Newton says his two main topics of "Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade" are...?
1. The effects [the trade] has upon our own people (people on the ships aka seamen) 2. [How]i t concerns the Blacks or [..] Negro Slaves, whom we purchase upon the Coast
Speaker of the the Insurrection of the Slaves at St. Domingo
AFRICAN GOD WHO IS AGAINST SLAVERY!
Themes of "Slavery: a Poem"
Abolition (slavery in general, not just the slave trade), true not fiction, Christianity, rationality Ethos/logos- they are not equal to us, but can still feel as human beings, you should abolish slavery and gain glory, or if you do not you will be on the wrong side of history
Historians have found two documents that list Equiano's birthplace as South Carolina. If he was born in America, what might have motivated him to claim Africa as his birthplace in the narrative? Alternatively, if he was born in Africa, how might we explain these documents?
Advantages to being born in SC: stigma about being born in Africa ("barbarians"), wanted to blend in with other slaves born in America maybe it's just fiction, maybe it's oral tradition (heard stories from other slaves of the middle passage), maybe he read other white slave traders' accounts of the middle passage
Characters
African Sailor Oran Selima Goodwin Heartfree
Obi is a symbol of?
African rebellion (doesn't blend well with Christianity) represents freedom of religion
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 1 scene 6 (one with just overview & no lines
After Quashee gets christened Prepping to head out and keel 3fj
The Black Man's Lament or How to Make Sugar
Amelia Anderson Opie
John Newton bio and facts
Anglican clergyman Former slave ship master Had an influence on many young evangelical Christians 11 years old: went to sea with his father 1743 he was on his way to a position as a slave master on a plantation in Jamaica but was was pressed into naval service Became a midshipman, got a demotion, then requested an exchange to a slave ship bound for West Africa Sierra Leone: became servant of an abusive slave trader Rescued by a sea captain and returned to England Got super sick aboard a slave vessel going 2 W. Indies, prayed for God's mercy > TURNING PT IN HIS LIFE CONVERTED CHRISTIAN Continued to participate in the Slave Trade 1754: became sick again; quit seafaring 1757: applied for the Anglican priesthood 1764: became a priest Well known for his pastoral care
Isaac Teale facts and bio
Anglican clergyman Left England to travel to Jamaica Tutored Bryan Edwards Inherited Uncle's plantation Was a respected historian Several attempts to enter parliament 1796 - ENTERED PARLIAMENT Represented pro-slavery interests
A Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave Trade
Ann Yearsley
Facts about Ann Yearsley
Ann Yearsley (ca. 1753-1806) was born Ann Cromartie in Bristol. Her father was a day laborer, her mother was a dairywoman, which placed her in the working class. She had no formal education, but her brother taught her to read and write, and she revealed a natural talent for composing poetry. She worked as a dairywoman and married a farmer named John Yearsley in 1774. Their poverty was compounded by the birth of six children. The family almost starved in the winter of 1783-84. Their plight caught the attention of More, who helped publish a volume of Yearsley's work Poems on Several Occasions (1785). The book was quite popular and Yearsley became known by the poetic name "Lactilla, the Bristol Milkwoman." She fought with More over her placing the proceeds of the volume in a trust, and she eventually gained access to the funds. In the fourth edition of her book, published in 1786, Yearsley attached an Autobiographical Narrative where she complained of More's treatment of her. The Autobiographical Narrative was reprinted in her next volume Poems on Various Subjects (1787), which she published with the assistance of a new benefactor, Frederick Hervey, Earl of Bristol. In 1788, a few months after More had published her poem against the slave trade, Yearsley published her own "Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave-Trade," perhaps to compete with her former benefactor. Yearsley's poem is addressed to the people of Bristol, one of the main ports of the British slave trade. Addresses slave trade, not abolition as a whole heavy emphasis on Christian guilt- you're teaching these slaves to hate the Christian god Also offers fame/prestige for being the people that end the slave trade
Ode. The Insurrection of the Slaves at St. Domingo
Anonmyous
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 1 scene 2 (one with just overview & no lines
Apartment in house Cap'n Oxford has recovered from his injuries AF HE LOVES ROSA! Proposes Wants to avenge himself & kill 3FJ Shooting Party
Plot points/summary of "Slavery: A Poem
Moore est. her poem > nothing is in her way/stopping her from telling her story
Obi purpose/what its made of
BEWITCHING made of dirt, hair, shark teeth, animals, wax, blood, feathers, eggshells, mice livers, etc (grody ass shit)
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 1 scene 5 (one with just overview & no lines
Back in Jamaica Peeps find out Captain Oxford is missing Rosa is in a deep depression 2 slave dudes, Quashee and Sam wanna go find Cap'n O, Quashee is christened for extra halp in keeling 3FJ
Isaac Teale facts and biography
Born in Nigeria (well what we now call Nigeria) Sold to British slaves when he was 11 Barbados > W. Indies > plantation in Virginia Noticed free blacks were often treated the same or worse than slaves Purchased freedom in 1766
An Historical Survey [...]
Bryan Edwards
Caesar & Hector
C: FORGVING Mr. J's slave H: BITTER, RESENTFUL, VIOLENT
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 2 scene 8 (one with just overview & no lines
Cap'n O, Sam, Quashee fuxishup and captures robbers and Obi woman
More's audience
Christian white males
Obi vs Christian conceptions
Christianity promotes the idea that humans are powerless, we get our power solely from god Obi promotes the idea that people are powerful in nature (we are intelligent draw upon roots/plants for power)
Clara & Esther
Clara: INNOCENT, WEAK, TIMID, LOVES CAESAR Esther: KNOWLEDGABLE AND EVIL (obeah)
Themes of Facts about the Insurrection of the Slaves at St. Domingo
Divine justification
Main theme of "Interesting Narrative"
Double consciousness quote from page 748 that demonstrates double consciousness (potential passage ID) "Did I consider myself an European, I might say my sufferings were great: but when I compare my lot with that of most of my countrymen, I regard myself as a particular favorite of Heaven, and acknowledge the mercies of Providence in every occurrence"
ETHOS LOGOS PATHOS
Ethos: Demoralizing slaves Pathos: imagine if you were that mother and had to watch your baby get tossed overboard Logos: You will love a lot of white seamen
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Extended full civil liberties to French men DIDNT ADDRESS SLAVERY Slave colonies in France: free blacks --- most were mixed white/black and had money
Oothoon
FEMALE CHARACTER WHO SYMBOLIZES FREEDOM AND HOPE
Newton credits his newfound thinking to?
God
Slavery, A Poem
Hannah More
What are the strengths and weaknesses of Yearsley's argument against slavery?
Heavy use of guild- directed towards Christians Use of pathos over ethos/logos
Form of The Little Black Boy
Heroic quatrains Stanzas of pentameter lines rhyming ABAB Variation on the ballad stanza
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 2 scene 3 (one with just overview & no lines
Homies reach the cave Rosa's fatigue causes them to get caught but 3FJ doesn't reveal himself right then and there
Genre of Hymn XLI
Hymn - celebrates God or expresses religious freedom
Perspective of "Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade"
I WE >>>> SINCE AUDIENCE IS WHITE MALES IT BINDS THEM COMMUNALLY
More's relationship w/Yearsley
In 1784, she met Ann Yearsley, a poor dairymaid who wrote poetry. In 1785 More helped Yearsley publish a volume of poems, but she initially refused to give Yearsley the profits from the book, instead placing them in a trust, so that Yearsley's children could live off of the interest. At times, her correspondence with friends reveals a fear that Yearsley's husband would spend all of her money. In other letters, she worries that Ann Yearsley might misuse the funds in an attempt to live "above her station." When Yearsley accused More of trying to steal her money -- broke their frienship
INFO ABOUT A Historical Survey of the French Colony in the Island of St. Domingo
In August 1791, slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue staged a massive revolt, setting in train the chain of events that ultimately led to the founding of Haiti in 1804 In February 1793, war broke out between Britain and France. In September 1793, British troops landed on Saint-Domingue, intent on restoring order, seizing the colony for Britain, and reinstating slavery. Account of events in Haiti in 1789-94, based in part on his own first-hand observations The author concludes his work by drawing lessons for Britain's own Caribbean colonies, calling upon the planters of the British West Indies voluntarily "to restrain, limit, and finally abolish the further introduction of enslaved men from Africa." Such appeals generally fell on deaf ears, however, and the slave trade continued in the British colonies until 1807, when it finally was banned by an act of Parliament.
The Sable Venus
Isaac Teale
What was "Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade" about?
It graphically described the horrors of the Slave Trade and Newton's role in it
How does the narrative's description of Africa and the Middle Passage change when read as an eyewitness account, when read as part of the oral tradition, and when read as fiction?
It puts white readers in the slave ships to really communicate the atrocities
Quashee changed his name to?
JAMES RYDER
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 2 scene 7 (one with just overview & no lines
Jack dies af
Artistic features of Albion
Names and their meaning/ representation (Oothoon: Oi-thona (virgin of the waves, kidnapped; Theotormon: "torment"; Bromion: slaveholder) Allegory: White characters who represent slave institution!
Characters of Narrative of a 5 Years' expedition
John Joanna (mulatto slave he "falls in love" with) Mr. De Borde (Joanna's master) Johnny (his/Joanna's son)
Songs, Duets, & Choruses, in the Pantomimical Drama of Obi, or, Three-Finger'd Jack
John Fawcett
Narrative of a Five Years' Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam from the year 1772 to 1777 (REALLY LONG PIECE THAT I DIDNT READ...)
John Gabriel Stedman
Hymn XLI: Faith's Review and Expectation (AMAZING GRACE)
John Newton
Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade
John Newton
Last Night of Slavery
Josiah Conder
Artistic features of "the Little Black Boy"
Light/dark imagery to contrast skin tone
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 2 scene 5 (one with just overview & no lines
Look into Rosa's new life as a slave Sings him to sleep She sees Cap'n Oxford in cave --- injured
"The first point I shall mention is surely of political importance" ...what is he talking about?
Loss of seamen
Characters of "Poem on the inhumanity of the slave trade"
Luco: stolen from Africa Incilanda: lover, sad over Luca Gorgon: "merciless Christian" that strikes Luco and blinds him in one eye) USES FOR PATHOS
Caesar wants _____ to buy him and Clara?
MR. EDWARDS
The Grateful Negro
Maria Edgeworth
Main parallel of Visions of the Daughters of Albion
Marriage and slavery
The History of Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave, Related to Herself
Mary Prince
Bryan Edwards bio/facts
Nephew of a wealthy plantation owner > inherited plantation pupil of Isaac Teale Respected historian Attempted to enter Parlaiment > eventually did & represented PRO SLAVERY interests Reprinted Sable Venus in 1 of his books w/in a section about how WHITE MEN kept BLACK MISTRESSES
Hymn XLI was said on?
New Years...was a sermon REVIEW - Reviewing the past EXPECTATION - anticipating the future
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 1 scene 3 (one with just overview & no lines
OBI-Woman's cave Negro robbers go into the cave Sing praises of Obi woman 3 Fingered Jack creeps into cave secretly Fuxxxshitup and leaves
Theotormon
OOTHOON'S LOVER REPRESENTS CHASTE MAN
Bayley & Durant
OVEESEERS B=HUMANE > a man of a mild but steady temper, who was attached not only to his master's interests but to his virtue D= CRUEL >
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written By Himself
Olaudah Equiano
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 1 scene 4 (one with just overview & no lines
On a boat mothersucka dont you ever forget Captain Oxford is en route to go keel 3FJ WITH SOME SLAVES AND ISH Get to the Obi Woman's cave and ambush it Cap' O gets captured and injured (again...dumb af)
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 2 scene 9 (one with just overview & no lines
PEOPLE ARE PARTYIN BC 3FJ IS DEAD
Mr. Edwards & Mr. Jefferies
PLANTATION OWNERS J= EVIL E=GOOD
Literary techiques
POV > WE/I Often addresses his reader
Narrative of a 5 Years' Expedition was originally changed from a ______ piece to an ______ piece:
PROSLAVERY ANTISLAVERY
Name of slave in Hannah More's poem
Qua-shi
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 2 scene 1 (one with just overview & no lines
Quashee and Sam peace out to wives and kids Rosa sneaks onto boat, a la Mulan, in boy's clothing Q/S OK Rosa as a boy coming with them
3 fingered Jack PROSPECTUS ACT 2 scene 6 (one with just overview & no lines
Quashee's wife and Rosa's owner hope for them to return
Songs of 3FJ - Act 2
Quashee's wife is lamenting bc Quashee is dead and talking about how their sun is going to suffer because of it
Songs of 3FJ - Act 1
Quashee/Sam's wife have a duet about white people being kind to them to help them out master says it's Rosa's bday so they can partay wanna kill 3FJ Quashee and wife sing to each other > express worries and stuff
Bromian
RAPES OOTHOON
Hannah More biography and facts
Raised near Bristol. Father was a schoolmaster Middle class Educated by her father Raised in High Anglican church Politically, she was a Tory, but she balanced her conservative politics with social reforms aimed at helping women, slaves, and the poor. Founded a school in Bristol w/her sisters for middle class girls - taught abt feminine accomplishments (typical sexist things) AND literature, history, math She and her sisters founded a school in Bristol for middle class girls that taught feminine "accomplishments" (art, music, needlepoint) alongside literature, history, and math. Interestingly, in 1792 More would criticize Mary Wollstonecraft's very similar plan of female education as too radical.
Newton is preaching about?
Redemption and salvation
Themes of Hymn XLI
Redemption/grace transcends social and racial boundaries Good vs. Evil Morality Grace/religion Death/afterlife
WHY IS HYMN XLI SO UNIVERSAL?
Relatable regardless of beliefs Works to dissolve barriers > promise of salvation (everyone is promised and therefore united) Vague enough for people to place themselves in narrator's shoes
The Sailor who had Served in the Slave Trade
Robert Southey
The Ryme of the Ancyent Marinere
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Facts about The Insurrection of the Slaves at St. Domingo
Shows support of the revolution Speaker is of African descent, embraces African god "Whidah" Speaker = Orah (leader of rebels) Very very radical
Artistic features of "Interesting Narrative"
Similies Biblical allusions Anaphora
Genre of Interesting Narrative (2)
Slave narrative Spiritual autobiography
Southey facts
Southey was friends with Coleridge Poem was a response to ROTAM Clearly anti-atlantic slave trade Parallels "Marinere" pretty directly, both frame narratives Gives story of beating a female slave who died later that night, speaker forever living with that guilt
Themes of Narrative of a 5 Years' expedition
Stoicism of slaves (hurtful or helpful depending on how you read it), argues for more humane slavery, European ignorance of atrocities of slavery
The Benevolent Planters
Thomas Bellamy
The History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade, by the British Parliament
Thomas Clarkson
General purpose of More's poem
To sway public opinion against the slave trade, and aid her friend Wilberforce in his attempts to get Parliament to pass an abolition bill.
Audience of "Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade"
WHITE MALES
What Edwards is trying to accomplish in writing this history?
Warning to inform about dangers > portrays in a violent way to instill fear Brings power through writing > take a stand and gives a voice Re-writing in white POV to gain power again Change opinions about planters > see them as victims and as people who were not evil! Give upper hand Writing as an example
Who the Marinere speaks to in the poem
Wedding guest Hermit
Audience of targeting Thoughts upon the african slave trade
White male population about needing to change and Parliament on legal matters
Embrenche
a mark of grandeur in Equiano's language
The Little Black Boy
William Blake
Visions of the Daughters of Albion
William Blake
Sweet Meat has Sour Sauce or The Slave-Trader in the Dumps
William Cowper
The Negro's Complaint
William Cowper
To Thomas Clarkson, on the Final Passing of the Bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade
William Wordsworth
To Toussaint L'Ouverture
William Wordsworth
We had a Fellow-Passenger
William Wordsworth
Slavery notions in Ryme of the Ancyent Marinere
Yellow fever - diseases on the ships Directions traveled > triangle trade Albatross - turning point Mariner is guilty > feels guilty about the slave trade
Genre of "The Sailor Who Had Served in the Slave Trade"
ballad frame narrative
Artistic Features OF The Sailor who had Served in the Slave Trade
ballad stanzas, contemporary piece vs. Colderidge's medieval setting,
After Oothoon is raped, what happens?
both Theotormon and Bromian don't want her
Parallels to Coleridge
both have trouble praying, both frame narratives,
Artistic features of "The Sailor Who Had Served in the Slave Trade"
direct references speaks to God (to the minister)
Themes of The Sailor who had Served in the Slave Trade
forgiveness ("Marinere" was more about being cursed forever) "All sins shall be forgiven" line120
Artistic features of Ryme of the Ancyent Marinere (3)
frame narrative ballad allegory of slave trade
Themes of Ryme of the Ancyent Marinere
guilt and redemption
Themes of "The Sailor Who Had Served in the Slave Trade"
guilt and redemption innocence vs. suffering in satisfaction
Artistic features of Slavery: a Poem
heroic couplets allusion to Southerne Neoclassicism logos/ethos rather than pathos apostrophe (addressed to absent person/deity)
Artistic Features of Facts about the Insurrection of the Slaves at St. Domingo
heroic couplets ...or rhyming couplets?
Form of More's poem
heroic couplets to make her point of an air of importance iambic pentameter in rhyming pairs
Themes of "Sable Venus"
idealized beauty sexualized beauty
Themes of The Grateful Negro
slave rebellion revenge slave reform amelioration obeah the necessary benevolence of slave masters paternalism of the slave master obedience gratitude
Ryme of the Ancyent Marinere may be an allegory for
slavery
Quashi's story
offended his master faithful servant but his master hated him for no reason Quashi tried to escape but tripped and fell he slashed his own throat SYMBOL OF AFRICAN PRIDE Africans would rather die than be enslaved
OVERALL MESSAGE OF "THE SAILOR WHO HAD SERVED IN THE SLAVE TRADE"
promotes hope and a better message to change
