english

si tu no hicieras tanto ruido me pudiera concentrar

If you did not make so much noise, I could concentrate.

If/unless + past (,) would/could/might + infinitive.

If you told grandpa the truth, he might have a heart attack

it is likely/unlikely that + clause predictable

It's likely that just in a few years we will change our economic model. It's unlikely that the police had anything to do about it. He is likely to win this game. They are unlikely to reach an agreement.

A or An uniform

Use a and NOT an with nouns beginning with u when it is pronounced /ju:/, like university.

When he came _____ the sauna, he was sweating a lot.

We use out of with verbs of movement to describe a movement from the interior to the exterior of a 3-dimensional space.

He saw a wasp flying _____ him and ran away.

We use towards to describe movement in the direction of something or someone.

You aren't ready yet, _______? B: No, I _______. i thought i had set the alarm, but

are you, am not i hadnt

I'll call you when I ______ home. we ___yesterday

arrive arrived

We use does with he/she/it and do with I/you/we/they. Remember that the main verb after the subject is in the infinitive form (NO -s or -es).

What does she do? (NOT What does she does?) Where does he work ? (NOT Where does she works?)

que pasa contigo? no had dicho nada desde la manana

What's the matter with you? you_____ anything since this morning.

______she was under a lot of pressure, she never complained.

although

_______he earns a lot of money, he never spends it on unnecessary things.

although although at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence

use an + silent h

an hour a hat

put it off

aplazarlo

get on, get off

bus, train, plan, bike, motorcycle,

b1 phrasal verb

break down- the car broke down in the middle an intersection break in- thieves broke in and stole all the equipment bring up- take care of child until is an adult she had to bring up her son alone carry out- do or complete something the police carryout a very extensive investigation carry on- continue doing something he moved to san diego to carry on his work

which verbs are used with for?

bring, make, cook, find get,buy

on + preposition

depend on something insist on something spend money on somethjing

perdimos el tren

we missed it

Can you give me a hand with the boxes?' ⇒ Peter asked me ______ with the boxes.

if I could give him a hand

si no hubiera tenido el casco puesto, alomejor se hubiera muerto

if he hadn't had the helmet on, he might have died

keen hooked on

interesada enganchada en

Its = possessive adjective. It's = it is (subject + verb be)

look at that dog. its beautiful. I love its hair Scotland is famous for its rainy weather. i like this place and its special atmosphere

Nowadays we don't use _____ cash, because we use our credit cards

much We use much + uncountable noun (cash) in negative sentences and questions. We can say a lot of cash but we cannot say a lot cash. We use a lot (without of) at the end of the sentence or in short answers (not followed by noun).

I've got _____ time nor money to go on holiday.

neither

ni tu tampoco

neither are you neither can you neither do you

next to / beside

next to / beside We had a picnic next to/beside the river. Come and sit next to/beside me.

no/not...any/none

no/not...any/none When we want to talk about zero quantity, we can use no + noun or not...any + noun. The meaning is the same. I have no time today. I don't have any time today.

noisy

noirsier

A: How many episodes did you watch? B:_____. I read a book. You did _____ of the things I asked you to do.

none

not many, not much

not many, not much We can also use not many + plural countable or not much + uncountable nouns. The meaning is similar. I don't have to do many things this afternoon. I don't put much milk in my tea.

Which is _____ planet from the sun?

farther

far

farther/further

He was _____(fast) runner in 2017.

fastest

Not only ______ you, but he also lied to you. did he disrespect b. he disrespected c. he did disrespect d. he has disrespected

did he disrespect

I had a sauna yesterday' B: '___ ? That's great.'

did you

8We are looking forward to _______ you (see) They seem____ in a good mood. (be)

seeing the word to in the expression look forward to is a preposition, and after a preposition, we use -ing. 3. to be (not being)

___________do they have breakfast ? (7am)

what time

They were talking about something. ??

what were they talking about This is a question followed by preposition. If the verb is followed by a preposition, we must put the preposition after the verb or after verb + object (if there is an object).

porque no me dices que pasa contigo

why dont you tell me what the matter is with you

When Tom retires next week, he "______ (work) here for over 35 years. If you see Sara, ____ (you/tell) her that I need to talk to her asap? I'm sure before we get old, scientists __ (find) the cure for cancer.

will have worked will you tell will have found

Have you tidied your room _____ ? B: No, I'll do it later.

yet

I was rather

yo era mas bien

Last week I 6 ___ a car accident. I 7 wasn't paying attention to the road and 8 (see)____ that a traffic light at a T-junction 9 ______red when suddenly I 10 crashed into another car.

6. had 7. didnt see 8. had just turned

Adverbs often, sometimes, always, hardly ever, never

Adverbs of frequency go before the verb, but after the verb be. He is sometimes strict with his students In negative sentences the adverb of frequency goes after don't/doesn't. She doesn't often wear jeans.

no hubiera pasado el exam aunque hubiera estudiado mas

The exam was too difficult. I wouldn't have passed even if I had studied harder.

had better vs should

We often use should to give advice, to say that something is a good thing. And we use had better to express urgent advice or a warning, with bad consequences if you don't follow it. You should try the cake. It's delicious. He'd better hurry up or he'll miss the cake.

just/yet/already usage

We often use the present perfect with just/yet/already to talk about actions that have happened very recently (like minutes ago) Where's Tom? B: He's just gone out

Salmons swim _____ rivers to lay their eggs.

We use the preposition up and a verb of movement to describe a movement in that direction: go up the stairs, up a hill, etc.

he is writing from paris..> respuesta en pregutna

Where is he writing from

in + preposition

belive in something invest in .. suceed in...

conditionals; 0. if ive drunk, i dont drive 1. if something happens--- the result will be true 2. if something happened-- the result would be true 3. past perfect (simple + continuous)-----> would/might/could + have + past particple 4. past perfect =====> would/might/could + infinitive 5. past (simple, continous) ----? would/might/could + have+ past participle

review 1. if something happens--- the result is true 2. if i won the lottery, i would buy a yacht 3, if he hadnt been wearing a helmet-- he could have died if you had come to class-- you would have passed 4. if i had won the lottery- now i would be rich\ 5. if i spoke german---might not have had such a problem

have been held during

se han celebrado durante

He is sometimes late _____ class.

for How often is he late for class?

I'd like to go ______ in the park.

for a walk

much/many

for negative sentences and questions

for, during, while

for- how long during-when while- at the same time

there is/are

there is is there's, but we don't use a short form of there are. There's is not used in short answers.

We need to go shooping; _________any food in the fridge.

there isn't

you assured us that ______ (there/be) no delays.

there would be We use will in promises and refusals. ➪ The past equivalent is would.

We do NOT use it when the subject of the verb is in the sentence. In the sentence above, the subject of is is 'the worst part of the exam'.

think the worst part of the exam it's speaking.X I think the worst part of the exam is speaking.

at

time, holidays, weekend, meal times, at a point (door, end of street, at the crossroad, at the light) , TOP,BOTTOM, END OF ( at the top of the stair, at the end of the street, at the bottom of the website, at a party, at a concert, at the cinema, school, work, shops

preposition + ing

Accuse OF plus ing: he accused me of cheating admit + ing: he admitted being late apologize for plus ing: she apologized for not calling blame for: he blamed me for getting angry: complain about: he complained about the food confess to: he confessed to murdering him deny + ing: he denied doing anything wrong insist ON: he insisted on calling a taxi regret+ ing: i regretted buying that dress suggest +ing: i suggested doing some research first.

seem/ appear

After seem and appear we often use to + infinitive, or a to + have + past participle. Apparently, she has lost interest for him. (seems)She ___ interest for him. SEEMS TO HAVE LOSt

having + past participle

He is angry because he has been criticised by the commentators. ⇒ He resents _____ by the commentators having been criticisized He said he didn't take the money. ⇒ He denied to ___the money. having taken/taking

If my parents hadn't met, I ______ here now.

I wouldn't be

suppose/suppose/imagine/what if

Imagine you meet him in the street, what are you going to tell him? What if you found a suitcase full of money. What would you do? Supposing she hadn't told you anything, you would have acted differently.

present perfect continous or simle

Rose [no answer] her homework, so she can't go out. (not do) hasnt done

as if/as though = COMO SI He sounded (as though) he was not very fond of the idea. We can use feel, smell, taste, sound, and feel + as if/as though + clause

They seem to be doing something about the conflict. (as if)It _______ something about the conflict. seems as if they are doing

quite a lot

We can say quite a lot of to talk about medium quantity. With my new job, I have quite a lot of free time.

no podiamos creer lo que acababa de pasar

We couldn't believe what had just happened

nosotros esperamos que el clima vaya a estar bn. si no lo esta, vamos a estar enojados

We expect the weather will be fine. If it isn't , we will be (be) very upset.

anybody/anything/somebody

We have looked for Mike everywhere but we can't find him anywhere . Do you know where he is? We use everybody/everyone, everything, everywhere when we mean 'all the people', 'all the things' or '(in) all the places'.➪ We use anywhere because the verb is negative: can't find. We use anything, anybody/anyone, anywhere in negative sentences and questions.➪ We could also say 'We can find him nowhere.'

We'd like to play football this afternoon.

We say would like + to + infinitive. ➪ 'd like = would like.

Many people risk their lives to travel _____ the Mexico-United States border.

We use across to talk about movement from one side to the other side of something that has sides or limits, such as a road, a city, a river, etc.

Walk _____ the yellow line to reach the maternity unit.

We use along to describe linear movement on, for example, a road, a river, a beach, etc.

Any

We use any in negative sentences and questions. She didn't send me any messages. Have you got any brothers or sisters?

A: 'I love jazz.' B: 'So do I' A: 'I'll try again.' B: 'So will I' A: 'Tom has already finished.' B: 'So has Gina

We use neither/nor + auxiliary verb + subject to agree to negative sentences. A: 'I'm not going to accept the invitation.' B: 'Neither am I.' A: 'I can't concentrate' B: 'Nor can I.' A: 'I didn't like the food' B: 'Neither did I.' I couldn't find the solution and neither could my wife.

He threw the ball _____ the fence and it landed on the roof of a car.

We use over to talk about movement from one side to the other, especially when you have to go up and down to do it.

When he walked _____ me, he pretended he didn't know me.

We use past to describe movement that goes near a particular thing and continues further than that thing.

some/any

We use some and any before countable plural nouns or singular uncountable nouns. He gave me some coins. He didn't give me any coins. He gave me some money.

The cat ran _____ the bed to find refuge.

We use under to describe movement to a position below or lower than something else, in this case, the bed

will vs would

Would" is sometimes the past tense of the verb "will." But these terms are not typically interchangeable. The key things to remember on this count are: prediction I knew you ______(get) upset. (would get) As a verb, we can use will to discuss the future. Would is a past tense form of "will," but we also use it for imaginary conditionals and polite requests.

unless= almenos in case: ill take an umbrella in case it rains whether or not (si o no o sin importar si ): ill help him whether or not he needs me even if you: even if you apologized, i wont forgive you as long as/provided (siempre y cuando) : i will lend you money as long as you pay me back suppose/supposing: supposing i got a job, i wouldnt be able to travel with you next month supose she doesnt believe you , what would you do then? wether= si provided= condition=revie

You can go on ____you come back before 10. condition instead of if when we want to emphasise the condition t You can print as many copies as you want ___ that they are intended for personal use provided We can use provided/providing (that) ... instead of if

Had better not ('d better not) is the negative form of had better.

You'd better not say a word about this. I'd better not forget.

A: _____(you/go) to the concert next week?B: Yes, I_____(already/buy) the tickets!

are you going to ? i have already bought yet,already, just always present perfect

A: Can you give me that knife? B: What ____ (do) with it? A: I ____ (cut) a piece of pizza. I'm hungry. Do you want some? B: No, thanks, I'm not hungry; _______(just/eat) a sandwich.

are you going to do/am going to cut/have just eaten the first and second gaps, we use be going to to talk or ask about someone's plans and intentions (decisions that have been made at the time of speaking). ➪ We often use the present perfect with just, already and yet to talk about recent past actions

It's really hot. ______ the window, please? a.Are you going to open b.Will you open c.Do you open

b

carro se descompuso

broke down

during

during We use during + noun to talk about when something happens. With during, we answer the question when. Some people got lost during the journey. I will finish the novel during the summer break. Most burglaries happen during the night. I usually run during the weekend.

First conditional: If/unless + present (,) future/imperative/modal verb (can, must, should, might, may) Second conditional: If/unless + past (,) would/could/might + infinitive

first: if you study, you will pass if he doesnt call, you should tell me immediatedly. if your room is tidy you can leave the house 2: if i won the lottery, I would buy a yacht if i had a better salary, could travel more.

present continous ______(your father/recover) well after the operation? B: Yes, he___________ _______(they/try) to find a solution? B: Yes, they

is your father recovering well after the operation? yes he is are they trying to find a solution? yes they are

have been very difficult to run 20 miles in the dessert. You should be proud.

it must

We need to be fast; we haven't got ______ time, only 20 minutes.

much We use much + uncountable noun (time) in negative sentences and questions.➪ We could also use a lot of but we need it in sentence number one.

to avoid repetition don't like going to spas, but my wife does. I thought I had lost my keys, but I hadn't. Tom can play the guitar and Tina can't. She has never had to face such difficulties, but I have.

replied questions A: 'Sarah hasn't passed the exam.' B: 'Hasn't she? I thought she would pass it.' A: 'I won't be able to be there.' B: 'Won't you? That's a shame.' A: 'I can find the answer without using a calculator.' B: 'Can you? That's amazing!' A: 'She left without saying goodbye.' B: 'Did she? That's very ru

___for dinner tonight? B: OK. (we/go out)

shall we go out

which

used to refer to animals and things The car which/that he drives is very expensive.

questions indirect speech We use the normal order of words in reported questions, i.e. the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use DO OR DID questions+ subject+ verb

when did they arrive? he asked me when they had arrived did they call? he asked me if/wether they had called

I came to see you ..>respuesta en pregunta

who did you come to see

I informed John about the meeting...>respuesta en pregutna

who did you inform about the meeting?

I travelled to India with my boyfriend...>respuesta en pregunta

who did you travel to India with

as though + (subject + verb) as if + (subject +verb) as if is more common!! seria como si..... as if/as though es lo mismo

you sound as if you had a long party you look as if youve seen a ghost Is everything OK? You _______ you have cried. A: look as though It _______ a plane, but it _______ some kind of UFO was flying over our heads. A: looked like, sounded as if Please, try this cheese. It's delicious. It 1 ______good cured cheese. (Answer: tastes like) Yes, this cheese 2 ___ it's been cured for years. (tastes as if) This room 6______ horrible. (smells) answer B: Yes, it 7 ______nobody has opened the windows in years. (smells as if) answeer

You should behave ______ when you are at your grandparent's home.

yourselves

1. yo habia estado 2. yo habia tenido

1. I had been 2. i had had Past perfect: had/hadn't + past participle: -ed and 3rd column form for irregular verbs.

1. yo he estado 2. yo he tenido

1. I have been 2. i have had present perfect: have and the past participle of the verb.

______parents work in a bank.

BOth his

none

How much time do you have?' 'None.'

I went for a run this morning.' B: '_____ .'

I also went for a run too OR So did I

regular question direct questions In regular questions we use auxiliary + subject + verb.

I don't know the answer. How many times [no answer] to tell you? do i have How many people [no answer] for the party? did you call why shouldnt i call her How long ______ to finish the project? a. it is going to take b. is it going to take c. it's going to take b ______ in this house? a. How much time you have been living b. How long you've been living c. How long have you been living c ______? Can you tell me? a. Where is the new student from b. Where the new student is from c. From where is the new student a

opposite

I live opposite the supermarket (=on the other side of the road) I am sitting opposite him (=facing him)

llegue apenas 2 semanas

I only arrived two weeks ago

would rather/would sooner= talk about preferences

I'd rather/sooner have tea than coffee. Would you rather/sooner have tea or coffee? We'd rather/sooner she was/were with us now.* She'd rather/sooner I picked her up after lunch. Would you rather/sooner we went by bus or by train?

would rather/would sooner + subject + past perfect

I'd rather/sooner you hadn't spoken to her like that. I'd rather/sooner you had called me before.

hablare con la prensa siempre y cuando no revelen mi identidad

I'll talk to the press as long as they don't reveal my identity.

either

Instead of so/neither + auxiliary verb + subject, we can also use too or either at the end of the sentence. ➪ We use too in affirmative sentences and either in negative sentences. For the sentence above, we could also say, 'Neither can I.'

In questions the adjective can go after be + subject.

Is your car new? Are your classmates nice?

going from place A to B

OPTION 1 Using by + means of transport (car, taxi, plane, bike, etc.) or using on + foot. I go to school on foot. I go to work by car. I went to Zurich by plane. I went to the airport by taxi. OPTION 2 Using a verb of movement (walk, drive, fly, cycle, etc.) or for public transport, using take + means of transport. I walk to school I drive to work. I flew to Zurich. I took a taxi/a bus/a train/etc. to the airport.

one, you or we to talk about people in general

One can never know what to expect from politicians. (Or also You/We can never know.) In these situations, you must never lose your hope. one should never judge a person by external appearances one's Education always changes one's life for the better. (Or also your/our life.) Poverty eats up one's dignity. Picking _______ nose with dirty fingers or fingernails may increase risks of infection one's

a lot of

We normally use a lot of in positive sentences. She spends a lot of time watching TV. We had lots of good moments together.

he will find a job soon ..> pregunta

When will he find a job?

There is a cat _______the dogs. (alado)

You can say next to or beside to mean 'at the side of'.

must/mustn't/ have to/dont have to

You mustn't wait here. (=it's not allowed) You don't have to wait here. (=you can do it, but it's not necessary)

was/were allowed to, couldn't(to talk about the past) He wasn't allowed to sit down during the lesson. He couldn't sit down during the lesson. He was allowed to receive visits. (NOT could)

be able to / be allowed to

If we use another verb after some verbs like love, like, don't mind, don't like, hate, it usually takes the -ing form.

do you like playing football ?

I'm sorry ____ not writing sooner The British are very fond _____ tea.

for fond of (doing) something or someone else when they like this thing, activity or person very much.

ya habia empezado

had already started

We ______. We hired a very good interior designer.

had the kitchen redecorated

take up

he has taken up yoga to help relief stress.

Janet is sitting ________of Tom. (enfrente)

opposite enfrente mesa(facing him)

le lanze una mirada a el

i threw a look at him

hold

hold -held held

the test is____ may

in

in front of

in front of John sits in front of me in class. You are always in front of the mirror.

We could attend the conference ______ the fact that we didn't have invitations.

in spite of despite of se usa el the fact muchas veces despues del despite

tidied up tidy up

ordenado organizar

set out

present, establish,

When I arrive home, I'm going to have a ______ bath.

relaxing

I think he ______ in prison for what he did.

should be put

You ______ me immediately. Now it's too late.

should have told

being

siendo

We use it to talk about something again in the conversation.

times and dates, weather, distance,

The company has reached an agreement ______ by an investing consortium.

to be acquired ser adquirido

I need ______ very early tomorrow morning. I start work at 7 a.m.

to get up

By 2025 we ______ the cure for type 1 diabetes

we will have discovered

quitarse el saco

took off

He went on a business _____ to New York.

trip

t's ______ to Paris. a. a two hours journey b. two hours' journey c. a two hour's journey d. a two-hours journey

two hours' journey

The building ______.

was badly damaged in the hurricane last year

I ______ you, but I forgot.

was going to tell

how to questions??

was it good? are you good? did she go? are we going? move the verb first she will win the fight will she win the fight?

the door was locked ...>change it into a question

was the door locked?

Why ________a Civil War in the USA in 1861?

was there

We use some in positive sentences.

we cooked some cookies

If I ______ you, I wouldn't do it.

were

The boat sank, but they ______ swim to the shore

were able to

The police discovered a group of women who ______ in an illegal factory.

were being exploited It's passive because we are saying what was happening to the subject (a group of women).

some in

when your offer or ask something

bad

worse

deberias de dejar de tomar sin importar si tienes una adiccion con el alcohol.c

You should stop drinking whether or not you have an addiction problem. Alcohol is just not healthy.

no sabias?

didnt you know?

should have/ought to have + past participle debio haber (recibido)

He should have received the parcel yesterday. I sent it two days ago. He should have studied more. Nobody fails if they study.

that we use there the first time we mention something. If we talk about the same thing again, we use it or they.

There are some cups on the table. But they are dirty. There was an accident. It was horrible.

Definitely and probably

They definitely won't find any evidence. He's definitely our best player. This song will definitely be.

shall i or shall we

We use Shall I...? or I'll when we offer to do things for other people. Shall I make some coffee? (=Do you want me to make coffee?) I'll make some coffee. We use Shall we...? to suggest doing something. Shall we go to the cinema? (=Do you want to go to the cinema?)

the pen is mine ..> question

Whose pen is this/Whose is this pen

te importa si abro la ventana

Would you mind if I opened the window?

te ha pasado? ya me ha pasado

has it happened to you? it has happened to me or it has already happened to me

he's just left

has meaning he's

I ______ the book you lent me and it's great. I'll give it back to you when I finish it.

have been reading lend-lent-lent

A lot of measures ______ to fix the economy.

have been taken

I ____ him behave like this before.

have never seen

How long ____ (we/drive)?B: Too long. I'm tired. _____ (we/stop) for coffee?A: OK.

have we been driving shall we stop

How long __________ a judoka?

have you been

____(ever/be) to an ACDC concert?B: Yes, I _____ (go) to their concert in Berlin last yea

have you ever been went

What month is ________ (hot) in Scotland?

hottests

Please, pass me the remote. ______ TV.

im going to

What time _____ to arrive?

is she going

My new home is ____ (near) from work than the old one.

nearer

would

past of will

The woman we met yesterday spoke little English and we couldn't really understand her. My new Chinese neighbour speaks A little English, so we can understand each other.

A little and a few have a positive meaning. Normally, if we have a little or a few of something, we have enough. ➪ Little and few have a negative meaning. Usually, if we have little or few of something, we don't have enough.

habia habido un accident

there had been an accident

What time ____________(she) work on Fridays?

does she start

What time________? el primer tren se va

does the first train leave We use the present simple to refer to future events which are timetabled.

_____ goals did they score?

how many We use how many + plural nouns (goals) and how much + uncountable nouns to ask about quantity.

I'm not going out tonight.' B: '_____.'

im not going out tonight either OR neither am i

The new musical ______ next week at 12th Street's Old Auditorium

is going to be performed

During a race I keep telling ______ that I'm not tired.

myself

: 'I wasn't scared.' B: '_____.'

neither was I I wasnt scared either

(cake) She brought _____.

a cake for me

Why _______ two boxes on the sofa? Can you take them away, please?

are there

Sometimes workers eat in the garden ____fight the stress of their jobs.

so as to

para para que no

so as to so as not to

the singular of those are is

that is What are those things? ⇒ What is that thing?

I wanted to travel to Japan this summer, but I can't afford________

to

I wonder ______ at the party.

who she was talking to (not who was she talking to)

All + both mid position

1. after subject in questions have they all/both finished? 2. after Auxilary they have all been arrested 3. after BE they were all happy 4. before the verb they all went to the part

You [no answer] (drink). You can't take the car.B: But I [no answer] (only/drink) a couple of beers!A: That isn't true; you [no answer] (drink) four beers.

1. have been drinking 2. have only drunk 3. have drunk

but also/ on the other hand / otherwise / regarding / that is to say / whereas actually / in fact / as a matter of fact: anyways/ in any case as I was saying: As I was saying, we could get up early and spend the whole day there. after all: despues de todo. I might understand her better than you; after all, she is my wife. Don't be too hard on him. After all, he is just a kid. all in all: Taking into consideration all the parts of a situation. There were some mistakes, but all in all you did a pretty good job. Both TVs are great, but all in all I think this one is better for you. on the whole = Generally On the whole, men tend to avoid talking about feelings. There has been some criticism, but on the whole, customers like what we offer. besides: I think it's a wonderful place; besides, it's very cheap furthermore:Electric cars are becoming more powerful and energy-efficient. Furthermore, they are much cheaper than a few years ago. what's more: informal of furthermore basically in other words that is to say: similar to other words regarding ... / as regards ... / as far as ... in concerned = About. Used to introduce a topic of conversation. Regarding/As regards the new player, we'll have to decide if or when to sell him. As far as the new player is concerned, ... on the other hand=Used to introduce a contrasting fact. whereas:We use whereas to compare and contrast two things or ideas. It means 'while' when it is used to express contrast. The north is cold whereas the south is very hot. Whereas people used to aspire to have a big house, kids, dog etc., nowadays preferences are tending more towards apartments.

1. i don't really like chicken. Actually/In fact/As a matter of fact I have only eaten chicken once in my life. Everybody thinks he has a very bad temper, but actually/in fact/as a matter of fact he is very kind. t's not so strange to lose documents. It happens to lots of people all the time. Anyway/In any case, we finally found the passports in ...

3rd conditional If we (have) the money, we (go). 2I (tidy up) the house if I (know) that you were coming. 3We (bring) some snacks if you (tell) us about the picnic. 4Obviously, if my parents (not meet), I (not be born). 5If he (invest) in that business, he (lose) everything. 6If the police (not be) nearby, there (be) many more victims. 7What (you/do) if you (be) in that situation. 8The police (not catch) him if he (not make) that little mistake. 9If I (know) there was a party, I (wear) something nicer. 10It (be) easier if you (tell) me what I needed to do.

1.had had, would have gone 2. would have tidied up, had known 3.would have brought, had told 4.hadn't met, wouldn't have been born 5.had invested, would have lost 6. hadn't been, would have been 7.would you have done, had been 8.wouldn't have caught, hadn't made 9.had known, would have worn 10. would have been , had told

Come back tomorrow morning. I _______ your suit by then. a. will have finished b. have finished c. 'm having finished d. will have finish You'd already finished your degree when we met, _______ you? didnt you hadnt you havent you I'm glad that I met you last night. I'm glad [no answer] you last night.

1.will have finished 2. hadnt you Have is an auxiliary verb in the present perfect and past perfect. This means that we use it for question tags. 3. to have met

1 He's travelled to 50 countries. How 2 They couldn't finish the final report. What

1many countries has he travelled to If the verb is followed by a preposition (to), we must put the preposition after the verb or after verb + object (if there is an object). 2 coudn't they finish

What time ______ work on Monday? a. do you finish b. will you finish c. are you going to finish

A We use the present simple to refer to future events which are timetabled

being vs been

Being: after verb to be(am, is, are , were, was) been: after the verb to have ( has, have, had, having,)

Some

But we use some in questions when we are asking for something or we are offering something. Can I have some tea? (=I'm asking for some tea.) Would you like some tea? (=I'm offering you some tea

For yes-no questions (when there is NO question word), we can use both if or whether.

Do you know if/whether he'll be here soon?

he/watch/series>>>> question

Does he watch series? When we use does, the main verb does not add -s or -es. We say, 'Does she like...?' (NOT Does she likes...?)

I love their music. Is fantastic! X I love their music. It's fantastic!

Don't forget to use it when you mention something again in the conversation.

do so= haciendolo We can use do so (or does so, did so, doing so, etc.) to avoid repeating a verb phrase. If I can help, I'll be happy to do so. (=to help) I won't apologise, because doing so would be admitting that I was wrong. (=apologising) We can also use do it/that (more informal) instead of do so. They told me to be quiet and I did it/that/so.

He really loves you but he won't ______ because he is too proud. say so My car is being repaired. B: _______is mine; we'll have to take the bus. so

He hasn't signed the document. (still

He still hasn't signed the document➪ In negative sentences, still goes before the negative verb.

despite of + the fact or in spite of the fact a pesar although/even though so as to /so as not to =para/ para que no for so that= a si que eso so not that= asi que no es eso so not to= asi que no in order to/ in order not to= asi que eso as = como so= asi que

He won the race _______ being in his best form A: despite of not I didn't tell her the truth _______ hurt her feelings. so as not to The house is very well maintained _______ being an old property despite I'm training very hard _______ improve my personal best time. in order to He left his bag on purpose _______ he could have an excuse to go back. so that I went to the library _______ some books I needed. for He's not very good at tennis, _______ the fact that he practices almost every day. despite of Scientists have discovered a new technique _______ measuring the speed at which the universe is expanding. for We cannot use to or so as to because they must be followed by an infinitive. Clever people ask better questions, and _______, they get better answers. as result

had better + infinitive (without to) had better not (negative)

He'd better be right about this, or he'll regret it. you'd better not express your opinion on this matter. It's a sensitive topic. they'd better find a solution soon, or it'll be too late.

we use far in negative sentences and questions, and we use a long way in affirmative sentences.

How far is it? It's not very far. It's a long way to the nearest petrol station. It's 2 kilometres from the hotel to the station.

for confirmation He is from Liverpool, isn't he? You have done this before, haven't you? Lisa went by train, didn't she? The shops are closed today, aren't they? You don't have a car, do you?

I am a bad person, aren't I? (I am ⇒ aren't I?) Open the window, will you? (Requests ⇒ will you?) Let's go to the park, shall we? (Suggestions ⇒ shall we?)

like vs would

I like tea. (=I think tea is good.) I'd like some tea. (=I want some tea.) Do you like tea? (=Do you think tea is good?) Would you like some tea? (=Do you want some tea?) We use like + -ing verb and would like + to + infinitive. I like going to the cinema. (=I enjoy going to the cinema.) I'd like to go to the cinema. (=I want to go to the cinema.) Do you like going to the cinema? (=Do you enjoy going to the cinema?) Would you like to go to the cinema? (=Do you want to go to the cinema?)

arrange, ask, plan or wait + for someone + to + infinitive.

I will arrange for you to have a meeting with him next week. I asked for somebody to repair my air conditioner. They are planning for him to turn his ideas into action. We waited for them to arrive.

wish i had done wish + past perfect We CANNOT use this structure to wish about ourselves (do NOT use I wish I would).

I wish you would stop biting your nails. I hate it when you do it. I wish it would stop raining. It's been three days!

no llamaria al menos que tuviera una emergencia

I wouldn't call unless I had a real emergency.

We can't use ago with the present perfect.

I've had my watch since 2 years ago.NO I've had my watch for 2 years. yes!

Mixed conditionals usually second and third conditionals.

If I didn't have (second conditional) so much work, I would have gone (third conditional) to the party last night. If I spoke (second conditional) German, I would have understood (third conditional) them. If I had won (third conditional) the lottery, I would be (second conditional) rich. If I hadn't dropped (third conditional) school, I could have (second conditional) a better job now.

no dejaria mi trabajo

If I won the lottery, I think I didn't give upwouldn't give uphadn't given up my job.

farther/further

If you want to be sure not to make a mistake, the simplest rules to follow are: Use farther only when you are referring to distance, literal or figurative. Use further only to mean "more"

It is also possible to use a lot of in negative sentences and questions.

It is also possible to use a lot of in negative sentences and questions. Do you eat a lot of sugar? I don't read a lot of books

advantage, disadvantage, demand, disaster, idea, mistake, etc. + for someone + to + infinitive.

It would be a disaster for the company to reduce the number of staff. I think it's a good idea for him to go to the interview.

could/might/may have + past participle ' Pudo haber tenido might not or may not (NOT could not) to talk about a negative possibility. He seems too calm. He might/may not be aware of the risks. She might/may not have heard us. Knock again.

It's been three days. They could/might/may have finished painting the house by now. If they left at 9, they could/might/may have already arrived. She was home last night, but didn't answer the door. He could have played in the first division, but he had a terrible injury. He could have had better jobs if he had spoken English.

They only scored one goal. They didn't have _____ opportunities to score; maybe two or three.

Many We use many + plural countable noun (opportunities) in negative sentences and questions.➪ We could also use a lot of but we need it in sentence number one.

nor=neither

Nor was I Neither was I

We use must have + past participle to say that we are quite sure that something was true or happened in the past. I can't find my wallet! I must have dropped it in the taxi. You must have had a real scare when you saw the crocodile. we can use must/should/cant/ may have + past participle

Old Mr McGraw had been murdered and everybody was wondering who 1 ___________(do) it. Two police officers were speculating about the murder. SEBASTIAN: It 2 __________(be) Mrs McGraw. I'm totally convinced it was her. She absolutely hated him. She 3 _______(use) a kitchen knife as the murder weapon, or maybe an axe from the garden tools. JESSICA: It 4 _____(be) Mrs McGraw. She isn't strong enough to drag the body and put it in the car boot. It 5___ (be) their older son; I would bet all my money it was him. He had motive, because Mr McGraw had disinherited him long ago, and everybody knew they hated each other. SEBASTIAN: Impossible. It 6 (be) their older son because he has a plausible alibi. He was fishing with his brother at the time of the crime, he testified. JESSICA: Then the younger son 7 (lie) to protect his brother. They 8 (agree) on an alibi after the murder. If you think about it, they 9 (plan) the murder together. It's a reasonable possibility. Maybe the younger son was afraid that his father would disinherit him too; they had a difficult relationship. SEBASTIAN: That makes sense. They killed him so that at least one of them could get the inheritance. JESSICA: Well, if they wanted to get the money from the inheritance, they 10 (kill) their father. Because now we'll catch them and they will be in prison and without a penny 1. could/may/might have done 2. must have been 3. may/might/could have used 4. cant/coudlnt have been 5.must have been 6. cant/couldnt have been 7. must have lied 8. might/may/ could have agreed 9.could/might/may have planned 10 shouldnt have killed

She borrowed the money from somebody. I wonder who 3 He's been posting on his blog every day. [no answer] on his blog? They've been listening to their teacher. Who It took them 2 hours to get to Rome. [no answer] to get to Rome? He never does his homework. What That thing is my new bag. Can you tell me

SHE BORROWED money from This is an indirect question. In indirect questions the order is subject + verb. 3 how often HAS HE been posting ? (DIREcT QUESTION) In regular questions we use auxiliary + subject + verb. HAVE THEY been listening to? DIRECT QUESTION (In regular questions we use auxiliary + subject + verb.) how long did they take them what does he never do what that THING IS? indirect questions subeject then verb

had better, had better not We use had better + infinitive (without to) to talk about actions we think someone should or shouldn't do. There is often a negative result if the action is carried out. We normally use the shortened form 'd better, and the negative form is never contracted: 'd better not. We'd better hurry up/meant to check in or we'll miss our train. You'd better not tell her you broke the vase -she'll get very mad.

TEACHER: Well, you'd (Better) think straight the next time, OK? Now, if you want to talk to Mr. Donovan, you don't 7 (have) to go to the principal's. I'll call him myself. And, please, you 8 (need) to take that chewing gum out of your mouth. You know that chewing gum is not 9 (permitted) on school premisses. You 10 (had) better not do it again, or I'll have to send you to detention. ya esta resuelto

future tense will have + past participle

Technology is advancing so fast that by the year 2050 who knows what new technologies we 1 ___________(invent). It is quite likely that by 2050 we 2 __________(use up) most of the earth's natural resources and so we 3 ___________(rely) on wind and solar power. As there will be a shortage of energy, it is quite likely that at that time scientists 4 ___________(try) to find a way for us to live outside the earth. Before the end of the next century, it's possible that people 5 ___________(live) in cities on the Moon or perhaps in cities on the seabed. By 2050 it's possible that scientists 6 ____________(already/discover) how to cure diseases such as cancer and, due to the advancement of genetic engineering, maybe hereditary diseases passed down from generation to generation 7 _____________(disappear) forever. It is quite possible that by 2050 life expectancy 8 ________(increase) to 100 and that we 9 ________(enjoy) a healthier existence. Another area likely to have been affected by technology in the year 2050 is education. Many students 10 __________(study) online from their homes. 1.will have invented 2.will have used up 3.will be relying 4.will be trying 5.will be living 6.will have already discovered 7. will have disappeared 8.will have increased 9.will be enjoying 10.will be studying

be sure + to infinitive. we are quite sure that something will be true or happen.

The Jamaican is /sure to win the final. There are /sure to be some discrepancies during the meeting, so be prepared.

who/that which/that which/whom/whose: after a quantifier such as some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many and few. whose; to express possesion

The world is full of good singers _______. of whom nobody has heard or who has nobody heard of The paramedics rescued the driver, ______ legs were injured. both of whose The police in Seattle has arrested 10 men, ______ are members of a dangerous street gang. all of whom I have two brothers, both of whom are younger than me. At home we have more than 20 gadgets, none of ___ I can use. which Do you remember the girl ____ brother sat next to you in 3rd grade? whose He denounced the injustice at the conference, _______ everybody applauded which 25 people disembarked on a local beach. Some of them were children. (whom)25 people, ____________ , disembarked on a local beach. some OF whom were children (whom goes after some) They have appointed two new directors. Neither of them has any experience. (whom)They have appointed two new directors,____________ neither OF whom have/has any experience after neither can be has or have The buildings are badly damaged. All of them have been hit by the storm. (which)The buildings, ___________ , are badly damaged. all of which have been hit by a storm

likely/ unlikely, sure/bound, definetely/ probably 1 He will likely win the game (ITS WRONG) - he is likely to win the game (correct) - its likely that he will win the game(correct) - he will probaly win the gam (correct) Negative: probably and definetly you probably wont find anything positive using probably or definetly he is probably our best player

They will probably arrive early. ⇒ They early. (likely) A: (are likely to arrive) She will definitely get good grades. ⇒ She [no answer] good grades. (sure) ( is sure to get) You definitely won't have any problems. ⇒ [no answer] will have any problems. (very unlikely) (its very unlikely that you) It will definitely happen. ⇒ It [no answer] . (bound) (it is bound to happen) bound means sure He is likely to win tonight. ⇒ It's [no answer] tonight. (likely) (its likely he will win)

Omission of that

We often leave out that after reporting verbs like say, think, etc. She said she was late. (=She said that she was late.) I thought I would get the job.

I'd like

We use I'd like (=I would like) to talk about something that we want or something that we want to do

would you like

We use Would you like...? to offer something or to invite somebody to do something. Would you like...? = 'Do you want...?' Would you like some cake? (=Do you want some cake?) Would you like some coffee? Would you like to go to the cinema? (=Do you want to go to the cinema?) Where would you like to go?

a few for countable; a little for uncountable

We use a few before plural countable nouns and a little before uncountable nouns in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences to talk about small quantity. I have to do a few things this afternoon. I always put a little milk in my tea.

a few/ a little

We use a few before plural countable nouns and a little before uncountable nouns in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences to talk about small quantity. I have to do a few things this afternoon. I always put a little milk in my tea.

despite vs although

We use although at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. It connects two clauses in the same sentence and it's never followed by a coma. We use although + subject + verb. Despite or in spite of are normally followed by a noun or a -ing verb

for

We use for + length of time to say how long something happens. With for, we answer the question how long. We have known each other for a long time. I waited for more than an hour, but I finally left. He worked in this company for over twenty years. Every day I run for one hour.

many/much

We use how many + plural nouns and how much + uncountable nouns to ask about quantity. You can review countable and uncountable nouns here. How many books did you read last semester? How much coffee do you drink every day?

He went _____ the room, walked _____ the big table and turned on the TV.

We use into with verbs of movement to describe a movement from outside into a 3-dimensional space.➪ He made a circular movement around the table to reach the TV and turn it on.

So and not We normally use a negative verb + so with believe, expect, imagine, think. 'Will it take long to fix it?' 'I don't think so.'

We use so after certain verbs of thinking and speaking to avoid repeating a positive clause. This use is common with the verbs assume, believe, expect, guess, hope, imagine, presume, suppose, suspect, say, tell sb, think and the expressions be afraid and it seems/appears. 'Are they coming?' 'I think so.' (=they are coming) 'I didn't do it.' 'If you say so.' (=that you didn't do it) 'Is she going to be there?' 'I hope so.' (=she's going to be there)

Present perfect simple or continuous (have been +ing)?

We use the present perfect simple for finished actions in the past when we don't say when. We use the present perfect continuous for actions or situations that maybe have not finished or that maybe have finished (very recently) Who has eaten my cookies? (=We would say this if there are no cookies left. The action is finished. Who has been eating my cookies? (=We would say this if there are some cookies left) I've been watching the series you recommended. I'll tell you about it when I finish watching it. I've watched the series you recommended. I watched the last episode yesterday.

while

We use while + subject + verb to talk about two things that are happening at the same time. I had breakfast while you were in the shower. I always listen to the radio while I'm cleaning. You shouldn't use your phone while you are driving.

exercises indirect questions what does she read? NOT what does she reads?

Where is he from? Do you know ? where he is from 2How many countries has he travelled to? I wonder . how many countries he has travelled to 3Where did you go? Can you tell me ? where you went 4Have you finished the report yet? I'd like to know . if/wether you have finished the report yet 5Does he go out very often? I've no idea whether . he goes out very often 6Who was she talking to? I wonder who . she was talking to 7Where is the nearest station? Could you tell me where ? the nearest station is 8Why can't you help your new colleague? Would you mind telling me why ? you cant help your new collleague 9What is our new boss like? I'd like to find out what . out new boss is like 10How could you do that? I don't know how . you could do that

would vs had

Would is always followed by a verb in the Invinitive without the to: I'd like some sugar please. I would like some sugar please. I'd be glad to meet you. I would be glad to meet you. Had is followed by a past participle and allows us to conjugate the verb in the Past Perfect: When I arrived, she'd been in my office for two hours. When I arrived, she had been in my office for two hours. Until he bought his sports car, he'd been saving money for years. Before buying his sports car, he had been saving money for years.

would like

Would you like a cup of coffee? Would you like to dance with me?

You aren't ______(well) to go to work. You should stay home.

You aren't WELL ENOUGH (well) to go to work. You should stay home.

_____ tonight? There's a new restaurant that looks promising. a.Shall we eat out b.Will we eat out c.Are we going to eat out

a

He has ____ of paintings. It's a really big collection.

a lot of We are talking about large quantity (big collection).➪ We use a lot of to talk about large quantity in positive sentences. We use much/many + noun in negative sentences and questions.

a lot of

a lot of including of before a noun. However, we can use a lot (without of) at the end of a sentence or in short answers. How many beers did you have?' 'I don't know; I had a lot.' I like her a lot. 'How much coffee did you have?' 'A lot.'

Get in (get out of)

a taxi , car or van

use a + u )pronounce (ju)

a university an umbrella a uniform

Since records ____ (begin) in 1880, the global temperature ________(rise) 0.85 degrees Celsius.

answer: began, has risen We use since before the moment in the past when something started. If we use a verb after since, it's usually in past.➪ We can use the present perfect with for and since and how long to ask or talk about situations that started in the past and have not finished.

Nobody did _____ for me when I needed help.

anything

Home buyers ___ informed of potential taxes before buying their house.

are are been wrong

They _____ to arrive next Friday. a. are set b. are on the verge c. are due d. are on the brink

are due

We ______ to seeing you next Thursday

are looking foward

We ______ to seeing you next Thursday.

are lookink foward to

He didn't say anything so _____ not to draw too much attention

as

on

days of the day, christmas day, dates, transportation (bus,train,plane), on surface (table,chair), on FLOOR, media (internet, radio, website, tv)

indirect speech 1. now>> at that moment, then 2. today>>that day 3. yesterday>> day before 4.last night>> the night before 5. tomorrow>> the next day 6. tonight> that night 7. next week> following week 8. must > had to 9. will>would 1- if/wether 12. could, might , should? could might should

direct speech> indirect past simple>past perfect present perfect> past perfect present continues> past continuous present simple> past simple

Why are you drinking (drink) tea today? You never drink (never/drink) tea.B: Because ____ (drink) too many cups of coffee yesterday.

drank

at

good at something angry at someone bad at somehting

They live _____ in Munich

happily

They have given the job to me. ⇒ The job_______ They bought him a jacket. ⇒ He They bought him a jacket. ⇒ A jacket______

has been given to me was bought a jacket was bought for him

This the the most delicious dish I

have ever eaten

John: So, Robert, you have just arrived at our university, _____ you? Robert: Yes. Today is my first day. John: And where are you from? Robert: I live in Leeds, but I was born Poland. John: 2 _______you ? That's funny. So 3 _____ my girlfriend. Robert: 4 ______she? Where in Poland was she born? John: She's from a city called Lublin. Robert: 5 ______ she? So 6 ______ I! John: That's a coincidence, 7 ___ it? Robert: Yes, it is. And have you learnt any Polish? John: No. My girlfriend speaks Polish, but I 8 don't . Robert: Neither do I. Well, I 9 do speak a little Polish, but not much. We came to England when I was just two years old. Anyway, are you hungry? Would you like to eat something at the canteen? John: Yes, sure. Let's have some lunch, 10 shall we? Robert: Yes, that's a good idea!

havent you were was was is am isnt

alomejor se hubiera muerto, si no hubiera tenido el casco puesto

he might have died, if he hadn't had the helmet on

Tom has gone somewhere, but I don't know where _____ She can't understand something. What

hes gone This is an indirect question. In indirect questions the order is subject + verb. can she not understsand normalmente es CAn you iIn regular questions we use auxiliary + subject + verb.

She has breakfast at home twice a week. ..> in question

how often does she have breakfast at home?

always / I / from home / work / on Tuesdays

i always work from home on Tuesdays We normally say 'where' and 'when' something happens in this order.➪ Always is an adverb of frequency. Adverbs of frequency go before the verb.

Expressions of frequency (once a day, twice a week, three times a month, every day, etc.) go at the end of the sentence.

i cook dinner every day

lay (poner) to put or place something in a flat or horizontal position preseny:lay past: laid past particple: laid

i lay my head on the table she laid the blanket on the bed

lie (acostar) to be in horizontal position present: lie past; lay past participle: lain

i need to lie down the dog lay on my bed and fell asleep

in order to/ So as to/ so as not to So that

i wanted to stay in order to finish the report we were quiet so as not to wake up the baby

May I smoke in this room?' ⇒ Micky asked me ______.

if he might smoke in that room this> that may>might

si hubieras venido a clase, tu hubieras pasado el exam

if you had come to class, you would have passed the exam

its a nice day>>> questio

is it a nice day? isn't a nice day?

I don't like this soup.

it tastes horrible

______ should be angry, not you.

its me who

incar

kneel

They have given the job to me.

me han dando el trabajo ami

'The burglar broke into our home in daylight.' B: 'Then some of your neighbours ______(See) him.' They didn't have their car, so I'm sure they didn't get very far. (cannot) They didn't have their car, so they ______ very far. This app will definitely help you improve your productivity. (sure)This app ____ to help you improve your productivity.

might have seen cannot have got (past participle) is sure

you'd better _____a word about this.

not say Had better not ('d better not) is the negative form of had better.

He insisted _____ coming with us.

on

I organised the whole event ______.

on my own by myself either one

'I think Jack will do something stupid' ⇒ Suzan said (that)____ something stupid.

she thought (that) Jack would do

ya se habia ido

she/he had left/gone past perfect

Can you give me back the book ___I lent you last year?

that or which

of + prepostion

thinking of someone reminded me of someone

I could finally persuade Megan not to do it. (Use persuade + someone + to + infinitive. ➪ Remember that the negative infinitive is not + to + infinitive.) I encouraged my boss not to leave the project.

to not do it wrong

who/that is used for

to refer people That's the neighbour who helped me when i moved in The man who finished the marathon first

where

to refer to a place Sue wasn't at the bar where she always goes to

very/quite We can use very and quite before the adjectives.

very expensive quite expensive

as/since due to

we didnt go due to the rain As/since it was raining, we stayed

play / football / after school / in the park / We ⇒ W

we play football in the park after school We normally say 'where' and 'when' something happens in this order.

We cannot use a/an before a plural noun or an uncountable noun.

we saw beautiful places (NOT we saw a beautiful places)

Although/even though in spite of/ despite of

we went out despite/in spite of the rain we went out despite/in spite of the fact that is was raining

If she _______ more experienced, she would be more likely to get the job.

were/was In the if clause of a second conditional, we use past simple or past continuous.

nos conocemos desde los quice anios i lived in this house for over 20 years

weve known each other since we were 15

'Where were you last night?' ⇒ He asked me ___night.

where i had been the previous night past simple>past perfect Question with what, when, where, etc. (direct speech) ⇒ asked me + what, when, etc. + subject + verb (reported speech).➪ Past simple (direct speech) ⇒ past perfect (reported speech).➪ last night ⇒ the previous night/the night before

Where are you going tomorrow?' ⇒ Sandra asked me ______.

where i was going the next day

y le dije al taxiste a donde ibamos

where we were going

She is worried about you....> respuesta en pregunta

who is she worried about

back soon? (she/be)

will she be

____me the book, please?

will you pass

wish/if only If only I was/were a bit taller!* If only you had followed my advice. If only you would make a bit of an effor

wish + past simple I wish things were different, but this is the way they are. We wish we had enough money to help you. I wish I could be there for you tomorrow. wish + past perfect wish I hadn't quit my job two years ago. I wish we hadn't wasted all that money. wish + person/thing + would + infinitive I wish you would stop biting your nails. I hate it when you do it. I wish it would stop raining. It's been three days!

worst vs worse

worse: should be used to compare 2 things. objects place, people ideas I think italian food is worse than french food worst: should be used to state that one thing is inferior to multiple other things i think french food is the worst food in europe

What is the _________ (bad) neighbourhood in London?

worst

If I had known that she was there, I ______ hello.

would have said

If only he ______ doing that. It's so annoying

would stop

____ dance with me?

would you like to

si fuera tu

If I were you, I wouldn't trust him.

its time its about time

It's time for you to go to the doctor. It's time to take a decision.

We don't have any milk.' B: 'Really? I ______ more.

ill buy

You _____ your opinion on this matter. It's a sensitive topic

'd better not express

The waiter has already taken our order. The waiter hasn't taken our order yet. The waiter still hasn't taken our order John has already left. b. Has John left yet? c. Has John already left? Susan hasn't called me yet.correct b. Susan still hasn't called me. c. Susan has already called me.

review

We are very pleased ____ your work.

with

i need to get_____ the car/TAXI/VAN

get in/out

Did he look sad? B: No, _____ , he was really cheerful. ____your question about our mobile rates, I have attached a document where you can see all our rate plans. The interiors are beautiful and ____ , they have designed them themselves. The north of the country is industrialised and rich ____ the south is quite poor, with an economy based on agriculture. ____we could say that the charity dinner was a success We'd better find a quick solution to this crisis, ____ our customers will start to lose faith in us. I saw Jerry and Cath today. _______ Jerry, do you know that he's going to Australia on a business trip next week? _______ social media marketing is concerned, it's maybe one of the areas of marketing which is changing faster. The game has a single button, _______, the player has to push just one button in order to play.

1 as of matter of fact 2. regarding whats more whereas all in all otherwise\ talking of as far as that is to say(similar to in other words)

'd would vs had

Be careful with this common mistake! The contraction 'd can be had or would. Remember that we use an infinitive form after would and a past participle after had. I'd love to go to your party. (= would) I noticed that he'd eaten my cake. (= had)

tenses

It is estimated that by the year 2025, today's world population of 5.8 billion 1 (rise) to 8.3 billion and most of them 2 (living) in cities. will have risen will be living I'm looking for Dave. _____him?"B: "He's ill. He has _____ (call) five minutes ago. have you seen him? called We really liked the Scottish Parliament. We ____(visit) Edinburgh a few times before, but we ____(never/see) the Parliament. had visited had never seen "[no answer] (we/have) pizza for dinner?" shall we have "What time [no answer] (the train/arrive)?" does the train arrive If you feel tired tomorrow, you __________ enough sleep. wont have had Next year, when I ____ (work) here for two years, I'll ask for a rise. i have worked/ have been working I've studied a lot for this exam. If I fail it, I __(study) a lot for nothing. i will have studied

He was on the stage and then he went away from the stage. ⇒ He went ______the stage.

Off is the opposite of on. The man was on the stage and then he went off.

Ought

Ought to has the same meaning as should, although it is more formal and not as common. You ought to go to a therapist. You ought not to be so strict with your daughter

_______ doing that, please? I'm trying to concentrate. a.Are you going to stop b.Will you stop c.Do you stop

b

You had to call me earlier, ______ you?

didnt Have to is a main verb. We need do or another auxiliary verb to make questions, negatives, short answers, tag questions, etc.

phrasal verb

crossed out- he wrote yes and then he crossed it out and wrote no. cut up- cut something in small pieces she cut up the cake into small pieces deal with; give your attention to solve a problem - she has to deal with angry customers depend on: it depends on the price end up- be in a situation or place after event after the dog attack we ended up in the hospital fill in- fill in this contract find out_ discover we coudnt find out his identity get along- he doesnt get along with his father get back- return to place when did you get back from paris.

Above /Over

Above and over mean 'at or to a higher position'. Over is more common. She lives in an apartment above/over the grocery store. There is a shelf above/over the sink.

Simple gerund vs perfect gerund There is usually no difference between using the simple gerund or the perfect gerund, because the context usually makes it clear when the action happened.

He denied stealing the money. (=It's clear the money was stolen before denying it) He denied having stolen the money. She regretted marrying too early. (=It's clear she married before regretting it) She regretted having married too early. But sometimes there is a difference in meaning between using the simple gerund or the perfect gerund. He denied being married. (=he denied that he was married 'now', at the time of the denial) He denied having been married. (=he denied that he had been married before, in the past) Simple infinitive vs perfect infinitive As it happens with the gerund, sometimes there's no difference between using the simple or the perfect forms of the infinitive. It was stupid of me to say anything on Twitter. It was stupid of me to have said anything on Twitter. However, there is usually a difference in meaning between using the simple or the perfect infinitive forms, and we need to use the perfect forms to make clear that the action expressed by the infinitive was previous to the action described by the main verb. I'm very glad to work here. (=now) I'm very glad to have worked here. (=in the past)

ed adjectives are used to describe how people feel. They cannot be used with things, because things have no emotions. We're tired. Can we stop running? I'm bored. Let's play cards. ing adjectives -ing adjectives are used to talk about the things or people that produce those feelings in people. Running is very tiring. We don't want to run. This film is very boring. Let's play cards. few of these adjectives don't have an -ing ending; they have an irregular form: offended ⇒ offensive (NOT offending) ; stressed ⇒ stressful (NOT stressing); delighted ⇒ delightful; impressed ⇒ impressive; scared ⇒ scary.

He's such a _____person. He never talks. It________ me to be with him. (bore/bore) boring/bores His stories are not usually very_______ , but yesterday we were_____ by what he was telling us. (intrigue/fascinate) intriguing/fascinated

su carro era viejo el lo habia tenido desde 1975

His car was old. He'd had it since 1975.

no habia tenido tanta diversion desde

I hadn't had so much fun since I was in high school.

indirect questions We dont use did, do, does!!! subject(you, he, i they, etc) then verb We normally use indirect questions, when we want to be more polite. We begin the question with expressions such as Can you tell me ...? Could you tell me ...? Do you know ...? Would you mind telling me ... ? What time is it? (direct question) Could you tell me what time it is? (indirect question) Do you know where I can find a bank? (NOT ... where can I find) Can you tell me what time the shops close? (NOT ... what time do the shops close) (I don't know) what he is doing here. (I wonder) when he will find the truth. (I'm not sure) when I can come. (I'd like to know) where you left the documents.

I don't know [no answer] so unhappy. why he's always where did u go? can you tell me _________ Answer: where you went Not: where did you go Where is the nearest station? Could you tell me where the nearest station is CORECCT Not: COULD YOU TELL ME WHERE IS THE NEAREST STATION Do you have any idea when [no answer] ? the results will be published I wonder how long this weather will last Did she tell you how often you should take the vitamins I'd like to know [no answer] for the experiment. whether i can use the new product Could you tell me why you are leaving Can I ask you how long [no answer] here? you have been living I'd like to know ______. a. how can I contact her b. how I can contact her c. how do I contact her b I was wondering ______ the recipe. a. where you found b. where did you find c. where found you a Would you mind telling me ______? a. how much did the sofa cost b. how much cost the sofa c. how much the sofa cost c Could you tell me ______? a. what are you afraid b. what you are afraid c. what you are afraid of c Do you know ______? a. if is he going to come b. if he's going to come c. whether is he going to come b I'd like to know ______ . a. why you are acting so weird b. why are you acting so weird c. why act you so weird a Do you have any idea ______? a. is who the man in black b. who's the man in black c. who the man in black is c

Would rather/ would prefer We use prefer/would prefer + noun or to + infinitive to talk about specific preference, i.e. what we prefer on a specific occasion. I would prefer to stay in a hotel near the airport. (or I would rather stay...) Most clients prefer to have breakfast in their bedroom. We can use prefer/would prefer with rather than or instead of to show the choices we have. I would prefer to be too early rather than be too late. I prefer to go with dad instead of staying here with mum.

I prefer travelling by bus ______by train. A: (to travelling) I usually have tea, but today I'd prefer [no answer] coffee, please. A: to have We use prefer + noun or -ing verb to talk about general preference, i.e. what we prefer in general, on every occasion. I love running, but he prefers cycling. I'd prefer to watch a movie _______ go to a concert. (rather than) He'd prefer to keep his job _______ fired. rather than be I'd prefer ______ just a salad. to have i'd prefer to walk rather than _______ by car. go I _______ to go on a cruise. would prefer I prefer running _______ . to swimming I'd rather she _______ something different. studied

We say arrange, ask, plan or wait + for someone + to + infinitive. We can use certain nouns such as advantage, disadvantage, demand, disaster, idea, mistake, etc. + for someone + to + infinitive.

I will arrange for you to have a meeting with him next week. I asked for somebody to repair my air conditioner. t was a mistake for you to lend him the money. It would be a disaster for the company to reduce the number of staff.

yo lo ayudaria si me dejara que lo ayude

I would help him if he allowed me to help him.

passive voice they are in vegas it is +said+ that they are in vegas OR they are believed to be in las vegas OPTIONS++= agree, say, suggest, believe, know, understand thin, etc

Se dice que estan en vegas The film was it appears allegedly said to produced with money stolen from Malaysia. The teenager who failed to return home is saidt hought that understood to have been found safe and well. At least six people are believed to have been killed in a shooting rampage in a Munich shopping center last Friday. According to a new report, the teenager might be using drugs.

Used to, be/get used to be/get used to uses -ING

Used to( its always past) (USE TO its wrong) Usually is used for present habits

second and third conditional second: if + past simple , would/could/might +infinitive/be -ing 1. if i won the lottery, I would buy a yacht third if + past perfect (simple or continous), would/might/could + have+ past participle 1. if i had been in paris, I would have bought a chanel bag. 2. if he hadnt been wearing a helmet, he might have died

We also need to introduce laws to reduce pollution. If we had done this in the past, millions of species 1 ______________ (never/become) extinct, and global warming 2 ______ (never/start). answer: 1- would never have become 2. would never have started Never First, then have

Since

We can use the present perfect with for, since and how long to ask or talk about situations that started in the past and have not finished. We've been married for 25 years. I've had this watch since I was a kid. How long have you been friends?

We don't have ____(time) to have another coffee; we need to leave now.

We don't have ENOUGH TIME (time) to have another coffee; we need to leave now. The meaning in this sentence is that we have less time than the time we need for another coffee.➪ In negative sentences we use (not) enough + noun to say that something is less than we want or we need.

already

We make the present perfect tense with the verb have (has) and the past participle of the verb (found). ➪ The word already goes in mid position: after have and before the main verb. she already has found a solution[

past simple vs present perfect

We use the present perfect (NOT past simple) to talk about past experiences and actions when we don't say or don't know when they happened. I've lost my keys. We've been to a very nice restaurant. We use the past simple (NOT present perfect) when we mention or ask about when something happened, or when the time is known by the speaker and the listener. We often use a past expression (last week, yesterday, when I was a child, etc.) We arrived yesterday. (NOT We've arrived yesterday.) When did the accident happen?

whose

Whose car is this? Whose books are those? whose without a noun Whose is this car? Whose are those books? When we answer with the possessive 's, we can also use 's + noun or 's without a noun. Whose is this car? It's John's car It's John's.

We can say shout, smile, laugh at someone.

Why are you shouting at me?

wish + person/thing + WOULD + infinitive when we talk about situations that annoy us wish + subject + past perfect to talk about things that happened in the past and that we regret

You want to go away for the weekend but you've got lots of homework. ⇒ I wish I [no answer] so much homework. Answrr: didnt have (affecting the present) You got hurt because you didn't wear a helmet. ⇒ I wish I [no answer] a helmet Anser: i had worn Regret Your partner is biting his nails and you want him to stop because you don't like it. ⇒ I wish you [no answer] biting your nails. Answr: would top situation that annoys

passive voice (past participle)

_______ soon? Do you think you'll get the job? will you be interviewed Lots of free gifts _______ away among the participants. are being given They hated _______ mercenaries, but that's what they were. being called This kind of job used _______ only by professionals in the past. used to be done The suspect ____ (question) by the police at the moment. (is being questioned)(present continuous of be + past participle). Our house [no answer] (paint) so we are staying at my parents'. (is being painted) Our house [no answer] (paint) so we are staying at my parents'. (have been caused) She is hoping [no answer] (elect) president. (to be elected) If she hadn't insulted the police officer, she wouldn't ___ (arrest). (she wouldnt have been) My car [no answer] (not fix) yet, and I need it for tomorrow. (hasnt been fixed) I went to the doctor yesterday and I [no answer] (prescribe) some medicine for my cough. (was prescribed) The hotel was closed because it [no answer] . (renovate) (it was being renovated) I don't like ____(tell) what to do. being told

Can you put __ of sugar in my coffee?

a bit We can say a bit of for small amounts and a lot of or lots of for big amounts. ➪ Few, little, much, many are not followed by of.

Are you going to redecorate the house yourselves or ____(redecorate/it) by a professional? I ______(never/service/my car) yet. I've just called my hairdresser and next Monday im _____(cut/my hair). We normally _____ (paint/our house) every other year The storm damaged our roof and we needed to_____ (repair/it). There is a lot of noise now because the neighbours___(build/a new wall). vWe _____ (install/an alarm) last October.

are you going to have it redecorated have never had my car serviced im having my hair cut have our house painted have it repaired are having a new wall built had an alarm installed

He ______ since he was a little boy. Choose TWO correct options a. is fishing b. has fished c. has been fishing

b and c We can often use both the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuouss with adverbs such as how long, for, since, recently to talk about how long a situation has lasted (=situations that started in the past and still continue). fish-fished-fished

If everybody in the world _____ 1 dollar, we'd finish the world's problems.

donated

6We couldn't afford the house even if we both ______ double our salaries. (earn)

earned Second conditional: If/unless + past (,) would/could/might + infinitive

-ed adjectives

ed adjectives -ed adjectives are used to describe how we feel. Look at the following examples: We're tired. Can we stop running? I'm bored. Let's play cards. I was surprised to see her.

phrsal verb

get down- lower your body, write down we heard shots and got down i got some notes down get in- enter a place i managed to get in the through a broken window get off- descend from trains, bus etc we got off the trains get on- how well someone is doing how are you getting on at school? she is getting on well with spanish get rid of_-we need to get rid of these clothes give back-return. when are you going to give me back my jacket? give in- hand in (a piece of work) I need to give in my essay by friday give in- surrender, abandon a fight, argument he was so insistent that his mother gave in and got him an ice cream give out - distribute to each person of the group please can you give out these papers to the rest of the group

My brother and I don't ______ very well.

get on

i need to get____the bus/airplane/train

get on/off

How are you _____ _____ with your new job?" "I love it!" We cannot _____ to the terrorists' threats. I didn't have a pen so I couldn't ___ the car's license plate. Be quiet and _______with your work. They _____ pamphlets with information on COVID19. phrasal verb

getting on give in get down get on give out

don't like _____ early, but I need ______ it.

getting up/to do

German ______ in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

is spoken

your teacher always is in class on time>> questions

is your teacher always in class on time? In questions, adverbs of frequency go after the subject (your teacher)

I'd give you her number if I would _____ it.

had

We _______ for approximately ten minutes when the car stopped running; we _______ of petrol.

had been driving had run out In the second gap, we use the past perfect simple because this event had happened earlier in the past.

You must tell Ted that I will be there.' ⇒ Sara said that I

had to tell ted that she would be there must ⇒ had to➪ will ⇒ would

I was having (have) dinner with my old school friends. We were very excited because ________ (see) each other for a long time.

hadn't seen We use the past perfect simple to talk about events happening earlier in the past

had better

mas vale que I'd better go home. It's getting late. You'd better tell mum what happened before she finds out. I'd better go home. It's getting late. You'd better tell mum what happened before she finds out.

Maybe he is not working today. (may)He ___ today

may NOT be working NOT before be

in

months, seasons, parts of the day (in the morning), in europe, in london, in the world, car/van, water (river, lake, ocean), printed material (magazine, book, picture)

I've been working on the two reports, but neither of them is finished.

neither, which means "not either" and refers to "not the one or the other of two things," is grammatically singular. Neither of us has any money. Neither of them is happy about this. Neither of the models is available in blue. Neither of these is right for me. Neither of the two rooms you wanted is available. Neither of them knows the answer. Neither of the two candidates we interviewed has any prior experience. Neither of my parents speaks Spanish.

You did _____ of the things I asked you to do.

none of them

___the bag for you? It looks heavy. (I/carry)

shall i carry

'_____ to the cinema tomorrow?'

shall we go

she's

she has/she is

The article describes the situation very _____.

simply

He drives very ______. (slow)

slowly

have gone to or have been to

someone has gone somewhere when this person is still away, and we say someone has been somewhere when this person has already come back from that place. Tom has gone to Ireland. He'll be there for a couple of weeks. (=He's in Ireland now.) We have been to Ireland three times. We love it. (=We are not in Ireland now.)

I'd be happier if I didn't have____ problems i've never seen ___ amazing views before. Why did she say ___ terrible things?

such plural only such singular such a

he's always saying _____ terrible things. she had good ideas. she had_____that several companies wanted to hired her It was _______ that we spent the day indoors.

such for plural or unacountable such a singular 1. such 2.such good ideas 3. such good weather

Last summer was _____ season in recorded history.

the driest

Many verbs in English are followed by to + infinitive. Some of these verbs are: forget, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, remember, start, want and would like

to offer, to plan, to remember etc

it wouldn't look serious if a few hours before the meeting I would ___(tell) them that I have to put it off.

told after IF +past

Yesterday Tom ________ (tell) me that he would be here today, but he isn't here. He _______ (be) away all day.

told/has been We use the past simple (NOT present perfect) when we mention or ask about when something happened (yesterday).

whatever (como sea) whichever ( el que sea) whenever( cuando sea) wherever (dejalo donde sea) live it wherever you like whoever (quien sea) however (in any way) (it doesnt matter how) you can use the money however you like

use 3 spoonfuls of floor or ___much you need (however) i'd like to to thank____it has that helped me (whoever) well find you ____ you try to run (wherever) You can come and stay ___ you want. whenever ____much you love her, she'll never love you back. however However much you love her= It doesn't matter how much you love her. You can arrange the furniture _____ you want. however As I only need a computer to work, I can do it from ____ I want wherever _____hard I try, I still can't find a job. however

He was looking at the new building (respuesta en pregunta)

what was he looking at

>>He sees Sarah every weekend>>>>>uqestion (sarah)

who does he see everyweekend?

If I tell you a secret, ______ anyone?

will you tell anyone

will vs be going to

will: 1.predictions about something WE THINK will happen (I think he'll win the election, He will be a good doctor) 2.Instant decisions (we dont have sugar, dont worry I'll as the neighbour) 3. promises (I will) suggestions (shall we?) offers (shall I?/I will) Be going to: 1. predictions about something we see WILL happen. (Im going to fail the exam) ( doctor said Im going to have a girl) 2. decisions that you have already taken at the moment of speaking

It ______ better if you ______ a bit of salt.

would taste, added will taste, add It would taste better if you added a bit of salt. (=second conditional)➪ It will taste better if you add a bit of salt. (=first conditional)

we'd better go home

yes i think its time we went