English Semester 2 Exam Study Guide

Catcher in the Rye

-Chapter 1: Holden Caulfield writes his story from a rest home to which he has been sent for therapy. He refuses to talk about his early life, mentioning only that his brother D. B. is a Hollywood writer. He hints that he is bitter because D. B. has sold out to Hollywood, forsaking a career in serious literature for the wealth and fame of the movies. He then begins to tell the story of his breakdown, beginning with his departure from Pencey Prep, a famous school he attended in Agerstown, Pennsylvania. Holden's career at Pencey Prep has been marred by his refusal to apply himself, and after failing four of his five subjects—he passed only English—he has been forbidden to return to the school after the fall term. The Saturday before Christmas vacation begins, Holden stands on Thomsen Hill overlooking the football field, where Pencey plays its annual grudge match against Saxon Hall. Holden has no interest in the game and hadn't planned to watch it at all. He is the manager of the school's fencing team and is supposed to be in New York for a meet, but he lost the team's equipment on the subway, forcing everyone to return early. Holden is full of contempt for the prep school, but he looks for a way to "say goodbye" to it. He fondly remembers throwing a football with friends even after it grew dark outside. Holden walks away from the game to go say goodbye to Mr. Spencer, a former history teacher who is very old and ill with the flu. He sprints to Spencer's house, but since he is a heavy smoker, he has to stop to catch his breath at the main gate. At the door, Spencer's wife greets Holden warmly, and he goes in to see his teacher. -Chapter 2: Holden greets Mr. Spencer and his wife in a manner that suggests he is close to them. He is put off by his teacher's rather decrepit condition but seems otherwise to respect him. In his sickroom, Spencer tries to lecture Holden about his academic failures. He confirms Pencey's headmaster's assertion that "[l]ife is a game" and tells Holden that he must learn to play by the rules. Although Spencer clearly feels affection for Holden, he bluntly reminds the boy that he flunked him, and even forces him to listen to the terrible essay he handed in about the ancient Egyptians. Finally, Spencer tries to convince Holden to think about his future. Not wanting to be lectured, Holden interrupts Spencer and leaves, returning to his dorm room before dinner. -Chapter 3: Holden lives in Ossenburger Hall, which is named after a wealthy Pencey graduate who made a fortune in the discount funeral home business. In his room, Holden sits and reads Isak Dinesen's Out of Africa while wearing his new hunting hat, a flamboyant red cap with a long peaked brim and earflaps. He is interrupted by Ackley, a pimply student who lives next door. According to Holden, Ackley is a supremely irritating classmate who constantly barges into the room, exhibits disgusting personal habits and poor hygiene, and always acts as if he's doing others a favor by spending time with them. Ackley does not seem to have many friends. He prevents Holden from reading by puttering around the room and pestering him with annoying questions. Ackley further aggravates Holden by cutting his fingernails on the floor, despite Holden's repeated requests that he stop. He refuses to take Holden's hints that he ought to leave. When Holden's handsome and popular roommate, Stradlater, enters, Ackley, who hates Stradlater, quickly returns to his own room. Stradlater mentions that he has a date waiting for him but wants to shave. -Chapter 4: Holden goes to the bathroom with Stradlater and talks to him while he shaves. Holden contrasts Stradlater's personal habits with Ackley's: whereas Ackley is ugly and has poor dental hygiene, Stradlater is outwardly attractive but does not keep his razor or other toiletries clean. He decides that while Ackley is an obvious slob, Stradlater is a "secret slob." The two joke around, then Stradlater asks Holden to write an English composition for him, because his date won't leave him with time to do it on his own. Holden asks about the date and learns that Stradlater is taking out a girl Holden knows, Jane Gallagher. (Stradlater carelessly calls her "Jean.") Holden clearly has strong feelings for Jane and remembers her vividly. He tells Stradlater that when she played checkers, she used to keep all of her kings in the back row because she liked the way they looked there. Stradlater is uninterested. Holden is displeased that Stradlater, one of the few sexually experienced boys at Pencey, is taking Jane on a date. He wants to say hello to her while she waits for Stradlater, but decides he isn't in the mood. Before he leaves for his date, Stradlater borrows Holden's hound's-tooth jacket. After Stradlater leaves, Holden is tormented by thoughts of Jane and Stradlater. Ackley barges in again and sits in Holden's room, squeezing pimples until dinnertime. -Chapter 5: After a dry and unappetizing steak dinner in the dining hall, Holden gets into a snowball fight with some of the other Pencey boys. He and his friend Mal Brossard decide to take a bus into Agerstown to see a movie—though Holden hates movies—and Holden convinces Mal to let Ackley go with them. As it turns out, Ackley and Brossard have already seen the film, so the trio simply eats some burgers, plays a little pinball, and heads back to Pencey. After the excursion, Mal goes off to look for a bridge game, and Ackley sits on Holden's bed squeezing pimples and concocting stories about a girl he claims to have had sex with the summer before. Holden finally gets him to leave by beginning to work on the English assignment for Stradlater. Stradlater had said the composition was supposed to be a simple description of a room, a house, or something similarly straightforward. But Holden cannot think of anything to say about a house or a room, so he writes about a baseball glove that his brother Allie used to copy poems onto in green ink. Several years before, Allie died of leukemia. Though he was two years younger than Holden, Holden says that Allie was the most intelligent member of his family. He also says that Allie was an incredibly nice, innocent child. Holden clearly still feels Allie's loss strongly. He gives a brief description of Allie, mentioning his bright red hair. He also recounts that the night Allie died, he slept in the garage and broke all the windows with his bare hands. After he finishes the composition for Stradlater, he stares out the window and listens to Ackley snore in the next room. -Chapter 6: Home from his date, Stradlater barges into the room. He reads Holden's composition and becomes visibly annoyed, asserting that it has nothing to do with the assignment and that it's no wonder Holden is being expelled. Holden tears the composition up and throws it away angrily. Afterward, he smokes a cigarette in the room just to annoy Stradlater. The tension between the two increases when Holden asks Stradlater about his date with Jane. When Stradlater nonchalantly refuses to tell Holden any of the details, Holden attacks him, but Stradlater pins him to the floor and tries to get him to calm down. Holden relentlessly insults Stradlater, driving him crazy until he punches Holden and bloodies his nose. Stradlater then becomes worried that he has hurt Holden and will get into trouble. Holden insults him some more, and Stradlater finally leaves the room. Holden gets up and goes into Ackley's room, his face covered in blood. -Chapter 7: Holden talks for a while with Ackley and then tries to fall asleep in the bed belonging to Ackley's roommate, who is away for the weekend. But he cannot stop imagining Jane fooling around with Stradlater, and he has trouble falling asleep. He wakes Ackley and talks with him some more, asking whether he could run off and join a monastery without being Catholic. Ackley is annoyed by the conversation, and Holden is annoyed by Ackley's "phoniness," so he leaves. Outside, in the dorm's hallway, he decides that he will leave for New York that night instead of waiting until Wednesday. After passing a few days there in secret, he will wait until his parents have digested the news of his expulsion before he returns to their apartment. He packs his bags, dons his hunting hat, and begins to cry. As he heads into the hallway, he yells "Sleep tight, ya morons!" to the boys on his floor before stepping outside to leave Pencey forever. -Chapter 8: Holden walks the entire way to the train station and catches a late train to New York. At Trenton, an attractive older woman gets on and sits next to him. She turns out to be the mother of his classmate, Ernest Morrow. He dislikes Ernest immensely but tells extravagant lies about him to his mother, claiming that he is the most popular boy on campus and would have been elected class president if he'd let the other boys nominate him. Holden tells her his own name is Rudolph Schmidt, which is actually the school janitor's name. When she asks why he is leaving Pencey early, Holden claims to be returning to New York for a brain tumor operation. -Chapter 9: At Penn Station, Holden wants to call someone but cannot think of anyone to call—his brother, D. B., is in Hollywood; his sister, Phoebe, is young and probably asleep; he doesn't feel like calling Jane Gallagher; and another girl, Sally Hayes, has a mother who hates him. So, Holden takes a cab to the Edmont Hotel. He tries to make conversation with the driver, asking him where the ducks in the Central Park lagoon go in the winter, but the driver is uninterested. In his room at the Edmont, he looks out across the hotel courtyard into the lighted windows on the other side and discovers a variety of bizarre acts taking place. One man dresses in women's clothing, and in another room a man and a woman take turns spitting mouthfuls of their drinks into each other's face. Holden begins to feel aroused, so he calls Faith Cavendish, a promiscuous girl recommended to him by a boy he met at a party, and tries to make a date with her. She refuses, claiming she needs her beauty sleep. She offers to meet him the next day, but he doesn't want to wait that long, and he hangs up without arranging to meet her. -Chapter 10: Still feeling restless, Holden changes his shirt and goes downstairs to the Lavender Room, the Edmont's nightclub. Before he leaves his room, he thinks again about calling his little sister, Phoebe. Referring to her as "old Phoebe," he gives a description of her character that is remarkably similar to the description he gave of Allie in Chapter 5. Like Allie, she has red hair and is unusually intelligent for her age. He recalls the time he and Phoebe went to see Hitchcock's The Steps (despite his professed loathing for the cinema, he has clearly seen many movies and has strong opinions about them). He notes Phoebe's humor and cleverness, and mentions that she writes never-ending fictional stories that feature a character named "Hazle" Weatherfield. According to Holden, Phoebe's one flaw is that she is perhaps too emotional. In the Lavender Room, Holden takes a table and tries to order a cocktail. He explains that due to his height and his gray hair, he is often able to order alcohol, but, in this case, the waiter refuses. He flirts and dances with three women who are visiting from Seattle. They seem amused but uninterested in this obviously young man who tries to appear older and debonair. After tolerating him for a while, they begin to laugh at him; they also depress him by being obsessed with movie stars. When Holden lies to one of them about having just seen Gary Cooper, she tells the other two that she caught a glimpse of Gary Cooper as well. Holden pays for their drinks, then leaves the Lavender Room. -Chapter 11: As he walks out to the lobby, Holden reminisces about Jane. Their families' summer homes in Maine were next door to one another, and he met her after his mother confronted her mother about a Doberman pinscher that frequently relieved itself on the Caulfields' lawn. Holden and Jane became close—Jane was the only person to whom Holden ever showed Allie's baseball glove. One day, Jane's alcoholic stepfather came out to the porch where Holden and Jane were playing checkers and asked Jane for cigarettes; Jane refused to answer him, and, when he left, she began to cry. Holden held her, kissing her face and comforting her. Apart from that incident, their physical relationship was mild, but they used to hold hands constantly. When you held Jane's hand, Holden reminisces, "all you knew was, you were happy. You really were." Holden then feels suddenly upset, and he returns to his room. He notices that the lights in the "perverts'" rooms are out. He is still wide awake, so he heads downstairs and grabs a taxi. -Chapter 12: Holden takes a cab to a Greenwich Village nightclub called Ernie's, a spot he used to frequent with D. B. His cab driver is named Horwitz, and Holden takes a liking to him. But when Holden tries to ask him about the ducks in the Central Park lagoon, Horwitz unexpectedly becomes angry. At Ernie's, Holden listens to Ernie play the piano but is unimpressed. He takes a table, drinks Scotch and soda, and listens to the conversations around him, which he finds depressing and phony. He encounters an obnoxious girl named Lillian Simmons, whom D. B. used to date, and is forced to leave the nightclub to get away from her. -Chapter 13: Feeling like a coward for leaving Ernie's, Holden walks the forty-one blocks from the nightclub back to the hotel. Along the way, he thinks about his gloves, which were stolen at Pencey. He imagines an elaborate confrontation with the unknown thief, but he acknowledges that he is a coward at heart, afraid of violence and confrontation. When he reaches the Edmont, he takes the elevator up to his room. The elevator operator offers to send him a prostitute for five dollars, and Holden, depressed and flustered, accepts. While waiting in his room, he again thinks about his cowardice, because he feels that his lack of aggression has prevented him from ever sleeping with a woman. Women, Holden believes, want a man who asserts power and control. As he broods, the prostitute, Sunny, arrives. She is a cynical young girl with a high voice. Holden becomes flustered, especially so when she removes her dress. She sits on his lap and tries to seduce him, but he is extremely nervous and tells her he is unable to have sex because he is recovering from an operation on his "clavichord." He finally pays her the five dollars he owes and asks her to leave. She claims that the price is ten, but he refuses to pay her more, and she leaves in a huff. -Chapter 14: Holden sits in his hotel room and smokes for a while. He remembers an incident shortly before Allie's death when he excluded Allie from a BB-gun game—he still feels guilty for having left Allie out. Eventually, he goes to bed. He feels like praying, but his distaste for organized religion prevents him from following through on his inclination. Suddenly, there is a knock at his door. In his pajamas, Holden opens the door to face the burly elevator operator, Maurice, who has returned with Sunny to collect the extra five dollars Sunny demanded. Holden tries to refuse, but Maurice pins him against a wall while Sunny takes the money from his wallet. Maurice snaps his finger into Holden's groin, and Holden starts to insult him in response. Maurice slugs Holden in the stomach and leaves him crumpled on the floor. Holden imagines himself as a movie character, taking his revenge on Maurice after having been plugged in the gut with a gangster's bullet. Finally, he manages to get into bed and go to sleep. -Chapter 15: The next morning, Holden calls Sally Hayes and makes a date with her for later that afternoon. He checks out of the hotel and leaves his bags in a locker at Grand Central Station. He worries about losing his money and mentions that his father frequently gets angry when Holden loses things. He also describes his mother a bit, noting that she "hasn't felt too healthy since my brother Allie died." Holden worries that the news of his expulsion will particularly distress his fragile mother, for whom he seems to care a great deal. Holden goes to eat breakfast at a little sandwich bar, where he meets two nuns who are moving to Manhattan to teach in a school. Holden thinks about the superficial money-driven world of the prep school he has just left. Then he talks to one of the nuns about Romeo and Juliet. Despite his earlier expression of distaste for organized religion, he forces them to take ten dollars as a charitable contribution. After they leave, although he realizes he needs money to pay for his date with Sally, he begins to regret having given only ten dollars. He concludes that money always makes people depressed. -Chapter 16: After breakfast, Holden goes for a walk. He thinks about the selflessness of the nuns and can't imagine anyone he knows being so generous and giving. He heads down Broadway to buy a record called "Little Shirley Beans" for Phoebe. He likes the record because, although it is for children, it is sung by a black blues singer who makes it sound raunchy, not cute. He thinks about Phoebe, whom he considers to be a wonderful girl because, although she's only ten, she always understands what Holden means when he talks to her. He sees an oblivious little boy walking in the street, singing, "If a body catch a body coming through the rye." The innocence of the scene cheers him up, and he decides to call Jane, although he hangs up when her mother answers the phone. In preparation for his date with Sally, he buys theater tickets to a show called "I Know My Love," which stars the Lunts. Holden wants to see Phoebe, and he goes to look for her in the park because he remembers that she often roller-skates there on Sundays. He meets a girl who knows Phoebe. At first, she tells him that his sister is on a school trip to the Museum of Natural History, but then she remembers that the trip was the previous day. Nevertheless, Holden walks to the museum, remembering his own class trips. He focuses on the way life is frozen in the museum's exhibits: models of Eskimos and Indians stand as though petrified and birds hang from the ceiling, seemingly in mid-flight. He remarks that every time he went to the museum, he felt that he had changed, while the museum had stayed exactly the same. -Chapter 17: At two o'clock, Holden goes to meet Sally at the Biltmore Hotel; she is late but looks very attractive, so he immediately forgives her tardiness. They make out in the taxi on the way to the theater. At the play, the actors annoy Holden because, like Ernie the piano player, they are almost too good at what they do and seem full of themselves. During intermission, Sally irritates Holden by flirting with a pretentious boy from Andover, another prep school, but he nonetheless agrees to take her ice-skating at "Radio City" (Radio City Music Hall is part of Rockefeller Center, where there is an ice-skating rink) after the show. While skating, Holden speculates that Sally only wanted to go ice-skating so she could wear a short skirt and show off her "cute ass," but he admits that he finds it attractive. When they take a break and sit down indoors, Holden begins to unravel. Oscillating between shouting and hushed tones, he rants about all the "phonies" at his prep schools and in New York society, and talks about how alienated he feels. He becomes even more crazy and impetuous, saying that he and Sally should run away together and escape from society, living on their own in a cabin. When she points out that his dreams are ridiculous, he becomes more and more agitated. The quarrel builds until Holden calls Sally a "royal pain in the ass," and she begins to cry. Holden starts to apologize, but Sally is upset and angry with him, and, finally, he leaves without her. -Chapter 18: After leaving the skating rink, Holden goes to a drugstore and has a Swiss cheese sandwich and a malted milk. Once again, he thinks about calling Jane, but his mind begins to wander. He remembers the time he saw her at a dance with a boy Holden thought was a show-off, but Jane argued that the boy had an inferiority complex. Holden decides that girls always say that as an excuse to date arrogant boys. Finally, he calls Jane, but no one answers. He then calls a boy named Carl Luce, whom he used to know at the Whooton School, and Luce agrees to meet him for drinks later that night. To kill time, Holden goes to see a movie at Radio City Music Hall. He finds the Rockettes' Christmas stage show ridiculous and superficial, but it makes him remember how he and Allie used to love the kettledrum player in the Radio City pit orchestra. The man was an unnoticed, minuscule part of the show, but he seemed to take joy and pride in what he did. After the show, the movie begins, which Holden claims to find boring as well. When it is over, he begins walking to the Wicker Bar, where he is supposed to meet Luce. The movie was about the war, so Holden thinks about the army. Based on what D. B. has told him, Holden decides that he could never be in the military. He would rather, he says, be shot by a firing squad or sit on top of an atom bomb. -Chapter 19: At the Wicker Bar, located in the posh Seton Hotel, Holden thinks about Luce. Luce is three years older than Holden and now a student at Columbia University. At the Whooton School, Luce used to tell the younger boys about sex. Holden says that he finds Luce amusing, even though he is effeminate and a phony. When Luce arrives, he treats Holden coolly, and Holden pesters him with questions about sex. Luce refuses to be drawn into the kind of sex discussion that they had had at Whooton, and he suggests that Holden needs psychoanalysis. Holden remembers that Luce's father is a psychoanalyst, but Luce is evasive when Holden asks whether Luce's father ever analyzed his own son. Annoyed by Holden's juvenile comments and questions, Luce departs. -Chapter 20: After Luce leaves, Holden stays at the bar and gets very drunk. He stumbles to the phone booth and makes an incoherent late-night call to Sally Hayes, angering both her and her grandmother. He then tries to make a date with the lounge singer, an attractive woman named Valencia. When that fails, he tries, with no more success, to make a date with the hat-check girl. He decides to walk to the duck pond in Central Park to see if the ducks are still around. Along the way, he becomes quite upset when he drops and breaks the record he had bought for Phoebe. Because he had splashed water in his hair at the hotel in an attempt to sober up, his hair begins to freeze and fill with icicles. At the duck pond, he worries about catching pneumonia and imagines his funeral. He missed Allie's funeral, he says, because he was in the hospital after breaking the garage windows with his bare hands. He remembers going to Allie's grave with his parents. He becomes disgusted and sad, because the idea of placing flowers on the grass that covers the stomachs of the dead disturbs him. Holden wants to talk to Phoebe, and he is running low on money, so he decides to risk going home. He expects his parents to be asleep, which will allow him to sneak in, speak with Phoebe, and then leave without being heard. He leaves the park and begins the long walk home. -Chapter 21: Holden takes the elevator up to his family's apartment. Luckily for him, the regular elevator operator is gone, and he is able to convince the new one, who doesn't recognize him, that he wants to visit the Dicksteins, who live across the hall from the Caulfields. Holden sneaks into his family's apartment and looks for Phoebe, but she isn't in her room. Holden tiptoes to D. B.'s room, because Phoebe likes to sleep there when D. B. is in Hollywood. He finds Phoebe sleeping peacefully, and he remarks that children, unlike adults, always look peaceful when they are asleep. As he watches Phoebe sleep, he reads through her schoolbooks. She has signed her name "Phoebe Weatherfield Caulfield," even though her middle name is Josephine. He enjoys reading the notes to friends, the curious questions, and the random imaginative jottings she has scribbled on the pages. He finally wakes Phoebe, and she is overjoyed to see him. Bursting with energy, she talks feverishly about one thing after another: her school play (in which she plays Benedict Arnold), a movie she has just seen, a movie D. B. is working on, a boy at school who bullies her, and the fact that their parents are at a party and won't come home until later. But after her enthusiastic flurry of conversation, she realizes that Holden is home two days early and must have been kicked out of school. Over and over, she repeats that their father will "kill" him. Holden tries to justify his behavior, but she refuses to listen and covers her head with a pillow. Holden leaves the room to get some cigarettes. -Chapter 22: Holden returns to Phoebe's room and eventually gets her to listen. He tries to explain why he fails his classes and tells her all the things he hates about school. She responds by accusing him of hating everything. He tries to refute her claim, and she challenges him to name one thing he likes. He becomes preoccupied, thinking about the nuns he met at breakfast. He also thinks about James Castle, a boy he knew at Elkton Hills School who jumped out of a window to his death while being tormented by other boys. He finally tells her that he likes Allie, and she reminds him angrily that Allie is dead. She asks what he wants to do with his life, and his only answer is to mention the lyric, "If a body catch a body comin' through the rye." Holden says that he imagines a gigantic field of rye on a cliff full of children playing. He wants to stand at the edge of the cliff and catch the children when they come too close to falling off—to be "the catcher in the rye." Phoebe points out that Holden has misheard the words—the actual lyric, from the Robert Burns poem, "Coming Thro' the Rye," is "If a body meet a body coming through the rye." -Chapter 23: Holden leaves Phoebe's room for a moment to call Mr. Antolini, an English teacher he had at Elkton Hills. Mr. Antolini is shocked that Holden has been kicked out of another school and invites Holden to stay the night at his house. Holden mentions to us that Mr. Antolini was the only teacher who approached James Castle's body after his death, the only one who demonstrated any courage or kindness in the situation. Holden goes back into Phoebe's room and asks her to dance. After a few numbers, they hear the front door open—their parents have come home from their dinner party. Holden tries to fan away his lingering cigarette smoke and jumps in the closet. His mother comes in to tuck Phoebe in, and he hides until she leaves. He then tells Phoebe goodbye, letting her know of his plan to leave New York and move out west alone. She loans him the Christmas money she'd been saving, and he leaves for Mr. Antolini's. On the way out, he gives Phoebe his red hunting hat. -Chapter 24: When Holden arrives at Mr. Antolini's, Mr. Antolini and his wife have just wrapped up a dinner party in their upscale Sutton Place apartment. Glasses and dishes are everywhere, and Holden can tell that Mr. Antolini has been drinking. Holden takes a seat, and the two begin talking. As Mrs. Antolini prepares coffee, Mr. Antolini inquires about Holden's expulsion from Pencey Prep. Holden reveals that he disliked the rules and regulations at Pencey Prep. As an example, he mentions his debate class in which students were penalized for digressing from their subject. Holden argues that digressions are more interesting. Instead of offering complete sympathy, Mr. Antolini gently challenges Holden, pointing out that digressions are often distracting, and that sometimes it is more interesting and appropriate to stick to the topic. Holden begins to see the weakness of his argument and becomes uncomfortable. But Mrs. Antolini cuts the tension, bringing coffee for Holden and Mr. Antolini before going to bed. After this respite, Mr. Antolini resumes the discussion on a much more serious note. He tells Holden that he is worried about him because he seems primed for a major fall, a fall that will leave him frustrated and embittered against the rest of the world, particularly against the sort of boys he hated at school. At this suggestion Holden becomes defensive and argues that he actually, after a while, grows to semi-like guys like Ackley and Stradlater. After an awkward silence, Mr. Antolini further explains the "fall" he is envisioning, saying that it is experienced by men who cannot deal with the environment around them. But he tells Holden that if he applies himself in school, he will learn that many men and women have been similarly disturbed and troubled by the human condition, and he will also learn a great deal about his own mind. Holden seems interested in what Mr. Antolini has to say, but he is exhausted. Finally, he is unable to suppress a yawn. Mr. Antolini chuckles, makes up the couch, and, after some small talk about girls, lets Holden go to sleep. Suddenly, Holden wakes up; he feels Mr. Antolini's hand stroking his head. Mr. Antolini claims it was nothing, but Holden believes Mr. Antolini is making a homosexual advance and hurries out of the apartment. -Chapter 25: After leaving Mr. Antolini's, Holden goes to Grand Central Station and spends the night sleeping on a bench in the waiting room. The next day, he walks up and down Fifth Avenue, watching the children and feeling more and more nervous and overwhelmed. Every time he crosses a street, he feels like he will disappear, so each time he reaches a curb, he calls to Allie, pleading with his dead brother to let him make it to the other side. He decides to leave New York, hitchhike west, and never go home or to school again. He imagines living as a hermit, never talking to anybody, and marrying a deaf-mute girl. He goes to Phoebe's school and writes her a note telling her to meet him at the Museum of Art so he can return the money she lent him. As he wanders around his old school, he becomes even more depressed when he finds the words "f u" scrawled on the walls. While waiting at the museum, Holden shows two young kids where the mummies are. He leads them down the hallway to the tomb exhibit, but they get scared and run off, leaving Holden alone in the dark, cramped passage. Holden likes it at first, but then sees another "f u" written on the wall. Disgusted, he speculates that when he dies, somebody will probably write the words "**** you" on his tombstone. He leaves the exhibit to wait for Phoebe. On the way to the bathroom, he passes out, but he downplays the incident. Phoebe arrives at the museum with a suitcase and begs Holden to take her with him. He feels dizzy and worries that he will pass out again. He tells her that she cannot possibly go with him and feels even closer to fainting. She gets angry, refuses to look at him, and gruffly returns his hunting hat. Holden tells her he won't go away and asks her to go back to school. She angrily refuses, and he offers to take her to the zoo. They walk to the zoo, Holden on one side of the street, Phoebe following angrily on the other. After looking at some animals, they walk to the park, now on the same side of the street, although still not quite together. They come to the carousel, and Holden convinces Phoebe to ride it. He sits on a park bench, watching her go around and around. They have reconciled, he is wearing his red hunting hat, and suddenly he feels so happy he thinks he might cry. -Chapter 26: Holden concludes his story by refusing to discuss what happened after his day in the park with Phoebe, although he does say that he went home, got sick, and was sent to the rest home from which he now tells his story. He says he is supposed to go to a new school in the fall and thinks that he will apply himself there, but he doesn't feel like talking about it. He wishes he hadn't talked about his experiences so much in the first place, even to D. B., who often comes to visit him in the rest home. Talking about what happened to him makes him miss all the people in his story.

Joseph Addison - The Spectator

-City Living: good morals, busy -Country living: manners, peaceful Then: -After marriage: love you even with problems. Look at someone in detail. -Before marriage: so you know if you can be with them or not. Now: people marry for money and to care for you. L uxorious Person: -Advantage: isolated with yourself -Disadvantage: Gives themselves up to grief and sadness. Not able to be comfortable. Sad all the time. Why get married? -Then: have children and to pass on name -Now: children and financial reasons

Samuel Pepys - The Diary of Samuel Pepys

-He was in Westminster Hall when they began to talk to the king. -The Duke of York and the Duke of Gloucester came in a Dutch boat. -He listens to the kings fascinating stories. -Samuel was at the Coronation of King Charles II. -He witnessed 300 homes get burned down during the Great London Fire. -Samuel tries to help with the burning houses but everything he tried to do failed. -He talks to many people about rebuilding the city after the fire. -He goes back to work as normal. -He went to the parish church to look through a telescope. -His wife was angry with him because he didn't return when she thought he would.

Lady Mary Wortley Montague - Letter to Her Daughter

-Her granddaughter should be well educated, 2 hours of applications every morning. -don't let other know that she's educated/ -Doesn't want her granddaughter to be married because there are too many bad men who will not treat her right and she wouldn't be safe anymore.

Flower in the Crannied Wall By: Lord Tennyson

-Imagery: Root and all -Theme: Man doesn't understand nature -What is man's place in the universe?: He doesn't know

Song By: Christina Rossetti

-In the first stanza the speaker asks her beloved that when she dies, he doesn't sing any sad songs for her, or put flowers or plant a tree on her grave. The grass on her grave, showered by rain and morning dew, will be enough - and if he does remember her, that's fine, but if he forgets her, so be it. -In the second stanza, the speaker explains why she isn't fussed about what her beloved does to remember her after she has died: she will not be there to see the shadows or feel the rain, or hear the nightingale singing; after death, she will be 'dreaming', and sleeping, through a perpetual 'twilight', and she may remember him, but she may not.

Ulysses By: Lord Tennyson

-Lines 1-5: An old man is sitting by his wife next to a fire place with no fire and making bad laws. -Lines 6-7: Wants to enjoy life -Lines 8-9: Suffered a lot in the past but had enjoyed life. Been with wife, family, friends, and other times alone. -Lines 10-11: On the sea and the land -Lines 11-12: Reputation for roaming a lot. -Lines 13-15: People look up to him -Lines 16-17: Battle of Troy -Lines 18-21: Part of all his adventures -Lines 22-23: Doing nothing is boring -Lines 24-26: Has a lot of experience because he is old but wants more. -Lines 27-32: He is going to follow knowledge after 3 years of nothing -Lines 33-44: Giving power to his son -Lines 45-70: The old man is talking about dying and going to heaven. -Theme: People should accept each other. Old people have value. People need to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. Lice life to the fullest because you never know when it will end. -What is man's place in the universe: Live life to the fullest

Alexander Pope - Epigrams

-Lines 1-6: Follow nature which all seems the same. Nature never changes its light. Nature makes beauty known and it doesn't compare to art. -Lines 7-10: Pride is the biggest reason for people's mistakes. -Lines 11-14: When someone is in an argument, they can't admit that they're wrong even if they know they're wrong (they will switch). -Lines 15-16: Don't trust yourself - know your thoughts. Make use of friends and foes/friends may lie to you, enemies tell their truth - put them together to find out who you are. -Lines 17-20: It's dangerous to not know things - learning a little can hurt you - learning a lot can help you. -Lines 21-24: You look at someone for who they are on the inside not just what they look like on the outside. -Lines 25-30: Nothing is perfect. Every piece of work should get applause. Effort is important. -Lines 31-34: If you have wit, then you have words everyone would agree with. -Lines 35-38: You have to practice to become good at something. -Lines 39-40: Don't do things too extreme even if you have the desire. You'll never be happy. Eat too much = fat. Eat not enough = skinny. -Lines 41-42: You know what is right and what is wrong. Lines 43-44: Godly to forgive someone. Messing up is human.

Sonnet 43 By: Elizabeth Barrett Browning

-Lines 2-4 of the poem provide the first way in which the speaker loves her husband. -she is describing that her love is as deep and wide and tall as it can possibly be. -It is so deep and wide and tall, in fact, that she cannot even "see" the edges of it: it is infinite. -In the next two lines, Barrett Browning continues to show her husband how much she loves him. -These lines are particularly lovely in their simplicity. -While her love knows no bounds, the speaker also loves her beloved in ordinary, everyday life. -She needs him as much as she needs other basic necessities of life. -In lines seven and eight, Barrett Browning writes of two others ways she loves. -These lines give an innate sense of feeling to her love. -Just as men naturally strive to do what is good and right, she freely loves. -In addition, she loves him purely, just as men turn from praise in order to maintain humility. -The speaker does not want thanks or attention for her love; just like good and just men, she loves because it is what she has to do. -She is telling her husband here that she has as much passion for him as she does for those things in life that she just cannot stand. -She also loves him with the faith of a child, which is a particularly lovely line. -Children's faith is usually steadfast and true. -Just like a child has faith, so, too, does the speaker have love for her husband. -Her "lost saints" is a reference to all of those people she once loved and adored in her life. -The love she once felt for them, that she eventually lost, has now been transferred into the love she feels for her husband. -Additionally, she loves him with all that she is: her breath, her smiles, and her tears. -Barrett Browning confesses that she loves her husband with all that has made up her life. -Not only will she love him well into eternity, she writes, but she will also love him even better than she does presently. -Her love will continue to grow with the passing of time, regardless of whether or not she or he are still alive. -The speaker's love for her husband is so strong that not even death could destroy it.

James Boswell - The Life of Samuel Johnson

-Meals were very important to Samuel. -He minds what he eats very carefully. -When he would be eating, he would only focus on his food. -Samuel wanted every meal he had to be something spectacular, nothing boring or sub par. -Samuel believed that women had if much better than men because they were out of danger. -He believes expecting perfection from women is helping them. -Samuel believes the sexes will never be equal. -Samuel knows that everyone fears death. -Johnson feared what came after death, not so much death itself. -Although Samuel feared death, he feared absolutely nothing else.

Jonathan Swift - A Modest Proposal

-Men were the ones who made the money. That's why he says he was mad about women and children begging. -His plan is to stop poverty. -This isn't just for the beggars. This is for everyone. -There would be no abortions if we did this. -The children can't work -No one will buy a child until they're at least 12 years old. -Modest Proposal: each children. A noble American says this because American's live next to the Indians, they think Indians can be cannibals. -Talks about statistics -A male can be with 4 women - lowest Irish to animals - for breeding. -Women will nurse for a year and make them fat so there is plenty of meat. -Can'y own anything if you were Catholic. -Children could make 2 dishes. Could save flesh for boots and leather purposes. -Decides not to kill older children because men are too tough and women are almost able to breed. -Giving all reasons: *Get rid of pipst *Maintenance wouldn't have to be kept *Women don't have to care for kids *Men won't beat their wives while pregnant -He says what he really wants to happen: *Landlords should be taxed *Buy local products *Don't buy things you don;t have to have or use normal items *Women shouldn't bet money. *Save your money *Ireland should be treated like British people *Wants Catholics to be equals *Landlords should give them slack for one year if they can't pay. *He doesn't want goods raising in price (local). -Children = human beings -English need to treat Ireland as human beings.

Percy Bysshe Shelley

-Met a traveler from Egypt. Face shows he is angry, rude, and powerful. Sculpture wants Ozymandias to like it. Etched in the pedestal says he is arrogant. Nothing is left as the sand stretches far out. *statue represents who built it -Structure: sonnet -Theme: Power doesn't last. Nature lasts beyond anything else. Nature is more power than anything else. -Characteristics: nature

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

-Pleasure Dome - power/walls and towers around dom - civiliazation. Trees - life -River - starting in turmoil then becomes pleasant. Kubla hears war. Dream goes from pleasant to violent nature. -Dome is in the shadow - the reflection represents a mirror of the dome (not real)-imagination. The water of life (frozen). -Altered reality: It's a dream-so it has a different perspective than the literal. Dom is a foreign place (China). Women cry for people they shouldn't be associated with (emoitional). Violence of life-war. Pleasure Dom in the water-only sees the reflection-imagination. Parts of life are frozen-can only go through 2 certain parts of life. Pleasure Dom in the sky-afterlife-subconscious. Woman musician (beautiful music of paradise). He wants to be like her, he would have flashing eyes, flowing hair, and would be professing good. He is changed-gone through afterlife and back in his dream. Last box comes from our imagination. -Theme: Life is important.

Sonnet 14 By: Elizabeth Barrett Browning

-Poet expressing her feelings about how it's not superficial love she deserves. -She deserves true, honest, and unconditional love. -She doesn't want her lover to love her for her smile and looks because she knows those eventually change. -Doesn't want her lover to lover her for her qualities can be seen because those will change. -Fears at that point her lover will not see her as what he once saw her and leave her. -Doesn't want love out of pity and sympathy. -Theme: You shouldn't love someone for superficial reasons, but for the sake of pure love.

Dover Beach By: Matthew Arnold

-Stanza 1: A man and a woman are looking out the window at the French coast and beach -Stanza 2: Human misery is in both the past and the present -Stanza 3: Faith is decreasing and people have to look at the problems. -Stanza 4: The Earth isn't as perfect as it seems. -What is Arnold's answer to what gives meaning to life? People need to love each other individually. -Imagery: The Sea of Faith: being fulling in the past and is now decreasing because faith is decreasing. Ignorant armies clash by night: people fighting over nothing. -Sea is a symbol of change

What Men Live By-By: Leo Tolstoy

-The angel Michael admits toward the end of "What Men Live By" that God banished him to Earth in order to learn three things. -He learns each lesson through his association with Simon the shoemaker, who found the angel naked and alone on a cold street. -Simon didn't expect to gain anything by the charitable act, and for this kindness, Michael made sure that Simon succeeded as a shoemaker and had more than enough to care for and feed his family. -Michael smiles each time he learns one of the three truths he must learn before he can return to Heaven. -He smiles the first time when Simon and his wife welcome him into their home. -He smiles for the second time when he makes a pair of slippers for a man who had ordered boots. Michael makes slippers because he knows the man is about to die and needs the slippers. -The third time Michael smiles is when he hears the story of orphaned twins who were taken in by a stranger who cared for them as if they were her own. -After hearing this story, Michael confesses to Simon who he is and why he is on Earth, explains the three truths he learned and urges Simon to live a love-filled life. -Michael then returns to Heaven.

Birthday By: Christina Rossetti

-The narrator of "A Birthday" expresses her delight about her love's upcoming birthday. -The narrator, who most likely voices Rossetti's own views, compares her heart to various things in nature. -She uses the images of a songbird, a fruit-laden apple-tree, and a rainbow to express the depth of her love. -She asks for an elaborate golden throne carved in wood. -She joyfully exclaims that the birthday of her love and her life has arrived

Porphyria's Lover By: Robert Browning

-The speaker lives in a cottage in the countryside. -His lover, a blooming young woman named Porphyria, comes in out of a storm and proceeds to make a fire and bring cheer to the cottage. -She embraces the speaker, offering him her bare shoulder. -He tells us that he does not speak to her. -Instead, he says, she begins to tell him how she has momentarily overcome societal strictures to be with him. -He realizes that she "worship[s]" him at this instant. Realizing that she will eventually give in to society's pressures, and wanting to preserve the moment, he wraps her hair around her neck and strangles her. -He then toys with her corpse, opening the eyes and propping the body up against his side. -He sits with her body this way the entire night, the speaker remarking that God has not yet moved to punish him. -The man is a psychopath -How is psychological realism shown? It's shown by the man wanting to capture the moment forever

John Dryden - A Song for St. Cecilia's Day

-The universe was created in the harmony of God. -The atoms formed to make the order of the universe. -It took every single note to make man. -Music changes your emotions. -When Jubal created music, everyone started to worship the sound. -People thought there was a god in the sound (music). -The trumpet and the drum excite people to fight. -The flute and the lute cause the emotion of sadness because people can't be together. -Violins can cause anger over people due to jealousy about a woman (woman doesn't like him). -The organ and the choir are played at the church to teach the people how to love and praise God. -Orpheus was a fantastic musician, but St. Cecilia was better. -People thought her music was from Heaven. -On the last day when the trumpet plays, God will come to judge and the music will make the atoms separate.

My Last Duchess By: Robert Browning

-Two men are looking at a painting. -The painting shoes the joy and beauty of the woman. -She didn't treat him differently than she did anyone else. -The Duke had his wife put to death -The Duke is talking to an agent of the count and wants him to set up a marriage agreement so the duke could marry the counts daughter. -How did the Duke view women? He viewed them as objects -Browning didn't view women as objects

The Martian Chronicles

A Martian woman has dreams of a rocket coming down from the sky, containing a light-skinned, blue-eyed creature named Nathaniel York. Her husband is weary, and when the rocket lands, he shoots the men. All over Mars, people begin to hum Earth tunes and have strange dreams. When a second rocket lands, the astronauts get out and explore. They say they are from Earth, but everyone thinks they are crazy people who have hallucinated their rocket. Thus, they are all shot by a psychologist. Meanwhile, on Earth, a crazed taxpayer tries to board the third rocket to Mars, but he is denied. When it lands, the astronauts find themselves in an ideal small American town. They meet their dead relatives and split up to have dinner with lost parents and brothers. Captain John Black goes to bed next to his long-lost brother, only to realize that it is probably all a Martian trap. His "brother" kills him before he can leave the room. A year later, a fourth expedition lands, and it is successful. Almost all the Martians have died of chicken pox, apparently acquired from one of the previous expeditions. Captain Wilder lets his men drink and dance, but this angers the archaeologist in the crew, Jeff Spender. Spender feels humbled by the great Martian civilization and wants the rest of the crew to be dignified. He goes crazy and tries to kill the crew; Wilder reasons with him and is somewhat sympathetic, but finally has to shoot him. Settlers begin to arrive on Mars, drawn by the promise of work. Benjamin Driscoll's job is to plant trees. One morning, after it finally rains, he turns around and sees that the once-barren landscape is now covered with green. Another settler, Toma's Gomez, experiences an even stranger event when, in the middle of nowhere, he runs into a Martian. They cannot touch each other, seeming to exist on different time-planes. The first settlers are rough, but they build churches in little shantytowns just like American towns. Sometimes, their children sneak off to Martian ruins, where countless carcasses are still being cleaned up. They play songs on the Martian bones. Back on Earth, all the Negroes in the American South have banded together to emigrate to Mars. As they walk in an exit parade through one city, a racist white man, Mr. Teece, tries to stop them, but they band together to pay all debts. The racist man weeps and feels lost without them. Back on Mars, a man named William Stendahl has constructed a recreation of the House of Usher. He is bitter that the government has made tales of fantasy illegal. He invites the top politicians responsible for this to a party, at which they are systematically killed. Mars is eventually flooded with retirees. One couple misses their dead son, until one day Tom shows up on their porch. He is actually a Martian who changes shape according to the desires of those around him, and when he goes to town, many people fight over him, each thinking him to be a different person. News comes from Earth that atomic war is imminent. Sam Parkhill, a man from Captain Wilder's expedition, is proud of the hot dog stand he has just opened. Suddenly, some Martians approach him, but he kills them. Finally, he is subdued. They hand over to him their deeds for half of Mars. He is bewildered, until later that night, when he sees Earth burst into flame. All over Mars, people watch, and a radio signal comes to Mars with the words "Come Home." Everyone evacuates. One man, named Walter Gripp, who lives in the mountains, is left behind. He searches desperately for a woman to keep him company, but when he finds Genevieve Selsor, she is disgusting. Twenty years pass, with Hathaway living with his family in a shack on Mars, waiting for a rescue. Finally, a rocket lands. It is Captain Wilder, back from exploring Jupiter and Pluto. He doesn't understand why Hathaway's family has not aged, and as Hathaway suddenly dies of a heart attack, he realizes that they are robots. Back on Earth, a fully automated house is dying. Its occupants died long ago, in the nuclear war, but the house kept washing and playing music every day. A falling tree bough catches it on fire. On Mars, a family has escaped the wasteland of Earth. Dad tells his sons that they are Martians now. Soon another family will arrive, with girls. Dad is happy to have left the foolishness of Earth.

Robert Burns

A Red, Red Rose -Stanza 1: His love is like a red rose because she is new. -Stanza 2: He'll love her forever because the ocean will never go dry -Stanza 3: He'll love her until the sea dries or rocks melt and until he dies. -Stanza 4: Saying goodbye. He's leaving but is coming back. -Structure: lyric, 4 stanzas with 4 lines, abcb, smooth sound, imagery: red rose, melody, seas not going dry, rocks not melting in sun, sands of life. -Theme: Love lasts forever. -Characteristics: common language, nature, emotion, common man, lyric, innocence, beauty John Anderson, My Jo -Stanza 1: When they first met he was young and cute but now he is old and bald and she blesses him -Stanza 2: They must go on a journey together until death. -Structure: lyric, 2 stanzas with 8 lines, love, dialect, images: hill -Theme: Love lasts forever -Characteristics: nature, emotion, common man/life, common language, lyric To a Louse: On Seeing One on a Lady's Bonnet at Church -Stanza 1: Asking the lice what they are doing here -Stanza 2: Go find someone else (she's a upper class woman) -Stanza 3: Go to the baggar's house -Stanza 4: Lice is moving up the bonnet, through her hair, to the top of her hat -Stanza 5: Wants to cover the louse in mercury -Stanza 6: On a little beggar, on his flannel vest. Wouldn't expect to see lice on a Lunardi. -Stanza 7: She's noticing people are looking at her but they are actually looking at the louse. -Theme: It would be good if we can see ourselves the way people see us because we wouldn't make as many mistakes.

Comic relief

A humorous section between two serious sections of a play

Satire

A literary technique in which behaviors or institutions are ridiculed for the purpose of improving society.

Dramatic monologue

A lyric poem in which the speaker addresses a silent listener in a moment of high intensity or deep emotion. Often, the speaker reveals inner thoughts and motivations.

Romantic hero

A person outside of society who is noble but flawed.

Romanticism

A philosophy in which man's unconscious and subconscious nature is important. Man is part of all he beholds. He is one with the universe and obedient to its power.

Miracle play

A plot based on a saint's life.

Morality play

A plot based on a sermon.

Mystery play

A plot based on the Bible.

Renaissance tragedy

A serious drama in which the leading character by some passion or limitation (tragic flaw) is brought to a catastrophe

Essay

A short piece of nonfiction prose in which the writer discusses some aspect of a subject

Epigram

A short poem notable for conciseness, balance, and clarity

Soliloquy

A speech given by a character seemingly alone on stage in which he presents his thoughts aloud to the audience.

Folk tale

A story handed down by word of mouth for generations. Often, a strong moral and supernatural events are important.

Biography

Account of a person's life written by another

Hamlet

Act 1: Scene 1 - The watch changes. Bernardo and Francisco show they're nervous at midnight. -Horatio (friend) and Marcellus (guard) arrive. The soldiers want to get Horatio's opinion on the ghost they have seen. -Horatio sees the ghost dressed in King Hamlet's armor and tries to get it to speak. It disappears. -Horatio tells the guards that young Fortinbras from Norway is trying to get some rebels to attack Denmark to get revenge on his father's death. -The ghost returns. The rooster crows. The ghost disappears. They will tell Hamlet about the ghost. Scene 2 - King Claudius is holding court. He introduces his new wife, Gertrude, who had been married to King Hamlet. (She is the mother of Hamlet) -Claudius sends Voltemand and Cornelius to the king of Norway to let him know about Fortinbras. -Laertes asks permission to return to France. Claudius asks him if he has his father's permission and then agrees to let him leave. -When Gertrude tells Hamlet to stop grieving over King Hamlet's death, he says he cannot. -Claudius agrees that Hamlet should stop grieving and says he may not return to Wittenbury because he is next in line to the throne. -The queen wants Hamlet to stay so he agrees to stay. -When Horatio tells Hamlet about the ghost, Hamlet plans to see if the ghost will appear that night. Scene 3 - Before Laertes leaves for France, he warns Ophelia not to get too close to Hamlet. -Polonius arrives and gives Laertes "college advice" -Laertes leaves -Polonius forbids Ophelia to see Hamlet privately. -Ophelia reluctantly says she will. Scene 4 - Horatio and Hamlet wait to see the ghost. -Hamlet follows the ghost by himself. -The others try to follow him. Scene 5 - The ghost tells Hamlet he is suffering in the afterlife because he didn't go to confession before he was murdered by King Claudius. -He explains how he was murdered (poison poured in his ear while he was asleep). -He wants Hamlet to get revenge on Claudius but not on Gertrude. -Hamlet says he will put aside everything else to get revenge. -When Horatio and Marcellus arrive, he swears them to secrecy. Act 2: Scene 1 - Polonius sends Reynaldo to spy on Laertes with the potential of ruining Laertes' reputation. -Ophelia tells Polonius about Hamlet's crazy actions towards her. -Polonius thinks Hamlet is "crazy in love" with her. Scene 2 - Claudius sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on Hamlet to find out why he is so sad. -Voltemand and Cornelius report on Norway. The king of Norway told Fortenbras not to attack Denmark. He agrees but asked to march through Denmark to attack Poland. -Polonius reports that Hamlet is insane because he loves Ophelia and hasn't been allowed to see her alone. His plan is to put Ophelia by Hamlet and see what he does. -Hamlet mocks Polonius who then leaves. -Hamlet tests Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's motives for talking with him and shows them as spies. He warns them to stay away. -Polonius reports that the players have arrived. -Hamlet is delighted. -He asks them to put a special scene in a play to be acted before the court. They agree. Act 3: Scene 1 - Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tell Claudius and Gertrude that Hamlet has told them nothing. Hamlet seemed happy about the players' arrival. -The king and Polonius spy on Hamlet and Ophelia. -Hamlet has a soliloquy about suicide. -Ophelia gives Hamlet back the gifts he has given her. -He thinks she is lying to him and he says cruel things to her. -Ophelia thinks Hamlet is insane; the king knows Ophelia's relationship with him is not the current reason he is crazy. -The king wants Hamlet watched. He is going to send Hamlet to England. Scene 2 - Hamlet talks with the players. (Shakespeare shows his views on acting.) -Hamlet asks Horatio to watch Claudius' reaction to the play. -Hamlet chooses to sit by Ophelia and is crude in his language to her. -He talks about the play as it's acted. -Hamlet asks Gertrude is she likes the play. She says the lady is overacting. -When the poisoning scene occurs, Claudius stops the play. -Hamlet and Horatio know the king is guilty to murder. The King knows Hamlet knows. -Rosencratz and Guildenstern try to get Hamlet to talk with them. He says not to play him. -Polonius tells Hamlet that the queen wants to see him. -Hamlet is ready to kill Claudius. Scene 3 - Claudius commissions Rosencratz and Guildenstern to bring Hamlet to England. -Claudius shows he is guilty but he can't repeat. -Hamlet could have killed Claudius while he was "praying" but doesn't. Scene 4 - Polonius hides behind the arras to spy on Hamlet in Gertrude's room. -Hamlet kills Polonius through the curtain. -Hamlet and Gertrude argue. The ghost appears to Hamlet. Gertrude thinks Hamlet is crazy. Hamlet drags Polonius' body out of the room after telling Gertrude that the king is sending him away. Act 4 Scene 1 - Gertrude tells Claudius that Hamlet killed Polonius. -The king realizes Hamlet was trying to kill him. -The king tells Rosencratz and Guildenstern to find Hamlet and bring Polonius' body to the chapel. Scene 2 - Hamlet mocks Rosencratz and Guildenstern and runs away. Scene 3 - Although Claudius knows Hamlet is in danger, he can't kill him because the people love him. -When Hamlet arrives, Hamlet mocks Claudius. They both know Claudius is guilty and will try to destroy Hamlet. Claudius plots to have the king of England kill Hamlet. Scene 4 - The captain tells Hamlet the Polish ground is worthless but many men will die over who will keep it. -Hamlet's soliloquy shows he still plans to kill Claudius even though he is being forced out of the country. Scene 5 - Ophelia has become insane due to her grief over Polonius. -Laertes comes in to kill Hamlet. -Claudius talks him out of it. Scene 6 - Horatio receives Hamlet's letter saying he escaped Rosencratz and Guildenstern by boarding a pirate ship. He asks Horatio to get money from the king for a ransom. Scene 7 - Claudius tells Laertes that he hasn't killed Hamlet for Polonius' death because Hamlet's mother loves her son and so do the people. -The king finds out Hamlet has returned -He suggests that Laertes duel with Hamlet and kill him with a poisoned sword. -Claudius says he will prepare a poisoned drink in case Hamlet is a better fighter. -The queen reports that Ophelia drowned. Laertes is enraged. Scene 8 - Comic relief of grave digger (clowns). -Hamlet considers death ("Alas, poor Yorick!) -Ophelia is buried. Laertes and Hamlet fight over her grave. Act 5 Scene 1 - Hamlet tells Horatio that he changed the kings' letter to have Rosencratz and Guildenstern killed. -Hamlet mocks Osric. -At the tournament, Laertes can't hit Hamlet with the poisoned sword. The queen drinks the poisoned wine. -Laertes stabs Hamlet. Hamlet stabs Laertes. The queen dies. Hamlet confesses to the plot. Hamlet kills Claudius. ***Hamlet's tragic flaw is procrastinating.

Ode

An exalted, complex lyric that develops a serious and dignified theme.

Thinking of the Victorian Age

Believed in rules, society is changing, each writer is trying to come up with a solution.

Juvenalien Satire

Bitter

Thinking of the Modern Age

Complete change in society because of violence, technology, and women working and voting.

Aside

Dialogue spoken by one actor to himself of another which other characters can't hear.

Thinking of the Romantic Age

Didn't care about rules. Nature and Emotion

Psychological realism

Focuses on the inner realities of the mind.

Epistle

Formals, literary letter sent to one person but meant for publication.

Horation Satire

Gentle

The Eagle By: Lord Tennyson

Imagery: Like a thunderbolt he falls. Close to the sun in lonely hands. -Theme: Power can lead to great success. Power prays on the weak. -What is man's place in the universe? The weak need stronger people to help.

Stream-of-consciousness

Narrative technique that seeks to depict the leaps and associations of the human mind.

John Keats

Ode in a Grecian Urn -Stanza 1: The urn (inanimate object) is quiet. Metaphor: Thou still unravish'd bride of quietnedd means the urn has never been used. Urn has been around for hundreds of years. Urn talks about history and has forest scene on it. Urn can tell story better than his poem. Trying to see what the urn has to tell him. -Stanza 2: Imagination makes it sound better. Musician on urn playing pipes. -Piper says it's okay because you can hear the melody in your head. -Lover is chasing after girl and will never get her (loves her and wants to kiss her), will always be able to see her and she is beautiful. -Stanza 3: Cow being lead to the alter, sacrifice, priest, religion on other side. -Stanza 4: When generation is finished the urn will still have a lot to say. -Theme: Beauty is truth, truth is beauty -Characteristics: nature, imagination, beauty, youth, music, forever, love, beauty, passion, desire

Thinking of the Enlightenment time

People wanted to know what they wanted to do. Focuses on how people are suppose to live

Enjambment

Poetic characteristic of moving the idea and structural characteristics from one stanza to another.

Diary

Prose, personal narrative of a writer's day-to-day experiences and thoughts.

Realism

Quality in literature which seeks to recapture everyday life objectively.

Naturalism

Realistic writing that views nature and society as forces indifferent to the human condition.

Lord Byron

She Walks in Beauty -Sees his cousin in the morning, admires her beauty -She is the light and the darkness, wearing all dark clothes, light flashes on her dress. -Her dress is black and her face is light. -Her thoughts seen to be pure and sweet -She is calm, peaceful, elegant, innocent -Theme: Women are beautiful. Thoughts that are pure and if she is calm and peaceful, that makes her beautiful.

Thinking of the Renaissance Age

Stress on the individual, arts stressed

Jean de la Fontaine - The Acorn and the Pumpkin, The Value of Knowledge

The Acorn and the Pumpkin: -The Lord knows about God the best. -There's no need to search the entire universe for proof. -The pumpkin gives us all the proof we need. -Garo looked at a pumpkin and wondered how a big fruit can hang from such a small stem. -Garo says God made it wrong. -If it was up to Garo, he would hang a pumpkin from an oak tree. -The vicar is always saying God is so smart and strong. -Garo would hang an acorn from a stem instead of a tree. -God has things backwards. -Garo takes a nap under an oak tree. -He is awoken when an acorn falls on his nose. -Garo changes his mind about God having things backwards when he realized if a pumpkin fell on his head he would have been injured worse. -Garo goes home singing and praising to God and His wondrous ways. The Value of Knowledge: -He start off by telling a story about 2 citizens of the town. -One was quick of wit and poor and the other was rich and very rude. -The rude and rich one would get the respect he wanted if he was smart. -The author asks if you are such a good person or do you just judge others. -He wonders if reading books will make their friends happy. -People believe all of their happiness will come from pleasures such as earning and spending money. -God knows if we are truly good people or not. -People using flattery to get what they want. -People want revenge so there are wars that cause great destruction. -People who have knowledge has all the power.

William Blake

The Lamb: -Stanza 1: A man is asking the lamb who made him. Tells the lamb about all his beautiful features and can run through fields. -Stanza 2: The man says he will tell the lamb God made him. The man says the God who calls himself the lamb, made him and the lamb. Then said God bless us. -Structure: Dramatic, 2 stanza with 10 lines, aabb -Theme: God made all things beautiful. -Characteristics: nature, beauty, innocence, simplicity The Little Boy Lost: -Stanza 1: The little boy asks his father to slow down so he won't get lost. -Stanza 2: The child is lost because his father moved too quickly. -Structure: Lyric, dramatic, narrative, 2 stanzas with 4 lines, symbol: little boy (innocence), mire and vapor (anything bad). -Theme: Never leave your child or they will be lost. -Characteristics: nature, emotion, common man/life, common language, lyric, simplicity, childhood, innocence The Little Boy Found: -Stanza 1: Little boy was lost and God was leading him to the way of the goodness. -Stanza 2: God brought the boy to his mother -Structure: Lyric, narrative -Theme: God always leads you in the right direction OR God helps the innocence. -Characteristics: nature, emotion, childhood, innocence Tyger -Stanza 1: Who created the tiger is a beautiful being -Stanza 2: What was his creator aiming for when he was creating the eyes. -Stanza 3: Why did he create the tiger with such dreadful hands and feet. -Stanza 4: What tools could someone possibly use to make the tiger so terrifying. -Stanza 5: Could someone who created the lamb create something so terrifying. -Stanza 6: Who created the tiger is a beautiful being. -Structure: lyric, imagery -Theme: God made the tiger who is a mysterious, beautiful creature -Characteristics: nature, imagination, lyric, bizarre, magical, supernatural The Fly -Stanza 1: Talking to the fly and brushes him off -Stanza 2: Comparing himself to the fly -Stanza 3: He will do whatever he wants until he dies -Stanza 4: If thinking is being alive and gives strength and breathe, then not thinking is death -Stanza 5: He's happy if he lives or dies -Structure: dramatic, 5 stanzas 4 lines, abcb -Theme: Live life to the fullest so when you die you'll be happy -Characteristics: nature, emotion, common man, imagination The Sick Rose: -Stanza 1: Their love is invisible and out in the world -Stanza 2: The wife's affair has destroyed their love -OR A man finds a little girls bed and rapes her. -Structure: abcb, 2 stanzas with 4 lines, dramatic, imagery: rose, howling storm, the night, symbol: fly, rose (love, beauty, little girl), storm (destroy) -Theme: Love isn't always perfect. Evil destroys innocence -Characteristics: nature, emotion

Verisimilitude

The appearance or semblance of truth in literature

Romantic poetry

The spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion recollected in tranquility.

William Wordsworth

Tintern Abbey -five years have gone by -again he hears the water coming from the mountain -thinking about being alone in the beautiful mountains -resting under a sycamore tree during the summer looking at farmland -Seeing farms from far away and can tell the different plots by hedgerows -can see smoke coming up from a farm house -out in the woods by himself imagining a house with alone in it. **setting the mood -This place has never left his imagination/memory -lonely in towns and cities when he was in a room alone these pictures have comforted him. -love them but don't remember anything about it. -when he has thought about this place he has felt better. -Romantic Experience: 1) Get into a good mood. 2) Your feelings deepen. 3) Get into a trance. 4) Understanding the meaning of life. -Refunding people who think he is crazy -If this is stupid or untrue, then why do I turn to the process when I need help. -He doesn't remember the details, but comes back when he's at the place, it'll be there for a long time and think of it. -He has changed in the last 5 years, he was roaming around trying to find wheat he loved. -Nature is enough -He doesn't feel like what he did 5 years ago. -He has lost other gifts but gained something even better. -Senses a calmness that comes from mankind that is powerful. -God in nature -God is through nature -Still loves nature but for a different reason. -Theme: Nature is man's moral guide.

Blank verse

Unrhymed iambic pentameter