Enviro Study Guide Unit 3
Population change is calc using which formula?
(births+immigration)-(deaths+emigration)
India
1.3 billion
China
1.4 billion
What is the growth rate of a country with a CBR of 22 and CDR of 6?
1.6%
Continent Pin Code: Americas Europe Africa Asia
1/1 1/1 1/4 4/5
How many years would it take a country with a CBR of 14 and CDR of 7 to double in size
100 years
Calc percent change of PC when it went from approx 7,150 to 8,200
14%
Bangladesh
150 million
replacement-level fertility rate
2.1
Between 1955 and 2015, the TFR dropped from 5 in less developed countries to
2.5
According to don't panic when did we reach peak child?
2000
According to don't panic when is world pop expected to reach 11 billion and stabilize?
2100
Calc percent change of a population of geese that started with 40 individuals. 12 were born and 8 died. 6 geese immigrated into the population.
25%
US
329 million
US pop
333 million
The global birthrate in 1963 was______ and is currently _____.
5, 2.5
World pop
7.9 billion
Round Valley elk started with 67. 14 elk were born in spring, 6 died over year, 2 elk immigrated and 4 emigrated. What is new elk pop?
73
Cycads are gymnosperms that were diverse and abundant during the Mesozoic era. Extant species of cycads share many traits with those from the Mesozoic era. Cycads bear cones, are long-lived with slow growth rates, show late reproductive maturity, and have very few offspring. Based on this description, the cycads are A K-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve. B r-strategists with a Type III survivorship curve. C K-strategists with a Type III survivorship curve. D r-strategists with a Type II survivorship curve.
A K-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve.
Salamanders, ospreys, snapping turtles, and beavers all live in aquatic habitats. Salamanders lay their eggs in small freshwater pools and feed on insects. Osprey habitats include rivers, bays, and swamps and the birds feed on fish and other animals in the water or on land. Snapping turtles live in fresh or brackish water and feed on plants, fish, frogs, and snakes. Beavers build lodges on islands, pond banks, and lake shores and eat a variety of shrubs, grasses, and crops. Based on the information provided above, which of the following species would best be classified as a specialist? A Salamanders B Ospreys C Snapping turtles D Beavers
A Salamanders
In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in which of the following stages of the demographic transition? A Stage 1 B Stage 2 C Stage 3 D Stage 4
A Stage 1
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph for the population of wolves between 1975 and 1985? A The population declined following depletion of food resources after a population overshoot. B The population reached its carrying capacity in 1980 because there was abundant prey. C The population increased exponentially when a new predator species was introduced to the island. D The population declined slightly and then returned to its carrying capacity following the outbreak of a disease.
A The population declined following depletion of food resources after a population overshoot.
In 1950, a country had a total fertility rate of 5.9. In 2010, the total fertility rate of the country was 2.3. Which of the following is most likely the reason for the change in total fertility rate? A Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life. B Families had limited access to family planning and contraceptives. C There were lower infant mortality rates as a result of increased access to healthcare. D The country shifted to a more agricultural-based economy and the need for child labor decreased.
A Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life.
Which of the following countries is most likely represented in the age structure diagram shown above? A Country A B Country B C Country C D Country D
B Country B (high fertility and low life expectancy)
The tropical rain forests are known to have a large variety of animals. One example is the orchid mantis that is highly camouflaged when standing on a certain species of orchid found in tropical environments. Another species, the tropical cockroach, can live anywhere in the rain forest where it can find water and a food source. Which of the following statements best describes why it is predicted that the orchid mantis will be more affected by global climate change than the tropical cockroach will be? A As the climate changes, the number of orchids is likely to increase, leading to more competition for space by the mantis population. B Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change. C Orchid mantises are generalists, so global climate change will give them more diverse habitats to colonize. D Climate change will lead directly to the clear-cutting of the forests, resulting in a smaller habitat for both the mantis and the tropical cockroach.
B Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change.
A country has a birth rate of 351,000351,000 individuals and a death rate of 131,000131,000 individuals. The death rate was 371,000371,000 individuals in 1950, 281,000281,000 individuals in 1970, and 211,000211,000 individuals in 1990. Which of the following statements best explains why the country has a declining death rate? A The country is in stage 1 of the demographic transition, and infant mortality is high because of poor health services and high levels of poverty. B The country is in stage 2 of the demographic transition, and life expectancy has increased because of improvements in public health, sanitation, and access to food. C The country is in stage 3 of the demographic transition, and more women are entering the workforce and shifting to having children later in life. D The country is in stage 4 of the demographic transition, and the population growth rate is declining.
B The country is in stage 2 of the demographic transition, and life expectancy has increased because of improvements in public health, sanitation, and access to food.
The hypothesis known as the demographic transition states as countries become industrialized and economically developed, their
populations grow more slowly
Species with a capacity for a high rate of population growth are called ____.
r-selected species
Third largest country
US
Which age-structure diagram best depicts the ages in a population that is in stage 3 of the demographic transition?
Wide Base
Emigration is
departure movement of individuals from a pop to another
In demographic transition model, death rates fall while birth rates remain high _____ stage
during the transitional
Invasive if # of fertilized eggs is large
i.e, 5 mill
Currently, about how many people worldwide live in extreme poverty and do not have their basic needs met?
one out of every 7 people
What is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations?
pop density
A certain species of dinosaur laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life. But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information and the graph above, which of the following best characterizes this species of dinosaur? A The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve. B The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve C The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type II survivorship curve. D The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve.
B The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve
Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is the best estimate of the carrying capacity of the moose population? A 30 B 50 C 1,500 D 2,500
C 1,500
Which of the following countries has achieved replacement-level fertility? A Country A B Country B C Country C D Country D
C Country C (TFR is 2.1)
Which of the following characteristics in the table best supports the claim that Country AA is a more developed country and that Country BB is a less developed country? A Population size B Land area C Infant mortality rate D Net migration rate
C Infant mortality rate
Which of the following statements best describes the trends in the data shown in the graph above? A Countries that are larger in total area have higher total fertility rates. B Rwanda and Zambia are most likely experiencing population decline. C More-developed countries tend to have lower total fertility rates than less-developed countries. D By 2010, all countries had reached replacement-level fertility rates.
C More-developed countries tend to have lower total fertility rates than less-developed countries.
Which of the following best explains the change in the moose population from 1995 to 1997? A The large moose population led to a significant increase in the wolf population from 1995 to 1996, leading to increased predation of moose by wolves. B The high density of moose in the population led to a large number of moose emigrating from the island in search of mates and territory. C Plants in the area could not support the large population of moose in 1995. D The small number of wolves on the island could not support the large number of moose in 1995.
C Plants in the area could not support the large population of moose in 1995.
Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. Which of the following best identifies the two different species? A Raccoons are decomposers, and tiger salamanders are scavengers. B Raccoons are carnivores, and tiger salamanders are herbivores. C Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists. D Raccoons have a Type II survivorship curve, and tiger salamanders have a Type I survivorship curve.
C Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists.
The total fertility rate in country A was 6.8 in 1980. Which of the following statements best supports the change in the total fertility rate in country A between 1980 and 2015? A The total fertility rate increased as a result of improved health care and better nutrition. B The total fertility rate remained constant even though there was improved access to clean water. C The total fertility rate decreased as a result of a delay in age of first marriage and increased contraceptive use. D The total fertility rate decreased as a result of increased infant mortality rate.
C The total fertility rate decreased as a result of a delay in age of first marriage and increased contraceptive use.
Most populous country
China
Which of the following species is most likely to provide extensive parental care to its offspring? A Oyster B Fish C Rabbit D Bobcat
D Bobcat
Which of the following best describes the change in the carrying capacity of the human population if growth is limited by conditions set forth by the Malthusian theory? A The carrying capacity will increase, and the human population size will grow exponentially. B The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will stabilize. C The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will experience an overshoot. D The carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback.
D The carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback.
Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with a country that demonstrates the age structure in the diagram shown above? A There is a low infant mortality rate. B A high percentage of the population has access to medical care. C There is a low population growth rate. D There is a high total fertility rate.
D There is a high total fertility rate.
The supply of Earth's fresh water is fixed and is being depleted at a rapid rate. Which of the following best describes the effects of a limited freshwater supply on human populations? A Disease transmission will decrease as access to water decreases, leading to improved public health. B Conservation measures will increase per capita water consumption, leading to an improved global economy. C Desalinization facilities will be used to process water stored in glaciers and snow packs, leading to new sources of drinking water. D World food production will decrease, leading to increased famine.
D World food production will decrease, leading to increased famine.
Which is an example of a K-selected species? A goats B flies C bacteria D frogs E whales
E whales
Which country has a declining pop?
Germany
Scientists determined that a species of a reptile dinosaur cohort had 20% survivorship during the first two years of life, but then the survivorship of those individuals that survived to age 2 had a 70% survivorship to middle age. Survivorship declined later in life. Which of the following best illustrates the shape of the survivorship curve for this species?
Graph that starts to decrease at 2 but not sharply, curved lines.
Second largest country
India
Which of the following graphs best displays population size over time of an r-selected species that has just colonized a new habitat with abundant resources?
Positive curved graph
What is a feature of r-selected species?
They have populations that fluctuate between high and low.
there are ______ limits to population growth in nature
always
Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children per 1,000 births who die
before their first birthday
increases population
births and immigration
The max pop of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely is the definition of
carrying capacity
annual number of live births per 1,000 people
crude birth rate
According to the demographic transition model, what trend is true of countries in stage 2 of demographic transition
death rates drop, followed by a decrease in birth rates
Reduces pop size
deaths and emigration
A population with more old people than young people is likely to have a
decrease in population
In areas with low infant mortality rates, women tend to have
fewer children
In areas with low infant mortality rates. women tend to have
fewer children
Rapidly growing countries have an age structure diagram that
has a broad-based pyramid
Countries whose pop is not growing have an age structure diagram that
has little variation in prereproductive and reproductive age groups
Exponential growth followed by steady decrease in pop growth until pop stabilizes is typical of
logistical growth
An age structure diagram plots the number or percentage of
males and females among age groups in a population
The exponential rate of growth of the total human population over the past 100 years has been a result of______.
sharp drop in death rates
The exponential rate of growth of the total human population over the past 100 years resulted from
sharp drop in death rates
(births+immigration)=(death+emigration)
stabilized pop
Educating and elevating the status of women slows the rate of human population growth
true
Infant mortality rat is one of the best measures of a society's quality of life
true
The replacement-level fertility rate is slightly higher than two children per couple because some children die before reaching reproductive years
true
With a TFR of 4.7, Africa's pop is growing more than twice as fast as any other continent and is projected to more than double from 1.2 billion in 2015 to 2.5 billion in 2050.
true
