Environmental Design final
Movable shading devices have not been implemented as widely as possible because: A) building managers perceive them as expensive to maintain and prone to breakdowns B) occupants tend to operate them improperly C) they cannot provide shade for windows facing south D) surveys have indicated that occupants prefer not to have moving elements attached to building exteriors
A) building managers perceive them as expensive to maintain and prone to breakdowns
A heliostat is used in daylighting essentially to: A) deliver a concentrated source of daylight B) store daylight collected during the daytime for use at night C) deliver direct solar radiation to a space without associated heat gains D) adjust the chromaticity of ambient daylight
A) deliver a concentrated source of daylight
Lighting fixtures typically constitute the following percentage of the overall building budget: A) 10%-12% B) 4%-5% C) 0%-1% D) 0.4%-0.5%
B) 4%-5%
Coefficient of utilization (CU) expresses: A) The ratio of lumens received on a work plane to lumens emitted by lamps in a fixture B) the ratio of maintained illuminance to initial illuminance C) the ratio of lumens leaving a fixture to lumens emitted by lamps D) the ratio of lumens leaving a fixture to watts of energy input
A) The ratio of lumens received on a work plane to lumens emitted by lamps in a fixture
Solar altitude is a measure of the: A) angle between the sun's position and the horizontal plane B) angle between the sun's position and the vertical plane C) angle between the sun's position and true south D) angle between the sun's position and true north
A) angle between the sun's position and the horizontal plane
The basic principal of operation of a fluorescent lamp is best described as: A) electric current in a tube activates electrons that emit UV radiation that causes a coating to fluoresce and emit light B) electric current in a tube activates electrons that cause a fill gas to emit light C) electric current that heats a filament that emits UV radiation that activates a phosphor coating causing it to emit light D) electric current that heats a filament causing it to emit light
A) electric current in a tube activates electrons that emit UV radiation that causes a coating to fluoresce and emit light
The following illumination method would result in relatively uniform lighting distribution on a horizontal work plane: A) general lighting B) highlighting C) combined general and local lighting D) local/supplementary lighting
A) general lighting
Which statement about fossil fuels is accurate? A) high BTU per unit volume and finite resource B) renewable and contributes to pollution C)finite resource and renewable D) renewable and storable
A) high BTU per unit volume and finite resource
Physical models are used in daylighting design: A) often, they are a useful and easy to understand tool B) rarely, they are too inaccurate for typical design work C) often, they are the only way to predict daylight factor before building construction D) rarely, they are too expensive for typical design work
A) often, they are a useful and easy to understand tool
Indirect lighting can accomplish all of the following, EXCEPT: A) provide adequate illumination for all difficult seeing tasks B) provide diffuse light to the working plane C) eliminate shadows and glare problems D) give the impression of height in a low-ceilinged room
A) provide adequate illumination for all difficult seeing tasks
Which of the following factors does not need to be considered when determining illuminance requirements for a specific task? A) the color rendering index of the light source B) difficulty of the task C) occupant characteristics D) the length of time in which the task must be accomplished
A) the color rendering index of the light source
Clock time differs from solar time for all of the following reasons, except: A) the earths daily rotation B) location within a time zone C) equation of time D) daylight savings time
A) the earths daily rotation
The amount of electrical energy consumed is directly proportional to: A) the power draw of a system and the length of time it is in operation b) the demand on a system and the number of circuits that it contains C) a system's storage capacity D) the current within a system and its total resistance
A) the power draw of a system and the length of time it is in operation
Luminaire efficacy rating (LER) expresses: A) the ratio of lumens leaving a fixture to lumens emitted by lamps B) the ratio of lumens leaving a fixture to watts of energy input C) the ratio of maintained coefficient of utilization to initial coefficient of utilization D) the ratio of lumens received on a work plane to lumens emitted by lamps in a fixture
A) the ratio of lumens leaving a fixture to lumens emitted by lamps
Efficacy of a light source is best defined as: A) the ratio of lumens provided to energy used B) the ratio of energy used to heat produced C) the ratio of lumens provided to lumens actually used D) the ratio of energy input to energy output
A) the ratio of lumens provided to energy used
The "design conditions" for a building are important to consider when initiating the design process because: A) they consider statistical extremes that may occur at the building site B) they accurately measure the potential for occupant interference with a building's automated mechanical systems C) they will predetermine building materials D) they are useful in determining whether a building needs an elevator
A) they consider statistical extremes that may occur at the building site
The key to energy savings with daylight is: A) to provide responsive and operable controls for the electric lighting system B) to have very high daylight factors throughout a building C) to use both sidelighting and toplighting approaches D) to design the daylighting system using a computer simulation program
A) to provide responsive and operable controls for the electric lighting system
Lighting power density is expressed using which of the following units: A) watts per square foot (or square meter) B) lux C) lumens per watt D) watts per lumen
A) watts per square foot (or square meter)
Most indoor spaces contain the following sound fields: A)a near field, a reverberant field, and a free field B)a near field, an articulate field, and a far field C)a near field and a far field D)a here field and a there field
A)a near field, a reverberant field, and a free field
All of the following are advantages to underground electric service EXCEPT: A)ease of repair B)attractiveness C)long life D)service reliability
A)ease of repair
"Romex" is a type of: A)nonmetallic sheathed cable (typically used in small buildings) B)large-capacity busbar (typically used in industry) c)anti-corrosion coating used on exterior wiring systems D) light-weight steel conduit (used in commercial/institutional buildings)
A)nonmetallic sheathed cable (typically used in small buildings)
In architectural acoustics, frequency is sometimes referred to at: A)pitch B)tone C)Hz D)pulse
A)pitch
Diffraction is defined as: A)the process by which sound passes around obstructions and through small openings B)the redirection of sound when it is reflected off a surface C)the oscillation of sound waves within a cavity D)the process of sound diffusing off a convex surface
A)the process by which sound passes around obstructions and through small openings
In a parallel circuit, current at each load depends upon: A)the resistance of each load B)the current in each successive load C)the current in a series circuit D)the resistance of all loads
A)the resistance of each load
STC (sound transmission class) is a single-number rating that expresses: A)the transmission loss of a barrier B)the absorption of a compound barrier C)the acoustic conductance of a material D)the speech privacy rating of an office
A)the transmission loss of a barrier
The relationship between illuminance and luminance for an opaque surface is best described as: A) Luminance and illuminance have the same magnitude, but opposite signs B) Luminance is illuminance as modified by reflectance C) Luminance and illuminance are not at all related in this situation D) Luminance and illuminance are numerically identical
B) Luminance is illuminance as modified by reflectance
The apparent path of the sun can best be described in the following way: A) The sun is lowest in the summer, highest in the winter, and in between in spring and fall for all latitude's B) The sun is highest in the summer, lowest in the winter and in between in the spring and fall for all latitudes C) The sun is lowest in the summer in the northern hemisphere, but highest in the summer in the southern hemisphere D) The sun is highest in the winter in the northern hemisphere, but lowest in the summer in the southern hemisphere
B) The sun is highest in the summer, lowest in the winter and in between in the spring and fall for all latitudes
The difference between a cable and a wire is: A) cables are uninsulated, wires are insulated B) a cable is a large wire or an assembly of wires C) cables support wires D) a cable is a flat conductor, a wire is circular
B) a cable is a large wire or an assembly of wires
"White" light is composed of: A) light from only the very center of the visible spectrum B) a generally even mix of light from across the visible spectrum C) light from only the ultraviolet end of the visible spectrum D) light from only the infrared end of the visible spectrum
B) a generally even mix of light from across the visible spectrum
Light is best described as: A) being identical to solar radiation B) a small portion of a continuous range (or spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation C) a unique and specialized form of solar energy D) a form of energy not yet understood by science
B) a small portion of a continuous range (or spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation
An office building has multiple floors, each with an area of 900 square ft. The following building form is ideal form a daylighting standpoint: A) a square plan with windows on the east and west faces B) an elongated, narrow plan that maximizes north and south exposure C) an elongated narrow plan that maximizes east and west exposure D) a square plan with windows on north and south faces
B) an elongated, narrow plan that maximizes north and south exposure
The quartz-iodine (tungsten-halogen) lamp is an example of: A) a fluorescent lamp B) an incandescent lamp C) an electric discharge lamp D) a metal halide lamp
B) an incandescent lamp
A luminaire that directs 0% -10% of its light output toward the ceiling is best classified as: A) semi-indirect B) direct C) diffuse D) indirect
B) direct
A shading mask: a) describes the path of shading as it tracks across a building interior space b) graphically shows the extent of shading provided by a given shading device c) is another name for an eggcrate shading device D) is an overlay to the thermal comfort zone chart that accounts for solar radiation
B) graphically shows the extent of shading provided by a given shading device
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between solar south and magnetic south: A) magnetic and solar south are always identical in North America B) magnetic and solar south can differ substantially in some geographic locations C) the difference between solar and magnetic south is never of important to building designers D) magnetic and solar south are essentially identical in 90% of the US and Canada
B) magnetic and solar south can differ substantially in some geographic locations
As building designs are shaped by the use of on-site sources, they become ___________ in appearance: A) less uniform B) more regional C) less regional D) more uniform
B) more regional
The primary non-personal factors influencing visual acuity include: A) Illuminance, luminance, distance, time B) object size, contrast, luminance, time permitted for viewing C) illuminance, object color, time of day, contrast D) object size, illuminance, contrast, time for viewing
B) object size, contrast, luminance, time permitted for viewing
Deciduous vegetation can play a large role in building design as a result of its ability to: A) prevent winter sun from entering and overheating buildings B) reduce heat gain during summer months C) increase interior lighting levels D) slow winter wind
B) reduce heat gain during summer months
The daylight within a building consists of the following components: A) sky component, reflection component, absorption component B) sky component, externally reflected component, internally reflected component C) reflected component, transmitted component, radiated component D) source component, ground component, finish component
B) sky component, externally reflected component, internally reflected component
Setbacks and property lines are zoning requirements that address: A) the maintenance of views from upper story windows B) solar access and potential for passive ventilation C) limiting solar radiation reflected from adjacent buildings D) structural regulations for soil bearing capacity
B) solar access and potential for passive ventilation
Which of the following types of sounds would exhibit the greatest range of frequency? A)a tuning fork B)a symphony orchestra C)the human voice D)a telephone conversation
B)a symphony orchestra
A cable tray is best described as: A)a closed protective element, similar to conduit B)an open support system for cables C)a type of conduit made to be encased in concrete floor slabs D)basically the same as a busbar
B)an open support system for cables
Sound, in architectural acoustics work, is best described as: A)unwanted acoustical signals B)audible signals C)pressure variations in an elastic medium D)the product of wavelength and speed of propogation
B)audible signals
Masking refers to: A)the human ability to block out almost all noises that are not of interest B)hiding or blocking one sound with another C)shifting the scale on a sound pressure meter D)the shift in hearing capacities that occur with age
B)hiding or blocking one sound with another
In an enclosed space, an echo will: A)enhance speech, but degrade music quality B)normally diminish the quality of sound C)have virtually no effect on the quality of sound D)normally enhance the quality of sound
B)normally diminish the quality of sound
Current is the electrical term used to describe: A)the potential for electron flow established across a circuit B)the magnitude of the flow of electrons through a circuit C)the conductor through which electrons flow D)the frequency of oscillation of ac power
B)the magnitude of the flow of electrons through a circuit
The name given to the force driving electron flow between positive and negative terminals is: A)ohms B)voltage C)wattage D)current
B)voltage
Ohm's law establishes the relationship between: A)voltage, potential and frequency B)voltage, current, and resistance C)resistance, impedance and reactance D)energy, power, and demand
B)voltage, current, and resistance
Total light loss factor (LLF) is calculated from individual light loss factors as follows: A) (LLF 1) + (LLF 2) + (LLF 3) + (LLF 4) ... B) 1/sum of all of the LLF's C) (LLF 1) (LLF 2) (LLF 3) (LLF4) ... D) (1) - (sum of all the LLF's)
C) (LLF 1) (LLF 2) (LLF 3) (LLF4) ...
Organizations involved with ballast standards and testing include: A) ASHRAE and DF B) LED and CFL C) ANSI and UL D) SBSE and ASES
C) ANSI and UL
The difference between a code and a standard is essentially: A) a standard is enforced by the government B) more weight is given to standard requirements than to code requirements C) a code is enforced by the government D) a code is not legally mandated
C) a code is enforced by the government
Solar azimuth is a measure of the: A) angle between the sun's position and true south B) angle between the sun's position and the horizontal plane C) angle between the sun's position and the vertical plane D) angle between the sun's position and true north
C) angle between the sun's position and the vertical plane
Glare caused by light sources in the field of vision is known as: A) a veiling reflection B) photopic overload C) direct glare D) reflected glare
C) direct glare
A ballast is required for correct operation of: A) all electric lamps B) only fluorescent lamps C) electric (gaseous) discharge lamps D) only incandescent lamps
C) electric (gaseous) discharge lamps
Resistance is measured in what electrical unit? A) ampere B) watt C) ohm C) watt-hour
C) ohm
Daylight factor (DF) is best defined as: A) the average daylight intensity at a specified point between 10am and 4pm B) the ratio of daylight intensity between the brightest and dimmest points in a building C) the ratio of daylight intensity between an interior point and an exterior reference point D) the ratio of daylight intensity between summer and winter designs
C) the ratio of daylight intensity between an interior point and an exterior reference point
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a light emitting diode (LED)? A) available in a range of colors B) a fast response time C) uses a phosphor coating on the lamp interior to produce light D) uses very little power
C) uses a phosphor coating on the lamp interior to produce light
Fiber-optic lighting: A) is used to transmit control signals for lighting control B) is commonly used for exit signs C) uses a self-illuminating fiber cable as an energy-efficient source D) uses a fiber cable to transmit light from a conventional lamp
C) uses a self-illuminating fiber cable as an energy-efficient source
Direct current can be defined as a condition where: A)the flow of current is periodically varying in time and direction B)an electrically powered generating source generated the current C)a flow of current takes place at a constant rate in the same direction around a circuit D)the current travels directly from the power generation source to an outlet
C)a flow of current takes place at a constant rate in the same direction around a circuit
The purpose of an electrical transformer is to: A) convert utility-provided DC power to AC power for building use B)remove noise and disturbances from utility-provided power C)change the voltage of electric distribution D) convert high-frequency utility power to 60 Hz building power
C)change the voltage of electric distribution
The goal of architectural acoustics is as follows: A)reduce audio transmissions B)control the speed and frequency of sound C)design spaces to meet hearing needs D)choose background music everyone likes
C)design spaces to meet hearing needs
The NEC provides regulations that define: A)preferred vendors of electrical equipment and systems B)energy efficiency standards for electrical equipment and systems C)fundamental safety measures for the use of electrical equipment and systems D)cost limits for the purchase and installation of electrical systems
C)fundamental safety measures for the use of electrical equipment and systems
Frequency of sound is expressed in which of the following units: A)nanometers B)centimeters C)hertz D)angstroms
C)hertz
Articulation Index (AI) expresses; A)the degree of intelligible content in a given masking sound B)the ability to clearly speak a selected word list C)the ability to correctly hear spoken words D)the frequency at which resonance dip occurs
C)the ability to correctly hear spoken words
The NRC (noise reduction coefficient) of a material is best described as: A)a measure of the material's ability to block sound transmission B)the ratio of transmitted to reflected sound at a given frequency C)the average of its absorption coefficients at 4 octave band center frequencies D)the difference between incident power level and reflected pressure level
C)the average of its absorption coefficients at 4 octave band center frequencies
The objective of an electric demand control system is: A)to reduce the size of building wiring B)to provide power at workstations whenever needed by occupants C)to reduce peak building energy consumption D)to reduce overall building energy use
C)to reduce peak building energy consumption
The approximate reflectance values for white paint is: A) 20-25 B) 50-60 C) 45-70 D) 80-85
D) 80-85
A horizontal overhang in the Northern Hemisphere would provide the best sun-shading protection for what type of condition? A) a north facing window in the winter B) a west facing window in the summer C) an east-facing window in the winter D) a south facing window in the summer
D) a south facing window in the summer
To make a site cooler you should... A) use overhangs, trellis and canopies B) extensive use of shade trees C) use ground cover or turf rather than paving D) all of the above
D) all of the above
Daylight Factor (DF) is expressed: A) as a subjective rating from 0 to 10 B) in lux (or footcandles) C) in lumens/watt equivalent D) as a percentage or decimal value
D) as a percentage or decimal value
Exterior shading devices are generally more effective than comparable interior shading devices: A) because exterior devices block shortwave radiation and interior devices block longwave radiation B) because exterior devices can be easily coated with selective surface coatings C) because exterior devices are more durable D) because exterior devices can intercept solar radiation before it enters a building
D) because exterior devices can intercept solar radiation before it enters a building
Shading by vegetation often proves more effective than shading by overhangs and fins: a) because vegetation looks more sustainable than overhangs and other shading devices b) because vegetation is renewable and other devices are not c) because vegetation is easily replaced if damaged d) because vegetation growth better matches seasonal needs for shading
D) because vegetation growth better matches seasonal needs for shading
The three cavities employed by the lumen (or zonal cavity) method are: A) lamp, luminaire, and space cavity B) primary, secondary, and power cavity C) far, mid, and near cavity D) ceiling, room, and floor cavity
D) ceiling, room, and floor cavity
A "microclimate" is best described as: A) a summary of climate conditions that is based upon only 1-2 years of actual data B) climate conditions that briefly occur and then quickly dissipate c) the thermal conditions on a localized area of a building material D) climate conditions in a relatively small area, such as directly surrounding a building
D) climate conditions in a relatively small area, such as directly surrounding a building
Which of the following correctly lists light sources in order from highest to lowest efficacy: A) daylight, incandescent, metal halide, fluorescent B) metal halide, fluorescent, HPS, daylight C) incandescent, fluorescent, HPS, metal halide D) daylight, HPS, fluorescent, metal halide
D) daylight, HPS, fluorescent, metal halide
The inverse square law states that, for a point source: A) illuminance + (distance)/(source intensity)squared B) illuminance = (source intensity)(distance)squared C) illuminance = (distance)squared /(source intensity)squared D) illuminance = (source intensity)/(distance)squared
D) illuminance = (source intensity)/(distance)squared
An illuminance meter will provide readouts in which the following units: A) candela per square meter (or foot lamberts) B) lumens (or candles) C) watts (or Btu per hour) D) lux (or footcandles)
D) lux (or footcandles)
Which of the following statements regarding controls is most accurate? A) there is no difference in energy effectiveness between manual and automatic controls B) manual controls are fool-proof, while automatic controls are generally undependable C) automatic controls are satisfying to occupants, but manual controls are most effective D) manual controls are satisfying to occupants, but automatic controls are most effective
D) manual controls are satisfying to occupants, but automatic controls are most effective
Which one of the following statements is true? A) daylight simulation programs are only available to lighting consultants and researchers B) daylight simulation programs do not have the ability to accurately model daylight conditions C) it is difficult to test more than one configuration with a daylight model D) physical daylight models are a quick an easy way to investigate complex daylighting phenomena
D) physical daylight models are a quick an easy way to investigate complex daylighting phenomena
Splaying the wall of a sidelight aperture will: A) direct light toward the ceiling B) reduce heat gain at certain times of the year C) bring light further into an interior space D) reduce the potential for glare
D) reduce the potential for glare
Efficacy of a light source is best defined as: A) the ratio of energy input to energy output B) the ratio of energy used to heat produced C) the ratio of lumens provided to lumens actually used D) the ratio of lumens provided to energy use
D) the ratio of lumens provided to energy use
How could one best compare the sun's apparent position on March 21 and September 21 in the Northern Hemisphere? A) the suns position varies too greatly to tell B) the sun appears higher on March 21 than it is on September 21 C) the sun appears higher on September 21 than it is on March 21 D) the suns position is identical at these times
D) the suns position is identical at these times
The "design conditions" for a building are important to consider when initiating the design process because; A) they accurately measure the potential for occupant interference with a buildings automated mechanical system B) they will predetermine building materials C) they are useful in determining whether a building needs an elevator D) they consider statistical extremes that may occur at the building site
D) they consider statistical extremes that may occur at the building site
The two fundamental functions of a lighting control system are: A) to start lamps and maintain luminance B) to balance current with voltage and adjust power factor C) to protect occupants and protect structures D) to switch or dim lamps
D) to switch or dim lamps
The solar radiation spectrum includes: A) infrared and visible components B) only visible radiation C) ultraviolet and visible components D) ultraviolet, visible, and infrared components
D) ultraviolet, visible, and infrared components
Normal speech falls within the following decibel range: A)5dBA - 15dBA B)0dBA - 10dBA C)70dBA - 85dBA D)30dBA - 65dBA
D)30dBA - 65dBA
Power and energy differ as follows: A)Power can be stored, whereas energy cannot be stored B)Power can be measured, whereas energy cannot be measured C)Power is electrical, whereas energy is mechanical D)Power is instantaneous, whereas energy is time dependent
D)Power is instantaneous, whereas energy is time dependent
The term octave as used in architectural acoustics implies: A)a pleasant range of frequencies B)a doubling of sound pressure C)an equal loudness response D)a doubling of frequency
D)a doubling of frequency
Reverberation is defined as: A)a specular reflection B)a condition where echoes are so serious as to cause complaints C)a condition where sound is heard with equal loudness in all parts of a room D)a persistence of sound in a space after the sound source has stopped
D)a persistence of sound in a space after the sound source has stopped
In a series circuit, voltages and resistances are: A)multiplied B)subtracted C)divided D)added
D)added
A conductor is best described as: A)a container of any sort for wires or cables B)a material that will generate electricity when exposed to solar radiation C)a conduit containing an aluminum or copper wire D)an aluminum or copper wire or cable
D)an aluminum or copper wire or cable
Concave domes, vaults, or walls will lead reflected sound into certain areas of a room. This is called: A)creeping B)diffusion C)flutter D)focusing
D)focusing
A porous material is mounted within a room in four different ways. The following installation method would be the least effective at providing absorption: A)made into shapes such as cubes and suspended from the ceiling B)mounted as a panel below the ceiling and supported away from the walls C)hung from the ceiling as louvers or baffles D)mounted as a panel directly to the room surface
D)mounted as a panel directly to the room surface
The overriding design objective for any electrical power distribution system is: A)flexibility B)economics C)convenience of use D)safety
D)safety
Which of the following does not relate to sound magnitude: A)sound pressure B)sound intensity C)sound power D)sound frequency
D)sound frequency
The following is not a definition of noise: A)sound with no intelligible content B)unwanted sound C)broadband sound D)sound outside of the normative frequency ranges
D)sound outside of the normative frequency ranges
The unit of electric current is: A)the watt B)the hertz C)the volt D)the ampere
D)the ampere
Raceways have now become a major architectural consideration that must be addressed early in the design process because: A)extensive knowledge of electrical equipment is now required to obtain an architectural registration B)building codes have become stricter C)the excessive reliance on electricity to power an increasing number of devices presents a greater fire hazard D)the proliferation of computer and networking equipment require the distribution channels to be much wider than before
D)the proliferation of computer and networking equipment require the distribution channels to be much wider than before
Transmission loss (TL) is best defined as: A)the inverse of noise reduction B)the difference in sound power between two adjacent rooms C)the difference in sound intensity between two adjacent rooms D)the ratio of re-radiated to incident sound energy (at a barrier)
D)the ratio of re-radiated to incident sound energy (at a barrier)
Electric lighting in U.S. nonresidential buildings consumes; a) 10%-20% pf the electric energy utilized B) 80%-90% pf the electric energy utilized c)25%-60% pf the electrical energy utilized D) less than 10% pf the electric energy utilized
c) 25%-60% pf the electrical energy utilized
