Environmental Health Quiz Questions
chlordane
chlorinated hydrocarbon
lindane, mired, and DDT all belong to a group of pesticides called
chlorinated hydrocarbons/organochlorines
which of the following observational designs is used for hypothesis testing
cohort
agent organic is an example of
herbicide
who is properly referred to as "the father of medicine"
hippocrates
the EPA has stated that the only health problem known to be related to the use of cell phones is
in increase in traffic accidents
which of the following is not a method to test environmental toxicity
in situ study
policy establishment stage
inability to coordinate and assess research information
assessment/evaluation stage
lack of sound scientific data
the most effective protection of the population against the risks of man-made radiation exposure is to
limit exposure to cases where the benefits outweigh the risks
which of the following is not an emission source for UV radiation
microwave ovens
larger populations usually lead to
more poverty and more pollution
which of the following describes stage 2 of "demographics transition," as discussed in the lecture
mortality rates drop but fertility remains high
pyrethrin
naturally occurring substance
pesticides are
none of the above
risk management refers to the question of
none of the above
two measures that are typically approximately equal for case-control and cohort type environmental epidemiology studies are the
odds ratio and risk ratio
subacute exposures are those that last for
one month or less
which of the following chemical groups is not a major class of pesticide
organonitrates
which of the following is true regarding radioactive materials
radioactivity materials emit energy as a way to achieve a more stable state
which of the following is not a measure of an epidemiology to describe disease frequency
ratio
the term that refers to low levels of ionizing radiation exposure over long time periods that are associated with an increased probability of the occurrence of an adverse health event is
stochastic effect
which of the following is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicology
studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables
Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as:
the population at risk
what is carrying capacity
the population that an area will support without undergoing environmental deterioration
a measure of the absorbed radiation dose, not adjusted for the relative tissue sensitivity, is
the rad or gray
a measure of radiation dose that accounts for the relative sensitivity of the receiving tissue is
the rem or sievert
Used in cohort studies, the relative risk is a measure of the strength of association between a possible risk factor and a disease.
true
a relative risk of less than 1 means that there is no positive association between exposure and outcome
true
an ecologic study is one that examines a group as the unit of analysis
true
cross-sectional studies may be used to formulate hypotheses that can be followed up in analytic studies
true
the agency responsible for environmental regulation at the international level is
WHO
who discovered X-rays and received the first Nobel Prize for physics
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
what is a megacity
a city denotes as urbanized area that has 10 million or more inhabitants
The principle of environmental sustainability states that:
a strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment
which of the following is not a chronic health effect of ionizing radiation
acute radiation sickness
which of the following groups are usually at a greatest risk of pesticide exposure
agriculture workers
problem definition stage
Poorly defined problems
which of the following is an example of environmental epidemiology study
compare lung cancer mortality in different populations
policy implementation stage
lack of government support
which of the following is not an example of ionizing radiation
radar microwaves
A measure used to describe the amount of radioactivity in a sample of material is:
the curie or becquerel
the rad is a measure of
the dose of ionizing radiation absorbed by a tissue
the risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by
the incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time
which of the following is not true about urbanization
there is no ecological benefits resulting from urbanization process
which of the following is not true regarding a nuclear explosion
there will be no residual radioactivity at the blast site
in a case control study, cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not
true
exposure assessment refers to the question of
what exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions
which of the following is not a non-ionizing radiation
x-rays
which of the following statements is untrue about case-control studies
it is a type of prospective study, in contrast to cohort study which is a retrospective study
which of the following pesticides is (are) associated with the "golden age of discovery"
organophosphates and chlorinated hydrocarbons
one of the founders of toxicology was
paracelsus
DDT has been found to
persist in the environment
which of the following is not a characteristic of organophosphate pesticides
persist in the environment
legitimization of an environmental policy happens in the stage of
policy establishment
which non-ionizing radiation is most associated with the risk of developing skin cancers in including malignant melanoma
ultraviolet
which of the following belong to the class of dioxins
all of the above (PCDDs, PCDFs, PCB)
environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiological triangle). what statement below is untrue about the triangle
all of the above (agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides, the environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist, the host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent, disease causality includes 3 major factors: agent, host, and environment)
which of the following is true regarding "biodiversity"
all of the above (biodiversity refers to different types and variability of animal species, plant species, ecosystems)
the health effects of exposure to dioxins such as TCDD include
all of the above (chloracne, skin rashes, liver damage, endocrine effects)
the contributions of epidemiology to environmental health include
all of the above (concerns with populations, use of observational data, methodology for study designs, descriptive and analytic studies)
the effects of ionizing radiation include
all of the above (damage to bodily tissues, damage to DNA, formation of ion pairs in exposed atoms, removal of orbital electrons from neutral atoms)
what constitutes a good environmental epidemiologic study
all of the above (direct and accurate measurement of the environmental exposures in groups/individuals, direct and accurate determination of the health outcomes in groups/individuals, appropriate statistical analysis of the data pertaining to the exposure and outcomes)
which of the following is true? chemical substances that can cause disease are
all of the above (found in the home setting in household products, hazards in some occupations and industries, commonly used in medicine and drugs, mostly the product of humankind's actions in the biosphere)
which of the following can be hazardous agents in the environment
all of the above (microbes, toxic metals, pesticides)
which of the following are hazards of the urban environment
all of the above (noise and stress, industrial pollution, overcrowding)
the epidemiological transition theory
all of the above (provides a potentially powerful framework for the study of disease and mortality in the population, is especially for the study of historical and international variations, can also be used to speculate on the likely consequences of future changes in mortality in countries which are lagging behind (developing and developed countries))
sources of non ionizing radiation include
all of the above (radio waves, infrared radiation from molten glass, microwave radiation from radar, UV radiation from sunlight)
the concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by
all of the above (route of entry into the body, received dose of the chemical, duration of exposure, individual sensitivity)
hills criteria of causality include
all of the above (strength, consistency, temporality, biological gradient)
bodily injury from ionizing radiation depends on
all of the above (the absorbed dose, the rate at which the dose is absorbed, the type of ionizing radiation, which tissues receive the dose)
the polluter should pay
all of them (expense of pollution prevention, expense of pollution control, expense of pollution remediation)
the concept of environmental justice specifies that
all people must receive fair treatment in the enforcement of environmental laws
which of the following is not true about alpha particles
alpha particles are highly penetrating and can transfer energy over a long distance through tissue
two chemicals administered together interfere with each other's actions is called
antagonism
the SI unit representing the number of radioactive transformations per second (aka disintegrations mer second) of an ionizing radiation source is the
becquerel
the research of Muzaffer Aksoy showed an association between leukemia and
benzene
which ionizing radiation can penetrate up to but no more than about 2 cm in tissue
beta particles
which of the following is not an example of an environmental risk management tool or strategy
conduct epidemiological studies to assess the risk
One of the concerns that surrounded the use of Agent Orange was that it:
contained very small amounts of dioxin
Sources of extraterrestrial radiation include:
cosmic radiation
the classic policy cycle always starts with
define and formulate a problem
prevalence measures do not aid in
determining risk of disease
EPA
develop and enforce regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by Congress
which of the following observational study designs is used for hypothesis testing
cohort studies
examples of purely observational epidemiological studies do not usually include
experimental studies
which of the following is not true regarding styrene
exposure can lead to cardiovascular disease
which of the following contributed LEAST to the average person's annual ionizing radiation exposure in the US
exposure from residual radioactive fallout and spent nuclear fuels
which of the following does not significantly affect a chemical's toxicity
exposure site
the primary threat posed by detonation of a Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) is
fear and panic
which of the following does not usually fit the broad definition of pesticide targets
fishes
which of the following is NOT a characteristic if urban/cities
foods are not produced from energy-densed processes
what is the typical ratio of infant mortality in poorer segments of urban populations and in richer segments in developing countries
four or higher
which of the following radiations has the highest energy and penetration ability
gamma ray/x-ray
a term that refers to some scientists' beliefs that low levels of radiation are beneficial to one's health is
hormesis
what is the major difference between gamma rays and x-rays
how they are produced
which of the following is not a consequence of uncontrolled, excess population growth
increase biodiversity
which of the following is not considered as an environmental exposure?
individual use of tobacco product
which of the following is not a typical health outcome of concern after the epidemiological transition
infectious disease
Glass Blower's Cataract is caused by chronic occupational exposure to
infrared radiation
Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to...
was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer
John snow, in snow on cholera
was as English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments
which of the following is not a frequent route for environmental exposure
sexual
in which year was the application of DDT banned in the US
1972
refer to the following situation to answer the next two questions: a national survey of asthma conducted on may 1, 2012 obtained the following results for the state of Oklahoma: X-- the number of residents with asthma, Y-- the population of the state on June 30, 2012; all members of the population were considered at risk, Z-- the number of new cases of asthma diagnosed during 2012. the incidence rate of asthma during 2012 (per 100,000) would be expressed as
(Z/Y)x100,000
as of august 2019, what was the approximate population on earth
7.6 billion
During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1 associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was
9/87 times 100
Identify the incorrect statement
Alpha and beta particles pose little or no hazard to human health.
cohort study is to risk ratio as
Case-control study is to odds ratio
NIOSH
Conduct research to reduce work-related injuries and illnesses
MACT standards pertain to
Control of hazardous air pollutants
which of the following is not a provision of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
Cradle-to-grave control of hazardous wastes
which of the following is not true regarding DDT
DDT was mainly used to control rodents
the goal of Environmental Health in "Healthy People 2020" is
Promote health for all through a healthy environment
alpha radiation is non-penetrating and therefore
It is dangerous when ingested or inhaled and localizes in certain tissues.
what is the dose-response curve value that corresponds tot he minimum dose at which an adverse health effect is observed
LOAEL
EEA
Monitor the state of the environment in Europe
the congressional declaration of US environmental policy is made through
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
diazinon
Organophosphate
NIEHS
Reduce the burden of human illness and dysfunction due to environmental causes
ATSDR
Serve as the principal federal public agency involved with hazardous waste issues
which of the following ultraviolet radiations is considered the most hazardous to humans
UV-B
metam sodium
carbamate
sevin
carbamate
the Goiania incident illustrated
careless disposal of a radiotherapy machine
which of the following is not a study bias for epidemiology study
case bias
which of the following is a retrospective epidemiology study
case-study
which of the following does not effectively reduce radiation exposure
chemically neutralizing the radioactive material
a major public concern of exposure to extremely low frequency radiation has been
childhood leukemia and brain cancers
which of the following is not in the epidemiological triangle
ecosystem
which of the following statements is not true regarding an ecosystem
ecosystems are made up of only humans and animals
which if the following is correct about environmental health
environmental health addresses physical, chemical, and biological factors in the environment
which of the following is not a principle to guide creating and developing environmental policy
environmental impact on economics
which of the following statements is not true about environmental quality
environmental quality is only related to human need
agenda setting stage
lack of information on risk; lack of coordination
what can happen if an environment's population exceeds it's carrying capacity
population crash
which of the following non ionizing radiations has an extremely low frequency that is less than 100 Hz
powerlines
the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition in population at a designated point in time is termed the:
prevalence
the precautionary principles states that
preventative measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment, even if relationships are not fully established
to test the efficacy of fluoridation of drinking water in preventing tooth decay, two cities were studied, and one having received fluoride, and one received none, this is an example of
quasi study
each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and are radioactive, are
radioisotopes
which of the following cell groups has the highest sensitivity to ionizing radiation
rapidly reproducing cells, such as fetal tissues and white blood cells
which of the following is not covered under the Endangered Species Act?
requirements for air pollution control technology to prevent species endangerment
which of the following is not correct regarding prospective cohort type epidemiological studies
subjects are classified by health outcome and assess for exposures
which of the following is not a component of environmental sustainability development
sustainable socioeconomic advance
what type of interaction among several agents causes the overall effect to be greater than the sum of effects expected for the several agents individually
synergistic
The amount of exposure to radiation that a person receives is not affected by
the chemical reactivity of the source
the most visible component of the national Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is
the requirement for all federal agencies to conduct Environmental Assessments and prepare Environmental Impact Statements before undertaking major actions potentially affecting the environment
an event that because a symbol for the US anti-nuclear movement was
the three mile island accident
which of the following products do not contain radioactive substances
toothpaste
toxic substances that are man-made or result from anthropogenic activity is called
toxicant
